Gammarus
Gammarus is an amphipod crustacean genus in the family Gammaridae. It contains more than 200 described species, making it one of the most speciose genera of crustaceans.[2] Different species have different optimal conditions, particularly in terms of salinity, and different tolerances; Gammarus pulex, for instance, is a purely freshwater species, while Gammarus locusta is estuarine, only living where the salinity is greater than 25‰.[3] Species of Gammarus are the typical "scuds" of North America and range widely throughout the Holarctic. A considerable number are also found southwards into the Northern Hemisphere tropics, particularly in Southeast Asia.[4] The following species are included:[5] Gammarus abscisus G. Karaman, 1973 Gammarus abstrusus Hou, Platvoet & Li, 2006 Gammarus acalceolatus Pinkster, 1970 Gammarus accolae G. Karaman, 1973 Gammarus accretus Hou & Li, 2002 Gammarus acherondytes Hubricht & Mackins, 1940 Gammarus aequicauda (Martynov, 1931) Gammarus agrarius G. Karaman, 1973 Gammarus albimanus G. Karaman, 1968 Gammarus alsaticus Van Straelen, 1924† Gammarus anatoliensis Schellenberg, 1937 Gammarus angulatus (Martynov, 1930) Gammarus angusticoxalis Martynov, 1935 Gammarus annandalei (Monod, 1924) Gammarus annulatus Smith, 1873 Gammarus anodon Stock, Mirzajani, Vonk, Naderi & Kiabi, 1998 Gammarus aoculus Hou & Li, 2003 Gammarus araxenius Derzhavin, 1938 Gammarus arduus G. Karaman, 1975 Gammarus argaeus Vávra, 1905 Gammarus bakhteyaricus Khalayi-Pirbalanty & Sari, 2004 Gammarus balcanicus Schaferna, 1922 Gammarus barnaulensis Schellenberg, 1937 Gammarus baysali Özbek et al., 2013 Gammarus belli G. Karaman, 1984 Gammarus bergi Martynov, 1930 Gammarus birsteini Karaman & Pinkster, 1977 Gammarus bosniacus Schäferna, 1922 Gammarus bousfieldi Cole & Minckley, 1961 Gammarus brevicornis (Martynov, 1935) Gammarus brevipodus Hou, Li & Platvoet, 2004 Gammarus breviramus Bousfield & Elwood, 1971 Gammarus bucharensis Martynov, 1935 Gammarus caparti Petre-Stroobants, 1981 Gammarus caucasicus Martynov, 1932 Gammarus caudisetus Viviani, 1805 Gammarus chaohuensis Hou & Li, 2002 Gammarus chevreuxi Sexton, 1913 Gammarus chimkenti G. Karaman, 1984 Gammarus chostensis Martynov, 1932 Gammarus cohabitus Hosinger, Shafer, Fong & Culver, 2008 Gammarus comosus Hou, Li & Gao, 2005 Gammarus craspedotrichus Hou & Li, 2002 Gammarus crenulatus G. S. Karaman & Pinkster, 1977 Gammarus crinicaudatus Stock, Mirzajani, Vonk, Naderi & Kiabi, 1998 Gammarus crinicornis Stock, 1966 Gammarus crispus Martynov, 1932 Gammarus curvativus Hou & Li, 2003 Gammarus dabanus Tachteew & Mekhanikova, 2000 Gammarus daiberi Bousfield, 1969 Gammarus decorosus Meng, Hou & Li, 2003 Gammarus denticulatus Hou, Li & Morino, 2002 Gammarus desperatus Cole, 1981 Gammarus dorsosetosus Mateus & Mateus, 1990 Gammarus duebeni Liljeborg, 1852 Gammarus dulensis S. Karaman, 1929 Gammarus edwardsi Bate, 1862 Gammarus effultus G. Karaman, 1975 Gammarus electrus Hou & Li, 2003 Gammarus elevatus Hou, Li & Morino, 2002 Gammarus elvirae Iannilli & Ruffo, 2002 Gammarus emeiensis Hou, Li & Koenemann, 2002 Gammarus fasciatus Say, 1818 Gammarus finmarchicus Dahl, 1938 Gammarus flabellifera Stimpson, 1856 Gammarus fluviatilis Milne-Edwards, 1840† Gammarus fontinalis Costa, 1883 Gammarus fossarum Koch, 1836 Gammarus frater Karaman & Pinkster, 1977 Gammarus frigidus Hou & Li, 2004 Gammarus galgosensis Lee & Kim, 2004 Gammarus galgosensis Lee & Kim, 1980 Gammarus gauthieri (S. Karaman, 1935) Gammarus glabratus Hou & Li, 2003 Gammarus goedmakersae G. S. Karaman & Pinkster, 1977 Gammarus gracilis Martynov, 1935 Gammarus gregoryi Tattersall, 1924 Gammarus halilicae G. Karaman, 1969 Gammarus hegmatanensis Hekmatara, Sari & Baladehi, 2011[6] Gammarus hirsutus Martynov, 1935 Gammarus hongyuanensis Barnard & Dai, 1988 Gammarus hoonsooi Lee, 1986 Gammarus hyalelloides Cole, 1976 Gammarus ibericus Margalef, 1951 Gammarus inaequicauda Stock, 1966 Gammarus inberbus Karaman & Pinkster, 1977 Gammarus inopinatus Mateus & Mateus, 1990 Gammarus insensibilis Stock, 1966 Gammarus italicus Goedmakers & Pinkster, 1977 Gammarus izmirensis Özbek, 2007 Gammarus jacksoni Morino & Whitman, 1995 Gammarus jaspidus Hou & Li, 2004 Gammarus jenneri Bynum & Fox, 1977 Gammarus kamtschaticus Tzvetkova, 1972 Gammarus kasymovi Aliev, 1997 Gammarus katagani Özbek, 2012 Gammarus kesanensis Özbek & Camur-Elipek, 2010 Gammarus kesslerianus Martynov, 1931 Gammarus kischineffensis Schellenberg, 1937 Gammarus komareki (Schaferna, 1922) Gammarus korbuensis Martynov, 1930 Gammarus koshovi Bazikalova, 1946 Gammarus kyonggiensis Lee & Seo, 1990 Gammarus laborifer Karaman & Pinkster, 1977 Gammarus lacustris G. O. Sars, 1864 Gammarus lasaensis Barnard & Dai, 1988 Gammarus laticoxalis Karaman & Pinkster, 1977 Gammarus lawrencianus Bousfield, 1956 Gammarus lecroyae Thoma & Heard, 2009 Gammarus ledoyeri G. Karaman, 1987 Gammarus lepoliensis Jazdzewski & Konopacka, 1989 Gammarus lichuanensis Hou & Li, 2002 Gammarus limnaeus S. I. smith, 1874 Gammarus lobifer Stock, Mirzajani, Vonk, Naderi & Kiabi, 1998 Gammarus locusta (Linnaeus, 1758) Gammarus longipedis Karaman & Pinkster, 1987 Gammarus longisaeta Lee & Seo, 1992 Gammarus lophacanthus Hou & Li, 2002 Gammarus lordeganensis Khalayi-Pirbalanty & Sari, 2004 Gammarus lychnidensis Schellenberg, 1943 Gammarus macedonicus G. Karaman, 1976 Gammarus madidus Hou & Li, 2005 Gammarus marmouchensis Fadil, 2006 Gammarus maroccanus Fadil & Dakki, 2001 Gammarus martensi Hou & Li, 2004 Gammarus matienus Derzhavin, 1938 Gammarus miae Mateus & Mateus, 1990 Gammarus microps Pinkster & Goedmakers, 1975 Gammarus minus Say, 1818 Gammarus mladeni Karaman & Pinkster, 1977 Gammarus monospeliensis Pinkster, 1972 Gammarus montanus Hou, Li & Platvoet, 2004 Gammarus mucronatus Say, 1818 Gammarus murarius Hou & Li, 2004 Gammarus nekkensis Uchida, 1935 Gammarus ninglangensis Hou & Li, 2003 Gammarus nipponensis Uéno, 1940 Gammarus nox Stock, 1995 Gammarus nudus Martynov, 1931 Gammarus obnixus Karaman & Pinkster, 1977 Gammarus obruki Özbek, 2012 Gammarus oceanicus Segerstråle, 1947 Gammarus ocellatus Martynov, 1930 Gammarus ochridensis (Schäferna, 1926) Gammarus odaensis Lee & Kim, 1980 Gammarus odettae Mateus & Mateus, 1990 Gammarus oeningensis Heer, 1865† Gammarus orinos Pinkster & Schol, 1984 Gammarus oronticus Alouf, 1979 Gammarus osellai Karaman & Pinkster, 1977 Gammarus pageti Mateus & Mateus, 1990 Gammarus palustris Bousfield, 1969 Gammarus parechiniformis G. Karaman, 1977 Gammarus paricrenatus Stock, Mirzajani, Vonk, Naderi & Kiabi, 1998 Gammarus parthicus Stock, Mirzajani, Vonk, Naderi & Kiabi, 1998 Gammarus paucispinus Hou & Li, 2002 Gammarus pavlovici Gammarus pavo Karaman & Pinkster, 1977 Gammarus paynei Delong, 1992 Gammarus pecos Cole & Bousfield, 1970 Gammarus pellucidus Gurjanova, 1930 Gammarus pexus Hou & Li, 2005 Gammarus platvoeti Hou & Li, 2003 Gammarus pljakici G. Karaman, 1964 Gammarus plumipes Mateus & Mateus, 1990 Gammarus praecyrius Derzhavin, 1941† Gammarus preciosus Wang, Hou & Li, 2009 Gammarus pretzmanni Mateus & Mateus, 1990 Gammarus proiectus Stock, Mirzajani, Vonk, Naderi & Kiabi, 1998 Gammarus pseudoanatoliensis Karaman & Pinkster, 1987 Gammarus pseudolimnaeus Bousfield, 1958 Gammarus pseudosyriacus Karaman & Pinkster, 1977 Gammarus pulex Linnaeus, 1758 Gammarus qiani Hou & Li, 2002 Gammarus rambouseki S. Karaman, 1931 Gammarus retzi Maikovsky, 1941† Gammarus rifatlensis Fadil, 2006 Gammarus riparius Hou & Li, 2002 Gammarus roeselii Gervais, 1835 Gammarus rouxi Pinkster & Goedmakers, 1975 Gammarus salemaai G. Karaman, 1985 Gammarus salinus Spooner, 1947 Gammarus sepidannus Zamanpoore, Poeckl, Grabowski & Schiemer, 2009 Gammarus setosus Dementieva, 1931 Gammarus shanxiensis Barnard & Dai, 1988 Gammarus shenmuensis Hou & Li, 2004 Gammarus sichuanensis Hou, Li & Zheng, 2002 Gammarus sinuolatus Hou & Li, 2004 Gammarus sirvannus Hekmatara, Sari & Baladehi, 2011[6] Gammarus sketi G. Karaman, 1989 Gammarus sobaegensis G. Karaman, 1984 Gammarus solidus G. Karaman, 1977 Gammarus songirdaki G. Karaman, 1984 Gammarus soyoensis Lee & Kim, 1980 Gammarus spelaeus Martynov, 1931 Gammarus spinipalmus (Chen, 1939) Gammarus spooneri G. Karaman, 1991 Gammarus stagnarius Hou, Li & Morino, 2002 Gammarus stalagmiticus Hou & Li, 2005 Gammarus stankokaramani G. Karaman, 1976 Gammarus stojicevici (S. Karaman, 1929) Gammarus stupendus Pinkster, 1983 Gammarus subtypicus Stock, 1966 Gammarus suifunensis Martynov, 1925 Gammarus syriacus Chevreux, 1895 Gammarus takesensis Hou, Li & Platvoet, 2004 Gammarus taliensis Shen, 1954 Gammarus tauricus Martynov, 1931 Gammarus teletzkensis Martynov, 1930 Gammarus tigrinus Sexton, 1939 Gammarus topkarai Özbek & Balik, 2009 Gammarus translucidus Hou, Li & Li, 2004 Gammarus troglophilus Hubricht & Mackins, 1940 Gammarus truncatus Martynov, 1930 Gammarus turanus Martynov, 1935 Gammarus uludagi G. S. Karaman, 1975 Gammarus unguiserratus Costa, 1853 Gammarus ustaoglui Özbek & Guloglu, 2005 Gammarus varsoviensis Jazdzewski, 1975 Gammarus vignai Pinkster & Karaman, 1978 Gammarus wangbangensis Lee & Seo, 1990 Gammarus wautieri Roux, 1967 Gammarus wilkitzkii Birula, 1897 Gammarus xiangfengensis Hou & Li, 2002 Gammarus zaddachi Sexton, 1912 Gammarus zagrosensis Zamanpoore, Poeckl, Grabowski & Schiemer, 2009 Gammarus zeongogensis Lee & Kim, 1980
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Bait fish
Anchovies are common baitfish in the ocean. Goldfish are common baitfish. See also: Forage fish Bait fish are small fish caught for use as bait to attract large predatory fish, particularly game fish. Species used are typically those that are common and breed rapidly, making them easy to catch and in regular supply. Examples of marine bait fish are anchovies, gudgeon, halfbeaks such as ballyhoo, and scad. Some larger fish such as menhaden, flying fish, or ladyfish may be considered bait fish in some circles, depending on the size of the gamefish being pursued. Freshwater bait fish include any fish of the minnow or carp family (Cyprinidae), sucker family (Catostomidae), top minnows or killifish family (Cyprinodontidae), shad family (Clupeidae), sculpin of the order Osteichthyes or sunfish family (Centrarchidae), excluding black basses and crappie. Bait fish can be contrasted with forage fish. Bait fish is a term used particularly by recreational fishermen, although commercial fisherman also catch fish to bait longlines and traps. Forage fish is a fisheries term, and is used in the context of fisheries. Forage fish are the small fish that are preyed on in the wild by larger predators for food. The predators can be other larger fish, seabirds and marine mammals. Bait fish, by contrast, are fish that are caught by humans to use as bait for other fish. The terms also overlap in the sense that most bait fish are also forage fish, and most forage fish can also be used as bait fish. Baitfish can be attracted either via scent, or by using light which actually works by attracting zooplankton, a primary food source for many baitfish, which are then drawn to the light. Bait fish can also be contrasted with feeder fish. Feeder fish is a term used particularly in the context of fish aquariums. It refers essentially the same concept, small fish that are eaten by larger fish, but adapted for use in a different context. Bait fish are consumed by larger, aquatic predators. Swimming in ocean water with bait fish can be dangerous, as these fish attract sharks. Bait fish will sometimes use whale sharks as a shield from their other predators such as tuna, as tuna are usually wary of approaching the shark. The shark cannot attack the bait fish easily, as they constantly swim above its back and are too fast for the shark to manoeuvre its mouth into position. However, the shark eventually dives deep, where the bait fish cannot follow, and as the other predators finally dare attack the stranded bait fish, the shark comes back to eat numerous bait fish who are already preoccupied with the attacking tuna. There is a bait fish industry in North America, supplying mainly recreational fishermen, worth perhaps one billion dollars each year.
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