lots of information about VSH Varroa Sensitive Hygiene in Varroa resistant bees
Varroa Sensitive Hygiene (VSH)
An organic solution to mites and diseases
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USDA Honey Bee Breeding Lab
VSH versus Varroa
VSH performance tests
VSH in Wikipedia
VSH Bibliography
New definition of VSH by John Harbo:
Responses to Varroa by honey bees with different levels of Varroa Sensitive Hygiene
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Bibliography of Current Bee Breeding Topics
- Africanized Honeybees: Genetics
- Artificial (Instrumental) Insemination
- Bee Genetics and Breeding
- Closed Population Bee Breeding
- Honeybee Genomics
- Tracheal Mite Resistance
- Varroa Resistance: Brood Development Time
- Varroa Resistance: General
- Varroa Resistance: Grooming Behavior
- Varroa Resistance: Hygienic Behavior
- Varroa Resistance: Varroa Sensitive Hygiene VSH / (SMR)
Africanized Honeybees: Genetics
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Analysis of Nuclear Copies of Mitochondrial Sequences in Honeybee (Apis mellifera) Genome
SK Behura - Molecular Biology and Evolution, 2007
Asymmetric introgression of African genes in honeybee populations (Apis mellifera L.) in Central Mexico
FB Kraus, P Franck, R Vandame - Heredity, 2007
Environmental physiology of the invasion of the Americas by Africanized honeybees
JF Harrison, JH Fewell, KE Anderson, GM Loper - Integrative and Comparative Biology, 2006
The flight physiology of reproductives of Africanized, European, and hybrid honeybees (Apis mellifera). Harrison, J. F., Taylor, O. R., Jr., Hall, H. G.- Physiological and Biochemical Zoology, 2005
Genetic structure of honeybee populations from southern Brazil and Uruguay
NM Diniz, AEE Soares, WS Sheppard, MA Del Lama - Genetics and Molecular Biology, 2003
Genotype–environment interactions in honeybee guarding behaviour
GJ Hunt, E Guzmán-Novoa, JL Uribe-Rubio, D Prieto … - Animal Behaviour, 2003
The influence of paternity on virgin queen success in hybrid colonies of European and African
SS Schneider, G Degrandi-Hoffman - Animal Behaviour, 2003
THE INFLUENCE OF HYBRIDIZATION BETWEEN AFRICAN AND EUROPEAN HONEYBEES, APIS MELLIFERA, ON ASYMMETRIES IN WING SIZE AND SHAPESS Schneider, LJ Leamy, LA Lewis, G DeGrandi- … - Evolution, 2003
Genetic diversity of the honeybee in Africa: microsatellite and mitochondrial data
P Franck, L Garnery, A Loiseau, BP Oldroyd, HR … - Heredity, 2001
Identification of African-Derived Bees in the Americas: A Survey of Methods
WS Sheppard, DR Smith - Annals of the Entomological Society of America , 2000
Selective Breeding of Honey Bees (Hymenoptera: Apidae) in Africanized Areas
E Guzmán-Novoa, RE Page - Journal of Economic Entomology, 1999
Nest Defense Behavior in Colonies from Crosses Between Africanized and European Honey Bees Gloria DeGrandi-Hoffman et al Journal of Insect Behavior,1998
Number of ovarioles in workers descendent from crossings between Africanized and Italian honeybees, Apis mellifera L.: comparison among backcrosses and ancestors colonies Anais da Sociedade Entomológica do Brasil, 1998
DNA Studies Reveal Processes Involved in the Spread of New World African Honeybees
HG Hall - The Florida Entomologist, 1992
The Biology and Management of Africanized Honey Bees
ML Winston - Annual Review of Entomology, 1992
Parental Analysis of Introgressive Hybridization Between African and European Honeybees Using Nuclear DNA RFLPs
HG Hall - Genetics, 1990
Polymorphisms in mitochondrial DNA of european and Africanized honeybees (Apis mellifera)
DR Smith, WM Brown - Cellular and Molecular Life Sciences (CMLS), 1988
Breed M, et al (1989) A correlation between guard behaviour and defensive response in the honey bee, Apis mellifera. Animal Behaviour 37 (3) 515-516
Collins A; Rinderer T; Daly H; Harbo J; Pesante D (1989) Alarm pheromone production by two honeybee types. Journal of Chemical Ecology 15 (6); 1747-1755
Collins A, Rinderer T (1986) The defensive behavior of the Africanized bee. American Bee Journal 126 (9):623-627
Collins A; Rinderer T; Harbo J; Bolten A (1982) Colony defense by Africanized and European honey bees. Science 218 : 72-74
Collins A, et al (1994) Correlation between morphology and colony defence in Apis mellifera L. Journal of Apicultural Research 33 (1): 3-10
De Jong D (1996) Africanized honey bees in Brazil, forty years of adaptation and success. Bee World 77 (2): 67-70
Guzman-Nova E; Page R (1993) Backcrossing Africanized honey bee queens to European drones reduces colony defensive behavior. Annals of the Entomological Society of America 86(3): 352-355
Guzman-Nova E, Sanchez A, Page R, Garcia T (1996) Susceptibility of European and Africanized honeybees and their hybrids to Varroa jacobsoni. Apidologie 27 : 93-103
Hall H G (1992) DNA studies reveal processes involved in the spread of new world African honeybees. Insect Behavioral Ecology 75 (1): 51-59
Hall H G (1992) Suspected African honeybee colonies in Florida tested for identifying DNA markers. Florida Entomologist 75 (2): 257-266
Harbo J, Bolten A, Rinderer T, Collins A, (1981) Development periods for eggs of Africanized and European honeybees. Journal of Apicultural Research 20 (3) :156-159
Harrison J; Hall H G (1993) African-European honeybee hybrids have low non intermediate metabolic capacities. Nature 363 : 258-259
Hellmich R; Danka R; Collins A; Rinderer (1986) Laying worker production of drones in mixed colonies of Africanized and European honey bees. Annals of the Entomological Society of America 79 : 833-836
Kerr W; Bueno D (1970) Natural crossing between Apis mellifera adansonii and Apis mellifera ligustica. Evolution 24 : 145-155
Moritz R, Southwick E, Harbo J (1987) Genetic analysis of defesive behaviour of honeybee colonies in a field test. Apidologie 18 (1): 27-42
Moritz R; Meusal M (1992) Mitochondrial gene frequencies in Africanized honeybees: Theoretical model and empirical evidence. Journal of Evolutionary Biology 5 :71-81
Smith D (1991) African bees in the Americas: Insights from biogeography and genetics. TREE 6 (1): 17-21
Stort A (1974) Genetic study of aggressiveness of two subspecies of Apis mellifera in Brazil. 1. Some tests to measure aggressiveness. Journal of Apicultural Research 13 (1): 33-38
Stort A (1975) Genetic study of aggressiveness of two subspecies of Apis mellifera in Brazil. 2. Time at which the first sting reached a leather ball. Journal of Apicultural Research 14 (3/4): 171-175
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Artificial (Instrumental) Insemination
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Comparison studies of instrumentally inseminated and naturally mated honey bee queens and factors affecting their performance
SW Cobey - Apidologie, 2007
Effects of Insemination Quantity on Honey Bee Queen Physiology
FJ Richard, DR Tarpy, CM Grozinger - PLoS ONE, 2007
Effect of mating number on pheromone profiles of inseminated honey bee queens
FJ Richard - The 2005 ESA Annual Meeting and Exhibition, 2005Top of page_
Functional characterisation of semen in honeybee queen (A.m.ligustica S.) spermatheca and efficiency of the diluted semen technique in instrumental insemination Lodesani, M., Balduzzi, D., Galli, A. , Italian Journal of Animal Science, 2004
Instrumental insemination of Apis mellifera queens with hetero-and conspecific spermatozoa results in different sperm survival
M Phiancharoen, S Wongsiri, N Koeniger, G Koeniger - Apidologie, 2004
Sperm utilization pattern in the honeybee (Apis mellifera)
H Schlüns, G Koeniger, N Koeniger, RFA Moritz - Behavioral Ecology and Sociobiology, 2004
Genetic diversity within honeybee colonies prevents severe infections and promotes colony growth
DR Tarpy - Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences, 2003
Functional characteristics of semen in the honey bee (A. m. ligustica S.) queen spermatheca and efficiency of the semen mixing technique in instrumental insemination. Lodesani, M., Balduzzi, D., Galli, A.,Sixth European Bee Conference, 2002
Relationship between semen quality and performance of instrumentally inseminated honey bee queens
AM Collins - Apidologie, 2000
Survival of Honey Bee (Hymenoptera: Apidae) Spermatozoa Stored at Above-Freezing Temperatures
AM Collins - Journal of Economic Entomology
Sperm-mediated transformation of the honey bee, Apis mellifera
KO Robinson, HJ Ferguson, S Cobey, H Vaessin, BH … - Insect Molecular Biology, 2000
Migration and dispersal of spermatozoa in spermathecae of queen honeybees (Apis mellifera L.)
RE Page, RB Kimsey, HH Laidlaw - Cellular and Molecular Life Sciences (CMLS), 1984
Buys B, Pringle K, Giliomee (1993) Effect of age on artificial insemination of queens of Apis mellifera capensis. African Entomology 1 (2): 270-272
Bolten A, Harbo J, (1982) Numbers of spermatozoa in the spermatheca of the queen honeybee after multiple inseminations with small volumes of semen. Journal of Apicultural Research 21 (1): 7-10
Buys B, (1992) Effect of humidity on artificial insemination of queen honey bees. American Bee Journal 132 (12): 801-802
Buys B, (1993) Effect of worker absence on the results of artificial insemination and survival of queen honey bees. American Bee Journal 133 (2): 133-135
Cale G, (1960) Lloyd Raymond Watson. Father of controlled mating. American Bee Journal 100 (5): 180-181
Camargo C (1975) Biology of the spermatozoon of Apis mellifera. 1. Influence of diluents and ph. Journal of Apicultural Research 14 (3/4): 113-118
Carmago J, (1968) Note on techniques for instrumental insemination of queen honeybees. Journal of Apicultural Research 7 (3): 157-161
Cobey S, (1983) The development of instrumental insemination. American Bee Journal 123 (2) 108-111
Cobey S, (1983) Instrumental insemination: Current developments and its application today. American Bee Journal 123 (3) 182-185
Cobey S, (1983) Instrumental insemination: the possibility of semen storage. American Bee Journal 123 (5): 389-395
Cobey S, (1995) Instrumental insemination equipment: sophistication and simplification in designs. American Bee Journal 135 (10): 697-701
Collins A (2000) Relationship between semen quality and performace of instrumentally inseminated honey bee queens. Apidologie 31 : 421- 429
Ebadi R, Gary N, (1980) Factors affecting survival, migration of spermatozoa and the onset of oviposition in instrumentally inseminated queen honeybees. Journal of Apicultural Research 19 (2) : 96-104
Greenleaf M, (1993) Drone production at Hybi-Bees, Inc. American Bee Journal 133 (4): 287-289
Harbo J, (1974) A technique for handling stored semen of honey bees. Annals of the Entomological Society of America 67 (2): 191-194
Harbo J, (1991) Effect of pupal weight and insemination volume on oviposition of queen bees. BeeScience 1 (3): 155-158
Harbo J, (1976) The effect of insemination on the egg laying behavior of honey bees. Annals of the Entomological Society of America 69 (6): 1036-1038
Harbo J, (1979) Storage of honeybee spermatozoa at -196 C. Journal of Apicultural Research 18 (1): 57-63
Harbo J, (1985) Instrumental insemination of queen bees- 1985. Part 1. American Bee Journal 125 (3) 197-202
Harbo J, (1985) Instrumental insemination of queen bees- 1985. Part 2. American Bee Journal 125 (4) 282-287
Harbo J, (1986) Oviposition rates of instrumentally inseminated and naturally mated queen honey bees (Hymenoptera: Apidae). Annals of the Entomological Society of America 79 6(1): 112-115
Harbo J, (1987) Using mixed semen in a bee breeding program. American Bee Journal 127 (12): 845-846
Harbo J, (1988) Sperm competition. American Bee Journal 128 (12): 803-804
Harbo J, (1990) Artificial mixing of spermatozoa from honeybees and evidence for sperm competition. Journal of Apicultural Research 29 (3): 151-158
Harbo J, (1999) The value of single drone inseminations in selective breeding of honey bees. in Apiculture for the 21st century. Wicwas Press pp.1-5
Harbo J, Williams J, (1987) Effect of above freezing temperatures on temporary storage of honeybee spermatozoa. Journal of Apicultural Research 26 (1): 53-55
Harbo J, Szabo T, (1984) A comparison of instrumentally inseminated and naturally mated queens. Journal of Apicultural Research 23 (1):31-36
Harris J, Harbo J, (1988) Breeding from worker honey bees. American Bee Journal 128 (12): 804
Kaftanoglu O, Peng Y, (1980) A new syringe for semen storage and instrumental insemination of queen honeybees. Journal of Apicultural Research 19 (1): 73-76
Kaftanoglu O, Peng Y, (1980) A washing technique for collection of honeybee semen. Journal of Apicultural Research 19 (3): 205-211
Kaftanoglu O, Peng Y, (1982) Effects of insemination on the initiation of oviposition in the queen honeybee. Journal of Apicultural Research 21 (1): 2-6
Kuhnert M, (1991) Demonstrations of new techniques using instrumental insemination. Apiacta 26 :2-7
Kuehnert M, Carrick M, Allan L, (1989) Use of homogenized drone semen in a bee breeding program in Western Australia. Apidologie 20 (5): 371-381
Kuhnert M, Laidlaw H, (1994) Simplified apparatus for instrumental insemination of queen bees with the flexible insemination technique. Apidologie 25 : 144-154
Laidlaw H, (1978) Instrumental insemination of honey bee queens. Dadant and Sons, Hamilton, Illinois
Laidlaw H, (1988) One-piece queen holder for Mackenson-type insemination device. American Bee Journal 128 (4): 281
Locke S, Peng Y, (19930 The effects of drone age, semen storage and contamination on semen quality in the honey bee (Apis mellifera). Physiological Entomology 18 : 144-148
Mackensen O, (1947) Effect of carbon dioxide on initial oviposition of artificially inseminated and virgin queen bees. Journal of Economic Entomology 40 (3):344-349
Mackensen O, (1955) Experiments in the technique of artificial insemination of queen bees. Journal of Economic Entomology 48(4):418-421
Mackensen O, Tucker K, (1970) Instrumental insemination of queen bees. Agric. Handbook, No. 350 28 pr., USDA. Washington
Moritz R, (1983) Homogeneous mixing of honeybee semen by centrifugation.Journal of Apicultural Research 22 (4): 249-255
Moritz R, (1984) The effect of different diluents on insemination success in the honeybee using mixed semen. Journal of Apicultural Research 23 (3): 164-167
Moritz R, Editor (1989) The instrumental insemination of the queen bee. Apimondia, Bucharest , Romania
Nelson D, Laidlaw H, (1988) An evaluation of instrumentally inseminated queens shipped in packages. American Bee Journal 128 (4): 279-280
Page R, Kimsey R, Laidlaw H, (1984) Migration and dispersal of spermatozoa in spermathecae of queen honeybees (Apis mellifera L.) Experientia 40 : 182-184
Poole H, Taber S, (1969) A method of in vitro storage of honeybee semen.American Bee Journal 109 (11): 420-421
Poole H, Taber S, (1970) In vitro preservation of honey bee semen enhanced by storage at 13-15 C. Annals of the Entomological Society of America 63 (6) 1673-1674
Ruttner F, (1976) The instrumental insemination of the queen bee. Apimondia, Bucharest , Romania
Schley P (1988) An important improvement in the insemination technique of queen honey bees. American Bee Journal 128 (4): 282-284
Skowronek W, Kruk C, Loc K, (1995) The insemination of queen honeybees with diluted semen. Apidologie 26 : 487-493
Smith R, Spivak M, Taylor O, Bennett C, Smith M (1993) Maturation of tergal gland alkene profiles in European honey bee queens. Journal of Chemical Ecology 19 (1): 133-142
Taber S, (1961) Successful shipments of honeybee semen. Bee World 42 (70): 173-176
Verma L, (1978) Biology of honeybee spermatozoa. Apidologie 9 (3): 167-174
Verma L, (1983) Effect of deep freezing on survival of the honey bee (Apis mellifera L.) spermatozoa. American Bee Journal 123 (12); 851-852
Williams J, Harbo J, (1982) Bioassay for diluents of honey bee semen. Annals of the Entomological Society of America 75 : 457-459
Williams J, (1983) Effect of osmotic pressure on insemination success using incubated honey bee semen. American Bee Journal 123 (12): 849-850
Woyke J, (1964) Causes of repeated mating flights by queen honeybees. Journal of Apicultural Research 3 (1) : 17-23
Woyke J, (1979) Effect of the access of worker honeybees to the queen on the results of instrumental insemination. Journal of Apicultural Research 19 (2): 136-143
Woyke J, (1979) Number of worker bees necessary to attend instrumentally inseminated queens kept in an incubator. Apidologie 10 (2): 149-155
Woyke J, (1983) Dynamics of entry of spermatozoa into the spermatheca of instrumentally inseminated queen honeybees. Journal of Apicultural Research 22 (3): 150-154
Woyke J, (1989) Correct queen maintenance before and after instrumental insemination, tested in Egypt. Journal of Apicultural Research 28 (4): 187-190
Woyke J, Jasinski Z, (1973) Influence of external conditions on the number of spermatozoa entering the spermatheca of instrumentally inseminated honeybee queens. Journal of Apicultural Research 12 (3): 145-151
Woyke J, Jasinski Z, (1982) Influence of the number of attendant workers on the number of spermatozoa entering the spermatheca of instrumentally inseminated queens kept outdoors in mating nuclei. Journal of Apicultural Research 21 (3): 129-133
Woyke J, Jasinski Z, (1990) Effect of the number of attendant worker bees on the initiation of egg laying by instrumentally inseminated queens kept in small nuclei. Journal of Apicultural Research 29 (2): 101-106
Woyke J (1991) Syringe guide for instrumental insemination apparatus of queen bees. Apidologie 22 : 81-85
Woyke J, Jasinski Z, (1992) Natural mating of instrumentally inseminated queen bees. Apidologie 23 :225-230
Woyke J, et al (1995) Further investigations on natural mating of instrumentally inseminated Apis mellifera queens. Journal of Apicultural Research 34 (2): 105-106
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Bee Genetics and Breeding
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Adam Br. (1982) Breeding the Honeybee. Northern Bee Books, West Yorkshire
Dews J, Milner E, (1993) Breeding Better Bees: using simple modern methods. British Isle Bee Breeder's Assn.
Goncalves L, Stort A, (1978) Honey bee improvement through behavioral genetics. Annual Review of Entomology 31 :197-213
Harbo J, (1999) The value of single drone inseminations in selective breeding of honey bees. in Apiculture for the 21st century. Wicwas Press pp.1-5
Hoopingarner R, Farrar C (1959) Genetic control of size in queen honey bees. Journal of Economic Entomology 52 (4): 547-548
Kerr W, Laidlaw H (1956) General genetics of bees. Advances in Genetics 8: 109-153
Laidlaw H, Eckert J (1962) Queen Rearing Univ.Calif Press
Laidlaw H(1979) Contemporary Queen Rearing Dadant and Sons, Hamilton IL
Laidlaw H, Page RE (1997) Queen Rearing and Bee Breeding Wicwas Press, Chesire CT
Mesquida J, (1981) Elements of genetics with special reference to the bee. British Isle Bee Breeder's Assn.
Rinderer T, Editor (1986) Bee Genetics and Breeding. Academic Press, Inc. Orlando, FL
Rothenbuhler W (1958) Genetics and breeding of the honey bee. Annual Review of Entomology 3 :161-180
Rothenbuhler W (1980) Necessary links in the chain of honey bee stock improvement. American Bee Journal 120 (3): 223-225
Rothenbuhler W, Kulincevic J, Kerr W, (1968) Bee genetics. Annual Review of Genetics 2 : 413-438
Ruttner F, Editor (1972) Controlled mating and selection of the honey bee. Apimondia, Bucharest , Romania
Ruttner F, (1988) Breeding techniques and selection for breeding of the honeybee. British Isle Bee Breeder's Assn.
Ruttner F, Mackensen O, (1952) The genetics of the honeybee. Bee World 33 (4): 53-79
Schiff N, Sheppard W (1996) Genetic differentiation in the queen breeding population of the western United States. Apidologie 27 : 77-86
Taber S (1987) Breeding Super Bees. A.I. Root Co. Medina OH
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Closed Population Bee BreTop of page_eding
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Atkinson T, (1991) The avoidance of diploid drones in closed population honeybee breeding.Entomol. exp. appl.
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