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1st Years Notes SLO Based for KPK, Sindh, Punjab, & Federal Boards Pdf Download

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Federal Board (FBISE), Rawalpindi Board, CBSE, and AIOU Notes, Textbook Pdf

Vast collection of Textbooks, Helping Books, Notes, Past Papers, Pairing Schemes, Test Papers, O/A Level Books, Entry Test, CSS and other exams resources. FBISE NOTES Goodbye Mr. Chips important question answers notes online Read Pdf Download Fbise GUIDELINES FOR SLOs BASED EXAMINATIONS Notification Fbise REGARDING RESTRUCTURED MODEL PAPERS (2024) 2023 Read the full article

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Class 12 English Notes Chapter 15 Mustafa Kamal

Class 12 English Notes Chapter 15 Mustafa Kamal Punjab all boards Grade 12 FSc Pre Engineering include solved exercises, review questions, MCQs, and chapter overview.

Mustafa Kamal Class 12 English Notes Chapter 15

Q 1. What was the attitude of the Turkish government towards the Allies after World War I? Answer: The attitude of the Turkish government was slavish towards the Allies. A government formed from the old Liberals was in power in Istanbul. Its members and Padishah himself were eager to cooperate with the Allies. However, they believed that the best interest of the nation was in showing loyalty to the Armistice and co-operation with the occupying forces of the conquerors. Q 2. Why  was Mustafa Kamal sent to Anatolia? Answer: Mustafa Kamal was sent to Anatolia to control the increasing number of the little encounters in the streets of Anatolia from Kiyazim Karabekar along with the undefeated personnel of the Ottoman Army against the Allied control officers. These encounters were causing great fear among the Allies and the people of Istanbul. Being a capable soldier, Mustafa Kamal was the most suitable man to be sent as the representative of Padishah and deal with the situation on spot. Q 3. What was the reaction of the Turkish patriots to the intention of the Allies to partition the Ottoman Empire? Answer: The Turkish patriots were infuriated by the intention of the Allies to partition of the Ottoman Empire. All of them were enraged by this foreign occupation of the richest and most essentially Turkish of their provinces. Turkish patriotism got a new direction, so a flame of indignation started burning in their hearts. Q 4. Write a note on Mustafa Kamal’s activities in Anatolia. Answer: During his stay in Anatolia, Mustafa Kamal met Ali Faut who was the commander of small army corps in Ankara. At a secret meeting of patriots, he made a plan to fight against the Greeks and the Allies. They planned that first of all guerilla bands would hold up Greeks. Meanwhile, the Patriots would build up the National Army without any assistance from the government. Later, Mustafa Kamal set out to tour villages. He asked people to fight against the foreign occupation and appointed representatives in every place to form centres of patriotic revolts. Q 5. Why did Mehmet order Mustafa Kamal to return to Constantinople? Answer: When Mehmet heard of Mustafa Kamal’s activities, he felt that he was working against his government. Therefore, after he realised that he was a threat to his throne, Mehmet ordered Mustafa Kamal to return to Constantinople as soon as possible. Q 6. What  was Mustafa Kamal’s reply? Answer: Mustafa Kamal replied to Mehmet by sending him a personal telegram. He urged him to join him in Anatolia and take lead to fight against the Greeks and all foreign enemies himself in order to save his throne. In response to Mehmet’s order, he said that he was determined to stay in Anatolia until the nation won independence. Q 7. How did Mehmet try to regain Anatolia for himself? Answer: Mehmet tried to regain Anatolia for himself by tact. He did not want the patriots to continue their activities against the Allies, so he called for a government pleasing to them. He asked them to put Mustafa Kamal’s ideas into practice and not to stand in opposition to the Padishah at the same time. They could not imagine their state without a Sultan, whom they considered the shadow of God. All of them agreed to the offer and Mustafa Kamal was left alone. Q 8. Why did his plan fail? Answer: In spite of being abandoned by the patriots, Mustafa Kamal kept fighting for the parliament in Anatolia himself. Mehmet suggested that it should sit in the upland town of Ankara, where it could be centrally situated, well protected, free, and independent of Turkish Allies. However, the Sultan’s plan failed and Mustafa Kamal defeated him. Q 9. What were the terms offered to Turkey by the Allies? Answer: The terms offered to Turkey by the Allies were those of making peace with Mehmet IV. A small and helpless Ottoman Empire was to be entirely under the supervision of the Allied powers. All the Arab provinces were to become Mandated Territories. Entire Eastern Anatolia was to become a part of the state of Armenia around Izmir, which was to be a large Greek district. Cecilia was to go to the French. The Ottoman capital was to be an international centre under the control of Britain, France, and Italy. Under these terms, only the surroundings of Istanbul were to remain a part of the once extensive “Turkey in Europe”. Q 10. Give an account of the Greek attack and its defeat. Answer: On the 21st August 1921, Greeks attacked the Ottoman Empire. The two brave people confronted each other and fought almost man to man for fourteen days under the burning heat of the sun. Mustafa Kamal was the commander-in-chief of Turks, who dominated the Greeks. By the 4thof September, the Greeks were at the end of their strength. On 12th, they crossed Sakarya and began to withdraw and until the end of August 1922, they were clearly defeated. So, Mustafa Kamal and his army moved forward toward the Mediterranean.    Q 11. Give an account of the departure of Mehmet from Istanbul. Answer: The departure of Mehmet from Istanbul took place on November 17, 1922, when a British motor ambulance which stopped by at the side-door of the palace where Mehmet was staying. The luggage was brought out of the palace and placed in the car. Mehmet appeared as an elderly man and a British Officer took his umbrella as he entered the vehicle. The door was then closed and the ambulance drove away. This is how the last of Sultans, Mehmet went on his way to exile.  Q 12. Describe the reforms introduced by Mustafa Kamal with reference to: - (i) the position of women,  - (ii) removal of illiteracy,  - (iii) change in dresses,  - (iv) adoption of the Roman script and  - (v) the industrial and economic development. Answer: After gaining power, numerous reforms were introduced by Mustafa Kamal for the Turkish nation. With reference to the position of women, Mustafa Kamal abolished veil in 1925 because he believed that veil hindered the education of women. He stressed upon the rights of women in terms of higher education at par with men. As for the change in dresses, the old national headdress called Fez was replaced by the hats. Wearing of hats was made compulsory for men. Mustafa Kamal abolished the old script, declared the adoption of the Roman script and demonstrated the new script himself. His educational reforms for women and demonstration and implementation of the new reforms led to the removal of illiteracy. As far as industrial and economic development is concerned, he initiated the construction schemes for railways and motor road. He also encouraged the expansion of heavy industry and organization of banking system. Q 13. Sum up in a few sentences the work of Mustafa Kamal as a great nation builder. Answer: The work of Mustafa Kamal as a nation builder is praiseworthy. He brought changes to all branches of Turkish life. During his time, the mental and political development of the Turkish nation was on the same level as that of Western Europe in the mid-eighteenth century. Within a few years, they reached the height of success achieved by Europe over a long span of one hundred and fifty years. Thus, the Turkish nation owes its democratization, awakening of their spirit and liberation of their power to Mustafa Kamal. Read more: Class 12 English Notes Chapter 9 Hunger and Population Explosion Read the full article

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Class 12 English Notes Chapter 8 China's Way to Progress

Class 12 English Notes Chapter 8 China's Way to Progress Punjab all boards Grade 12 FSc Pre Engineering include solved exercises, review questions, MCQs, and chapter overview.

Chapter 8 China's Way to Progress Class 12 English Notes

What are the social security benefits provided to the Chinese workers?All the Chinese workers get the salary equal to the monthly cost of living. In the agricultural communes, housing facility is completely free of cost for the workers. Medical treatment is also free for all workers. Male Chinese workers retire at the age of sixty, which is extendable in special cases, whereas females retire at the age of fifty or fifty-five if they do clerical work. Pensions are provided on the basis of work seniority and they vary from fifty to sixty percent of the worker’s last wage. Those who work in factories are offered meals three times a day in the factory cafeteria for ten to twelve yuan. Factories also have nurseries and kindergartens where the children are looked after for minimal charges.How does China rely on its own resources?In China, all the twenty-six provinces that are even forty-four hundred kilometers apart from each other rely on their own resources. They have the capacity to continue to maintain and support themselves even in case of war. They generate their own funds and do not depend upon the help of the Central government.Why has the world changed its attitude towards China?Over time, the world has changed its attitude towards China. It enjoys tremendous popularity in the modern world today. There is a long queue of countries on the waiting list to recognize China because the awareness of the insensibility of their previous view about China is increasing with time. Another probable reason is the political guilt complex for having kept China out of the United Nations for a long time. Discuss Chinese agriculture system. Answer: In China, the agricultural system is growing rapidly through the system of communes. These communes have been further subdivided into production brigades and teams. Although a large number of people still carry out the traditional, intensive labour, agricultural mechanization is being introduced with care so as to avoid upsetting the balance. Describe a day in the life of a Chinese student. Answer: A Chinese student gets up at 6 o’clock in the morning and performs a few chores in the house. Then, she takes breakfast goes to school at 8 o’clock which she attends till 11 o’clock. She goes home for lunch afterwards and returns to school at one thirty where she does the homework till 3 o’clock. She goes through the lessons for an hour at home, after which she relaxes listening to the radio or reading newspapers to gain awareness of the national and international situation. Write a note on the Chinese women. Answer: From a Western perspective, Chinese women lack femininity and are usually not interested in beauty products, films, literature or drugs. They hold up half the sky and are determined to work at par with men and enjoy equal rights. They enjoy the social benefits of eight hours working day, free hospitalization, nursery, and infant school and fifty-six paid holidays before childbirth, which is free of cost. Chinese women exhibit a sense of confidence, dignity, and awareness of carrying out an important role in society. 'It is the people and not the things that are decisive.” Discuss. Answer: When the writer says, “It is people not the things that are decisive, he is trying to demonstrate that the concept of the Chinese social experiment which depends exclusively on its masses for its success. Although this concept whereby the Chinese do not follow the Western pattern of giving undue importance to machines has been destroyed by modern technology, but it is still meaningful. They have not placed much reliance on material things but individual labour and workmanship which is clear proof of people being the decisive factor in the success of their country. “The heart of the matter is the need to root out selfishness.” Discuss. Answer: Mao says; "The heart of the matter is the need to root out selfishness". It means that to make progress all of us should work for the betterment of everyone. The secret behind China's economic progress is also based on the same principle that they work collectively for the benefit of everyone. In other words, they believe in selfless and devoted workers on whom the prosperity of their country depends. Read more: - Class 12 English Notes Rawalpindi Board Chapter 2 Using the Scientific Method - Class 12 English Notes Rawalpindi Board Chapter 1 The Dying Sun - Class 12 English Notes Chapter 4 End of Term - Class 12 English Notes Chapter 3 Why Boys Fail in College - Class 12 English Notes Chapter 5 On Destroying Books Read the full article

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