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#Aerobic exercise #Diet #Weight loss #Resistin

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#Microfungi #library atmosphere #microfungal flora #microfungal contamination

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#LDL #Oxidation #Atherosclerosis #Paraoxonase 1 #Aqaqia

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#Nitrate #growth #Solanum tuberosum L

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#Acclimatization #In vitro #In vivo #tuber #plantlets

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#Phytoplankton #Water temperature #Relationship #Mahseer conservation

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#Terminalia arjuna #antimicrobial #cytotoxicity #brine shrimp #LC50 phytochemical screening

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#Reconstitution properties #soaking media #rehydration

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#Botanicals #Phytochemicals #Ethanolic crude #Ethanol leaf extracts #Momordica #Moringa #Tabernaemontana #Mollugo

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#Value chain analysis #Dairy #Competitive advantage

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#Type 2 diabetes mellitus #homozygous #heterozygous #genotype #loci

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Endoparasites in Sardinella lemuru and Glossogobius guiris from Caraga, Philippines

Abstract

Fish often serves as a staple food and protein source. Most Filipinos depend on fishing activities as a means of living. Fish parasites are diverse and pervasive organisms affecting a variety of hosts, including commercially important fish. Despite being utilized for commercial purposes, limited studies on fish parasitism are done in the Caraga region and are published in the Philippines. This study is one of the few conducted on the prevalence of parasites from the coast of Cabadbaran City and Lake Mainit in Jabonga, Agusan Del Norte, Phils. The two areas were the major fishing ground for different fish varieties sold in the local market. Two fish samples were collected: Glossogobius guiris (n=100) and Sardinella lemuru (n=100). Standardized protocols for fish parasite investigation were adopted. From the collected fish samples, the gastrointestinal tract was subjected, then examined and isolated. Of the 200 individuals, there were 2 found infected withG. guiris and 8 infected withS. lemuru. The recorded parasite was identified as Nematodes and was mostly observed in marine fish species (S. lemuru) when compared to freshwater fish (G. guiris). This implies that the occurrence of these parasites may vary depending on the fish type, maturity, diet composition, and location. A significant difference p=0.0003 was observed in the length-weight and prevalence of fish parasites and infers that size structure is associated with parasitic rate. Thus, the importance of conducting fish parasites could give an understanding of how this ubiquitous organism affects commercially important fish and awareness to the fish-eating community.

Introduction

In the Philippines, fish livelihood activities greatly contribute to the local and national economies. Fishing has produced a large contribution to the country’s development, with the recorded input of an estimated 4.33 billion dollars to the country’s financial resources (BFAR, 2016). Due to this record, there is a need for intensive management of fishery activities to maintain the economic stability of the country. Along with this is the careful assessment of the quality of harvest as its Philippine catch value increases over time (Anticamara and Go, 2016). Fish is successfully marketed according to a range of customer key standards (Saeed et al., 2022), and such requirements are qualities that are largely influenced by environmental factors (Fritrianiet al., 2019).

A prevalent problem in aquatic animals is parasitism which contributes to high mortalities among fish stocks (Edeh & Solomon, 2017). This special interaction between organisms involves a parasite harming a host or limiting its abundance. The impact of these organisms stretches out to an ability to wipe out other species due to their ability to cause wide epidemics, especially for disease-causing parasites (Frainer et al., 2018). Parasites are classified into ectoparasites, parasites on the external part of the host and endoparasites, parasites within the host’s body. Such endoparasites may be located within the flesh and organs of the host organism (Edeh & Solomon, 2017). Flagellates, amoebae, and Haplosporidia are examples of these parasites, to name a few (Lucas etal., 2019). The existence of these harmful organisms affects fish quality such that a study made byRamos, 2020 proved that some of these parasite-infested fish products are commercialized.

Despite their ability to cause diseases, fish are also known to be effective bioindicators. In an evaluation performed by Fierro etal., 2019, fishes were proven to present information on human agricultural activities to which their setting is subjected, as well as the water pollution in the same setting. In addition, fish examination gives information on the health and environmental disturbances by assessment of the inner organs and tolerance. Fish had also been used in a different study by (Gutiérrez and Agudelo, 2020) in assessing the accumulation of coal and mercury in Colombian waters, which gave significant results. Many factors contribute to the results of these bioassessments, namely, the increase in population (Rabadon & Corpuz, 2021), as well as climate change and the pollution that is brought about by the same factor (Wu etal., 2019).

Moreover, the fish-size relationship and the occurrence of parasites in fish products reduce the value and quality to drop, thus changing the marketability of the fish (Abollo etal., 2001; Levsen et al., 2005; Karl, 2008; Llarena-Reino etal., 2013; D’Amico et al. 2014; Llarena-Reino et al., 2015).

Fish parasite infection and pollution develop in ineffective energy and nutrient consumption and an escalation in energy expenditure of fish through respiration, impacting reproduction and growth (Marcogliese and Pietrock, 2011; Khan, 2012; Shea- Donohue et al., 2017; FAO 2020). More importantly, the risk posed by fish-borne parasitic zoonoses to human health (Quiazon, 2015) is estimated to be high, especially since fish is the staple food of fishing communities and eating raw fish is common practice in the region (Soares Magalhães etal., 2014; Tenorio and Molina, 2021).

This study utilized Sardinella lemuru (Tamban) and Glossogobiusguiris (Pidjanga), which is a commercially important fish in the Caraga region and the Philippines as well. Being ranked second in terms of volume in fish production, it is considered to be one of the most abundant fish and an affordable source of protein in the country (Labrador et al., 2021). These fish have a good hold on the economy of the Philippines and can affect the state of that part of the country. However, according to a study (Pohle, 2013), consumers have the trend in food without assessing the quality and information of the said product. In this case, consumers are at risk of diseasecausing factors brought upon by the products they buy due to their lack of awareness and lack of assessment from the food industry (Ziarati etal., 2022). In support of this information, the American Society has found that about 260,000 people have reported being sick from consuming fish products. Likewise, Barrett etal., 2017 also recorded 857 outbreaks causing about 4800 illnesses with hospitalizations and deaths in the same country due to polluted fish.

Further, due to their availability and precise identification of species, fish assessments prove to be convenient and useful in scientific investigations. It is also imperative to perform with scientifically proven and applicable methods along with the locallyobtained samples. More importantly, there is a need to use a preventive approach in the maintenance of fish health in our aquatic resources (Assefa & Abunna, 2018). Moreover, Cook, 2017, infers that the foundation of sustainability rests upon three factors which are social, economic, and environmental. There were no studies conducted in the region utilizing the fish samples. Thus, the study aims to provide baseline information to address the gap. Lastly, the focus of the study is to determine the prevalence of endoparasites in Sardinella lemuru and Glossogobius guiris. While this also touches on the protection and conservation of our water resources as well as the health of the fish-consuming community.

Source : Endoparasites in Sardinella lemuru and Glossogobius guiris from Caraga, Philippines | InformativeBD

#Fish-parasite #Aquatic ecosystem #Marine area #Pelagic

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#Holcocerus #Bagrada #Taxonomy #Fauna #New record #Distribution #Jabal Hafit #Ain Al Fayda

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#Covid 19 #Cryopreservation #High security straw #Cross-check #Cycle threshold (Ct)

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#Horizontal sub-surface flow constructed wetland #Treatment #Planted and unplanted filter #Reeds

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Medicinal Plant Trading in Kovilpatti Taluk, South East Tamil Nadu

Abstract

Pharmaceuticals, herbal remedies, teas, spirits, cosmetics, sweets, dietary supplements, varnishes, and insecticides are just a few of the processed and packaged goods made from medicinal and aromatic plants (MAPs), which are also created in large quantities. In many instances, using basic materials from plants are considerably less expensive than using substitute chemical substances. Around the globe, 70,000 plant species are thought to be used in folk medicine. Objectives: The purpose of this investigation was to: document the most traded species of medicinal plants in the Kovilpatti Taluk, Thoothukudi District, Tamil Nadu, including parts used, Description of medicinal plant products, sourcing regions, harvesting frequencies; Materials and Methods: to profile and investigate the rationales for the involvement of stakeholders in medicinal plants related- activities; to understand socio-economic attributes of stakeholders who were traders, collectors. to assess constraints and opportunities for sustainable management of medicinal plants in the Thoothukudi District. The present also highlights the available medicinal plant products utilized for religious and rituals purpose in the herbal medicinal shop. The present study highlights the available medicinal plant products, quantity sold and the price of the medicinal plant products in the above retailer shops. Results: To study the socio-economic profiles of those involved in the trade, factors influencing prices of products and the impact of commercial harvesting on selected species. To record the available medicinal plant products utilized for religious and rituals purpose in the herbal medicinal shop. To find out ways and means to preserve and conserve these plant diversity treasures.

Introduction

Because forests offer fresh water, oxygen, and a range of beneficial forest products for both medicine and food, people who live in lowland and mountainous locations have profited significantly from them (Kala, 2004). The values that have historically been connected to various types of forests and the products they provide, such as medicinal herbs, have taken on a substantial significance in the twenty-first century (Stein, 2004; Kala, 2004). Additionally, more natural components, such as extracts from different medicinal plants, are being included in cosmetic goods (Kit, 2003). China and India, the two largest countries in Asia, contain one of the most varied selections of certified and generally well-known medicinal plants (Raven, 1998). Since the Indian subcontinent is well known for the wide range of forest products it produces and its long-standing medical traditions, it is urgent to uphold these traditional values in national and international contexts while also realising the ongoing trends in traditional knowledge development. Developing this sector could benefit persons in low-income areas who largely depend on medicinal plants as an additional source of income by raising living standards (Myers, 1991; Lacuna-Richman, 2002).

The continued expansion of acknowledgment of medicinal plants is attributed to a variety of factors, including an increase in the use of herbal remedies. Allopathic medicine may be used to treat a wide range of illnesses. However, many individuals are reverting to because to its high price and negative consequences. Herbal treatments with fewer negative effects (Kala, 2005). Unfortunately, due to overharvesting and the fast rising demand for plantbased medicines, the populations of some selected high-value medicinal plant species in the wild are severely under threat. Due to their slow growth rates, low population densities, and constrained geographic ranges, several of these medicinal plant species are particularly vulnerable to extinction (Kala, 1998; Nautiyal et al., 2002, Jablonski, 2004). However, since the discovery of the therapeutic uses of specific plant species, passed down from one generation to the next. On the other hand, because information about using plant organisms for good purposes has been passed down orally from one generation to the next, Due to the lack of awareness by younger generations as a result of a shift in perspective and ongoing socioeconomic changes, this information about useful plants has started to fade and become obsolete (Kala, 2002 and Kala, 2000).

In addition, indigenous knowledge on the usage of lesser-known medicinal herbs is rapidly dwindling (Kala, 2005). The realisation that traditional knowledge of many beneficial plants for medicine had been steadily fading in the past despite fresh interest at the moment made the necessity to examine the valuable information with the intention of growing the medicinal plants sector clear. Traditional healers faced an acute issue with the legal acquisition of wildlife products needed for traditional treatment. Conservationists and traditional healers observed high amounts of harvesting outside of protected areas (Botha, 1998).

Medicinal plants wealth in India Of the 17,000 different higher plant species found in India, 7,500 are utilised medicinally (Shiva, 1996). Based on the indigenous flora, this percentage of medicinal plants is the highest percentage of plants used for medical reasons in any country on the planet. Following Ayurveda and Siddha as the two oldest medical systems in the Indian subcontinent, Unani and Siddha have independently identified about 2000 different species of medicinal plants. The production of 340 herbal medications and their conventional uses are described in the Charka Samhita, an old literature on herbal medicine (Prajapati, 2003). Approximately 25% of medications in the modern pharmacopoeia are currently derived from plants, and many others are synthetic counterparts made from prototype chemicals identified from plant species (Rao et al., 2004).

Demand for medicinal plants Given that human societies in developing countries rely heavily on forest products for their economy and way of life, the ongoing growth in the human population is one of the factors raising concerns about our ability to meet our daily needs for food and medication. According to Samal et al. (2004), this phenomenon is causing the forest and the forest products to continuously erode, making it difficult to satisfy demand and preserve valuable bio resources. The Materia Medica is steadily expanding to include more and more species, but the requirements for their purity and accurate identification are not keeping up (Kaul, 1997). Only a small portion of the market's functioning, not on the whole, is revealed by the rates for medicinal plants and their derivatives on the open market.

The continued expansion in the number of people is one of the issues causing worry about our ability to meet our daily demands for food and medication because human cultures in emerging countries rely significantly on forest products for the economy and way of life. Samal et al. (2004) claim that this phenomena is causing the natural environment and its products to steadily deteriorate, making it challenging to meet demand and protect priceless bio resources. The number of species in the Materia Medica is continuously increasing, but the standards for their purity and exact determination are not keeping up (Kaul, 1997). The prices for medicinal herbs and derivatives of them only partially, not entirely, show how the market functions.

Collection of medicinal plants The majority of dried herbs used in medical and aromatic plant trade internationally. The majority of the time, both wild and developed kinds is traded in their "crude" or "unprocessed" forms. Plant sales are increasing on a global scale. More than 95% of the 400 plant species utilised to create medication by various enterprises come from India's wild populations (Udiyal et al., 2000). Due to continued use of several wild medicinal plant species and severe habitat loss over the past 15 years, a number of highvalue medicinal plant species have experienced population decreases over time (Kala, 2003). The biggest threats to medicinal plants are those that have an effect on any kind of biodiversity that is used by humans (Rao et al., 2004; Sundriyal, 1995).

The decline of customary laws that have regulated the use of natural resources is one reason putting medicinal plant species in jeopardy (Chimire et al., 2005; Kala, 2005).These ancient rules have been demonstrated that they are easily undermined by modern socioeconomic factors (Kit, 2003). Because it is believed that wild plant kinds have higher chemical contents, manufacturers typically prefer them over domesticated therapeutic plants. The seasons in which a species is harvested and the various stages of a species' growth also have an impact on the variety in chemical composition. The industry for medicinal plants is unreliable because of the vast clandestine commerce. The financial benefits and administrative costs for wild populations are frequently underestimated (Kit, 2003; Kala, 2004). Research conducted locally frequently provide vital data that support research conducted nationally or regionally. The current study aims to quantify the trade in medicinal plant goods in Tamil Nadu, Thoothukudi District, India, and to investigate socioeconomic factors that may have an impact on resource management.

Source :  Medicinal Plant Trading in Kovilpatti Taluk, South East Tamil Nadu | InformativeBD

#Medical products #Kovilpatti taluk #MAPs #Useful parts #Non-herbal products

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#Drinking water #Water plastic bags #Water quality #Water contamination #Malanville border