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inhandnetworks-blog · 5 years
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Conformational Changes of EF-G on the Ribosome During tRNA  magento themes  Translocation
www.inhandnetworks.com
New research from Yale University provides insights into the conformational space that EF-G samples on the ribosome and reveals that tRNA translocation on the ribosome is facilitated by a structural transition of EF-G from a compact to an elongated conformation, which can be prevented by the antibiotic dityromycin.
The ribosome is the protein-making “factory” within cells responsible for knitting together amino acids into polypeptide chains that form proteins.
This process requires numerous factors. One of the most crucial is elongation factor G (EF-G), shown in color in the accompanying illustration of the ribosome. EF-G is responsible for movement within the ribosome of messenger RNA (mRNA) and transfer RNA (tRNA), the molecules that carry out instructions contained in DNA. But ho vending retrofit w does this happen?
In this simplified illustration, Yale research scientist Jcredit card vending machineinzhong Lin and colleagues in the lab of Nobe Remote PLC programming  l laureate Thomas Steitz in the Department of Molecular Biophysics and Biochemistry show that portions of EF-G (in green, yellow and red) function something like a motor and force tRNA to move forward after the addition of each amino acid, a necessary step to add to the developing polypeptide chain.
Publication: Jinzhong Lin, et al., “Conformational Changes of Elongation Factor G on the Ribosome during tRNA Translocation,” Cell, Volume 160, Issues 1–2, 15 January 2015, Pages 219–227; doi:10.1016/j.cell.2014.11.049
Image: Yale University
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inhandnetworks-blog · 5 years
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Consortium to Focus on Developin fcc certified  g a New Architecture for the Internet
www.inhandnetworks.com
NDN leverages evidence about what has worked on the Internet over the past 30-plus years.
UCLA will host a consortium of universities and leading technology companies on September 4 and 5 to promote the development and adoption of Named Data Networking (NDN) – an emerging Internet architecture that promises to increase network security, accommodate growing bandwidth requirements and simplify the creation of increasingly sophisticated applications.
The consortium is being organized by a team of NDN researchers at the UCLA Henry Samueli School of Engineering and Applied Science. Other founding academic members of the NDN project are UC San Diego, Colorado State University, the University of Arizona, the University of Illinois Urbana–Ch Dual SIM M2M router ampaign, the University of Memphis, the University of Michigan and Washington University in St. Louis.
The first NDN community meeting will be held September 4 and 5 at UCLA’s School of Theater, Film and Television, which has played a key role in envisioning the future of human communication over NDN since the project’s origins in 2010.
Among the industry partners planning to participate are Verisign, Cisco Systems and Panasonic. They will be joined by representatives from Anyang University (Korea), Tongji University and Tsinghua University (China), the University of Basel (Switzerland) and Waseda University (Japan).
“Collaboration with industry is an important step toward bringing Future Internet Architectures out of the laboratory and into the real world,” said Darleen Fisher, the NSF program officer who oversees the Future Internet Architectures program supporting NDN.
The NDN team’s goal is to build a replacement for Transmission Control Protocol/Internet Protocol, or TCP/IP, the current underlying approach to all communication over the Internet. The consortium aims to generate a vibrant ecosystem of research and experimentation around NDN; preserve and promote the Industrial 3G Router   openness of the core NDN architecture; and organize community meetings, workshops and other activities.
“NDN has built significant momentum through a commitment to an open approach that aims to limit proprietary intellectual property claims on core elements of the architecture,” said Lixia Zhang, UCLA’s Jonathan B. Postel Chair in Computer Science and a co-leader of the project.
“This has spurred substantial interest from both academia and industry. Our goal with the consortium is to accelerate the development of architecture that will lift the Internet from its origins as a messaging and information tool and better prepare it for the wide-ranging uses it has today and will have tomorrow,” Zhang said.
NDN leverages empirical evidence about what has worked on the Internet and what hasn’t, adapting to changes in usage over the past 30-plus years and  da monitoring  simplifying the foundation for development of mobile platforms, smart cars and the Internet of Things — in which objects and devices are equipped with embedded software and are able to communicate with wireless digital networks.
Since 2010, the National Science Foundation’s Future Internet Architectures program has provided more than $13.5 million to the NDN project led by UCLA, including a grant of $5 million that was announced in May.
“Cisco Systems is enthusiastic about the formation of the NDN community,” said David Oran, a Cisco Fellow and a pioneer in Internet Protocol technologies. “It will help evolve NDN by establishing a multifaceted community of academics, industry and users. We expect this consortium to be a major help in advancing the design, producing open-source software, and fostering standardization and adoption of the technology.”
The NDN project is co-led by Zhang and Van Jacobson, a UCLA adjunct professor and member of the Internet Hall of Fame. UCLA became the birthplace of the Internet in 1969, when a message from the lab of UCLA computer science professor Leonard Kleinrock was sent to the Stanford Research Institute — the first-ever message transmitted over the network that later became known as the Internet.
Image: UCLA newsroom
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inhandnetworks-blog · 5 years
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Carbon Microthreads Could Link Machines & Human B Industrial IoT Router/Gateway  rains
www.inhandnetworks.com
An electrode made from a carbon fiber thread is 7 micrometers wide.
In order to link human brains to computers, the interface needs to be delicate enough not to damage nerve tissue, but resilient enough to last for decades.
The scientists published their findings in the journal Nature Materials. Scientists have come up with a stealthy neural interface made from a single carbon fiber and coated with chemicals to make it resistant to proteins in the brain.
This new microthread electrode is designed to pick up signals from a single neuron as it fires and is only 7 micrometers in diameter. This is the thinnest electrode that has ever been developed, and is about 100 times as thin as conventional metal electrodes used to study animal brains.
Researchers need long-lasting electrodes so that they can improve brain-machine interfaces. These systems, which are currently in preliminary studies, allow paralyzed people to control robotic limbs or a computer mouse. Using electrodes to record the firing of individual brain cells, scientists have learned to decode these signals as representing the movement of a rat’s whiskers or a quadriplegic’s effort to move his arms.
It could prove difficult to insert such a fin Dual SIM M2M router  e, flexible electrode into brain tissue and to secure them. But the researchers believed the small fibers are &ldqu remote diagnostics  o;a good thing, because they seem to be ‘ignored’ by the brain.” Conventional electrodes stop recording after a couple of years once scar tissue builds up around them. They researchers also coated its tip with a polymer that helps it pick  VPN router  up electrical signals.
[via MIT Technology Review]
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inhandnetworks-blog · 5 years
Text
Carbon M2M IoT gateway   Fiber Artificial Muscles Lift 12,600 Times Their Weight
www.inhandnetworks.com
Zoom-in of the carbon-fiber reinforced coiled muscle with a diameter of 0.4mm.
The pull-up, an exercise dreaded by  wireless router most, answers a basic question: are your muscles strong enough to lift your own body weight?
Some Illinois researchers working on artificial muscles are seeing results even the fittest individuals would envy, designing muscles capable of lifting up to 12,600 times their own weight.
MechSE assistant professor Sameh Tawfick, Beckman postdoctoral fellow Caterina Lamuta, and Simon Messelot recently published a study on how to design super strong artificial muscles in the journal Smart Material and Structures. The new muscles are made from carbon fiber-reinforced siloxane rubber and have a coiled geometry. These muscles are capable of not only lifting up to 12,600 times their own weight, but also supporting up to 60 MPa of mechanical stress, providing tensile strokes higher than 25% and specific work of up to 758 J/kg. This amount is 18 times more than the specific work natural muscles are capable of producing. When electrically actuated, the carbon fiber-based artificial muscles show excellent performance without requiring a high input voltage: the authors showed how a 0.4 mm diameter muscle bundle is able to lift half a gallon of water by 1.4 inches with only 0.172 V/cm applied voltage.
echSE assistant professor Sameh Tawfick, Beckman postdoctoral fellow Caterina Lamuta, and Simon Messelot recently published a study on how to design super strong artificial muscles in the journal Smart Material and Structures. The new muscles are made from carbon fiber-reinforced siloxane rubber and have a coiled geometry. These muscles are capable of not only lifting up to 12,600 times their own weight, but also supporting up to 60 MPa of mechanical stress, providing tensile strokes higher than 25% and specific work of up to 758 J/kg.
“The range of applications of these low cost and light weight artificial muscles is really wide and involves different fields such as robotics, prosthetics, orthotics, and human assistive devices,” Lamuta said. “The mathematical model we proposed is a useful design tool to tailor the performance of coiled artificial muscles according to the different applications. Furthermore, the model provides a clear understanding ofQR code vending machine all the parameters that play an important role in the actuation mechanism, and this encourages future research works toward the development of new typologies of fiber-reinforced coiled muscles with enhanced properties.”
The artificial muscles themselves are coils comprised of commercial carbon fibers and polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS). A carbon fibers tow is initially dipped into uncured PDMS diluted with hexane and then twisted with a simple drill to create a yarn with a homogeneous shape and a constant radius. After the curing of the PDMS, the straight composite yarn is highly twisted until it is fully coiled.
“Coiled muscles were invented recently using nylon threads,” Tawfick said. “They can exert large actuation strokes, which make them incredibly useful for applications in human assistive devices: if only they could be made much stronger.”
The team set a target of transforming carbon fibers, a very strong lightweight material which is readily commercially available, into artificial muscles.
“To use carbon fibers, we had to understand the mechanism of contraction of coiled muscles. Once we uncovered the theory, we learned how to transform carbon fibers into ultra strong muscles. We simply filled carbon fiber tows with the suitable type of silicone rubber, and their performance was impressive, precisely what we had aimed for,” Tawfick said. This study demonstrates that muscle contraction is caused by an increase in the radius of the muscle yarn due to thermal expansion or solvent absorption of the silicone filing. “The muscles flex when the silicone rubber locally pushes the fibers apart within the tow, by applying a voltage, heat or swelling by a solvent. The internal pressure exerted from the silicone rubber onto the fibers makes the tow diameter expand and uncoil causing a contraction stroke along the length WiFi M2M Router .”
During the experimental characterization, a DC voltage was applied to the ends of the coil to induce the heating of the composite and in turn cause tensile actuation. The top end of the coil was fixed, while a load was attached to the bottom to create tension. The tensile stroke was captured by a movie camera, and analyzed frame by frame. Tensile actuation was also induced through swelling via liquid hexane delivered to the coiled muscle.
Can these muscles flex even more, achieving larger strokes? The close agreement between mathematical predictions and experimental realization provides confidence in answering this question. The team found that the tensile actuation of the artificial coiled muscles can be limited by the ability of the guest material (silicone) to expand – a limit imposed by the thermal degradation properties of the guest material. This explains why muscles actuated by swelling have higher actuation strains, they are able to swell more than heat- induced muscles. The theoretical model proposed by the authors sheds light on how to design guest material which could enable muscles with an even more impressive performance.
Publication: Caterina Lamuta, et al., “Theory of the tensile actuation of fiber reinforced coiled muscles,” Smart Materials and Structures, 2018; doi:10.1088/1361-665X/aab52b
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inhandnetworks-blog · 5 years
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Atomic-Scale Structure of Ribosome  industrial wireless  Could Lead to Better Antibiotics
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Researchers at the Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory have imaged the atom-by-atom structure of the ribosome attached to a molecule that controls its motion for the first time, providing a step forward for the development of better antibiotics.
The above image may look like a tangle of squiggly lines, but you’re actually looking at a molecular machine called a ribosome. Its job is to translate DNA sequences into proteins, the workhorse compounds that sustain you and all living things.
The image is also a milestone. It’s the first time the atom-by-atom structure of the ribosome has been seen as it’s attached to a molecule that controls its motion. That’s big news if you’re a structural biologist.
But there’s another way to look at this image, one that anyone who’s suffered a bacterial infection can appreciate. The image is also a roadmap to better antibiotics. That’s because this particular ribosome is from a bacterium. And somewhere in its twists and turns could be a weakness that a new antibiotic can target.
“We’re in an arms race with the resistance mechanisms of bacteria,” says Jamie Cate, a staff scientist in Berkeley Lab&rsq Vending Telemetry  uo;s Physical Biosciences Division and a professor of biochemistry, biophysics and structural biology at UC Berkeley.
“The better we understand how bacterial ribosomes work, the better we can come up with new ways to interfere with them,” he adds.
Cate developed the structure with UC Berkeley’s Arto Pulk. Their work is described in the June 28 issue of the journal Science.
Their image is the latest advance in the push for more effective antibiotics. The goal is new drugs that kill the bacteria that make us sick, stay one step ahead of their resistance mechanisms, and leave our beneficial bacteria alone.
One way to do this is to get to know the bacterial ribosome inside and out. Many of today’s antibiotics target ribosomes. A better understanding of how ribosomes function will shed light on how these antibiotics work. This could also lead to even “smarter” molecules that quickly target and disable a pathogen’s ribosomes without affecting friendly bacteria.
Cate and Pulk used protein crystallography beamlines at Berkeley Lab’s Advanced Light Source to create diffraction patterns that show how the ribosome’s molecules fit together. They then used computational modeling to combine these patterns into incredibly high-resolution images that describe the locations of the individual atoms.
The result is the colorful structure at the top of this article. Those blue and purple halves are ribosomes. They’re from E. coli bacteria, but they work in similar ways throughout nature. Ribosomes move along messenger RNA and interpret its Vending Computer  genetic code into directions on how to stitch amino acids into proteins.
But sometimes ribosomes want to move backward, which isn’t good when you’re in the protein-making business. That’s where that yellow-red-green squiggle wedged between the two ribosome halves comes in. It’s elongation factor G. It acts like a ratchet and prevents the ribosome from slipping backward. It also pushes the ribosome forward when it’s sluggish.
Scientists knew that elongation factor G performs these jobs, but they didn’t know how. Now, with an atomic-scale structure in hand, they can study the chemical and molecular forces involved in this ratcheting process. Cate and Pulk found that the ratchet controls the ribosome’s motion by stiffening and relaxing over and over. This is the kind of insight that could lead to new ways to monkey-wrench the ribosome.
“To create better antibiotics, we need to learn how bacterial ribosomes work at the smallest scales, and this is a big step in that direction,” says Cate.
The National Institutes of Health and the National Cancer Institute supported the research. The U.S. Department of Energy provides support for the Advanced Light Source, where this research was conducted.
Publication: Arto Pulk, et al., “Control of Ribosomal Subunit Industrial 3g router   Rotation by Elongation Factor G,” Science 28 June 2013: Vol. 340 no. 6140; DOI: 10.1126/science.1235970
Image: Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory
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inhandnetworks-blog · 5 years
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Scientists Demonstrate New Method to industrial iot connectivity Control the Behavior of Light
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Sound waves are used to scatter light between two channels within a silicon photonic wire. (Illustration by Eric Kittlaus)
Yale scientists have demonstrated a new method to control the behavior of light on a silicon chip — specifically, its direction — by using sound waves. This discovery appears Sept. 17 in the journal Nature Photonics.
For decades, researchers have tried to adapt widely used optical technologies — including lasers, transmitters, and receivers — to microchip-based devices. “The field of integrated photonics offers potential breakthroughs for applications ranging from energy-efficient communications to precision sensing and quantum information,” explained Peter Rakich, an associate professor of applied physics at Yale, who led the research team. “It’s very exciting because we’re already seeing these technologies used in practical commercial systems.”
A major challenge is the lack of chip-scale technologies that can produce so-called non-reciprocal operations. These include isolators, which are “diodes” for light that permit transmission in only one direction, and circulators, which separate forward- and backward-moving light waves into separate channels. Eric Kittlaus, the study’s first author, said, “These kinds of devices are technologically important because they allow us to control and route light on a chip. For example, if we have an on-chip laser and some of its emitted light gets reflected back inside, this can severely impact the device’s performance. Using an isolator, we can make sure that light is only allowed to exit our laser.”
In most materials, light behaves the same whether it is traveling forward or backward. Existing approaches to produce commercial benchtop optical isolators typically involve synthetic garnet crystals interfaced with permanent magnets. However, when building on-chip devices, neither exotic crystals nor magnetic fields are readily available.
As a result, alternate proposals have sought to use electrical or acoustic control of chip-based optical circuits to demonstrate non-reciprocal light propagation. Thus far, these promising approaches have been hindered by problems such as excess loss of light signal or working only for light that is a s Industrial VPN router  ingle color.
By coupling light  cellular router  and sound on a silicon chip, Rakich’s team demonstrated that traveling ultrasound waves can produce non-reciprocal propagation for light over wavelength ranges 100 times greater than previously observed, and with practically no excess loss of the light signal. The same system has another benefit: The sound waves themselves were created using light, allowing the researchers to control the shape and direction of the ultrasound emission at will. This extra “knob” allows the same device to operate on light signals of practically any color, according to the researchers.
“Beyond the practical uses, it’s an example of very interesting and non-intuitive physics — seeing these different parts come together is very elegant,” Kittlaus said.
Nils Otterstrom, one of the paper’s co-authors said, “We’re thrilled by the scientific and technological implications of this work. Not only does this structure allow us to explore new physical phenomena, but it also represents a significant milestone towards the realization of practical chip-scale isolator and circulator technologies, one of the most significant remaining challenges facing integrated photonics.”
Additional co-authors from the Yale Department of Applied Physics include graduate students Prashanta Kharel and Shai transformer monitoring   Gertler.
Publication: Eric A. Kittlaus, et al., “Non-reciprocal interband Brillouin modulation,” Nature Photonics (2018)
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inhandnetworks-blog · 5 years
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Martian Meteorite Contains Chemical Implicated in the Origi Grid Analytics System  n of Life
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Thin section of the Martian meteorite MIL 090030 analyzed by the UHNAI researchers.
A newly published study details the discovery of a high concentration of boron in a Martian meteorite that far exceeds that of any previously reported extra-terrestrial object.
Researchers from the University of Hawaii at Manoa NASA Astrobiology Institute (UHNAI) have discovered high concentrations of boron in a Martian meteorite. When present in its oxidized form (borate), boron may have played a key role in the formation of RNA, one of the building blocks for life. The work was published on June 6 in PLOS One.
The Antarctic Search for Meteorites team found the Martian meteorite used in this study in Antarctica during its 2009-2010 field season. The minerals it contains, as well as its chemical composition, clearly show that it is of Martian origin.
Using the ion microprobe in the W. M. Keck Cosmochemistry Laboratory at UH, the team was able to analyze veins of Martian clay in the meteorite. After ruling out contamination from Earth, they determined boron abundances in these clays are over ten times higher than in any previously measured meteorite.
“Borates may have been  smart vending  important for the origin of life on Earth because they can stabilize ribose, a crucial component of RNA. In early life RNA is thought to have been the informational precursor to DNA,” said James Stephenson, a UHNAI postdoctoral fellow.
Electron microscope image  remote secure networking  showing the 700-million-year-old Martian clay veins containing boron (100 µm = one tenth of a millimeter).
RNA may have been the first molecule to store information and pass it on to the next generation, a mechanism crucial for evolution. Although life has now evolved a sophisticated mechanism to synthesize RNA, the first RNA molecules must have been made without such help. One of the most difficult steps in making RNA nonbiologically is the formation of the RNA sugar component, ribose. Previous laboratory tests have shown that without borate the chemicals available on the early Earth fail to build ri Smart Vending bose. However, in the presence of borate, ribose is spontaneously produced and stabilized.
This work was born from the uniquely interdisciplinary environment of UHNAI. The lead authors on the paper, Stephenson, an evolutionary biologist, and Lydia Hallis, a cosmochemist who is also a UHNAI postdoctoral fellow, first came up with the idea over an after-work beer. “Given that boron has been implicated in the emergence of life, I had assumed that it was well characterized in meteorites,” said Stephenson. “Discussing this with Dr. Hallis, I found out that it was barely studied. I was shocked and excited. She then informed me that both the samples and the specialized machinery needed to analyze them were available at UH.”
On our planet, borate-enriched salt, sediment and clay deposits are relatively common, but such deposits had never previously been found on an extraterrestrial body. This new research suggests that when life was getting started on Earth, borate could also have been concentrated in deposits on Mars.
The significance goes beyond an interest in the red planet, as Hallis explains: “Earth and Mars used to have much more in common than they do today. Over time, Mars has lost a lot of its atmosphere and surface water, but ancient meteorites preserve delicate clays from wetter periods in Mars’ history. The Martian clay we studied is thought to be up to 700 million years old. The recycling of the Earth’s crust via plate tectonics has left no evidence of clays this old on our planet; hence Martian clays could provide essential information regarding environmental conditions on the early Earth.”
The presence of ancient borate-enriched clays on Mars implies that these clays may also have been present on the early Earth. Borate-enriched clays such as the ones studied here may have represented chemical havens in which one of life’s key molecular building blocks could form.
UHNAI is a research center that links the biological, chemical, geological, and astronomical sciences to better understand the origin, history, distribution, and role of water as it relates to life in the universe.
Publication: Stephenson JD, et al., “Boron Enrichment in Martian Clay,” 2013, PLoS ONE 8(6): e64624. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0064624
Images: Institute for Astronomy at the University of Hawaii
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inhandnetworks-blog · 5 years
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Improving the Electron Microscope b wordpress themes  y Removing the Lens
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Oval shaped gold particles are 5nm diameter with lines, layers of a DIN-Rail router  toms, across them.
Electron ptychography i Distribution Power Line Monitoring  s set to revolutionize the electron microscope. By doing away with the lens, electron ptychography forms the image by reconstructing the scattered electron-waves after they have passed through the sample using computers, which could result in the highest resolution images ever seen.
Researchers at the University of Sheffield have revolutionized the electron microscope by developing a new method which could create the highest resolution images ever seen.
For over 70 years, transmission electron microscopy (TEM), which `looks through´ an object to see atomic features within it, has been constrained by the relatively poor lenses which are used to form the image.
The new method, called electron ptychography, dispenses with the lens and instea security  d forms the image by reconstructing the scattered electron-waves after they have passed through the sample using computers.
Scientists involved in the scheme consider their findings to be a `first step´ in a `completely new epoch of electron imaging´. The process has no fundamental experimental boundaries and it is thought it will transform sub-atomic scale transmission imaging.
Project leader Professor John Rodenburg, of the University of Sheffield´s Department of Electronic and Electrical Engineering, said: “To understand how material behaves, we need to know exactly where the atoms are. This approach will enable us to look at how atoms sit next to one another in a solid object as if we´re holding them in our hands.
“We´ve shown we can improve upon the resolution limit of an electron lens by a factor of five. An extension of the same method should reach the highest resolution transmission image ever obtained; about one tenth of an atomic diameter. No longer does TEM have to be bound by the paradigm of the lens, its Achilles´ heel since its invention in 1933.”
The technique is applicable to microscopes using any type of wave and has other key advantages over conventional methods. For example, when used with visible light, the new technology forms a type of image that means scientists can see living cells very clearly without the need to stain them, a process which usually kills the cells.
The new method also disposes of the need to put a lens very close to a living sample, meaning that cells can be seen through thick containers like petri dishes or flasks. This means that as they develop and grow over days or weeks, they do not have to be disturbed.
Plans are even being put into place with the European Space Agency to take the new, more robust, microscope technology to the moon in 2018 to examine the structure of moon soil.
Professor Rodenburg added: “We measure diffraction patterns rather than images. What we record is equivalent to the strength of the electron, X-ray or light waves which have been scattered by the object – this is called their intensity. However, to make an image, we need to know when the peaks and troughs of the waves arrive at the detector – this is called their phase.
“The key breakthrough has been to develop a way to calculate the phase of the waves from their intensity alone. Once we have this, we can work out backwards what the waves were scattered from: that is, we can form an aberration-free image of the object, which is much better than can be achieved with a normal lens.
“A typical electron or X-ray microscope image is about one hundred times more blurred than the theoretical limit defined by the wavelength. In this project, the eventual aim is to get the best-ever pictures of individual atoms in any structure seen within a three-dimensional object.”
The ground-breaking results were part of a three-year study costing £4.3 million which was funded by the Engineering and Physical Sciences Research Council (EPSRC).
The investigation was carried out with the help of Phase Focus Ltd, a University of Sheffield spin-out company, and Gatan Inc.
Ptychographic electron microscopy using high-angle dark-field scattering for sub-nanometer resolution imaging was published in Nature Communications on Monday 5 March 2012.
Image: University of Sheffield
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inhandnetworks-blog · 5 years
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Improvements to LIGO Detector Will Allow Scientists to ‘Listen̵ DIN-Rail router  7; to Black Holes Forming
www.inhandnetworks.com
Gravity waves are ripples in space generated by extreme cosmic events such as colliding stars, black holes, and supernova explosions, which carry vast amounts of energy at the speed of light. Image: Werner Benger, NASAblueshift
Enhanced sensitivity of the LIGO gravitational wave detector will allow researchers to listen to the Big Bang and to black holes forming throughout the universe.
wireless router
New technology that breaks the quantum measurement barrier has been developed to detect the gravity waves first predicted by Einstein in 1916.
Professor David Blair was one of 800 physicists from around the world who announced a breakthrough in measurement science last month.
“Gravitational wave astronomy is going to be the new astronomy that’s likely to really revolutionize our understanding of the universe,” he says. “It will allow us to listen to the Big Bang and to black holes forming throughout the universe.”
“These are detectors that can allow humanity to explore the beginning of time and the end of time.”
According to current theory, time began with the big bang and ends in black holes. Specialized equipment known as the Laser Interferometer Gravitational-Wave Observatory (LIGO) uses laser beams to measure gravitational ripples of space and time.
The detector consists of an L-shaped vacuum system, four kilometers long, with mirrors at the ends. Lasers directed at the mirrors are isolated from irrelevant vibrations by a vibration isolation system.
He says the addition of a new technique called ‘quantum squeezing’ at the world’s largest gravitational wave detector allowed researchers to eliminate a lot of the ‘noise’ caused by quantum fluctuations.
“The recent announcement is the first implementation in a multi-kilometer detector.” “It proves that the quantum barrier [that] physicists thought would limit sensitivity can be overcome.”
The new equipment has allowed the physicists to break the quantum measurement barrier, defined until recently by Heisenberg’s uncertainty principle.
“This is a major breakthrough that makes us even more confident that in a few years we will begin to directly measure the ripples in space,” he says. As a result there is no lower limit on the amount of measurable energy, and extremel M2M wireless producdts y subtle gravitational waves will become detectable.
“These instruments represent the pinnacle of technology,” he says. “They’ve got the most perfect mirrors ever created, they’ve got the most powerful laser light that’s ever been used in any measuring system.”
“They’ve got a vacuum that is so good that the size of any leak would represent less than a teaspoon full of air leaking into it in about 300 years.”
“They can measure the smallest amounts of energy that has ever been measured but the new method enables them measure even less.”
“The uncertainties from empty space can be suppressed so as to measure something even smaller.”
Publication: J. Aasi, et al., “Enhanced sensitivity of the LIGO gravitational wave detector by using squeezed states of light,” Nature Photonics 7, 613–61 remotemachine monitoring  9, 2013; doi:10.1038/nphoton.2013.177
Image: Werner Benger, NASAblueshift
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inhandnetworks-blog · 5 years
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The Benefits of Backward Runni digital signage  ng
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Credit: Ben Wiseman
Backward running will never be mistaken for the natural way of running, but there are some indications that backward running enables people to avoid or recover from common injuries, burn extra calories and sharpen balance while mixing up their daily routine.
The scientists published their findings in the Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences¹. Training with backward running is quite different than usual running. As expected, it was discovered that runners struck the ground near the back of their feet when going forward, and rolled onto the front of their feet for takeoff. When they were going backward, they landed near the front of their feet and took off from the heels. They tended to lean slightly forward, even when running backward. As a result, their muscles fired differently. In forward running, the muscles and tendons were pulled taught during landing an vending computer d responded by coiling, which creates elastic energy that is released during toe-off. When running backward, muscles and tendons were coiled during landing and stretched at takeoff. The backward runners’ legs didn’t benefit from stored elastic energy in their muscles
Running backward required 30% more energy than running forward at the same speed. Backward running also produced far less hard pounding. Giovanni Cavagna, a professor at the University of Milan who led the study, states that reverse running can potentially “improve forwar Verizon Embedded router d running by allowing greater and safer t wireless networking  raining.”
In a second study, researchers found that runners with bad knees also benefited from backward running because it causes far less impact to the front of the knees. And it burns more calories. In a third study, active female college students who replaced their exercise with jogging backward, 15 to 45 minutes three times a week for six week lost almost 2.5% of their body fat.
It has some drawbacks, like not be able to see where you’re going, so it should be done on a track or treadmill at a slow speed to start.
References
[via NYT]
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inhandnetworks-blog · 5 years
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Brain Dis edge gateway  ruption Shows That Mental Illnesses Have Biological Similarities
www.inhandnetworks.com
Yale University researchers have identified specific brain activity patterns found in individuals diagnosed with schizophrenia and those with bipolar disorder, providing the first brain-wide evidence that cortical-thalamic pathways are profoundly altered in schizophrenia, and supporting the hypothesis that neuropsychiatric conditions with shared symptoms actually exist on a continuum of brain activity.
A specific brain disruption is present both in individuals diagnosed with schizophrenia and those with bipolar disorder, adding to evidence that many mental illnesses have biological similarities.
The brain activity patterns identified by Yale University researchers and reported online July 3 in the  Industrial 3g router  journal Cerebral Cortex may serve as important biomarkers for diagnostic classification of complex psychiatric illnesses.
Using state-of-the-art functional neuroimaging, investigators examined interactions between the thalamus, the central hub through which the majority of neural computations flow, and the rest of the brain. Researchers found communication was altered significantly between the thalamus and other regions of the brain in individuals with schizophrenia and those with bipolar disorder.
“This data provides the first brain-wide evidence that cortical-thala Wireless ATM Solution  mic pathways are profoundly altered in schizophrenia, and strongly supports the hypothesis that neuropsychiatric conditions with shared symptoms actually exist on a continuum of brain activity,” said Alan Anticevic, assistant professor in psychiatry at the Yale School of Medicine and lead author of the study.
The research advances efforts to find new ways to classify mental illnesses based on neurobiological measures as well as observable behavior, a major goal of the National Institute of Mental Health.
“Present findings provide evidence for a robust brain-wide biomarker in schizophrenia that could possibly be used to better understand genetic risk for psychiatric illness,” said David Glahn, associate professor of psychiatry and senior author of the study. Glahn is also affiliated with the Olin Neuropsychiatry Research Center at the Institute of Living.
Other Yale-affiliated authors on the study are Aleksandar Savic, John Murray, Anderson Winkler, John Krystal, and Godfrey Pearlson. Additional co-authors include Michael Cole of Washington University in St. Louis; Grega Repovs of University of Ljubljana, Slovenia; and Margaret Brumbaugh of the Olin Neuropsychiatry  cashless vending  Research Center at the Institute of Living.
Anticevic is affiliated with the National Institute of Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism Center for the Translational Neuroscience of Alcoholism and the Abraham Ribicoff Research Facilities of the Connecticut Mental Health Center.
Financial support for this research was provided by the National Institutes of Health, the National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, the Fulbright Foundation, and the Brain and Behavior Research Foundation.
Publication: Alan Anticevic, et al., “Characterizing Thalamo-Cortical Disturbances in Schizophrenia and Bipolar Illness,” Cerebral Cortex (2013); doi: 10.1093/cercor/bht165
Image: X-ray of the Human Brain from Shutterstock
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inhandnetworks-blog · 5 years
Text
Skydiver Baumgartner M prestashop  akes Jump From 13 Miles Above Earth’s Surface
www.inhandnetworks.com
The daredevil skydiver Felix Baumgartner rode a pressurized capsule to an altitude of 71,580 feet, about 13.5 miles, situated in the stratosphere, and jumped off. Baumgartner reached speeds of 364.4 mph, 534 feet per second, during his freefall that lasted 3:43.
The overall time of his descent was 8:08. Baumgartner is the third person in history to have jumped from such a height. The jump was a test run for another jump he’ll do later this summer, in which he plans to jump from 23 miles up, nearing the end of the stratosphere.
Baumgartner has done over 2,500 jumps in his career and rode up in a pressurized capsule that was dangling from a 165-foot helium balloon for this one. The jump was a test of the capsule, his pressurized suit, and other systems.
At that height, the temperature plummets to about -75& remote PLC programming  #730;F. When he jumps from 120,000 feet, Baumgartner expects to bre low cost cellular router ak the speed of sound and freefall for about 5.5 minutes. If successful, he’ll beat Kittinger’s jump from 102,800 feet (19.5 miles) that was established in 1960.
The Red Bull Stratos team wants to break three records that have stood for more than 50 years. They include the highest manned balloon flight, th cashless vending  e first person to break the speed of sound in freefall and the longest freefall.
Baumgartner plans another test run at 90,000 feet before attempting 120,000 feet this summer.
[via Wired]
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inhandnetworks-blog · 5 years
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Extinct Animals from the Pleistoce cellular gateway  ne Discovered in Mexico
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More than a hundred bones of animals, some which could be of human origin from the final stages of the Pleistocene period, were found in the Atontonilco de Tula, Hidalgo scattered within an area of 100 acres, between 7 and 10 meters in depth.
The discovery was made during the construction of a water treatment plant. Archaeologists from the National Institute of Archeology and History (INAH) in Conaculta rescued the bones. The exact types of bones can be categorized as ribs, vertebrae, craniums, jawbones, fangs, horns and shells. Some of the remains were up to 1.6m in len remote access  gth.
The bones include remains of extinct animals, such as the glyptodon, mastodon, mammoth, and animals that are alive today, like deer, horses and camels. There are other yet unidentified bones and two stone tools of the same epoch were discovered.
The salvage of these remains took several months, resulting in the most varied and numerous find of extinct megafauna remains in Cuenca de Mexico. This find will enable archaeol 3g router ogists to smart vending   quantify the animals that lived in this part of Mexico, 10,000 to 12,000 years ago.
[via ArtDaily]
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inhandnetworks-blog · 6 years
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Advanced Grid Analytics
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inhandnetworks-blog · 6 years
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How  plc router  Laser Frequency Combs Transformed Basic Scientific Research
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Precision rulers of light (laser frequency combs) span millions of frequencies of light, and can operate from the mid-infrared through the visible to the extreme ultraviolet. They are at the heart of new technologies such as optical atomic clocks, molecular fingerprinting and a noninvasive breath analyzer.
Although most people have never heard of laser frequency combs, they have become essential to advancing important light-based research and have been instrumental to the development of new technologies over a wide range of applications.
It almost sounds like a riddle: What tool has transformed basic scientific research and led to new technologies in so many different fields–timekeeping, medical research, communications, remote sensing, astronomy, just to name a few?
It is not a tool that most people have heard of, yet its impact is undeniable: laser frequency combs. These “rulers” of light very simply measure different light frequencies that are evenly spaced. The exact spacing of frequencies is key to manipulating light for various applications.
One application has dramatically improved optical atomic clocks. Another is a medical breath analyzer that can detect and measure trace amounts of simple molecules, such as hydrogen peroxide and carbon monoxide, to diagnose diseases. Laser frequency combs are also used as precision rulers to search for exoplanets outside our solar system. In the lab, experimental physicists use them to watch chemical reactions unfold in real time.
Laser frequency combs appeared in 1999 when teams led by Ted Hänsch at the Max Planck Institute for Quantum Optics and Steve Cundiff, John Hall, and Jun Ye at JILA built the world’s first laser combs. (JILA is a National Science Foundation-funded joint institute of the University of Colorado Boulder and the National Institute of Standards and Technology’s Boulder laboratories.)
These laser combs produced thousands of separate colors, or frequencies, of laser light, all perfectly overlapped in time and space. When these frequencies are displayed on a graph, they are sharp, perfectly even-spaced spikes, resembling the teeth of a hair comb. The first laser frequency combs included frequency “teeth” spanning parts of the visible and near-infrared spectrum. Because the colors were evenly spaced, like the marks on a ruler, scientists recognized the potential of laser frequency combs for precision measurement and as tools for better understanding our world.
Today, laser frequency combs span millions of frequencies of light from the mid-infrared through the visible to the extreme ultraviolet, with the range continually expanding. They measure the frequency of light emitted by lasers, stars, nebulae, molecules and atoms. And, once they are extended into the spectrum’s x-ray region, Dual SIM M2M router   scientists will even be able to peer inside atomic nuclei.
Since 1999, Jun Ye’s group has developed laser frequency comb applic smart vending  ations including:
The Ye group’s atomic clock uses strontium atoms held in a crystal of light to generate “ticks” for timekeeping. The atoms are stimulated with an ultrastable laser of 700-nanometer red light. This laser is connected to a laser frequency comb. Only one of the millions of comb lines connects to the clock’s laser, but once the comb finds the right color, it supplies information about all the other colors, too.
“The stability of our clock laser is so good that our clock doesn’t lose a second for the entire age of the universe,” Ye said. “The light is so coherent that you can go from Earth to the moon and back and forth 10 times, and you’ll still know which particular [peak or trough of the light wave] you’re sitting on, ifthere are no atmospheric disturbances. Furthermore, the clock laser transfers its stability to the rest of the entire visible spectrum via our laser comb.”
Because of the astonishing precision of the grand-scale frequency comb, the new atomic clock is more than just a clock. In the future it may be used to map the Earth’s gravitational field, perform tests of fundamental laws of physics, including dark matter searches, and explore the quantum behavior of many atoms working collectively.
Ye’s group has extended laser frequency combs to the mid-infrared and shown that they ma Android Industrial Computer  y transform the world of molecular spectroscopy, offering new technologies based on their sensitivity in detecting molecules. For instance, the group has used mid-infrared frequency combs to fingerprint simple molecules like water and carbon dioxide.
Recently, the group worked with medical researchers to develop a comb-based noninvasive breath analyzer to identify specific molecules found in human breath. The device identified trace amounts of hydrogen peroxide in the presence of a much larger amount of water. The detection of hydrogen peroxide provided advance warning for patients developing acute respiratory distress syndrome.
In a related experiment, a mid-infrared-laser frequency comb device was able to show that a new sterilizer, which effectively kills bacteria and spores, was producing ozone, hydrogen peroxide, nitrous oxide, and nitrogen dioxide.
The Ye group is currently using a mid-infrared frequency comb to investigate complex molecules such as volatile organic compounds found in human breath. However, those compounds consist of many atoms that have complicated, and sometimes undecipherable, spectroscopy signatures at room temperature, making fingerprinting impossible. However, the group has discovered that if volatile organic compounds are cooled to low temperatures, they will have distinct fingerprints. Their detection in breath will aid doctors in diagnosing lung cancer.
The group is also using a mid-infrared laser frequency comb to learn about chemical reactions. Because a frequency comb provides spectral information across a vast landscape, researchers can watch molecules as they hang out together. They can also observe which reaction pathway the molecules take under different conditions. The researchers can fingerprint the molecules they start with, any new molecules that are made during a chemical reaction and the molecules they end up with.
Cutting-edge research on laser frequency combs also includes their development in the extreme ultraviolet. Recently, the Ye group showed that extreme ultraviolet frequency combs are now nearly as good as their visible light counterparts. Possibilities for the near future include studying highly charged ions, building precision nuclear clocks, making nuclear isotope selections and exploring electron behavior in intense light fields.
“What is real is what you measure,” said Ye, “and because we can measure precisely with light, we are on an exciting scientific journey from the mid-IR through the visible and into the extreme ultraviolet. Perhaps we’ll move into the soft x-ray in the near future. It will be amazing to see the dance of molecules and nuclear transitions all happening on a common ruler of light.”
Image: The Ye group and Steve Burrows, JILA
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inhandnetworks-blog · 6 years
Text
Berkeley Lab Software to Optimize Ja magento webdesign  il Microgrid
www.inhandnetworks.com
The fuel cell at the Santa Rita Jail. Photo courtesy Alameda County
Residents of northern California won’t have to worry about prisoners escaping from the Alameda County’s Santa Rita Jail in the event of a major earthquake. This “mega-jail” has its own microgrid that is being optimized by scientists from the Berkeley Lab using software they developed called DER-CAM.
When the next “big one” hits northern California, chances are good that the power will be knocked out across large swaths of the Bay Area. But one place that is likely to stand unaffected is Alameda County’s Santa Rita Jail in Dublin, California, the third largest jail in the state and fifth largest in the country. If all goes according to plan, this “mega-jail,” housing about 4,000 inmates, will seamlessly disconnect itself from the electric grid and switch over to its own microgrid, powering itself for the duration.
Scientists at the Department of Energy’s Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory (Berkeley Lab) are using software they developed called DER-CAM (Distributed Energy Resources-Customer Adoption Model), which looks at electricity and heat requirements, to help analyze and develop an optimal plan for the Jail to meet its needs at minimum cost.
“Microgrids have several promising advantages,” said Berkeley Lab scientist Chris Marnay. “Number one is that they can be tailored to local requirements, so in the case of the jail, the microgrid can help them achieve the extreme reliability their mission demands.”
Chris Marnay - LBL EETD with new energy efficient power grid atop EBMUD building in downtown Oakland, Ca. Photo: Berkeley Lab photo archive
This demonstration project—led by Chevron Energy Solutions and funded in part by a $6.9 million grant from the Department of Energy with additional funding from the California Energy Commission, the California Public Utilities Commission and others—is aimed at modernizing the nation’s electricity grid. Berkeley Lab is collaborating with a number of additional entities on the project, including Alameda County, Pacific Gas & Electric, the University of Wisconsin, and the National Renewable Energy Laboratory. The microgrid at the jail became operational at the end of the last year and is to be unveiled on March 22.
As Hurricane Irene and other natural disasters have shown, blackouts can cause severe disruptions and major financi inhandnetworks al losses. “Without power you don’t have phones, transportation, water treatment and so on. And without communications other things don’t work,” said Marnay, who leads the jail project for Berkeley Lab. “The motivation for doing localized generation is in part to survive outages and improve local power quality.”
The Santa Rita Jail has intensive electricity needs, with peak demand reaching about 3.0 megawatts (MW), so energy efficiency has long been part of the Jail’s strategy. Various energy efficiency measures over the past 20 years have effectively lowered the jail’s electrical needs by 40 percent. To lower its reliance on the grid, the jail boasts a 1.2-MW rooftop solar system (which was the largest in the U.S. when installed in 2002), a 1-MW molten carbonate fuel cell, and five small wind generators.
The microgrid’s newly installed 2-MW lithium ferrous phosphate battery can carry the load during a power outage without turning on backup generators. During long outages, when the battery’s storage is depleted, the microgrid will turn on the generators at full speed, and effectively power the jail and simultaneously charge the batteries.
The DER-CAM software was used to come up with an optimal schedule for charging and discharging the battery so as to minimize costs. Based on this analysis and other research, DER-CAM is already being used to directly control the large solar thermal system in the Mechanical Engineering Building on the University of New Mexico campus. The same approach has also been selected by the U.S. Department of Defense to optimize charging of a fleet of plug-in electric vehicles to be deployed at the Los Angeles Air Force Base.
“We are excited to be hosting one of the first-of-its-kind, large-scale microgrids,” said Matt Muniz, Alameda County’s Energy Program Manager. “We believe that this demonstration project will successfully exhibit the numerous advantages of microgrids and will be a model for both public agencies and private companies to emulate.”
The batteries are also used to provide energy storage, allowing the jail to buy electric wastewater treatment  ity during less expensive off-peak times and minimize the jail’s energy consumption during the peak periods in the summer. When the fuel cell, solar panels, and wind turbines are operating, they will be integrated by the microgrid to maximize their utilization in powering the jail.
The technology that allows the microgrid to seamlessly disconnect itself from the grid and function as an island and then reconnect is the CERTS Microgrid, which was developed by the Consortium for Electric Reliability Technology Solutions at the University of Wisconsin under a decade-long research program managed by Berkeley Lab.
In future work funded by the California Energy Commission, Berkeley Lab’s Demand Response Research Center will explore options for the jail to control its loads to further lower costs and potentially provide support to the grid.
Of course, the microgrid can also function when it’s connected to the grid, allowing the Jail to reduce its electricity bill as well as lowering the load on the local electricity distribution network. “Part of this grant is to demonstrate the ability to lower the electrical load on the neighboring PG&E feeder, which is the part of the of the electricity distribution system from the substation to the meter,” Marnay said. “So the Jail can coordinate with nearby loads such that the overall peak load on that feeder is reduced, which is another way of saying that it provides a big financial benefit to the utility because it postpones them having to upgrade their equipment to increase capacity.”
Besides reliability, microgrids offer several other advantages. One is that they can be tailored to take advantage of local resources, such as the sun or wind. Integrating small and uncontrollable renewables into our legacy grid is tricky because of the requirement that supply and demand must constantly be in balance while these resources vary continuously.
“This thinking leads to the most controversial advantage, by far, which is that we may be able to live with a less reliable grid because highly sensitive loads, such as the Jail, are served in a more localized fashion,” Marnay said. “To me, that’s where the huge advantage lies, in unshackling the traditional grid. With our current system, the grid has no feasible way to differentiate and prioritize between a recharging iPhone and hospital life-saving equipment.”
Along with hospitals and university campuses, another sector very interested in microgrids is the military, for which energy security and reliability are paramount. Earlier last year, DOE announced new steps to enhance cooperation with the Department of Defense (DOD) on clean energy and energy security, including cost effective energy storage. Marnay’s next bi wireless m2m g project at the Los Angeles Air Force Base is only one of several current and planned DOD microgrid demonstrations.
Image: Alameda County; Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory
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