#Trentepohliaceae

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Graphis scripta, the script lichen, so-called because the narrow, curved, often forked, apothecia (spore producing bodies) look like runes or other writing. This species grows on the smooth bark of hardwood trees and is very abundant over much of the eastern United States and southern Canada around the Great Lakes and the St Lawrence River. Graphis scripta also occurs from Mexico north Oregon, USA to British Columbia, Canada and Alaska. In Europe it is found in Scandinavia, the UK and most continental European countries.

The apothecia in this group of lichens, which includes several other species and genera and broadly known as “script lichens”, are called “lirellae”. The word lireallae is from the Latin for “furrows” in reference to the furrowed or channeled appearance of the spore producing bodies.

The body of Graphis scripta is a thin grayish crust that is almost completely immersed into the bark substrate. The specimen above is growing on black ash (Fraxinus nigra) and is in typical form. By the way, the lichen in that photo is about 5 times larger than in life. Below is a photo of one at a more normal scale and also on black ash.

Lichens are symbiotic combinations of a fungus and one or more photosynthetic organisms (an algae and/or cyanobacteria) collectively called “photobionts”. Photobionts detected in Graphis scripta are the algae Printzina lagenifera and Trentepohlia umbrina, both in the green algae family Trentepohliaceae. Species of Trentepohlia can sometimes be found growing freely on the bark of trees or on damp rocks and are red or orange. The photo below is of a free-living Trentepohlia species on paper birch. To properly identify it requires careful microscopic examination (a subject for a future post).

References

Consortium of North American Lichen Herbaria (Graphis scripta)

Keys to the Lichens of Minnesota. Clifford Wetmore (revised 2005)

Lichens of North America. Irwin M. Brodo, Sylvia Duran Sharnoff, and Stephen Sharnoff (2001). Published by Yale University Press

New insights into diversity and selectivity of trentepohlialean lichen photobionts from the extratropics. Christina Hametner, Elfriede Stocker-Wörgötter, and Martin Grube. Symbiosis. Vol. 63:31-40 (2014).

Phylogentic Diversity of Trentepohlianean Algae Associated with Lichen-Forming Fungi. Matthew P. Nelson, Eimy Rivas Plata, Carrie J. Andrew, Robert Lucking, and H. Thornsten Lumbsh. Journal of Phycology. Vol. 47: 282-290 (2011).

Prinzia lagenifera coll. (Trentepohliales, Chlorophyta) epiphyllous in a boreal forest. Harri Harmaja. Annale Botanici Fennici. Vol 48:129-132 (2011).

Ways of Enlichenment (Graphis)

#script lichen #lichens #patterns #nature photography #graphis #trentepohlia