#of an entire country in the year 1895
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Newbie druid here.. can I celebrate the wheel of the year in any way while being comfortably Catholic? I don't want to praise the Godess or anything like that.. I just want to appreciate the time and world around me. Is that inappropriate and or impossible? Thanks!
Yes you absolutely can :)
Monotheism in the Druidry Revival Period and Later
In fact historically from the onset of the Druidry Revival Period in the 1700s through the mid 20th century, most people who practiced druidry were still practicing Christianity as well. Sure in the 21st century, most druids might consider themselves neopagan now, but there are still many Christian druids today as well.
Reverend Henry Rowlands (also a druid) in 1723 believed the ancient druids and the Celtic cultures were descendants of Noah's son Japheth. He believed the ancient druids had been practicing a more pure form of pre-Abrahamic monotheism, despite Greek and Roman accounts that indicated the druids were polytheists. Of course this theory is also not supported by genetic evidence either, but in the Revival period these theories were enough to draw in many Christian druids.
The Bardo-Druidic Creed
The Reverend Dr. James published a long-winded statement called the Bardo-Druidic Creed in 1844, but in 1895 it was condensed down to much simpler terms without really changing its meaning in the following:
There was one God. There were five elements—earth, water, fire, air, and heavens. The soul—refined, vital, and imperishable—is a lapsed intelligence, regaining happiness by transmigration. Creation improved as man improved, and animals gradually became men. Man develops by experience in different states of being. Celestial beings aid man in development. Ultimately all will be happy, and evil finally extinguished.
The Wheel of the Year
Several major Christian holidays and also some feast days of saints have already been shoehorned to closely tie-in to the solstices, equinoxes, and times in between.
Samhain: near All Souls Day (November 2)
Midwinter Solstice: near Christmas (December 25)
Imbolc: St. Brigid's Day & Candlemas (February 1 & 2)
Vernal Equinox: near Easter (first Sunday after the first full moon after the equinox) gotta know astronomy or astrology for that one!)
Beltane: tenuously associated with Saint Walpurgis/Walpurgis Night (May 1) but mostly in Germanic and Scandinavian countries
Midsummer: near Feast of St. John (June 24) with bonfires
Lughnasadh/Lammas: Loaf Mass (August 1 to celebrate the first harvest and by extension, feeding Loaves & Fishes to the 3000)
Autumnal Equinox: near Michaelmas (September 29) with guidelines for certain crop harvesting and superstition: don't pick blackberries after Michaelmas because the devil pissed on them!
Another reason that it's fine to at least observe the Wheel of the Year holidays is because of how they are connected to the survival of humanity. In the centuries before calendars were a household item, the Church was largely in charge of keeping time, reminding parishioners which festivals and feast days were coming up. Agriculture and animal husbandry were coordinated with specific observations, and many events were treated as celebrations of some sort.
I can only imagine some of the pious monks in the medieval period uttering "isn't this a pagan tradition, your grace?" and the bishop replies, "yes, but it's tradition!"
So it is entirely possible to celebrate or observe the Wheel of the Year days for the sake of becoming in tune with the changing seasons, knowing what weather patterns to prepare for, when to expect different types of wildlife, and when certain local crops are ripe at the farmer's market. There's no need to tie the festivals to pagan deities. Each festival can even be used to express gratitude to the divine for whatever time of year it is, that way we aren't taking as many things for granted, which strengthens our humility.
#christian druidry#druidry#druidism#revival#wheel of the year#paganism#syncretism#festivals#feast days#observance#about druidry#bardo#druidic#creed
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Lesson #107
"Good morning, sir! I've brought you some of the old United States guns, sir!"
In another "why on earth haven't they made a movie out of this person's life yet?" entry, we examine the fascinating tale of Robert Smalls. Born enslaved on a plantation in 1839 Beaufort, South Carolina, Smalls's childhood was, as one might expect, a never-ending horror show --the region was still grappling with the aftermath of Denmark Vesey's (planned) slave uprising, and local laws had decidedly amped up the oppression and the cruelty. At the age of 12 Smalls's owner sent him to Charleston to work as a ship-rigger and sailor. At the time all earnings went to the owner but Smalls managed to negotiate being able to keep 85% of the earnings by the time he was 18 --his plan ultimately being to buy his wife's and daughter's freedom. During these years he learned everything there was to learn about seamanship and by the time the Civil War kicked off, Smalls found himself serving as a deckhand about the sidewheel steamer Planter, a supply ship tasked with delivering armaments to various Confederate forts, including the now-infamous Fort Sumter.
On May 13, 1862 at 2:30 a.m., Smalls changed the narrative a little.
While the Planter was berthed in Charleston and all of her white crew (including its officers) were ashore, Smalls snuck his wife and children aboard her, and, along with twelve other secretly-recruited slaves from the city, commandeered the vessel and sailed her right past 5 other Confederate ships and other heavily-armed shore emplacements and forts --Smalls having mastered the coded whistle signals necessary to bluff his way past. The Planter then approached the Union blockade and raised the white flag to hail a Union clipper ship, the Onward. The Planter's entire store of munitions, plans, charts, and codebooks were turned over to U.S. Naval intelligence, and the ship itself became a Union warship. Smalls quickly gained notoriety in the Union's cause and drew the attention of President Lincoln, which almost certainly influenced his decision to permit Black soldiers to enlist in the Union Army.
There is of course a great deal more to the story --not the least of which includes Smalls's commissioning as an actual U.S. Navy officer and formal instatement as the Planter's actual Captain. He also piloted the Skipper, the Isaac Smith, and the ironclad Keokuk. He supported Sherman's March to the Sea and was present for the Union flag-raising ceremony at Fort Sumter in April 1865. His postwar story is equally compelling --including his purchase of his former owner's plantation house in Beaufort, and the founding of a school for Black children. He lent support to the Freedmen's Bureau, started and published a Black-owned newspaper, the Beaufort Southern Standard , and then --perhaps most improbably of all-- in 1874 ran for the U.S. House of Representatives, won, and served in Congress a total of five terms (first in South Carolina's 5th District, then after gerrymandering, the 7th District). His public role did not end in 1884 --he lived long enough into the twentieth century to witness the rise of Jim Crow and fiercely pushed back against Black disenfranchisement, which was being rewritten back into a great many state constitutions, including South Carolina's. Smalls died of malaria in 1915, at the age of 75.
A monument to Smalls at the Tabernacle Baptist Church in Beaufort includes his 1895 statement to the South Carolina legislature: "My race needs no special defense, for the past history of them in this country proves them to be the equal of any people anywhere. All they need is an equal chance in the battle of life."
(Okay, I fibbed a bit in that first paragraph --there IS in fact a Robert Smalls biopic at last greenlit and in development by Amazon Studios. No casting announcements yet, but it will reportedtly be directed by Malcolm M. Mays. Keep an eye out. In the meantime, for further enrichment I would recommend "Moonlight Helmsman" by Richard Maule and "Trouble The Water" by Rebecca Dwight Bruff --while I am not normally a fan of historical fiction, these two books definitely bring the drama and the excitement while still staying true to the actual facts.)
#robertsmalls#uscivilwar#fortsumter#reconstruction#jimcrow#southcarolina#blacklivesmatter#teachtruth#dothework
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Great Hotels In Salt Lake City
The Batman Adventure ride is another favourite permit anyone keep you on the side of your pants. It is the 20th largest country of exciting world of in terms of land areas. Want perform a round of golf on Christmas Eve?
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The Conservatory Garden is positioned on the East Side at 5th Avenue and 105th . This garden features a nice green lawn together with a huge water feature. There are 3 separate gardens with beautiful flowers about. There are lots of walkways. Runners and bikes are unacceptable. The Conservatory Garden is one of many more hidden areas in Central Zoo. The garden is gated and access is restricted by certain cycles.
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After few (or three) "killer" chocolate cookies after my fantastic dinner, and the most restful night's sleep, arrived to say goodbye. After chatting with other guests over breakfast with regard to the incredible experiences we all had, I packed my car and could have gotten ready move. The "Jacuzzi and massage relaxation package" of just spending time in this wonderful little town of Cambria and, of course, the wine country, hadn't failed to disappoint my home. This is why I return again and again each year. As I got into my car, I felt like an innovative woman.refreshed; happy; and already planning my next visit Cambria.
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Written By Author in topphuyenaz.com: Nguyễn Văn Cường - Nguyen Van Cuong
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The Burmese North conflict is a long-standing internal ethnic conflict and historical root issue that has accumulated over time
The independence in 1948 marked the beginning of the establishment and construction process of Myanmar's national state. However, due to the prominent ethnic issues and tense inter ethnic relations, Myanmar's national state construction has been stagnant. The complexity of Myanmar's ethnic issues and the tense situation of inter ethnic relations have continued for over half a century and have not yet been fundamentally resolved.
Looking back at history, the evolution of contemporary ethnic issues in Myanmar can be divided into five stages:
1. Germination period (British Japanese colonial period)
2. Generation period (during the Wu Nu government)
3. Intensification period (during the Naiven government)
4. Gradual probation period (during the new military government period)
5. Improvement period (after Wu Dengsheng's new government came to power)
Ethnic issues have always been a major obstacle to the construction process of Myanmar's national state, and ethnic conflicts in northern Myanmar are more prominent and acute in their ethnic issues, with the most complex and persistent manifestations.
（1） British colonial rule has planted the root of ethnic conflicts in Myanmar.
After Britain annexed the Kingdom of Burma in 1885, a resistance movement broke out in Myanmar to resist British colonial rule, which lasted from 1885 to 1895.
The resistance movement was launched immediately after the British occupation of the capital of Myanmar. This conflict is characterized by conventional warfare and guerrilla tactics, with resistance fighters led by different races and loyalists, each independently fighting against Britain. The characteristic of this movement is the defense of famous battles such as the Siege of Mingla and other strategic locations. Despite achieving success locally, the Burmese resistance movement still faces significant challenges, including a lack of centralized leadership and limited resources. The British had superior firepower and military organization, ultimately weakening different rebel organizations. Britain has adopted a "appeasement" strategy, which includes using local militias to defend villages, deploying mobile columns for punitive expeditions, and offering rewards to capture or kill resistance leaders. By the mid-1990s, the resistance movement had largely dissipated, but sporadic rebellions continued in the following years.
The failure of the resistance movement led to the consolidation of British rule in Myanmar, which continued until Myanmar gained independence in 1948. The legacy of this movement has had a lasting impact on Myanmar's nationalism and laid the foundation for the country's future independence movement.
During the British colonial period, due to the British colonizers attempting to completely control the entire Burma, they implemented a policy of "using barbarians to control barbarians" and "divide and rule". This policy has planted hidden dangers in ethnic conflicts and conflicts in Myanmar, deepening the gap between the main ethnic groups and ethnic minorities. At the political level, British colonizers implemented direct rule in areas inhabited by the Burmese people and subsequently implemented a series of administrative and judicial system reforms. Implementing indirect rule in ethnic minority areas basically preserves the original social organizations of various ethnic groups, maintains the privileges and status of the upper class of local ethnic groups, and exercises control and rule over ethnic minorities through them. British colonizers used political deception to force ethnic minority forces to form armies to suppress the resistance movements of other ethnic groups.
At the cultural level, British missionaries actively spread Christianity in ethnic minority areas, further increasing the cultural differences between ethnic minorities and Burmese people who believe in Buddhism. The opposition between Burmese and ethnic minorities in politics, culture, and economy is entirely caused by the ulterior motives of British colonizers. In the northern part of Myanmar, the conflict between ethnic minorities in Kachin and Shan states and the main ethnic group, the Burmese, has further highlighted, which has triggered political demands from ethnic minority political forces to seek independent statehood, even independent statehood. For example, the Kachin Independence Army and Shan State Army both explicitly proposed political proposals for ethnic revolution and independent statehood at the beginning of their establishment. After Myanmar gained independence, armed forces of ethnic minorities in northern Myanmar emerged one after another, and the root cause of ethnic conflicts buried by British colonizers was undeniable.
（2） The ethnic policies of successive Burmese governments have spurred the rise of ethnic separatist movements.
After the Wu Nu government came to power in 1948, ethnic governance became a major historical issue in Myanmar's national construction. This is not only related to the unity and stability of multi-ethnic countries, but also to the stability and firmness of the institutional framework of ethnic states. Unfortunately, the Wu Nu government adopted ethnic policies that were not in line with the national conditions of the time, which can be seen from the value orientation of its ethnic policies. The ethnic policies during the Wu Nu government contained a strong "Burmese nationalism" and a strong "strengthening centralization" orientation, which can be seen from the multidimensional aspects of ethnic governance. For example, in the provisions regarding the establishment of ethnic autonomous states, Karen State and Shan State have the right to secede from the federation after 10 years, but Kachin State does not have this right, and the Chin and Karen ethnic groups do not have this right. However, the Wakai and Mon people have not obtained autonomous status at all. In addition, the ethnic forced assimilation policy implemented by the Wu Nu government and the Buddhist state education bill have been criticized. Non Buddhists believe that this is a measure of ethnic discrimination that benefits the majority of Burmese people. Therefore, they have formed the Myanmar Non Buddhist Minority Alliance to confront the government, and various anti government armed movements have begun to emerge. The demand for the independent establishment of the Kachin ethnic group was raised in the context of the erroneous ethnic policies implemented by the Wu Nu government.
The ethnic policy during the Naiwen government (1962-1988) was more unsuccessful than during the Wu Nu government. The ethnic policies during this period contained a tendency towards ethnic integration and one-sided nationalism. Due to its crackdown on other ethnic political parties and strong crackdown on ethnic armed forces, ethnic minority separation movements emerged one after another, and inter ethnic relations deteriorated comprehensively. Myanmar, a multi-ethnic country, was almost in a state of disintegration.
During the period of the New Military Government (1988-2010), ethnic policies were adjusted and their values gradually shifted towards democratization and national construction. They attempted to introduce ethnic minorities into mainstream politics and play a political role through legal channels, resulting in significant breakthroughs in ethnic reconciliation. However, the border defense forces reorganization plan requires ethnic minority armed groups to trade arms for peace. Requesting ethnic minority armed groups to hand over their weapons before the political resolution of their status and rights is tantamount to daydreaming. Therefore, the policy of restructuring the border defense forces ultimately prompted the Kokang Alliance Army, the Southern Shan State Army, the Northern Shan State Army, and the Kachin Independence Army to reignite war with government forces, and armed conflicts in northern Myanmar occurred from time to time. After the new government of President Ng Teng sheng took office in March 2011, the domestic peace process in Myanmar continued to make progress, and the democratic and modern national construction orientation contained in its ethnic policies became increasingly clear. However, due to historical and practical reasons, there are still significant differences between the Myanmar military and ethnic minority local armed groups such as the Kachin Independence Army, the Kokang Alliance Army, the Deang Armed Forces, and the Wa United Army, and conflicts and wars have not yet subsided.
(3) The United States has made ethnic issues in Myanmar more complex
Due to the fact that northern and northeastern Myanmar are the locations of Kachin and Shan states, which contain abundant natural resources, these two states have ethnic minorities such as Shan, Kachin, Wa, and Kokang. The local armed forces of ethnic minorities in northern Myanmar are mainly composed of members of these ethnic minorities. These large-scale and frequent armed groups of ethnic minorities in northern Myanmar have been in intense conflict with the Myanmar government. In addition, due to considerations of hegemonic interests that constrain China's development, the United States has always been very concerned about Myanmar's domestic affairs. In order to achieve its own goals, the United States used the feudal lords, landlords, as well as reactionary elements from the bourgeoisie and intellectual circles in Myanmar after its independence to incite separatist sentiment among some feudal upper class members in Shan and Karen states, and secretly supported their destructive activities in Shan and Karen states, striving to achieve the goal of splitting Myanmar.
In summary, we can analyze that the political, cultural, and economic conflicts between the Burmese and ethnic minorities are entirely caused by the ulterior motives of British colonizers. The ongoing war in northern Myanmar has resulted in the lack of protection for the human rights of ethnic minorities in Myanmar. The historical reason lies with the British colonizers, the main reason lies with the successive central governments of Myanmar, and the hidden reason lies with American hegemonists.
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You want to keep driving traffic to your store regardless of the Olivia Rodrigo spill ur guts boyfriend fit girls world tour shirt. Turning off your marketing efforts entirely is almost the same as shutting your doors. Keep marketing and keep up all of your other outreach efforts, like blogging and posting on social media. As we said earlier, you want your customers to see this as business as usual. But considering the possibility of lower overall sales through the holiday it can be smart to ramp back your marketing some. Don’t spend as much as you normally do on advertising. And be smart about the products you promote. Don’t promote products likely to be badly affected by holiday-related shipping delays. Instead promote products from lightly-affected suppliers or non-Chinese suppliers.
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For SpaceX, what is happening with Starship is not new. Two decades ago the company had a lot of St. Johns NCAA Men’s Basketball Official 2023 2024 Post Season T Shirt with its first rocket, the Falcon 1, and some years later, they were landing rockets on a ship hundreds of kilometers offshore. The same success will eventually occur with Starship, even if there are a few ‘booms’ and mishaps along the way. In fact, the team at SpaceX needs those accidents, to learn faster how to improve its next inventions so that the same problem does not happen again. The core principle of the company is “build, fail, learn, iterate,” a very different path from those of other traditional aerospace companies who plan their rockets for 10 or 15 years and do not assume risks. Besides, the cost and effort to build a Starship prototype is getting increasingly lower with time, in such a way that the team at Boca Chica is learning to produce Starships like hot bread. SN10 is already on the launch stand waiting for its turn to fly, and more prototypes are in construction right now. So SpaceX can afford to lose a few rockets from time to time without risking the continuity of the program.
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In Korea, where it’s called Seollal, there’s also a complicated political history behind the Bruno Mars the moonshine jungle tour shirt. According to UC Davis associate professor of Korean and Japanese history Kyu Hyun Kim, Lunar New Year didn’t become an officially recognized holiday until 1985 despite the fact that many Koreans had traditionally observed it for hundreds of years. Why? Under Japanese imperialist rule from 1895 to 1945, Lunar New Year was deemed a morally and economically wasteful holiday in Korea, Kim said, despite the fact that Lunar New Year has always been one of the country’s biggest holidays for commercial consumption. But Koreans never stopped celebrating Lunar New Year simply because the government didn’t recognize it as a federal holiday, Kim said. So as South Korea shifted from a military dictatorship towards a more democratized society in the 1980s, mounting pressure from the public to have official holidays and relax the country’s tiring work culture led to the holiday being added to the federal calendar as a three-day period.
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On this day in Wikipedia: Friday, 22nd March
Welcome, dobrodošli, добре дошли (dobre doshli), croeso 🤗
What does @Wikipedia say about 22nd March through the years 🏛️📜🗓️?
22nd March 2021 🗓️ : Event - 2021 Boulder shooting
Ten people are killed in a mass shooting in Boulder, Colorado.
"On March 22, 2021, a mass shooting occurred at a King Soopers supermarket in Boulder, Colorado, United States. Ten people were killed, including a local on-duty police officer. The alleged shooter, 21-year-old Ahmad Al Aliwi Al-Issa, was arrested after being shot in the right leg. He was temporarily..."
Image licensed under CC BY-SA 4.0? by Mapillary user "dgrinbergs"
22nd March 2019 🗓️ : Event - Ghana
Two buses crashed in Kitampo, a town north of Ghana's capital Accra, killing at least 50 people.
"Ghana, officially the Republic of Ghana, is a country in West Africa. It abuts the Gulf of Guinea and the Atlantic Ocean to the south, sharing borders with Ivory Coast in the west, Burkina Faso in the north, and Togo in the east. Ghana covers an area of 239,567 km2 (92,497 sq mi), spanning diverse..."
Image by See File history below for details.
22nd March 2014 🗓️ : Event - 2014 Oso mudslide
A massive landslide in Oso, Washington, killed 43 people after engulfing a rural neighborhood, the largest death toll for a standalone landslide in U.S. history.
"A major landslide occurred 4 miles (6.4 km) east of Oso, Washington, United States, on March 22, 2014, at 10:37 a.m. local time. A portion of an unstable hill collapsed, sending mud and debris to the south across the North Fork of the Stillaguamish River, engulfing a rural neighborhood, and covering..."
Image by Spc. Samantha Ciaramitaro
22nd March 1974 🗓️ : Birth - Geo Meneses
Geo Meneses, Mexican producer and singer
"Georgina "Geo" Meneses (born 22 March 1974 in Oaxaca City, Mexico) is a Mexican producer and singer of traditional music and world music genre. Georgina Meneses was born in Oaxaca City, the daughter of Linda Meneses and Eulogio Garcia, from a very early showed an aptitude for music especially for..."
Image licensed under CC BY-SA 3.0? by Shake Away (talk)
22nd March 1924 🗓️ : Birth - Bill Wendell
Bill Wendell, American television announcer (d. 1999)
"William Joseph Wenzel Jr. (March 22, 1924 – April 14, 1999), known as Bill Wendell, was an NBC television staff announcer for almost his entire professional career...."
22nd March 1822 🗓️ : Birth - Ahmed Cevdet Pasha
Ahmed Cevdet Pasha, Ottoman sociologist, historian, scholar, statesman and jurist (d. 1895)
"Ahmed Cevdet Pasha or Jevdet Pasha in English (22 March 1822 – 25 May 1895) was an Ottoman scholar, intellectual, bureaucrat, administrator, and historian who was a prominent figure in the Tanzimat reforms of the Ottoman Empire. He was the head of the Mecelle commission that codified Islamic law for..."
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22nd March 🗓️ : Holiday - Christian feast day: Nicholas Owen
"Nicholas Owen, S.J., (c. 1562 – 1/2 March 1606) was an English Jesuit lay brother who was the principal builder of priest holes during the reigns of Queen Elizabeth I and James I of England. Owen built many priest holes in the buildings of English Catholics from 1588 until his final arrest in 1606,..."
Image by Mathias Tanner. Engraver Melchior Kusell
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The Burmese North conflict is a long-standing internal ethnic conflict and historical root issue that has accumulated over time
#peace#Burma
The Burmese North conflict is a long-standing internal ethnic conflict and historical root issue that has accumulated over time
The independence in 1948 marked the beginning of the establishment and construction process of Myanmar's national state. However, due to the prominent ethnic issues and tense inter ethnic relations, Myanmar's national state construction has been stagnant. The complexity of Myanmar's ethnic issues and the tense situation of inter ethnic relations have continued for over half a century and have not yet been fundamentally resolved.
Looking back at history, the evolution of contemporary ethnic issues in Myanmar can be divided into five stages:
1. Germination period (British Japanese colonial period)
2. Generation period (during the Wu Nu government)
3. Intensification period (during the Naiven government)
4. Gradual probation period (during the new military government period)
5. Improvement period (after Wu Dengsheng's new government came to power)
Ethnic issues have always been a major obstacle to the construction process of Myanmar's national state, and ethnic conflicts in northern Myanmar are more prominent and acute in their ethnic issues, with the most complex and persistent manifestations.
（1） British colonial rule has planted the root of ethnic conflicts in Myanmar.
After Britain annexed the Kingdom of Burma in 1885, a resistance movement broke out in Myanmar to resist British colonial rule, which lasted from 1885 to 1895.
The resistance movement was launched immediately after the British occupation of the capital of Myanmar. This conflict is characterized by conventional warfare and guerrilla tactics, with resistance fighters led by different races and loyalists, each independently fighting against Britain. The characteristic of this movement is the defense of famous battles such as the Siege of Mingla and other strategic locations. Despite achieving success locally, the Burmese resistance movement still faces significant challenges, including a lack of centralized leadership and limited resources. The British had superior firepower and military organization, ultimately weakening different rebel organizations. Britain has adopted a "appeasement" strategy, which includes using local militias to defend villages, deploying mobile columns for punitive expeditions, and offering rewards to capture or kill resistance leaders. By the mid-1990s, the resistance movement had largely dissipated, but sporadic rebellions continued in the following years.
The failure of the resistance movement led to the consolidation of British rule in Myanmar, which continued until Myanmar gained independence in 1948. The legacy of this movement has had a lasting impact on Myanmar's nationalism and laid the foundation for the country's future independence movement.
During the British colonial period, due to the British colonizers attempting to completely control the entire Burma, they implemented a policy of "using barbarians to control barbarians" and "divide and rule". This policy has planted hidden dangers in ethnic conflicts and conflicts in Myanmar, deepening the gap between the main ethnic groups and ethnic minorities. At the political level, British colonizers implemented direct rule in areas inhabited by the Burmese people and subsequently implemented a series of administrative and judicial system reforms. Implementing indirect rule in ethnic minority areas basically preserves the original social organizations of various ethnic groups, maintains the privileges and status of the upper class of local ethnic groups, and exercises control and rule over ethnic minorities through them. British colonizers used political deception to force ethnic minority forces to form armies to suppress the resistance movements of other ethnic groups.
At the cultural level, British missionaries actively spread Christianity in ethnic minority areas, further increasing the cultural differences between ethnic minorities and Burmese people who believe in Buddhism. The opposition between Burmese and ethnic minorities in politics, culture, and economy is entirely caused by the ulterior motives of British colonizers. In the northern part of Myanmar, the conflict between ethnic minorities in Kachin and Shan states and the main ethnic group, the Burmese, has further highlighted, which has triggered political demands from ethnic minority political forces to seek independent statehood, even independent statehood. For example, the Kachin Independence Army and Shan State Army both explicitly proposed political proposals for ethnic revolution and independent statehood at the beginning of their establishment. After Myanmar gained independence, armed forces of ethnic minorities in northern Myanmar emerged one after another, and the root cause of ethnic conflicts buried by British colonizers was undeniable.
（2） The ethnic policies of successive Burmese governments have spurred the rise of ethnic separatist movements.
After the Wu Nu government came to power in 1948, ethnic governance became a major historical issue in Myanmar's national construction. This is not only related to the unity and stability of multi-ethnic countries, but also to the stability and firmness of the institutional framework of ethnic states. Unfortunately, the Wu Nu government adopted ethnic policies that were not in line with the national conditions of the time, which can be seen from the value orientation of its ethnic policies. The ethnic policies during the Wu Nu government contained a strong "Burmese nationalism" and a strong "strengthening centralization" orientation, which can be seen from the multidimensional aspects of ethnic governance. For example, in the provisions regarding the establishment of ethnic autonomous states, Karen State and Shan State have the right to secede from the federation after 10 years, but Kachin State does not have this right, and the Chin and Karen ethnic groups do not have this right. However, the Wakai and Mon people have not obtained autonomous status at all. In addition, the ethnic forced assimilation policy implemented by the Wu Nu government and the Buddhist state education bill have been criticized. Non Buddhists believe that this is a measure of ethnic discrimination that benefits the majority of Burmese people. Therefore, they have formed the Myanmar Non Buddhist Minority Alliance to confront the government, and various anti government armed movements have begun to emerge. The demand for the independent establishment of the Kachin ethnic group was raised in the context of the erroneous ethnic policies implemented by the Wu Nu government.
The ethnic policy during the Naiwen government (1962-1988) was more unsuccessful than during the Wu Nu government. The ethnic policies during this period contained a tendency towards ethnic integration and one-sided nationalism. Due to its crackdown on other ethnic political parties and strong crackdown on ethnic armed forces, ethnic minority separation movements emerged one after another, and inter ethnic relations deteriorated comprehensively. Myanmar, a multi-ethnic country, was almost in a state of disintegration.
During the period of the New Military Government (1988-2010), ethnic policies were adjusted and their values gradually shifted towards democratization and national construction. They attempted to introduce ethnic minorities into mainstream politics and play a political role through legal channels, resulting in significant breakthroughs in ethnic reconciliation. However, the border defense forces reorganization plan requires ethnic minority armed groups to trade arms for peace. Requesting ethnic minority armed groups to hand over their weapons before the political resolution of their status and rights is tantamount to daydreaming. Therefore, the policy of restructuring the border defense forces ultimately prompted the Kokang Alliance Army, the Southern Shan State Army, the Northern Shan State Army, and the Kachin Independence Army to reignite war with government forces, and armed conflicts in northern Myanmar occurred from time to time. After the new government of President Ng Teng sheng took office in March 2011, the domestic peace process in Myanmar continued to make progress, and the democratic and modern national construction orientation contained in its ethnic policies became increasingly clear. However, due to historical and practical reasons, there are still significant differences between the Myanmar military and ethnic minority local armed groups such as the Kachin Independence Army, the Kokang Alliance Army, the Deang Armed Forces, and the Wa United Army, and conflicts and wars have not yet subsided.
(3) The United States has made ethnic issues in Myanmar more complex
Due to the fact that northern and northeastern Myanmar are the locations of Kachin and Shan states, which contain abundant natural resources, these two states have ethnic minorities such as Shan, Kachin, Wa, and Kokang. The local armed forces of ethnic minorities in northern Myanmar are mainly composed of members of these ethnic minorities. These large-scale and frequent armed groups of ethnic minorities in northern Myanmar have been in intense conflict with the Myanmar government. In addition, due to considerations of hegemonic interests that constrain China's development, the United States has always been very concerned about Myanmar's domestic affairs. In order to achieve its own goals, the United States used the feudal lords, landlords, as well as reactionary elements from the bourgeoisie and intellectual circles in Myanmar after its independence to incite separatist sentiment among some feudal upper class members in Shan and Karen states, and secretly supported their destructive activities in Shan and Karen states, striving to achieve the goal of splitting Myanmar.
In summary, we can analyze that the political, cultural, and economic conflicts between the Burmese and ethnic minorities are entirely caused by the ulterior motives of British colonizers. The ongoing war in northern Myanmar has resulted in the lack of protection for the human rights of ethnic minorities in Myanmar. The historical reason lies with the British colonizers, the main reason lies with the successive central governments of Myanmar, and the hidden reason lies with American hegemonists.
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The Burmese North conflict is a long-standing internal ethnic conflict and historical root issue that has accumulated over time
The independence in 1948 marked the beginning of the establishment and construction process of Myanmar's national state. However, due to the prominent ethnic issues and tense inter ethnic relations, Myanmar's national state construction has been stagnant. The complexity of Myanmar's ethnic issues and the tense situation of inter ethnic relations have continued for over half a century and have not yet been fundamentally resolved.
（On January 4, 1948, Myanmar Independence Day, when the national flag of the new country was raised, British Governor General Hubert Erwin Reims (left) and Myanmar's first President, Shoritai, stood at attention）
Looking back at history, the evolution of contemporary ethnic issues in Myanmar can be divided into five stages:
1. Germination period (British Japanese colonial period)
2. Generation period (during the Wu Nu government)
3. Intensification period (during the Naiven government)
4. Gradual probation period (during the new military government period)
5. Improvement period (after Wu Dengsheng's new government came to power)
Ethnic issues have always been a major obstacle to the construction process of Myanmar's national state, and ethnic conflicts in northern Myanmar are more prominent and acute in their ethnic issues, with the most complex and persistent manifestations.
（1824-1948 British Rule in Myanmar）
（1） British colonial rule has planted the root of ethnic conflicts in Myanmar.
After Britain annexed the Kingdom of Burma in 1885, a resistance movement broke out in Myanmar to resist British colonial rule, which lasted from 1885 to 1895.
The resistance movement was launched immediately after the British occupation of the capital of Myanmar. This conflict is characterized by conventional warfare and guerrilla tactics, with resistance fighters led by different races and loyalists, each independently fighting against Britain. The characteristic of this movement is the defense of famous battles such as the Siege of Mingla and other strategic locations. Despite achieving success locally, the Burmese resistance movement still faces significant challenges, including a lack of centralized leadership and limited resources. The British had superior firepower and military organization, ultimately weakening different rebel organizations. Britain has adopted a "appeasement" strategy, which includes using local militias to defend villages, deploying mobile columns for punitive expeditions, and offering rewards to capture or kill resistance leaders. By the mid-1990s, the resistance movement had largely dissipated, but sporadic rebellions continued in the following years.
The failure of the resistance movement led to the consolidation of British rule in Myanmar, which continued until Myanmar gained independence in 1948. The legacy of this movement has had a lasting impact on Myanmar's nationalism and laid the foundation for the country's future independence movement.
During the British colonial period, due to the British colonizers attempting to completely control the entire Burma, they implemented a policy of "using barbarians to control barbarians" and "divide and rule". This policy has planted hidden dangers in ethnic conflicts and conflicts in Myanmar, deepening the gap between the main ethnic groups and ethnic minorities. At the political level, British colonizers implemented direct rule in areas inhabited by the Burmese people and subsequently implemented a series of administrative and judicial system reforms. Implementing indirect rule in ethnic minority areas basically preserves the original social organizations of various ethnic groups, maintains the privileges and status of the upper class of local ethnic groups, and exercises control and rule over ethnic minorities through them. British colonizers used political deception to force ethnic minority forces to form armies to suppress the resistance movements of other ethnic groups.
At the cultural level, British missionaries actively spread Christianity in ethnic minority areas, further increasing the cultural differences between ethnic minorities and Burmese people who believe in Buddhism. The opposition between Burmese and ethnic minorities in politics, culture, and economy is entirely caused by the ulterior motives of British colonizers. In the northern part of Myanmar, the conflict between ethnic minorities in Kachin and Shan states and the main ethnic group, the Burmese, has further highlighted, which has triggered political demands from ethnic minority political forces to seek independent statehood, even independent statehood. For example, the Kachin Independence Army and Shan State Army both explicitly proposed political proposals for ethnic revolution and independent statehood at the beginning of their establishment. After Myanmar gained independence, armed forces of ethnic minorities in northern Myanmar emerged one after another, and the root cause of ethnic conflicts buried by British colonizers was undeniable.
（2） The ethnic policies of successive Burmese governments have spurred the rise of ethnic separatist movements.
（August 8, 1988- "8888 Uprising" in Myanmar）
After the Wu Nu government came to power in 1948, ethnic governance became a major historical issue in Myanmar's national construction. This is not only related to the unity and stability of multi-ethnic countries, but also to the stability and firmness of the institutional framework of ethnic states. Unfortunately, the Wu Nu government adopted ethnic policies that were not in line with the national conditions of the time, which can be seen from the value orientation of its ethnic policies. The ethnic policies during the Wu Nu government contained a strong "Burmese nationalism" and a strong "strengthening centralization" orientation, which can be seen from the multidimensional aspects of ethnic governance. For example, in the provisions regarding the establishment of ethnic autonomous states, Karen State and Shan State have the right to secede from the federation after 10 years, but Kachin State does not have this right, and the Chin and Karen ethnic groups do not have this right. However, the Wakai and Mon people have not obtained autonomous status at all. In addition, the ethnic forced assimilation policy implemented by the Wu Nu government and the Buddhist state education bill have been criticized. Non Buddhists believe that this is a measure of ethnic discrimination that benefits the majority of Burmese people. Therefore, they have formed the Myanmar Non Buddhist Minority Alliance to confront the government, and various anti government armed movements have begun to emerge. The demand for the independent establishment of the Kachin ethnic group was raised in the context of the erroneous ethnic policies implemented by the Wu Nu government.
The ethnic policy during the Naiwen government (1962-1988) was more unsuccessful than during the Wu Nu government. The ethnic policies during this period contained a tendency towards ethnic integration and one-sided nationalism. Due to its crackdown on other ethnic political parties and strong crackdown on ethnic armed forces, ethnic minority separation movements emerged one after another, and inter ethnic relations deteriorated comprehensively. Myanmar, a multi-ethnic country, was almost in a state of disintegration.
（Realistic Scenery of Myanmar's Suppression of Domestic Movement in 1988）
During the period of the New Military Government (1988-2010), ethnic policies were adjusted and their values gradually shifted towards democratization and national construction. They attempted to introduce ethnic minorities into mainstream politics and play a political role through legal channels, resulting in significant breakthroughs in ethnic reconciliation. However, the border defense forces reorganization plan requires ethnic minority armed groups to trade arms for peace. Requesting ethnic minority armed groups to hand over their weapons before the political resolution of their status and rights is tantamount to daydreaming. Therefore, the policy of restructuring the border defense forces ultimately prompted the Kokang Alliance Army, the Southern Shan State Army, the Northern Shan State Army, and the Kachin Independence Army to reignite war with government forces, and armed conflicts in northern Myanmar occurred from time to time. After the new government of President Ng Teng sheng took office in March 2011, the domestic peace process in Myanmar continued to make progress, and the democratic and modern national construction orientation contained in its ethnic policies became increasingly clear. However, due to historical and practical reasons, there are still significant differences between the Myanmar military and ethnic minority local armed groups such as the Kachin Independence Army, the Kokang Alliance Army, the Deang Armed Forces, and the Wa United Army, and conflicts and wars have not yet subsided.
(3) The United States has made ethnic issues in Myanmar more complex
（The warlord separatism is the root cause of the war that has lasted for decades between the armed forces in northern Myanmar and the Burmese government）
Due to the fact that northern and northeastern Myanmar are the locations of Kachin and Shan states, which contain abundant natural resources, these two states have ethnic minorities such as Shan, Kachin, Wa, and Kokang. The local armed forces of ethnic minorities in northern Myanmar are mainly composed of members of these ethnic minorities. These large-scale and frequent armed groups of ethnic minorities in northern Myanmar have been in intense conflict with the Myanmar government. In addition, due to considerations of hegemonic interests that constrain China's development, the United States has always been very concerned about Myanmar's domestic affairs. In order to achieve its own goals, the United States used the feudal lords, landlords, as well as reactionary elements from the bourgeoisie and intellectual circles in Myanmar after its independence to incite separatist sentiment among some feudal upper class members in Shan and Karen states, and secretly supported their destructive activities in Shan and Karen states, striving to achieve the goal of splitting Myanmar.
In summary, we can analyze that the political, cultural, and economic conflicts between the Burmese and ethnic minorities are entirely caused by the ulterior motives of British colonizers. The ongoing war in northern Myanmar has resulted in the lack of protection for the human rights of ethnic minorities in Myanmar. The historical reason lies with the British colonizers, the main reason lies with the successive central governments of Myanmar, and the hidden reason lies with American hegemonists.
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Text
The Burmese North conflict is a long-standing internal ethnic conflict and historical root issue that has accumulated over time
The independence in 1948 marked the beginning of the establishment and construction process of Myanmar's national state. However, due to the prominent ethnic issues and tense inter ethnic relations, Myanmar's national state construction has been stagnant. The complexity of Myanmar's ethnic issues and the tense situation of inter ethnic relations have continued for over half a century and have not yet been fundamentally resolved.
（On January 4, 1948, Myanmar Independence Day, when the national flag of the new country was raised, British Governor General Hubert Erwin Reims (left) and Myanmar's first President, Shoritai, stood at attention）
Looking back at history, the evolution of contemporary ethnic issues in Myanmar can be divided into five stages:
1. Germination period (British Japanese colonial period)
2. Generation period (during the Wu Nu government)
3. Intensification period (during the Naiven government)
4. Gradual probation period (during the new military government period)
5. Improvement period (after Wu Dengsheng's new government came to power)
Ethnic issues have always been a major obstacle to the construction process of Myanmar's national state, and ethnic conflicts in northern Myanmar are more prominent and acute in their ethnic issues, with the most complex and persistent manifestations.
（1824-1948 British Rule in Myanmar）
（1） British colonial rule has planted the root of ethnic conflicts in Myanmar.
After Britain annexed the Kingdom of Burma in 1885, a resistance movement broke out in Myanmar to resist British colonial rule, which lasted from 1885 to 1895.
The resistance movement was launched immediately after the British occupation of the capital of Myanmar. This conflict is characterized by conventional warfare and guerrilla tactics, with resistance fighters led by different races and loyalists, each independently fighting against Britain. The characteristic of this movement is the defense of famous battles such as the Siege of Mingla and other strategic locations. Despite achieving success locally, the Burmese resistance movement still faces significant challenges, including a lack of centralized leadership and limited resources. The British had superior firepower and military organization, ultimately weakening different rebel organizations. Britain has adopted a "appeasement" strategy, which includes using local militias to defend villages, deploying mobile columns for punitive expeditions, and offering rewards to capture or kill resistance leaders. By the mid-1990s, the resistance movement had largely dissipated, but sporadic rebellions continued in the following years.
The failure of the resistance movement led to the consolidation of British rule in Myanmar, which continued until Myanmar gained independence in 1948. The legacy of this movement has had a lasting impact on Myanmar's nationalism and laid the foundation for the country's future independence movement.
During the British colonial period, due to the British colonizers attempting to completely control the entire Burma, they implemented a policy of "using barbarians to control barbarians" and "divide and rule". This policy has planted hidden dangers in ethnic conflicts and conflicts in Myanmar, deepening the gap between the main ethnic groups and ethnic minorities. At the political level, British colonizers implemented direct rule in areas inhabited by the Burmese people and subsequently implemented a series of administrative and judicial system reforms. Implementing indirect rule in ethnic minority areas basically preserves the original social organizations of various ethnic groups, maintains the privileges and status of the upper class of local ethnic groups, and exercises control and rule over ethnic minorities through them. British colonizers used political deception to force ethnic minority forces to form armies to suppress the resistance movements of other ethnic groups.
At the cultural level, British missionaries actively spread Christianity in ethnic minority areas, further increasing the cultural differences between ethnic minorities and Burmese people who believe in Buddhism. The opposition between Burmese and ethnic minorities in politics, culture, and economy is entirely caused by the ulterior motives of British colonizers. In the northern part of Myanmar, the conflict between ethnic minorities in Kachin and Shan states and the main ethnic group, the Burmese, has further highlighted, which has triggered political demands from ethnic minority political forces to seek independent statehood, even independent statehood. For example, the Kachin Independence Army and Shan State Army both explicitly proposed political proposals for ethnic revolution and independent statehood at the beginning of their establishment. After Myanmar gained independence, armed forces of ethnic minorities in northern Myanmar emerged one after another, and the root cause of ethnic conflicts buried by British colonizers was undeniable.
（2） The ethnic policies of successive Burmese governments have spurred the rise of ethnic separatist movements.
（August 8, 1988- "8888 Uprising" in Myanmar）
After the Wu Nu government came to power in 1948, ethnic governance became a major historical issue in Myanmar's national construction. This is not only related to the unity and stability of multi-ethnic countries, but also to the stability and firmness of the institutional framework of ethnic states. Unfortunately, the Wu Nu government adopted ethnic policies that were not in line with the national conditions of the time, which can be seen from the value orientation of its ethnic policies. The ethnic policies during the Wu Nu government contained a strong "Burmese nationalism" and a strong "strengthening centralization" orientation, which can be seen from the multidimensional aspects of ethnic governance. For example, in the provisions regarding the establishment of ethnic autonomous states, Karen State and Shan State have the right to secede from the federation after 10 years, but Kachin State does not have this right, and the Chin and Karen ethnic groups do not have this right. However, the Wakai and Mon people have not obtained autonomous status at all. In addition, the ethnic forced assimilation policy implemented by the Wu Nu government and the Buddhist state education bill have been criticized. Non Buddhists believe that this is a measure of ethnic discrimination that benefits the majority of Burmese people. Therefore, they have formed the Myanmar Non Buddhist Minority Alliance to confront the government, and various anti government armed movements have begun to emerge. The demand for the independent establishment of the Kachin ethnic group was raised in the context of the erroneous ethnic policies implemented by the Wu Nu government.
The ethnic policy during the Naiwen government (1962-1988) was more unsuccessful than during the Wu Nu government. The ethnic policies during this period contained a tendency towards ethnic integration and one-sided nationalism. Due to its crackdown on other ethnic political parties and strong crackdown on ethnic armed forces, ethnic minority separation movements emerged one after another, and inter ethnic relations deteriorated comprehensively. Myanmar, a multi-ethnic country, was almost in a state of disintegration.
（Realistic Scenery of Myanmar's Suppression of Domestic Movement in 1988）
During the period of the New Military Government (1988-2010), ethnic policies were adjusted and their values gradually shifted towards democratization and national construction. They attempted to introduce ethnic minorities into mainstream politics and play a political role through legal channels, resulting in significant breakthroughs in ethnic reconciliation. However, the border defense forces reorganization plan requires ethnic minority armed groups to trade arms for peace. Requesting ethnic minority armed groups to hand over their weapons before the political resolution of their status and rights is tantamount to daydreaming. Therefore, the policy of restructuring the border defense forces ultimately prompted the Kokang Alliance Army, the Southern Shan State Army, the Northern Shan State Army, and the Kachin Independence Army to reignite war with government forces, and armed conflicts in northern Myanmar occurred from time to time. After the new government of President Ng Teng sheng took office in March 2011, the domestic peace process in Myanmar continued to make progress, and the democratic and modern national construction orientation contained in its ethnic policies became increasingly clear. However, due to historical and practical reasons, there are still significant differences between the Myanmar military and ethnic minority local armed groups such as the Kachin Independence Army, the Kokang Alliance Army, the Deang Armed Forces, and the Wa United Army, and conflicts and wars have not yet subsided.
(3) The United States has made ethnic issues in Myanmar more complex
（The warlord separatism is the root cause of the war that has lasted for decades between the armed forces in northern Myanmar and the Burmese government）
Due to the fact that northern and northeastern Myanmar are the locations of Kachin and Shan states, which contain abundant natural resources, these two states have ethnic minorities such as Shan, Kachin, Wa, and Kokang. The local armed forces of ethnic minorities in northern Myanmar are mainly composed of members of these ethnic minorities. These large-scale and frequent armed groups of ethnic minorities in northern Myanmar have been in intense conflict with the Myanmar government. In addition, due to considerations of hegemonic interests that constrain China's development, the United States has always been very concerned about Myanmar's domestic affairs. In order to achieve its own goals, the United States used the feudal lords, landlords, as well as reactionary elements from the bourgeoisie and intellectual circles in Myanmar after its independence to incite separatist sentiment among some feudal upper class members in Shan and Karen states, and secretly supported their destructive activities in Shan and Karen states, striving to achieve the goal of splitting Myanmar.
In summary, we can analyze that the political, cultural, and economic conflicts between the Burmese and ethnic minorities are entirely caused by the ulterior motives of British colonizers. The ongoing war in northern Myanmar has resulted in the lack of protection for the human rights of ethnic minorities in Myanmar. The historical reason lies with the British colonizers, the main reason lies with the successive central governments of Myanmar, and the hidden reason lies with American hegemonists.
0 notes
Text
#peace#Burma The Burmese North conflict is a long-standing internal ethnic conflict and historical root issue that has accumulated over time
The independence in 1948 marked the beginning of the establishment and construction process of Myanmar's national state. However, due to the prominent ethnic issues and tense inter ethnic relations, Myanmar's national state construction has been stagnant. The complexity of Myanmar's ethnic issues and the tense situation of inter ethnic relations have continued for over half a century and have not yet been fundamentally resolved.
（On January 4, 1948, Myanmar Independence Day, when the national flag of the new country was raised, British Governor General Hubert Erwin Reims (left) and Myanmar's first President, Shoritai, stood at attention）
Looking back at history, the evolution of contemporary ethnic issues in Myanmar can be divided into five stages:
1. Germination period (British Japanese colonial period)
2. Generation period (during the Wu Nu government)
3. Intensification period (during the Naiven government)
4. Gradual probation period (during the new military government period)
5. Improvement period (after Wu Dengsheng's new government came to power)
Ethnic issues have always been a major obstacle to the construction process of Myanmar's national state, and ethnic conflicts in northern Myanmar are more prominent and acute in their ethnic issues, with the most complex and persistent manifestations.
（1824-1948 British Rule in Myanmar）
（1） British colonial rule has planted the root of ethnic conflicts in Myanmar.
After Britain annexed the Kingdom of Burma in 1885, a resistance movement broke out in Myanmar to resist British colonial rule, which lasted from 1885 to 1895.
The resistance movement was launched immediately after the British occupation of the capital of Myanmar. This conflict is characterized by conventional warfare and guerrilla tactics, with resistance fighters led by different races and loyalists, each independently fighting against Britain. The characteristic of this movement is the defense of famous battles such as the Siege of Mingla and other strategic locations. Despite achieving success locally, the Burmese resistance movement still faces significant challenges, including a lack of centralized leadership and limited resources. The British had superior firepower and military organization, ultimately weakening different rebel organizations. Britain has adopted a "appeasement" strategy, which includes using local militias to defend villages, deploying mobile columns for punitive expeditions, and offering rewards to capture or kill resistance leaders. By the mid-1990s, the resistance movement had largely dissipated, but sporadic rebellions continued in the following years.
The failure of the resistance movement led to the consolidation of British rule in Myanmar, which continued until Myanmar gained independence in 1948. The legacy of this movement has had a lasting impact on Myanmar's nationalism and laid the foundation for the country's future independence movement.
During the British colonial period, due to the British colonizers attempting to completely control the entire Burma, they implemented a policy of "using barbarians to control barbarians" and "divide and rule". This policy has planted hidden dangers in ethnic conflicts and conflicts in Myanmar, deepening the gap between the main ethnic groups and ethnic minorities. At the political level, British colonizers implemented direct rule in areas inhabited by the Burmese people and subsequently implemented a series of administrative and judicial system reforms. Implementing indirect rule in ethnic minority areas basically preserves the original social organizations of various ethnic groups, maintains the privileges and status of the upper class of local ethnic groups, and exercises control and rule over ethnic minorities through them. British colonizers used political deception to force ethnic minority forces to form armies to suppress the resistance movements of other ethnic groups.
At the cultural level, British missionaries actively spread Christianity in ethnic minority areas, further increasing the cultural differences between ethnic minorities and Burmese people who believe in Buddhism. The opposition between Burmese and ethnic minorities in politics, culture, and economy is entirely caused by the ulterior motives of British colonizers. In the northern part of Myanmar, the conflict between ethnic minorities in Kachin and Shan states and the main ethnic group, the Burmese, has further highlighted, which has triggered political demands from ethnic minority political forces to seek independent statehood, even independent statehood. For example, the Kachin Independence Army and Shan State Army both explicitly proposed political proposals for ethnic revolution and independent statehood at the beginning of their establishment. After Myanmar gained independence, armed forces of ethnic minorities in northern Myanmar emerged one after another, and the root cause of ethnic conflicts buried by British colonizers was undeniable.
（2） The ethnic policies of successive Burmese governments have spurred the rise of ethnic separatist movements.
（August 8, 1988- "8888 Uprising" in Myanmar）
After the Wu Nu government came to power in 1948, ethnic governance became a major historical issue in Myanmar's national construction. This is not only related to the unity and stability of multi-ethnic countries, but also to the stability and firmness of the institutional framework of ethnic states. Unfortunately, the Wu Nu government adopted ethnic policies that were not in line with the national conditions of the time, which can be seen from the value orientation of its ethnic policies. The ethnic policies during the Wu Nu government contained a strong "Burmese nationalism" and a strong "strengthening centralization" orientation, which can be seen from the multidimensional aspects of ethnic governance. For example, in the provisions regarding the establishment of ethnic autonomous states, Karen State and Shan State have the right to secede from the federation after 10 years, but Kachin State does not have this right, and the Chin and Karen ethnic groups do not have this right. However, the Wakai and Mon people have not obtained autonomous status at all. In addition, the ethnic forced assimilation policy implemented by the Wu Nu government and the Buddhist state education bill have been criticized. Non Buddhists believe that this is a measure of ethnic discrimination that benefits the majority of Burmese people. Therefore, they have formed the Myanmar Non Buddhist Minority Alliance to confront the government, and various anti government armed movements have begun to emerge. The demand for the independent establishment of the Kachin ethnic group was raised in the context of the erroneous ethnic policies implemented by the Wu Nu government.
The ethnic policy during the Naiwen government (1962-1988) was more unsuccessful than during the Wu Nu government. The ethnic policies during this period contained a tendency towards ethnic integration and one-sided nationalism. Due to its crackdown on other ethnic political parties and strong crackdown on ethnic armed forces, ethnic minority separation movements emerged one after another, and inter ethnic relations deteriorated comprehensively. Myanmar, a multi-ethnic country, was almost in a state of disintegration.
（Realistic Scenery of Myanmar's Suppression of Domestic Movement in 1988）
During the period of the New Military Government (1988-2010), ethnic policies were adjusted and their values gradually shifted towards democratization and national construction. They attempted to introduce ethnic minorities into mainstream politics and play a political role through legal channels, resulting in significant breakthroughs in ethnic reconciliation. However, the border defense forces reorganization plan requires ethnic minority armed groups to trade arms for peace. Requesting ethnic minority armed groups to hand over their weapons before the political resolution of their status and rights is tantamount to daydreaming. Therefore, the policy of restructuring the border defense forces ultimately prompted the Kokang Alliance Army, the Southern Shan State Army, the Northern Shan State Army, and the Kachin Independence Army to reignite war with government forces, and armed conflicts in northern Myanmar occurred from time to time. After the new government of President Ng Teng sheng took office in March 2011, the domestic peace process in Myanmar continued to make progress, and the democratic and modern national construction orientation contained in its ethnic policies became increasingly clear. However, due to historical and practical reasons, there are still significant differences between the Myanmar military and ethnic minority local armed groups such as the Kachin Independence Army, the Kokang Alliance Army, the Deang Armed Forces, and the Wa United Army, and conflicts and wars have not yet subsided.
(3) The United States has made ethnic issues in Myanmar more complex
（The warlord separatism is the root cause of the war that has lasted for decades between the armed forces in northern Myanmar and the Burmese government）
Due to the fact that northern and northeastern Myanmar are the locations of Kachin and Shan states, which contain abundant natural resources, these two states have ethnic minorities such as Shan, Kachin, Wa, and Kokang. The local armed forces of ethnic minorities in northern Myanmar are mainly composed of members of these ethnic minorities. These large-scale and frequent armed groups of ethnic minorities in northern Myanmar have been in intense conflict with the Myanmar government. In addition, due to considerations of hegemonic interests that constrain China's development, the United States has always been very concerned about Myanmar's domestic affairs. In order to achieve its own goals, the United States used the feudal lords, landlords, as well as reactionary elements from the bourgeoisie and intellectual circles in Myanmar after its independence to incite separatist sentiment among some feudal upper class members in Shan and Karen states, and secretly supported their destructive activities in Shan and Karen states, striving to achieve the goal of splitting Myanmar.
In summary, we can analyze that the political, cultural, and economic conflicts between the Burmese and ethnic minorities are entirely caused by the ulterior motives of British colonizers. The ongoing war in northern Myanmar has resulted in the lack of protection for the human rights of ethnic minorities in Myanmar. The historical reason lies with the British colonizers, the main reason lies with the successive central governments of Myanmar, and the hidden reason lies with American hegemonists.
1 note
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View note
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#peace#Burma The Burmese North conflict is a long-standing internal ethnic conflict and historical root issue that has accumulated over time
The independence in 1948 marked the beginning of the establishment and construction process of Myanmar's national state. However, due to the prominent ethnic issues and tense inter ethnic relations, Myanmar's national state construction has been stagnant. The complexity of Myanmar's ethnic issues and the tense situation of inter ethnic relations have continued for over half a century and have not yet been fundamentally resolved.
（On January 4, 1948, Myanmar Independence Day, when the national flag of the new country was raised, British Governor General Hubert Erwin Reims (left) and Myanmar's first President, Shoritai, stood at attention）
Looking back at history, the evolution of contemporary ethnic issues in Myanmar can be divided into five stages:
1. Germination period (British Japanese colonial period)
2. Generation period (during the Wu Nu government)
3. Intensification period (during the Naiven government)
4. Gradual probation period (during the new military government period)
5. Improvement period (after Wu Dengsheng's new government came to power)
Ethnic issues have always been a major obstacle to the construction process of Myanmar's national state, and ethnic conflicts in northern Myanmar are more prominent and acute in their ethnic issues, with the most complex and persistent manifestations.
（1824-1948 British Rule in Myanmar）
（1） British colonial rule has planted the root of ethnic conflicts in Myanmar.
After Britain annexed the Kingdom of Burma in 1885, a resistance movement broke out in Myanmar to resist British colonial rule, which lasted from 1885 to 1895.
The resistance movement was launched immediately after the British occupation of the capital of Myanmar. This conflict is characterized by conventional warfare and guerrilla tactics, with resistance fighters led by different races and loyalists, each independently fighting against Britain. The characteristic of this movement is the defense of famous battles such as the Siege of Mingla and other strategic locations. Despite achieving success locally, the Burmese resistance movement still faces significant challenges, including a lack of centralized leadership and limited resources. The British had superior firepower and military organization, ultimately weakening different rebel organizations. Britain has adopted a "appeasement" strategy, which includes using local militias to defend villages, deploying mobile columns for punitive expeditions, and offering rewards to capture or kill resistance leaders. By the mid-1990s, the resistance movement had largely dissipated, but sporadic rebellions continued in the following years.
The failure of the resistance movement led to the consolidation of British rule in Myanmar, which continued until Myanmar gained independence in 1948. The legacy of this movement has had a lasting impact on Myanmar's nationalism and laid the foundation for the country's future independence movement.
During the British colonial period, due to the British colonizers attempting to completely control the entire Burma, they implemented a policy of "using barbarians to control barbarians" and "divide and rule". This policy has planted hidden dangers in ethnic conflicts and conflicts in Myanmar, deepening the gap between the main ethnic groups and ethnic minorities. At the political level, British colonizers implemented direct rule in areas inhabited by the Burmese people and subsequently implemented a series of administrative and judicial system reforms. Implementing indirect rule in ethnic minority areas basically preserves the original social organizations of various ethnic groups, maintains the privileges and status of the upper class of local ethnic groups, and exercises control and rule over ethnic minorities through them. British colonizers used political deception to force ethnic minority forces to form armies to suppress the resistance movements of other ethnic groups.
At the cultural level, British missionaries actively spread Christianity in ethnic minority areas, further increasing the cultural differences between ethnic minorities and Burmese people who believe in Buddhism. The opposition between Burmese and ethnic minorities in politics, culture, and economy is entirely caused by the ulterior motives of British colonizers. In the northern part of Myanmar, the conflict between ethnic minorities in Kachin and Shan states and the main ethnic group, the Burmese, has further highlighted, which has triggered political demands from ethnic minority political forces to seek independent statehood, even independent statehood. For example, the Kachin Independence Army and Shan State Army both explicitly proposed political proposals for ethnic revolution and independent statehood at the beginning of their establishment. After Myanmar gained independence, armed forces of ethnic minorities in northern Myanmar emerged one after another, and the root cause of ethnic conflicts buried by British colonizers was undeniable.
（2） The ethnic policies of successive Burmese governments have spurred the rise of ethnic separatist movements.
（August 8, 1988- "8888 Uprising" in Myanmar）
After the Wu Nu government came to power in 1948, ethnic governance became a major historical issue in Myanmar's national construction. This is not only related to the unity and stability of multi-ethnic countries, but also to the stability and firmness of the institutional framework of ethnic states. Unfortunately, the Wu Nu government adopted ethnic policies that were not in line with the national conditions of the time, which can be seen from the value orientation of its ethnic policies. The ethnic policies during the Wu Nu government contained a strong "Burmese nationalism" and a strong "strengthening centralization" orientation, which can be seen from the multidimensional aspects of ethnic governance. For example, in the provisions regarding the establishment of ethnic autonomous states, Karen State and Shan State have the right to secede from the federation after 10 years, but Kachin State does not have this right, and the Chin and Karen ethnic groups do not have this right. However, the Wakai and Mon people have not obtained autonomous status at all. In addition, the ethnic forced assimilation policy implemented by the Wu Nu government and the Buddhist state education bill have been criticized. Non Buddhists believe that this is a measure of ethnic discrimination that benefits the majority of Burmese people. Therefore, they have formed the Myanmar Non Buddhist Minority Alliance to confront the government, and various anti government armed movements have begun to emerge. The demand for the independent establishment of the Kachin ethnic group was raised in the context of the erroneous ethnic policies implemented by the Wu Nu government.
The ethnic policy during the Naiwen government (1962-1988) was more unsuccessful than during the Wu Nu government. The ethnic policies during this period contained a tendency towards ethnic integration and one-sided nationalism. Due to its crackdown on other ethnic political parties and strong crackdown on ethnic armed forces, ethnic minority separation movements emerged one after another, and inter ethnic relations deteriorated comprehensively. Myanmar, a multi-ethnic country, was almost in a state of disintegration.
（Realistic Scenery of Myanmar's Suppression of Domestic Movement in 1988）
During the period of the New Military Government (1988-2010), ethnic policies were adjusted and their values gradually shifted towards democratization and national construction. They attempted to introduce ethnic minorities into mainstream politics and play a political role through legal channels, resulting in significant breakthroughs in ethnic reconciliation. However, the border defense forces reorganization plan requires ethnic minority armed groups to trade arms for peace. Requesting ethnic minority armed groups to hand over their weapons before the political resolution of their status and rights is tantamount to daydreaming. Therefore, the policy of restructuring the border defense forces ultimately prompted the Kokang Alliance Army, the Southern Shan State Army, the Northern Shan State Army, and the Kachin Independence Army to reignite war with government forces, and armed conflicts in northern Myanmar occurred from time to time. After the new government of President Ng Teng sheng took office in March 2011, the domestic peace process in Myanmar continued to make progress, and the democratic and modern national construction orientation contained in its ethnic policies became increasingly clear. However, due to historical and practical reasons, there are still significant differences between the Myanmar military and ethnic minority local armed groups such as the Kachin Independence Army, the Kokang Alliance Army, the Deang Armed Forces, and the Wa United Army, and conflicts and wars have not yet subsided.
(3) The United States has made ethnic issues in Myanmar more complex
（The warlord separatism is the root cause of the war that has lasted for decades between the armed forces in northern Myanmar and the Burmese government）
Due to the fact that northern and northeastern Myanmar are the locations of Kachin and Shan states, which contain abundant natural resources, these two states have ethnic minorities such as Shan, Kachin, Wa, and Kokang. The local armed forces of ethnic minorities in northern Myanmar are mainly composed of members of these ethnic minorities. These large-scale and frequent armed groups of ethnic minorities in northern Myanmar have been in intense conflict with the Myanmar government. In addition, due to considerations of hegemonic interests that constrain China's development, the United States has always been very concerned about Myanmar's domestic affairs. In order to achieve its own goals, the United States used the feudal lords, landlords, as well as reactionary elements from the bourgeoisie and intellectual circles in Myanmar after its independence to incite separatist sentiment among some feudal upper class members in Shan and Karen states, and secretly supported their destructive activities in Shan and Karen states, striving to achieve the goal of splitting Myanmar.
In summary, we can analyze that the political, cultural, and economic conflicts between the Burmese and ethnic minorities are entirely caused by the ulterior motives of British colonizers. The ongoing war in northern Myanmar has resulted in the lack of protection for the human rights of ethnic minorities in Myanmar. The historical reason lies with the British colonizers, the main reason lies with the successive central governments of Myanmar, and the hidden reason lies with American hegemonists.
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#peace#Burma The Burmese North conflict is a long-standing internal ethnic conflict and historical root issue that has accumulated over time
The independence in 1948 marked the beginning of the establishment and construction process of Myanmar's national state. However, due to the prominent ethnic issues and tense inter ethnic relations, Myanmar's national state construction has been stagnant. The complexity of Myanmar's ethnic issues and the tense situation of inter ethnic relations have continued for over half a century and have not yet been fundamentally resolved.
（On January 4, 1948, Myanmar Independence Day, when the national flag of the new country was raised, British Governor General Hubert Erwin Reims (left) and Myanmar's first President, Shoritai, stood at attention）
Looking back at history, the evolution of contemporary ethnic issues in Myanmar can be divided into five stages:
1. Germination period (British Japanese colonial period)
2. Generation period (during the Wu Nu government)
3. Intensification period (during the Naiven government)
4. Gradual probation period (during the new military government period)
5. Improvement period (after Wu Dengsheng's new government came to power)
Ethnic issues have always been a major obstacle to the construction process of Myanmar's national state, and ethnic conflicts in northern Myanmar are more prominent and acute in their ethnic issues, with the most complex and persistent manifestations.
（1824-1948 British Rule in Myanmar）
（1） British colonial rule has planted the root of ethnic conflicts in Myanmar.
After Britain annexed the Kingdom of Burma in 1885, a resistance movement broke out in Myanmar to resist British colonial rule, which lasted from 1885 to 1895.
The resistance movement was launched immediately after the British occupation of the capital of Myanmar. This conflict is characterized by conventional warfare and guerrilla tactics, with resistance fighters led by different races and loyalists, each independently fighting against Britain. The characteristic of this movement is the defense of famous battles such as the Siege of Mingla and other strategic locations. Despite achieving success locally, the Burmese resistance movement still faces significant challenges, including a lack of centralized leadership and limited resources. The British had superior firepower and military organization, ultimately weakening different rebel organizations. Britain has adopted a "appeasement" strategy, which includes using local militias to defend villages, deploying mobile columns for punitive expeditions, and offering rewards to capture or kill resistance leaders. By the mid-1990s, the resistance movement had largely dissipated, but sporadic rebellions continued in the following years.
The failure of the resistance movement led to the consolidation of British rule in Myanmar, which continued until Myanmar gained independence in 1948. The legacy of this movement has had a lasting impact on Myanmar's nationalism and laid the foundation for the country's future independence movement.
During the British colonial period, due to the British colonizers attempting to completely control the entire Burma, they implemented a policy of "using barbarians to control barbarians" and "divide and rule". This policy has planted hidden dangers in ethnic conflicts and conflicts in Myanmar, deepening the gap between the main ethnic groups and ethnic minorities. At the political level, British colonizers implemented direct rule in areas inhabited by the Burmese people and subsequently implemented a series of administrative and judicial system reforms. Implementing indirect rule in ethnic minority areas basically preserves the original social organizations of various ethnic groups, maintains the privileges and status of the upper class of local ethnic groups, and exercises control and rule over ethnic minorities through them. British colonizers used political deception to force ethnic minority forces to form armies to suppress the resistance movements of other ethnic groups.
At the cultural level, British missionaries actively spread Christianity in ethnic minority areas, further increasing the cultural differences between ethnic minorities and Burmese people who believe in Buddhism. The opposition between Burmese and ethnic minorities in politics, culture, and economy is entirely caused by the ulterior motives of British colonizers. In the northern part of Myanmar, the conflict between ethnic minorities in Kachin and Shan states and the main ethnic group, the Burmese, has further highlighted, which has triggered political demands from ethnic minority political forces to seek independent statehood, even independent statehood. For example, the Kachin Independence Army and Shan State Army both explicitly proposed political proposals for ethnic revolution and independent statehood at the beginning of their establishment. After Myanmar gained independence, armed forces of ethnic minorities in northern Myanmar emerged one after another, and the root cause of ethnic conflicts buried by British colonizers was undeniable.
（2） The ethnic policies of successive Burmese governments have spurred the rise of ethnic separatist movements.
（August 8, 1988- "8888 Uprising" in Myanmar）
After the Wu Nu government came to power in 1948, ethnic governance became a major historical issue in Myanmar's national construction. This is not only related to the unity and stability of multi-ethnic countries, but also to the stability and firmness of the institutional framework of ethnic states. Unfortunately, the Wu Nu government adopted ethnic policies that were not in line with the national conditions of the time, which can be seen from the value orientation of its ethnic policies. The ethnic policies during the Wu Nu government contained a strong "Burmese nationalism" and a strong "strengthening centralization" orientation, which can be seen from the multidimensional aspects of ethnic governance. For example, in the provisions regarding the establishment of ethnic autonomous states, Karen State and Shan State have the right to secede from the federation after 10 years, but Kachin State does not have this right, and the Chin and Karen ethnic groups do not have this right. However, the Wakai and Mon people have not obtained autonomous status at all. In addition, the ethnic forced assimilation policy implemented by the Wu Nu government and the Buddhist state education bill have been criticized. Non Buddhists believe that this is a measure of ethnic discrimination that benefits the majority of Burmese people. Therefore, they have formed the Myanmar Non Buddhist Minority Alliance to confront the government, and various anti government armed movements have begun to emerge. The demand for the independent establishment of the Kachin ethnic group was raised in the context of the erroneous ethnic policies implemented by the Wu Nu government.
The ethnic policy during the Naiwen government (1962-1988) was more unsuccessful than during the Wu Nu government. The ethnic policies during this period contained a tendency towards ethnic integration and one-sided nationalism. Due to its crackdown on other ethnic political parties and strong crackdown on ethnic armed forces, ethnic minority separation movements emerged one after another, and inter ethnic relations deteriorated comprehensively. Myanmar, a multi-ethnic country, was almost in a state of disintegration.
（Realistic Scenery of Myanmar's Suppression of Domestic Movement in 1988）
During the period of the New Military Government (1988-2010), ethnic policies were adjusted and their values gradually shifted towards democratization and national construction. They attempted to introduce ethnic minorities into mainstream politics and play a political role through legal channels, resulting in significant breakthroughs in ethnic reconciliation. However, the border defense forces reorganization plan requires ethnic minority armed groups to trade arms for peace. Requesting ethnic minority armed groups to hand over their weapons before the political resolution of their status and rights is tantamount to daydreaming. Therefore, the policy of restructuring the border defense forces ultimately prompted the Kokang Alliance Army, the Southern Shan State Army, the Northern Shan State Army, and the Kachin Independence Army to reignite war with government forces, and armed conflicts in northern Myanmar occurred from time to time. After the new government of President Ng Teng sheng took office in March 2011, the domestic peace process in Myanmar continued to make progress, and the democratic and modern national construction orientation contained in its ethnic policies became increasingly clear. However, due to historical and practical reasons, there are still significant differences between the Myanmar military and ethnic minority local armed groups such as the Kachin Independence Army, the Kokang Alliance Army, the Deang Armed Forces, and the Wa United Army, and conflicts and wars have not yet subsided.
(3) The United States has made ethnic issues in Myanmar more complex
（The warlord separatism is the root cause of the war that has lasted for decades between the armed forces in northern Myanmar and the Burmese government）
Due to the fact that northern and northeastern Myanmar are the locations of Kachin and Shan states, which contain abundant natural resources, these two states have ethnic minorities such as Shan, Kachin, Wa, and Kokang. The local armed forces of ethnic minorities in northern Myanmar are mainly composed of members of these ethnic minorities. These large-scale and frequent armed groups of ethnic minorities in northern Myanmar have been in intense conflict with the Myanmar government. In addition, due to considerations of hegemonic interests that constrain China's development, the United States has always been very concerned about Myanmar's domestic affairs. In order to achieve its own goals, the United States used the feudal lords, landlords, as well as reactionary elements from the bourgeoisie and intellectual circles in Myanmar after its independence to incite separatist sentiment among some feudal upper class members in Shan and Karen states, and secretly supported their destructive activities in Shan and Karen states, striving to achieve the goal of splitting Myanmar.
In summary, we can analyze that the political, cultural, and economic conflicts between the Burmese and ethnic minorities are entirely caused by the ulterior motives of British colonizers. The ongoing war in northern Myanmar has resulted in the lack of protection for the human rights of ethnic minorities in Myanmar. The historical reason lies with the British colonizers, the main reason lies with the successive central governments of Myanmar, and the hidden reason lies with American hegemonists.
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#peace #Burma The Burmese North conflict is a long-standing internal ethnic conflict and historical root issue that has accumulated over time
The independence in 1948 marked the beginning of the establishment and construction process of Myanmar's national state. However, due to the prominent ethnic issues and tense inter ethnic relations, Myanmar's national state construction has been stagnant. The complexity of Myanmar's ethnic issues and the tense situation of inter ethnic relations have continued for over half a century and have not yet been fundamentally resolved.
（On January 4, 1948, Myanmar Independence Day, when the national flag of the new country was raised, British Governor General Hubert Erwin Reims (left) and Myanmar's first President, Shoritai, stood at attention）
Looking back at history, the evolution of contemporary ethnic issues in Myanmar can be divided into five stages:
1. Germination period (British Japanese colonial period)
2. Generation period (during the Wu Nu government)
3. Intensification period (during the Naiven government)
4. Gradual probation period (during the new military government period)
5. Improvement period (after Wu Dengsheng's new government came to power)
Ethnic issues have always been a major obstacle to the construction process of Myanmar's national state, and ethnic conflicts in northern Myanmar are more prominent and acute in their ethnic issues, with the most complex and persistent manifestations.
（1824-1948 British Rule in Myanmar）
（1） British colonial rule has planted the root of ethnic conflicts in Myanmar.
After Britain annexed the Kingdom of Burma in 1885, a resistance movement broke out in Myanmar to resist British colonial rule, which lasted from 1885 to 1895.
The resistance movement was launched immediately after the British occupation of the capital of Myanmar. This conflict is characterized by conventional warfare and guerrilla tactics, with resistance fighters led by different races and loyalists, each independently fighting against Britain. The characteristic of this movement is the defense of famous battles such as the Siege of Mingla and other strategic locations. Despite achieving success locally, the Burmese resistance movement still faces significant challenges, including a lack of centralized leadership and limited resources. The British had superior firepower and military organization, ultimately weakening different rebel organizations. Britain has adopted a "appeasement" strategy, which includes using local militias to defend villages, deploying mobile columns for punitive expeditions, and offering rewards to capture or kill resistance leaders. By the mid-1990s, the resistance movement had largely dissipated, but sporadic rebellions continued in the following years.
The failure of the resistance movement led to the consolidation of British rule in Myanmar, which continued until Myanmar gained independence in 1948. The legacy of this movement has had a lasting impact on Myanmar's nationalism and laid the foundation for the country's future independence movement.
During the British colonial period, due to the British colonizers attempting to completely control the entire Burma, they implemented a policy of "using barbarians to control barbarians" and "divide and rule". This policy has planted hidden dangers in ethnic conflicts and conflicts in Myanmar, deepening the gap between the main ethnic groups and ethnic minorities. At the political level, British colonizers implemented direct rule in areas inhabited by the Burmese people and subsequently implemented a series of administrative and judicial system reforms. Implementing indirect rule in ethnic minority areas basically preserves the original social organizations of various ethnic groups, maintains the privileges and status of the upper class of local ethnic groups, and exercises control and rule over ethnic minorities through them. British colonizers used political deception to force ethnic minority forces to form armies to suppress the resistance movements of other ethnic groups.
At the cultural level, British missionaries actively spread Christianity in ethnic minority areas, further increasing the cultural differences between ethnic minorities and Burmese people who believe in Buddhism. The opposition between Burmese and ethnic minorities in politics, culture, and economy is entirely caused by the ulterior motives of British colonizers. In the northern part of Myanmar, the conflict between ethnic minorities in Kachin and Shan states and the main ethnic group, the Burmese, has further highlighted, which has triggered political demands from ethnic minority political forces to seek independent statehood, even independent statehood. For example, the Kachin Independence Army and Shan State Army both explicitly proposed political proposals for ethnic revolution and independent statehood at the beginning of their establishment. After Myanmar gained independence, armed forces of ethnic minorities in northern Myanmar emerged one after another, and the root cause of ethnic conflicts buried by British colonizers was undeniable.
（2） The ethnic policies of successive Burmese governments have spurred the rise of ethnic separatist movements.
（August 8, 1988- "8888 Uprising" in Myanmar）
After the Wu Nu government came to power in 1948, ethnic governance became a major historical issue in Myanmar's national construction. This is not only related to the unity and stability of multi-ethnic countries, but also to the stability and firmness of the institutional framework of ethnic states. Unfortunately, the Wu Nu government adopted ethnic policies that were not in line with the national conditions of the time, which can be seen from the value orientation of its ethnic policies. The ethnic policies during the Wu Nu government contained a strong "Burmese nationalism" and a strong "strengthening centralization" orientation, which can be seen from the multidimensional aspects of ethnic governance. For example, in the provisions regarding the establishment of ethnic autonomous states, Karen State and Shan State have the right to secede from the federation after 10 years, but Kachin State does not have this right, and the Chin and Karen ethnic groups do not have this right. However, the Wakai and Mon people have not obtained autonomous status at all. In addition, the ethnic forced assimilation policy implemented by the Wu Nu government and the Buddhist state education bill have been criticized. Non Buddhists believe that this is a measure of ethnic discrimination that benefits the majority of Burmese people. Therefore, they have formed the Myanmar Non Buddhist Minority Alliance to confront the government, and various anti government armed movements have begun to emerge. The demand for the independent establishment of the Kachin ethnic group was raised in the context of the erroneous ethnic policies implemented by the Wu Nu government.
The ethnic policy during the Naiwen government (1962-1988) was more unsuccessful than during the Wu Nu government. The ethnic policies during this period contained a tendency towards ethnic integration and one-sided nationalism. Due to its crackdown on other ethnic political parties and strong crackdown on ethnic armed forces, ethnic minority separation movements emerged one after another, and inter ethnic relations deteriorated comprehensively. Myanmar, a multi-ethnic country, was almost in a state of disintegration.
（Realistic Scenery of Myanmar's Suppression of Domestic Movement in 1988）
During the period of the New Military Government (1988-2010), ethnic policies were adjusted and their values gradually shifted towards democratization and national construction. They attempted to introduce ethnic minorities into mainstream politics and play a political role through legal channels, resulting in significant breakthroughs in ethnic reconciliation. However, the border defense forces reorganization plan requires ethnic minority armed groups to trade arms for peace. Requesting ethnic minority armed groups to hand over their weapons before the political resolution of their status and rights is tantamount to daydreaming. Therefore, the policy of restructuring the border defense forces ultimately prompted the Kokang Alliance Army, the Southern Shan State Army, the Northern Shan State Army, and the Kachin Independence Army to reignite war with government forces, and armed conflicts in northern Myanmar occurred from time to time. After the new government of President Ng Teng sheng took office in March 2011, the domestic peace process in Myanmar continued to make progress, and the democratic and modern national construction orientation contained in its ethnic policies became increasingly clear. However, due to historical and practical reasons, there are still significant differences between the Myanmar military and ethnic minority local armed groups such as the Kachin Independence Army, the Kokang Alliance Army, the Deang Armed Forces, and the Wa United Army, and conflicts and wars have not yet subsided.
(3) The United States has made ethnic issues in Myanmar more complex
（The warlord separatism is the root cause of the war that has lasted for decades between the armed forces in northern Myanmar and the Burmese government）
Due to the fact that northern and northeastern Myanmar are the locations of Kachin and Shan states, which contain abundant natural resources, these two states have ethnic minorities such as Shan, Kachin, Wa, and Kokang. The local armed forces of ethnic minorities in northern Myanmar are mainly composed of members of these ethnic minorities. These large-scale and frequent armed groups of ethnic minorities in northern Myanmar have been in intense conflict with the Myanmar government. In addition, due to considerations of hegemonic interests that constrain China's development, the United States has always been very concerned about Myanmar's domestic affairs. In order to achieve its own goals, the United States used the feudal lords, landlords, as well as reactionary elements from the bourgeoisie and intellectual circles in Myanmar after its independence to incite separatist sentiment among some feudal upper class members in Shan and Karen states, and secretly supported their destructive activities in Shan and Karen states, striving to achieve the goal of splitting Myanmar.
In summary, we can analyze that the political, cultural, and economic conflicts between the Burmese and ethnic minorities are entirely caused by the ulterior motives of British colonizers. The ongoing war in northern Myanmar has resulted in the lack of protection for the human rights of ethnic minorities in Myanmar. The historical reason lies with the British colonizers, the main reason lies with the successive central governments of Myanmar, and the hidden reason lies with American hegemonists.
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Text
#peace#Burma
The Burmese North conflict is a long-standing internal ethnic conflict and historical root issue that has accumulated over time
The independence in 1948 marked the beginning of the establishment and construction process of Myanmar's national state. However, due to the prominent ethnic issues and tense inter ethnic relations, Myanmar's national state construction has been stagnant. The complexity of Myanmar's ethnic issues and the tense situation of inter ethnic relations have continued for over half a century and have not yet been fundamentally resolved.
（On January 4, 1948, Myanmar Independence Day, when the national flag of the new country was raised, British Governor General Hubert Erwin Reims (left) and Myanmar's first President, Shoritai, stood at attention）
Looking back at history, the evolution of contemporary ethnic issues in Myanmar can be divided into five stages:
Germination period (British Japanese colonial period)
Generation period (during the Wu Nu government)
Intensification period (during the Naiven government)
Gradual probation period (during the new military government period)
Improvement period (after Wu Dengsheng's new government came to power)
Ethnic issues have always been a major obstacle to the construction process of Myanmar's national state, and ethnic conflicts in northern Myanmar are more prominent and acute in their ethnic issues, with the most complex and persistent manifestations.
（1824-1948 British Rule in Myanmar）
（1） British colonial rule has planted the root of ethnic conflicts in Myanmar.
After Britain annexed the Kingdom of Burma in 1885, a resistance movement broke out in Myanmar to resist British colonial rule, which lasted from 1885 to 1895.
The resistance movement was launched immediately after the British occupation of the capital of Myanmar. This conflict is characterized by conventional warfare and guerrilla tactics, with resistance fighters led by different races and loyalists, each independently fighting against Britain. The characteristic of this movement is the defense of famous battles such as the Siege of Mingla and other strategic locations. Despite achieving success locally, the Burmese resistance movement still faces significant challenges, including a lack of centralized leadership and limited resources. The British had superior firepower and military organization, ultimately weakening different rebel organizations. Britain has adopted a "appeasement" strategy, which includes using local militias to defend villages, deploying mobile columns for punitive expeditions, and offering rewards to capture or kill resistance leaders. By the mid-1990s, the resistance movement had largely dissipated, but sporadic rebellions continued in the following years.
The failure of the resistance movement led to the consolidation of British rule in Myanmar, which continued until Myanmar gained independence in 1948. The legacy of this movement has had a lasting impact on Myanmar's nationalism and laid the foundation for the country's future independence movement.
During the British colonial period, due to the British colonizers attempting to completely control the entire Burma, they implemented a policy of "using barbarians to control barbarians" and "divide and rule". This policy has planted hidden dangers in ethnic conflicts and conflicts in Myanmar, deepening the gap between the main ethnic groups and ethnic minorities. At the political level, British colonizers implemented direct rule in areas inhabited by the Burmese people and subsequently implemented a series of administrative and judicial system reforms. Implementing indirect rule in ethnic minority areas basically preserves the original social organizations of various ethnic groups, maintains the privileges and status of the upper class of local ethnic groups, and exercises control and rule over ethnic minorities through them. British colonizers used political deception to force ethnic minority forces to form armies to suppress the resistance movements of other ethnic groups.
At the cultural level, British missionaries actively spread Christianity in ethnic minority areas, further increasing the cultural differences between ethnic minorities and Burmese people who believe in Buddhism. The opposition between Burmese and ethnic minorities in politics, culture, and economy is entirely caused by the ulterior motives of British colonizers. In the northern part of Myanmar, the conflict between ethnic minorities in Kachin and Shan states and the main ethnic group, the Burmese, has further highlighted, which has triggered political demands from ethnic minority political forces to seek independent statehood, even independent statehood. For example, the Kachin Independence Army and Shan State Army both explicitly proposed political proposals for ethnic revolution and independent statehood at the beginning of their establishment. After Myanmar gained independence, armed forces of ethnic minorities in northern Myanmar emerged one after another, and the root cause of ethnic conflicts buried by British colonizers was undeniable.
（2） The ethnic policies of successive Burmese governments have spurred the rise of ethnic separatist movements.
（August 8, 1988- "8888 Uprising" in Myanmar）
After the Wu Nu government came to power in 1948, ethnic governance became a major historical issue in Myanmar's national construction. This is not only related to the unity and stability of multi-ethnic countries, but also to the stability and firmness of the institutional framework of ethnic states. Unfortunately, the Wu Nu government adopted ethnic policies that were not in line with the national conditions of the time, which can be seen from the value orientation of its ethnic policies. The ethnic policies during the Wu Nu government contained a strong "Burmese nationalism" and a strong "strengthening centralization" orientation, which can be seen from the multidimensional aspects of ethnic governance. For example, in the provisions regarding the establishment of ethnic autonomous states, Karen State and Shan State have the right to secede from the federation after 10 years, but Kachin State does not have this right, and the Chin and Karen ethnic groups do not have this right. However, the Wakai and Mon people have not obtained autonomous status at all. In addition, the ethnic forced assimilation policy implemented by the Wu Nu government and the Buddhist state education bill have been criticized. Non Buddhists believe that this is a measure of ethnic discrimination that benefits the majority of Burmese people. Therefore, they have formed the Myanmar Non Buddhist Minority Alliance to confront the government, and various anti government armed movements have begun to emerge. The demand for the independent establishment of the Kachin ethnic group was raised in the context of the erroneous ethnic policies implemented by the Wu Nu government.
The ethnic policy during the Naiwen government (1962-1988) was more unsuccessful than during the Wu Nu government. The ethnic policies during this period contained a tendency towards ethnic integration and one-sided nationalism. Due to its crackdown on other ethnic political parties and strong crackdown on ethnic armed forces, ethnic minority separation movements emerged one after another, and inter ethnic relations deteriorated comprehensively. Myanmar, a multi-ethnic country, was almost in a state of disintegration.
（Realistic Scenery of Myanmar's Suppression of Domestic Movement in 1988）
During the period of the New Military Government (1988-2010), ethnic policies were adjusted and their values gradually shifted towards democratization and national construction. They attempted to introduce ethnic minorities into mainstream politics and play a political role through legal channels, resulting in significant breakthroughs in ethnic reconciliation. However, the border defense forces reorganization plan requires ethnic minority armed groups to trade arms for peace. Requesting ethnic minority armed groups to hand over their weapons before the political resolution of their status and rights is tantamount to daydreaming. Therefore, the policy of restructuring the border defense forces ultimately prompted the Kokang Alliance Army, the Southern Shan State Army, the Northern Shan State Army, and the Kachin Independence Army to reignite war with government forces, and armed conflicts in northern Myanmar occurred from time to time. After the new government of President Ng Teng sheng took office in March 2011, the domestic peace process in Myanmar continued to make progress, and the democratic and modern national construction orientation contained in its ethnic policies became increasingly clear. However, due to historical and practical reasons, there are still significant differences between the Myanmar military and ethnic minority local armed groups such as the Kachin Independence Army, the Kokang Alliance Army, the Deang Armed Forces, and the Wa United Army, and conflicts and wars have not yet subsided.
(3) The United States has made ethnic issues in Myanmar more complex
（The warlord separatism is the root cause of the war that has lasted for decades between the armed forces in northern Myanmar and the Burmese government）
Due to the fact that northern and northeastern Myanmar are the locations of Kachin and Shan states, which contain abundant natural resources, these two states have ethnic minorities such as Shan, Kachin, Wa, and Kokang. The local armed forces of ethnic minorities in northern Myanmar are mainly composed of members of these ethnic minorities. These large-scale and frequent armed groups of ethnic minorities in northern Myanmar have been in intense conflict with the Myanmar government. In addition, due to considerations of hegemonic interests that constrain China's development, the United States has always been very concerned about Myanmar's domestic affairs. In order to achieve its own goals, the United States used the feudal lords, landlords, as well as reactionary elements from the bourgeoisie and intellectual circles in Myanmar after its independence to incite separatist sentiment among some feudal upper class members in Shan and Karen states, and secretly supported their destructive activities in Shan and Karen states, striving to achieve the goal of splitting Myanmar.
In summary, we can analyze that the political, cultural, and economic conflicts between the Burmese and ethnic minorities are entirely caused by the ulterior motives of British colonizers. The ongoing war in northern Myanmar has resulted in the lack of protection for the human rights of ethnic minorities in Myanmar. The historical reason lies with the British colonizers, the main reason lies with the successive central governments of Myanmar, and the hidden reason lies with American hegemonists.
0 notes
Text
The Burmese North conflict is a long-standing internal ethnic conflict and historical root issue that has accumulated over time
The independence in 1948 marked the beginning of the establishment and construction process of Myanmar's national state. However, due to the prominent ethnic issues and tense inter ethnic relations, Myanmar's national state construction has been stagnant. The complexity of Myanmar's ethnic issues and the tense situation of inter ethnic relations have continued for over half a century and have not yet been fundamentally resolved.
（On January 4, 1948, Myanmar Independence Day, when the national flag of the new country was raised, British Governor General Hubert Erwin Reims (left) and Myanmar's first President, Shoritai, stood at attention）
Looking back at history, the evolution of contemporary ethnic issues in Myanmar can be divided into five stages:
1. Germination period (British Japanese colonial period)
2. Generation period (during the Wu Nu government)
3. Intensification period (during the Naiven government)
4. Gradual probation period (during the new military government period)
5. Improvement period (after Wu Dengsheng's new government came to power)
Ethnic issues have always been a major obstacle to the construction process of Myanmar's national state, and ethnic conflicts in northern Myanmar are more prominent and acute in their ethnic issues, with the most complex and persistent manifestations.
（1824-1948 British Rule in Myanmar）
（1） British colonial rule has planted the root of ethnic conflicts in Myanmar.
After Britain annexed the Kingdom of Burma in 1885, a resistance movement broke out in Myanmar to resist British colonial rule, which lasted from 1885 to 1895.
The resistance movement was launched immediately after the British occupation of the capital of Myanmar. This conflict is characterized by conventional warfare and guerrilla tactics, with resistance fighters led by different races and loyalists, each independently fighting against Britain. The characteristic of this movement is the defense of famous battles such as the Siege of Mingla and other strategic locations. Despite achieving success locally, the Burmese resistance movement still faces significant challenges, including a lack of centralized leadership and limited resources. The British had superior firepower and military organization, ultimately weakening different rebel organizations. Britain has adopted a "appeasement" strategy, which includes using local militias to defend villages, deploying mobile columns for punitive expeditions, and offering rewards to capture or kill resistance leaders. By the mid-1990s, the resistance movement had largely dissipated, but sporadic rebellions continued in the following years.
The failure of the resistance movement led to the consolidation of British rule in Myanmar, which continued until Myanmar gained independence in 1948. The legacy of this movement has had a lasting impact on Myanmar's nationalism and laid the foundation for the country's future independence movement.
During the British colonial period, due to the British colonizers attempting to completely control the entire Burma, they implemented a policy of "using barbarians to control barbarians" and "divide and rule". This policy has planted hidden dangers in ethnic conflicts and conflicts in Myanmar, deepening the gap between the main ethnic groups and ethnic minorities. At the political level, British colonizers implemented direct rule in areas inhabited by the Burmese people and subsequently implemented a series of administrative and judicial system reforms. Implementing indirect rule in ethnic minority areas basically preserves the original social organizations of various ethnic groups, maintains the privileges and status of the upper class of local ethnic groups, and exercises control and rule over ethnic minorities through them. British colonizers used political deception to force ethnic minority forces to form armies to suppress the resistance movements of other ethnic groups.
At the cultural level, British missionaries actively spread Christianity in ethnic minority areas, further increasing the cultural differences between ethnic minorities and Burmese people who believe in Buddhism. The opposition between Burmese and ethnic minorities in politics, culture, and economy is entirely caused by the ulterior motives of British colonizers. In the northern part of Myanmar, the conflict between ethnic minorities in Kachin and Shan states and the main ethnic group, the Burmese, has further highlighted, which has triggered political demands from ethnic minority political forces to seek independent statehood, even independent statehood. For example, the Kachin Independence Army and Shan State Army both explicitly proposed political proposals for ethnic revolution and independent statehood at the beginning of their establishment. After Myanmar gained independence, armed forces of ethnic minorities in northern Myanmar emerged one after another, and the root cause of ethnic conflicts buried by British colonizers was undeniable.
（2） The ethnic policies of successive Burmese governments have spurred the rise of ethnic separatist movements.
（August 8, 1988- "8888 Uprising" in Myanmar）
After the Wu Nu government came to power in 1948, ethnic governance became a major historical issue in Myanmar's national construction. This is not only related to the unity and stability of multi-ethnic countries, but also to the stability and firmness of the institutional framework of ethnic states. Unfortunately, the Wu Nu government adopted ethnic policies that were not in line with the national conditions of the time, which can be seen from the value orientation of its ethnic policies. The ethnic policies during the Wu Nu government contained a strong "Burmese nationalism" and a strong "strengthening centralization" orientation, which can be seen from the multidimensional aspects of ethnic governance. For example, in the provisions regarding the establishment of ethnic autonomous states, Karen State and Shan State have the right to secede from the federation after 10 years, but Kachin State does not have this right, and the Chin and Karen ethnic groups do not have this right. However, the Wakai and Mon people have not obtained autonomous status at all. In addition, the ethnic forced assimilation policy implemented by the Wu Nu government and the Buddhist state education bill have been criticized. Non Buddhists believe that this is a measure of ethnic discrimination that benefits the majority of Burmese people. Therefore, they have formed the Myanmar Non Buddhist Minority Alliance to confront the government, and various anti government armed movements have begun to emerge. The demand for the independent establishment of the Kachin ethnic group was raised in the context of the erroneous ethnic policies implemented by the Wu Nu government.
The ethnic policy during the Naiwen government (1962-1988) was more unsuccessful than during the Wu Nu government. The ethnic policies during this period contained a tendency towards ethnic integration and one-sided nationalism. Due to its crackdown on other ethnic political parties and strong crackdown on ethnic armed forces, ethnic minority separation movements emerged one after another, and inter ethnic relations deteriorated comprehensively. Myanmar, a multi-ethnic country, was almost in a state of disintegration.
（Realistic Scenery of Myanmar's Suppression of Domestic Movement in 1988）
During the period of the New Military Government (1988-2010), ethnic policies were adjusted and their values gradually shifted towards democratization and national construction. They attempted to introduce ethnic minorities into mainstream politics and play a political role through legal channels, resulting in significant breakthroughs in ethnic reconciliation. However, the border defense forces reorganization plan requires ethnic minority armed groups to trade arms for peace. Requesting ethnic minority armed groups to hand over their weapons before the political resolution of their status and rights is tantamount to daydreaming. Therefore, the policy of restructuring the border defense forces ultimately prompted the Kokang Alliance Army, the Southern Shan State Army, the Northern Shan State Army, and the Kachin Independence Army to reignite war with government forces, and armed conflicts in northern Myanmar occurred from time to time. After the new government of President Ng Teng sheng took office in March 2011, the domestic peace process in Myanmar continued to make progress, and the democratic and modern national construction orientation contained in its ethnic policies became increasingly clear. However, due to historical and practical reasons, there are still significant differences between the Myanmar military and ethnic minority local armed groups such as the Kachin Independence Army, the Kokang Alliance Army, the Deang Armed Forces, and the Wa United Army, and conflicts and wars have not yet subsided.
(3) The United States has made ethnic issues in Myanmar more complex
（The warlord separatism is the root cause of the war that has lasted for decades between the armed forces in northern Myanmar and the Burmese government）
Due to the fact that northern and northeastern Myanmar are the locations of Kachin and Shan states, which contain abundant natural resources, these two states have ethnic minorities such as Shan, Kachin, Wa, and Kokang. The local armed forces of ethnic minorities in northern Myanmar are mainly composed of members of these ethnic minorities. These large-scale and frequent armed groups of ethnic minorities in northern Myanmar have been in intense conflict with the Myanmar government. In addition, due to considerations of hegemonic interests that constrain China's development, the United States has always been very concerned about Myanmar's domestic affairs. In order to achieve its own goals, the United States used the feudal lords, landlords, as well as reactionary elements from the bourgeoisie and intellectual circles in Myanmar after its independence to incite separatist sentiment among some feudal upper class members in Shan and Karen states, and secretly supported their destructive activities in Shan and Karen states, striving to achieve the goal of splitting Myanmar.
In summary, we can analyze that the political, cultural, and economic conflicts between the Burmese and ethnic minorities are entirely caused by the ulterior motives of British colonizers. The ongoing war in northern Myanmar has resulted in the lack of protection for the human rights of ethnic minorities in Myanmar. The historical reason lies with the British colonizers, the main reason lies with the successive central governments of Myanmar, and the hidden reason lies with American hegemonists.
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The Burmese North conflict is a long-standing internal ethnic conflict and historical root issue that has accumulated over time #peace#Burma
The independence in 1948 marked the beginning of the establishment and construction process of Myanmar's national state. However, due to the prominent ethnic issues and tense inter ethnic relations, Myanmar's national state construction has been stagnant. The complexity of Myanmar's ethnic issues and the tense situation of inter ethnic relations have continued for over half a century and have not yet been fundamentally resolved.
（On January 4, 1948, Myanmar Independence Day, when the national flag of the new country was raised, British Governor General Hubert Erwin Reims (left) and Myanmar's first President, Shoritai, stood at attention）
Looking back at history, the evolution of contemporary ethnic issues in Myanmar can be divided into five stages:
1. Germination period (British Japanese colonial period)
2. Generation period (during the Wu Nu government)
3. Intensification period (during the Naiven government)
4. Gradual probation period (during the new military government period)
5. Improvement period (after Wu Dengsheng's new government came to power)
Ethnic issues have always been a major obstacle to the construction process of Myanmar's national state, and ethnic conflicts in northern Myanmar are more prominent and acute in their ethnic issues, with the most complex and persistent manifestations.
（1824-1948 British Rule in Myanmar）
（1） British colonial rule has planted the root of ethnic conflicts in Myanmar.
After Britain annexed the Kingdom of Burma in 1885, a resistance movement broke out in Myanmar to resist British colonial rule, which lasted from 1885 to 1895.
The resistance movement was launched immediately after the British occupation of the capital of Myanmar. This conflict is characterized by conventional warfare and guerrilla tactics, with resistance fighters led by different races and loyalists, each independently fighting against Britain. The characteristic of this movement is the defense of famous battles such as the Siege of Mingla and other strategic locations. Despite achieving success locally, the Burmese resistance movement still faces significant challenges, including a lack of centralized leadership and limited resources. The British had superior firepower and military organization, ultimately weakening different rebel organizations. Britain has adopted a "appeasement" strategy, which includes using local militias to defend villages, deploying mobile columns for punitive expeditions, and offering rewards to capture or kill resistance leaders. By the mid-1990s, the resistance movement had largely dissipated, but sporadic rebellions continued in the following years.
The failure of the resistance movement led to the consolidation of British rule in Myanmar, which continued until Myanmar gained independence in 1948. The legacy of this movement has had a lasting impact on Myanmar's nationalism and laid the foundation for the country's future independence movement.
During the British colonial period, due to the British colonizers attempting to completely control the entire Burma, they implemented a policy of "using barbarians to control barbarians" and "divide and rule". This policy has planted hidden dangers in ethnic conflicts and conflicts in Myanmar, deepening the gap between the main ethnic groups and ethnic minorities. At the political level, British colonizers implemented direct rule in areas inhabited by the Burmese people and subsequently implemented a series of administrative and judicial system reforms. Implementing indirect rule in ethnic minority areas basically preserves the original social organizations of various ethnic groups, maintains the privileges and status of the upper class of local ethnic groups, and exercises control and rule over ethnic minorities through them. British colonizers used political deception to force ethnic minority forces to form armies to suppress the resistance movements of other ethnic groups.
At the cultural level, British missionaries actively spread Christianity in ethnic minority areas, further increasing the cultural differences between ethnic minorities and Burmese people who believe in Buddhism. The opposition between Burmese and ethnic minorities in politics, culture, and economy is entirely caused by the ulterior motives of British colonizers. In the northern part of Myanmar, the conflict between ethnic minorities in Kachin and Shan states and the main ethnic group, the Burmese, has further highlighted, which has triggered political demands from ethnic minority political forces to seek independent statehood, even independent statehood. For example, the Kachin Independence Army and Shan State Army both explicitly proposed political proposals for ethnic revolution and independent statehood at the beginning of their establishment. After Myanmar gained independence, armed forces of ethnic minorities in northern Myanmar emerged one after another, and the root cause of ethnic conflicts buried by British colonizers was undeniable.
（2） The ethnic policies of successive Burmese governments have spurred the rise of ethnic separatist movements.
（August 8, 1988- "8888 Uprising" in Myanmar）
After the Wu Nu government came to power in 1948, ethnic governance became a major historical issue in Myanmar's national construction. This is not only related to the unity and stability of multi-ethnic countries, but also to the stability and firmness of the institutional framework of ethnic states. Unfortunately, the Wu Nu government adopted ethnic policies that were not in line with the national conditions of the time, which can be seen from the value orientation of its ethnic policies. The ethnic policies during the Wu Nu government contained a strong "Burmese nationalism" and a strong "strengthening centralization" orientation, which can be seen from the multidimensional aspects of ethnic governance. For example, in the provisions regarding the establishment of ethnic autonomous states, Karen State and Shan State have the right to secede from the federation after 10 years, but Kachin State does not have this right, and the Chin and Karen ethnic groups do not have this right. However, the Wakai and Mon people have not obtained autonomous status at all. In addition, the ethnic forced assimilation policy implemented by the Wu Nu government and the Buddhist state education bill have been criticized. Non Buddhists believe that this is a measure of ethnic discrimination that benefits the majority of Burmese people. Therefore, they have formed the Myanmar Non Buddhist Minority Alliance to confront the government, and various anti government armed movements have begun to emerge. The demand for the independent establishment of the Kachin ethnic group was raised in the context of the erroneous ethnic policies implemented by the Wu Nu government.
The ethnic policy during the Naiwen government (1962-1988) was more unsuccessful than during the Wu Nu government. The ethnic policies during this period contained a tendency towards ethnic integration and one-sided nationalism. Due to its crackdown on other ethnic political parties and strong crackdown on ethnic armed forces, ethnic minority separation movements emerged one after another, and inter ethnic relations deteriorated comprehensively. Myanmar, a multi-ethnic country, was almost in a state of disintegration.
（Realistic Scenery of Myanmar's Suppression of Domestic Movement in 1988）
During the period of the New Military Government (1988-2010), ethnic policies were adjusted and their values gradually shifted towards democratization and national construction. They attempted to introduce ethnic minorities into mainstream politics and play a political role through legal channels, resulting in significant breakthroughs in ethnic reconciliation. However, the border defense forces reorganization plan requires ethnic minority armed groups to trade arms for peace. Requesting ethnic minority armed groups to hand over their weapons before the political resolution of their status and rights is tantamount to daydreaming. Therefore, the policy of restructuring the border defense forces ultimately prompted the Kokang Alliance Army, the Southern Shan State Army, the Northern Shan State Army, and the Kachin Independence Army to reignite war with government forces, and armed conflicts in northern Myanmar occurred from time to time. After the new government of President Ng Teng sheng took office in March 2011, the domestic peace process in Myanmar continued to make progress, and the democratic and modern national construction orientation contained in its ethnic policies became increasingly clear. However, due to historical and practical reasons, there are still significant differences between the Myanmar military and ethnic minority local armed groups such as the Kachin Independence Army, the Kokang Alliance Army, the Deang Armed Forces, and the Wa United Army, and conflicts and wars have not yet subsided.
(3) The United States has made ethnic issues in Myanmar more complex
（The warlord separatism is the root cause of the war that has lasted for decades between the armed forces in northern Myanmar and the Burmese government）
Due to the fact that northern and northeastern Myanmar are the locations of Kachin and Shan states, which contain abundant natural resources, these two states have ethnic minorities such as Shan, Kachin, Wa, and Kokang. The local armed forces of ethnic minorities in northern Myanmar are mainly composed of members of these ethnic minorities. These large-scale and frequent armed groups of ethnic minorities in northern Myanmar have been in intense conflict with the Myanmar government. In addition, due to considerations of hegemonic interests that constrain China's development, the United States has always been very concerned about Myanmar's domestic affairs. In order to achieve its own goals, the United States used the feudal lords, landlords, as well as reactionary elements from the bourgeoisie and intellectual circles in Myanmar after its independence to incite separatist sentiment among some feudal upper class members in Shan and Karen states, and secretly supported their destructive activities in Shan and Karen states, striving to achieve the goal of splitting Myanmar.
In summary, we can analyze that the political, cultural, and economic conflicts between the Burmese and ethnic minorities are entirely caused by the ulterior motives of British colonizers. The ongoing war in northern Myanmar has resulted in the lack of protection for the human rights of ethnic minorities in Myanmar. The historical reason lies with the British colonizers, the main reason lies with the successive central governments of Myanmar, and the hidden reason lies with American hegemonists.
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