#14 June 1777

[usnatarchives]

Today is #FlagDay! On this day in 1777, the Second Continental Congress adopted the Stars and Stripes as the flag of the United States. In 1949, President Truman signed an Act of Congress designating June 14 as Flag Day.

#Flag Day #United States #History #National Archives

[duchesssoflennox]

EIGHT SURVIVING CHILDREN OF CARLO AND LETIZIA BONAPARTE, SIBLINGS OF NAPOLEON I 🥺🌟♥️

254 years ago on this day, Napoleon Bonaparte, the first French emperor was born

On the occasion of his birthday, meet the Eight surviving children of Carlo and Letizia Bonaparte, who lived to adulthood

Letizia Bonaparte gave birth to 13 children between 1768 and 1784; five of them died, two at birth and three in their infancy...😥🥀

Among the 13 children, the first child who died was Napoleone Buonaparte, who was born on August 17, 1765 and died on the same day... The last child to die was Jérôme Bonaparte, who died 95 years after his eldest brother...

The registered names of all the children of Carlo and Letizia Bonaparte:

• Napoleone Buonaparte (born and died 17 August 1765)

• Maria Anna Buonaparte (3 January 1767 – 1 January 1768)

• Joseph Bonaparte (7 January 1768 – 28 July 1844)

• Napoleon Bonaparte (Later French emperor) (15 August 1769 – 5 May 1821)

• Maria Anna Buonaparte (14 July 1771 – 23 November 1771)

• A stillborn child (1773)

• Lucien Bonaparte (21 March 1775 – 29 June 1840)

• Maria Anna (Elisa) Bonaparte (3 January 1777 – 7 August 1820)

• Louis Bonaparte (2 September 1778 – 25 July 1846)

• Pauline Bonaparte (20 October 1780 – 9 June 1825)

• Caroline Bonaparte (25 March 1782 – 18 May 1839)

• Jérôme Bonaparte (15 November 1784 – 24 June 1860)

#Carlo Buonaparte #Letizia Bonaparte #Joseph Bonaparte #Napoleon Bonaparte #Lucien Bonaparte #Elisa Bonaparte #Louis Bonaparte #Pauline Bonaparte #Caroline Bonaparte #Jérôme Bonaparte

[therichantsim]

Happy President’s Day! Fun facts that weren’t taught in US history classes, in the US public school education. There were 14 presidents before George Washington. They were apart of what was then known as the Continental congress and the Confederation Congress and they were elected by the delegates.

Peyton Randolph: Sep. 5 – Oct. 22, 1774

Henry Middleton: Oct. 22 – Oct. 26, 1774

Peyton Randolph: May 10 – May 24, 1775

John Hancock: May 24, 1775 – Oct. 31, 1777

Henry Laurens: Nov. 1, 1777 – Dec. 9, 1778

John Jay: Dec. 10, 1778 – Sep. 27, 1779

Samuel Huntington: Sep. 28, 1779 – Mar. 1, 1781

Samuel Huntington: Mar. 2 – July 6, 1781

Thomas McKean: July 10 – Oct. 23, 1781

John Hanson: Nov. 5, 1781 – Nov. 3, 1782

Elias Boudinot: Nov. 4, 1782–Nov. 3, 1783

Thomas Mifflin: Nov. 3, 1783 – Nov. 30, 1784

Richard Henry Lee: Nov. 30, 1784 – Nov. 4, 1785

John Hancock: Nov. 23, 1785 – June 5, 1786

Nathaniel Gorham: June 6, 1786 – Feb. 2, 1787

Arthur St. Clair: Feb. 2 – Oct. 5, 1787

Cyrus Griffin: Jan. 22, 1788 – Mar. 2, 1789

#US History

[nocternalrandomness]

Happy Flag Day

Flag Day is celebrated on June 14. It commemorates the adoption of the flag of the United States on June 14, 1777, by resolution of the Second Continental Congress.

#American flag #Flag day #US Flag #Flag of the United States #Stars and stripes #Old Glory

[faintingheroine]

Hello, I hope I'm not bothering you with this question, but I was curious to ask you if you ever traced some sort of chronological timeline of Wuthering Heights with the characters ages and the year they are in.

I am reading the book for the first time and sometimes it gets a bit overwheming with the flashbacks and how fast the years pass during Nelly's narration!

Thank you in advance if you will reply, and if not I just wanted to tell you I really like your blog!

I have made a timeline specifically for Heathcliff:

But for your sake, let’s make one for every character here:

Chapter 1: Year 1801

Heathcliff 37 or 38 years old

Chapter 2 & 3: Year 1801

Heathcliff 37 or 38 years old

Hareton 23 years old

Cathy Linton (the daughter-in-law) 17 years old

Chapter 4: Year 1771 - 1774

Heathcliff 7 - 10 years old

Hindley 14-17 years old

Nelly 14-17 years old

Cathy 6-9 years old

Chapter 5: Year 1774-1777

Heathcliff 10-13 years old

Nelly 17-20 years old

Cathy 9-12 years old

Chapter 6/7: Year 1777 (October/November/December)

Heathcliff 13 years old

Cathy 12 years old

Hindley 20 years old

Nelly 20 years old

Edgar 15 years old

Isabella 11 years old

Chapter 8/9: 1778 (June) - 1780 (around September?) - 1783 (March)

Heathcliff 14-16-19 years old

Cathy 13-15-18 years old

Edgar 16-18-21 years old

Hindley 20-22-26 years old

Nelly 20-22-26 years old

Isabella 12-14-17 years old

Hareton 0-2-4 years old

Chapter 10: Year 1783-1784 (September - January):

Heathcliff 19-20 years old

Cathy 18-19 years old

Edgar 21-22 years old

Isabella 18 years old

Hindley 26-27 years old

Nelly 26-27 years old

Hareton 5 years old

Chapter 11-17: Year 1784 (January - March-September)

Heathcliff 20 years old

Cathy 19 years old

Edgar 22 years old

Isabella 18-19 years old

Hareton 5-6 years old

Linton Newborn (born in September)

Cathy 2 Newborn - 6 months old

Hindley 27 years old

Nelly 27 years old

Chapter 18-20: Year 1797

Heathcliff 32-33 years old

Isabella 30 years old

Edgar 34 years old

Cathy 2 13 years old

Hareton 18 years old

Linton 12 years old

Nelly 39 years old

Chapter 21: Year 1800 (20th of March - Summer)

Heathcliff 36 years old

Cathy 16 years old

Hareton 21-22 years old

Linton 15 years old

Edgar 38 years old

Nelly 43 years old

Chapter 22/23: Year 1800 (September)

Same ages as the previous, only Linton is 16 now

Okay, so the rest of the chapters, chapters 24-34 carry out the book from September of 1800 to the September of 1802. At the close of the book Cathy 2 is 18, Hareton is 24, and Nelly should be about 45. Heathcliff died at the age of around 38 and Edgar died at the age of 39. Hindley died at the age of 27, and Cathy at the age of 19. Isabella should have died around the age of 30/31.

We don’t know Lockwood and Joseph’s ages but I speculate that Lockwood is around in his mid-20s and Joseph probably ends the book in his late 70s.

We know the months of birth of the 3 members of the second generation (Hareton, Cathy 2, Linton Heathcliff) for certain. Hareton was born in June of 1778, Cathy was born on 20th of March 1784, and Linton Heathcliff must have born in September of 1784. The ages of the rest of the characters are far more vague since we don’t know their months of birth, but I did as well as I could. Maths is not my strong suit. Please, other fans of the book, correct me if necessary.

Thanks for your kind words about my blog!

#wuthering heights #timeline #asks #anoymous #ages

[wisco-warrior]

In the United States, Flag Day is celebrated on June 14. It commemorates the adoption of the flag of the United States on June 14, 1777, by resolution of the Second Continental Congress. The Flag Resolution, passed on June 14, 1777, stated: "Resolved, That the flag of the thirteen United States be thirteen stripes, alternate red and white; that the union be thirteen stars, white in a blue field, representing a new constellation."

[taraross-1787]

This Day in History: Stars & Stripes Saluted for First Time

On this day in 1778, the Continental Navy sloop Ranger sails into a French bay, proudly flying the American flag. It fires 13 guns, saluting the French fleet anchored there. The French flagship returns the salute, firing 9 guns of its own.

It was the first time a foreign nation ever saluted the Stars and Stripes.

Our flag was then still relatively new, having been adopted by the Continental Congress mere months earlier. “[T]he flag of the thirteen United States,” Congress resolved on June 14, 1777, “be thirteen stripes, alternate red and white” and “the union be thirteen stars, white in a blue field, representing a new constellation.”

Congressional delegates appointed John Paul Jones to command Ranger the very same day.

The story continues here: https://www.taraross.com/post/tdih-stars-stripes-saluted

#tdih #otd #this day in history #history #history blog #America #USA #American Revolution #stars and stripes #American flag #sharethehistory

[scotianostra]

On May 8th 1854 Captain Robert Barclay Allardice died.

This is a great wee story about a very remarkable man, Robert Barclay Allardice has been called The Father of Pedestrianisma strange title, but when you learn his story you will maybe understand it better.

He was born in August 1777 at Ury House just outside Stonehaven Aberdeenshire to a family of athletes that in the past were practicing bull wrestling, carried flour sacks in their teeth, and uprooted trees with their bare hands. Robert Barclay Allardice was schooled in England and attended Cambridge University where he often gambled on the performances of other men, but also would often back himself to perform incredibly demanding physical challenges.

He took part in a number of bizarre pedestrian contests. In 1800 he backed himself to accomplish 90 miles within 21 hours, but he failed due to heavy rain and mostly because he caught a cold. He lost a thousand guineas, but didn’t give up and increased the stake to 2,000 guineas, and lost again. He backed himself again to the tune of 5000 guineas to perform the same feat and finally won with an hour to spare.

He won his first competition when he walked for 110 miles in 19 hours and 27 minutes. He also walked 90 miles in 20 hours and 22 minutes, the same year. In 1802 he walked 64 miles in 10 hours and in 1805, between breakfast and dinner, he walked 72 miles.

Among his many bizarre pedestrian contests, there was one when he walked 110 miles over bad roads in 19 hours and another in 1808 when he walked 130 miles without any sleep for two nights.

However, he made his epic walk at Newmarket in 1809 when he walked a mile in each of the 1000 consecutive hours. This meant that he was supposed to walk a mile per hour, every hour, for 42 days and nights. It all started on June 1st, 1809, and was completed on July 12th.

He walked his first mile in 14 minutes and 54 seconds and his time averaged 21 minutes and 4 seconds by the last week. During this period of 42 days and nights over 10,000 people watched the event. He completed the feat on 12th July in front of an enormous crowd that gathered to cheer him.

It is said that during this period he lost around 15kg, but didn’t regret since he won a large purse for his efforts.

During the Napoleonic War, he was commissioned in the army where he adopted the name, Captain Barclay. In 1809 he served as aide-de-camp to the Marquess of Huntly on the ill-fated Walcheren campaign, starting out just 5 days after the completion of the 1000-mile feat.

He was also interested in boxing and became trainer and sponsor of Tom Cribb, the bare knuckles Champion of the World in 1807 and 1809.

Im May 1854 Captain Barclay, the father of pedestrianism, a precursor to racewalking, was kicked by a horse in and died several days later from paralysis..

#scotland #scottish #athlete #gambler #walker #endurance sports #history

[worldflagencyclopaedia]

Stars and Stripes

Country: The United States of America

Contains: 13 stripes of alternating red and white. 50 white stars on a blue background in the top left corner.

The 13 white and red stripes signifies the original thirteen British colonies on the side of the Atlantic, and the 50 white stars represents the 50 new states that exist in the present USA. Each time a new state is officially created, a new star is added to the blue field in the flag.

Colour code:

Origin: debatable Creator: under argument Adopted in: June 14, 1777

The coinage of the term 'Stars and Stripes' is credited to Marquis de Lafayette.

Flag History:

(Left) The grand union flag, when America was a colony under British rule. (Middle) The Francis Hopkinson design for 13 stars and 13 stripes (Right) Betsy Ross design featuring 13 stars arranged in a circular pattern

Evolution of the American flag over the time, and through the addition of new states.

References:

#flags #history #stars and stripes #united states of america

[theworstfoundingfathers]

Who is the worst founding father? Round 4: Benedict Arnold vs Henry Clay?

Benedict Arnold (14 January 1741 [O.S. 3 January 1740] – June 14, 1801) was an American-born military officer who served during the Revolutionary War. He fought with distinction for the American Continental Army and rose to the rank of major general before defecting to the British side of the conflict in 1780. General George Washington had given him his fullest trust and had placed him in command of West Point in New York. Arnold was planning to surrender the fort there to British forces, but the plot was discovered in September 1780, whereupon he fled to the British lines. In the later part of the conflict, Arnold was commissioned as a brigadier general in the British Army, and placed in command of the American Legion. He led the British army in battle against the soldiers whom he had once commanded, after which his name became, and has remained, synonymous with treason and betrayal in the United States.

Historians have identified many possible factors contributing to Arnold’s treason, while some debate their relative importance. According to W. D. Wetherell, he was:

[A]mong the hardest human beings to understand in American history. Did he become a traitor because of all the injustice he suffered, real and imagined, at the hands of the Continental Congress and his jealous fellow generals? Because of the constant agony of two battlefield wounds in an already gout-ridden leg? From psychological wounds received in his Connecticut childhood when his alcoholic father squandered the family’s fortunes? Or was it a kind of extreme midlife crisis, swerving from radical political beliefs to reactionary ones, a change accelerated by his marriage to the very young, very pretty, very Tory Peggy Shippen?

---

Henry Clay Sr. (April 12, 1777 – June 29, 1852) was an American attorney and statesman who represented Kentucky in both the U.S. Senate and House of Representatives. He was the seventh House speaker as well as the ninth secretary of state. He unsuccessfully ran for president in the 1824, 1832, and 1844 elections. He helped found both the National Republican Party and the Whig Party. For his role in defusing sectional crises, he earned the appellation of the “Great Compromiser” and was part of the “Great Triumvirate” of Congressmen, alongside fellow Whig Daniel Webster and John C. Calhoun.

[Clay and his family] initially lived in Lexington, but in 1804 they began building a plantation outside of Lexington known as Ashland. The Ashland estate eventually encompassed over 500 acres (200 ha), with numerous outbuildings such as a smokehouse, a greenhouse, and several barns. Enslaved there were 122 during Clay’s lifetime with about 50 needed for farming and the household. 

In early 1819, a dispute erupted over the proposed statehood of Missouri after New York Congressman James Tallmadge introduced a legislative amendment that would provide for the gradual emancipation of Missouri’s slaves. Though Clay had previously called for gradual emancipation in Kentucky, he sided with the Southerners in voting down Tallmadge’s amendment. Clay instead supported Senator Jesse B. Thomas’s compromise proposal in which Missouri would be admitted as a slave state, Maine would be admitted as a free state, and slavery would be forbidden in the territories north of 36° 30’ parallel. Clay helped assemble a coalition that passed the Missouri Compromise, as Thomas’s proposal became known. Further controversy ensued when Missouri’s constitution banned free blacks from entering the state, but Clay was able to engineer another compromise that allowed Missouri to join as a state in August 1821.

#founding father bracket #worst founding father #founding fathers #amrev #brackets #polls #benedict arnold #henry clay

[richardnixonlibrary]

Today is Flag Day. The annual commemoration is in honor of the adoption of the flag of the United States on June 14, 1777 by resolution of the Second Continental Congress.Here we see President Nixon and Special Assistant Robert J. Brown with an American flag from the Watts Manufacturing Company. (Image: WHPO-5234-07; 12/8/1970) 

#flag day

[rwwinton]

I visited family near Albany this weekend, and while exploring a historic cemetery I stumbled across a RevWar general, and one who features prominently in my future 5th Revolution book set during the Siege of Fort Schuyler (Stanwix). I only noticed it because I thought, "that stone looks old, oh it says 1777 and there's a flag, I should go look!"

The inscriptions read:

He served under Montgomery in Canada in 1775 In 1777 defended Fort Stanwix against St. Ledger thereby preventing his junction with Burgoyne and died in active command at the beginning of the war of 1812

To the memory of Peter Gansevoort Junior a Brigadier General in the army of the United States who died on the 2nd day of June 1812 aged 62 years 11 months and 16 days

Here Stanwix chief and brave defender sleeps

And the side for his wife:

Catherine van Schaick wife of Peter Gansevoort Jr. Died Dec. 30 1830 aged 78 years 4 months and 14 days [I think]

#albany rural cemetery #accidental research trip #my aunt got to hear a lot about history she probably didn't care about #peter gansevoort #revwar #american revolution #amwriting historical fiction #histfic #history is all around you

[garadinervi]

Erika Blumenfeld, Tracing Luminaries: Tracing Luminaries: Plate No. B20645 (Small Magellanic Cloud), (one of a portfolio of six intaglio prints created from laser engraved cast acrylic plates inked with transparent base, printed onto a direct starlight-exposed cyanotype chine collé using Okuwara paper, bonded to Hahnemühle Copperplate backing paper, with printed ink gilded with 24-karat gold leaf), 2022 [© Erika Blumenfeld]

/ Plate Description /

Observatory: Harvard Boyden Station, Arequipa, Peru Telescope: 8-inch Bache Doublet, Voigtlander, reworked by Clark Date Exposed: 19 October 1897 Class: L Right Ascension: 0 hours 5 minutes (?) Declination: -74.1 degrees (?) Quality: 4 Exposure: 133 minutes (?)

Plate Events: Marks removed, likely around 2009-02-03T14:34:05; Plate not scanned for DASCH; Plate was added to The Williamina Fleming Collection, a collection created to preserve around 600 marked plates, even though the marks from this plate had been removed.

Marked by: This plate was marked by Henrietta Swan Leavitt and possibly her assistants.

Curatorial & Astronomical Notes: This plate was used in Henrietta Swan Leavitt’s 1908 groundbreaking paper titled, 1777 Variables in the Magellanic Clouds, which compared Cepheid variable stars, and eventually led to her far-reaching discovery of the period-luminosity relationship. This plate number is noted on pages 9 (13 April), 19 (14 April), 31 (15 April), 37 (17 April), 49 (18 April), 54 (18 April), 67 (19 April), 87 (25 April), 94 (27 April), 108 (28 April), 110 (29 April), 112 (29 April), 117 (10 may), 131 (16 June), 150 (04 October) in Leavitt’s 1905 notebook.

#art #astronomy #visual writing #notation #mixed media #intaglio #portfolio #erika blumenfeld #henrietta swan leavitt #williamina fleming collection #harvard college observatory #astronomical photographic plate collection

[nordleuchten]

24 Days of La Fayette: December 4th – Louis-Pierre, Marquis de Vienne

Louis-Pierre, Marquis de Vienne was a French nobleman, born in 1746 and the son of Louis-Henri, Comte de Vienne. He had served twenty-two years with distinction as a Captain of Cavalry and later a Major in the French army before he retired.

There is a letter from the Chevalier de Brus to Benjamin Franklin from May 6, 1777. I have not read the letter in full, but FoundersOnline has a very detailed summary. Parts of it read:

The next day Louis-Ursule, marquis de Vienne, announces from Doullens in Picardy that he is a retired cavalry captain with twenty-two years in the army, and that inaction bores him. He wants to join Lafayette, to whom he will have the best references, and needs free passage for himself and his servant, expenses from their departure until they join the American army, and letters of recommendation to Congress; he must have an immediate reply. None is forthcoming. He writes again on September 1 to repeat his request; this time he specifies a French ship and gives the Paris address of his father, who will vouch for him.

“To Benjamin Franklin from the Chevalier de Brus, 6 May 1777,” Founders Online, National Archives, [Original source: The Papers of Benjamin Franklin, vol. 24, May 1 through September 30, 1777, ed. William B. Willcox. New Haven and London: Yale University Press, 1984, pp. 25–37.] (08/01/2022)

By May of 1778, de Vienne had made it to America and by June of the same year he had joined the Army at the Camp at Valley Forge equipped with letters of introductions for La Fayette. He stayed there until July 6, 1778 when he went to Philadelphia to plead his case before the Continental Congress. He left Valley Forge with two letters of introduction, one from La Fayette and one from John Laurens.

Congress passed a resolution on de Vienne’s behalf on July 15, 1778:

The Marquis de Vienne, a major in the service of the King of France, having served with reputation as a volunteer in the American army during the present campaign, and having requested Congress to honor him with the brevet commission of a colonel, without any pay annexed to the said rank:

Resolved, That the request of the Marquis de Vienne be complied with, and that a brevet commission of colonel in the service of the United States be conferred on him

Timothy Pickering wrote to George Washington on July 17, 1778 from his position as a member of the Bord of War:

Congress having been pleased to grant to the Marquis de Vienne (a major in the armies of his most Christian Majesty) the brevet commission of Colonel—we do ourselves the honour to signify it to your Excellency; and to intimate the wishes of the Marquis to be employed in some service of utility to the states, and in which he may have an opportunity to manifest his military talents & zeal for the cause in which he is engaged. We have the honour to be your Excellency’s most obedient servants. By order of the Board

Tim. Pickering.

“To George Washington from the Board of War, 17 July 1778,” Founders Online, National Archives, [Original source: The Papers of George Washington, Revolutionary War Series, vol. 16, 1 July–14 September 1778, ed. David R. Hoth. Charlottesville: University of Virginia Press, 2006, pp. 87–88.] (08/01/2022)

Washington furthermore received a letter from Henry Laurens on the matter from July 30:

the 15th Inst. I signed by order a Brevet to the Marquis de Vienne Certifying his Rank, Colonel in the Army.

“To George Washington from Henry Laurens, 30 July 1778,” Founders Online, National Archives, [Original source: The Papers of George Washington, Revolutionary War Series, vol. 16, 1 July–14 September 1778, ed. David R. Hoth. Charlottesville: University of Virginia Press, 2006, pp. 199–200.] (08/01/2022)

De Vienne worked as an aide-de-camp for La Fayette during his time with the army. He accompanied the Marquis on his travels through America and is often described as delivering messages. On September 15, 1778 he wrote the following letter to George Washington:

your Excellency

having Reciev’d news from France, which oblige Me to go home as soon as possible for domestick Concerns, and unwilling [to] Leave off the american Service, I entreat your Excellency to be pleased to give me a furlough for Eighteen Months; I pray you to send me a Writing Certifying that I serv’d in your armie as volonteer Since the first june till the fifteenth of july Next, that I Was at minmouth’s Battle, that having been Sent to take a View of the Ennemi’s Camp I took Some prisonners, that the Congress gave me the Rang of Colonel the fifteenth of july, that I Landed in Rhode Island With the american troops, and that My Conduct and Behaviour have been Belonging to an officer and gentleman, I Believe it is the General Suffrage: but the Certificate I Require of your Excellency, is too precious and flattering for me that I not Entreat you to grant it to me.

I Require of your Excellency to be pleased to write quick an answer to me, the Vessel I propose to go in being Ready to Sail and Waiting only for my parting your permission and Certificate.

I pray you to give the all to Mr de chouans Who Will have the honour to Deliver you this. it is With the Sentiments of the most profound Respect I have the honour to be of your Excellency the Most humbly and obedient Servant

C[olonel] marquis Devienne

“To George Washington from Colonel Vienne, 15 September 1778,” Founders Online, National Archives, [Original source: The Papers of George Washington, Revolutionary War Series, vol. 17, 15 September–31 October 1778, ed. Philander D. Chase. Charlottesville: University of Virginia Press, 2008, pp. 19–20.] (08/22/2022)

Vienne travelled to Boston after he had written this letter. Washington wrote in a letter to Henry Laurens on September 29, 1778:

The Marquis de Vienne, at present at Boston, has requested a furlough of eighteen Months to enable him to return to France, whither he is called by some domestic Concerns. I do not conceive myself at liberty to grant his request, without the permission of Congress, to whom, I would beg leave to observe, that if agreeable to them, he may be indulged without prejudice to the service, as he is not attached to any particular command.

“From George Washington to Henry Laurens, 29 September 1778,” Founders Online, National Archives, [Original source: The Papers of George Washington, Revolutionary War Series, vol. 17, 15 September–31 October 1778, ed. Philander D. Chase. Charlottesville: University of Virginia Press, 2008, pp. 186–188.] (08/022/2022)

Laurens replied on October 9, 1778:

(…) Congress have no objection to granting leave of absence to the Marquis of Vienne.

“To George Washington from Henry Laurens, 9 October 1778,” Founders Online, National Archives, [Original source: The Papers of George Washington, Revolutionary War Series, vol. 17, 15 September–31 October 1778, ed. Philander D. Chase. Charlottesville: University of Virginia Press, 2008, p. 316.] (08/22/2022)

Washington forwarded the reply from Congress to Vienne along with a letter of recommendation that read:

I certify, that the Marquis De Vienne served, some time, in the army, under my immediate command, in character of Volunteer, during which, his conduct was always such as became an officer and Gentleman, having embraced every occasion, his situation offered, to give proofs of his zeal and bravery—He received an appointment by brevet to the rank of Colonel in the Army of the United States the fifteenth of July last.

“From George Washington to Colonel Vienne, 29 September 1778,” Founders Online, National Archives, [Original source: The Papers of George Washington, Revolutionary War Series, vol. 17, 15 September–31 October 1778, ed. Philander D. Chase. Charlottesville: University of Virginia Press, 2008, pp. 196–197.] (08/22/2022)

Vienne’s leave was officially granted on October 27, 1778 but he only left America in May of 1779. He had fought in the Battle of Monmouth and seen action in Savanna and the West Indies. His names appear on the Muster Rolls of Valley Forge and can be searched in the databank of the project. He survived the French Revolution by emigrating before things got out of hand.

#marquis de lafayette #la fayette #24 days of la fayette #lafayettes aide-de-camps #founders online #1778 #1779 #marquis de vienne #george washington #benjamin franklin #french history #american history #american revolution #french revolution #letter #louis-pierre marquis de vienne

[married-to-a-redhead]

Flag Day commemorates the adoption of the flag of the United States on June 14, 1777, by resolution of the Second Continental Congress.

[daemonicdasein]

Chronology of the Marquis de Sade’s life from How to Read Sade by John Phillips, W. W. Norton (September 17, 2005), Pages 112-114.

1740 2 June: birth of Donatien Alphonse François de Sade, lord of La Coste, Saumane and Mazan in Provence. He was brought up in the palace of the Prince de Condé, who was four years older.

1746: Sent to live with his uncle, the abbé de Sade, at Saumane in Provence.

1750: Pursues his studies at the Jesuit college of Louis-le-Grand in Paris. The Jesuits infect him with a life-long enthusiasm for the theatre.

1755: Appointed sub-lieutenant in the King’s infantry regiment. In the course of active service in the Seven Years War is promoted to the rank of captain.

1763 17 May: marriage to Renée-Pélagie de Montreuil.

1763 October: briefly imprisoned at Vincennes for allegedly whipping Jeanne Testard, a fan-maker.

1765: Liaison with Mademoiselle de Beauvoisin, an actress.

1767: Death of his father, the comte de Sade, and birth of his first son, Louis-Marie.

1768: The Rose Kellar affair: imprisoned for six months initially at Saumur, then at Pierre-Encise near Lyons for alleged acts of libertinage, sacrilege and sadism on Easter Sunday in his house at Arcueil.

1769: Birth of his second son, Donatien-Claude-Armand.

1771: Birth of his daughter, Madeleine-Laure. Briefly imprisoned for debt.

1772 17 June: the Marseilles affair: Sade and his valet are found guilty of sodomy and attempted poisoning on the occasion of an orgy in Marseilles. Both flee to Italy, accompanied by Sade’s younger sister-in-law, Anne-Prospère. Sentenced to death in absentia, their effigies are burnt publicly at Aix.

1772 8 December: arrested and imprisoned at Miolans in Piedmont.

1773 1 May: escapes and eventually returns to La Coste. Sade’s mother-in-law, the Présidente de Montreuil, embittered by the seduction of Anne-Prospère, obtains a lettre de cachet for his arrest and imprisonment.

1775: Flees once again to Italy.

1777: Fresh scandals at La Coste, this time involving young girls employed at the château.

1778: The accusations of attempted poisoning having been dismissed, the death sentence imposed by the Aix parlement is lifted, but the Présidente uses her influence to obtain a new lettre de cachet. Sade escapes but is recaptured and returned to Vincennes. He will remain in prison until the Revolution.

1781: Writes the first of a succession of plays, The Inconstant.

1782: Writes the Dialogue Between a Priest and a Dying Man and begins The 120 Days of Sodom.

1784 29 February: transferred from Vincennes to the Bastille.

1786: Writes the greater part of his ‘philosophical’ novel Aline et Valcour.

1787: Composition of The Misfortunes of Virtue, the first novella-length version of Justine. Begins writing his collection of short stories, originally entitled Tales and Fabliaux of Eighteenth Century by a Provençal Troubadour, a selection of which will eventually be published in 1799 under the title The Crimes of Love.

1789 2 July: Sade incites the mob to riot from his cell window in the Bastille, telling them that prisoners are being murdered.

1789 4 July: sent to the insane asylum at Charenton, leaving behind a number of manuscripts, including The 120 Days of Sodom which he will never see again.

1789 14 July: the fall of the Bastille and the start of the Revolution.

1790 1 April: Sade is released following abolition of lettres de cachet by the new revolutionary government. Formal separation from Renée-Pélagie and start of a new relationship with Constance Quesnet, nicknamed ‘Sensitive’, which will last until his death. Actively involved in revolutionary politics, promoting hospital reform. Tries unsuccessfully to get his plays performed.

1791: Anonymous publication of Justine, or the Misfortunes of Virtue, the second version of the Justine narrative, and performance of his play The Comte d’Oxtiern, or the Effects of Libertinism.

1792: Composes various revolutionary essays, including The Idea on the Method for the Sanctioning of Laws.

1793: Publishes a pamphlet in honour of Marat following his murder by Charlotte Corday. When the opportunity presents itself, Sade, who has been appointed a judge in his revolutionary section, does not sentence his in-laws to death. Suspected of moderation and royalist sympathies, Sade is arrested in December.

1794: Sade escapes death owing to a bureaucratic error, and is eventually released at the end of the Terror, following the fall and execution of Robespierre.

1795: Penniless owing to the loss of his lands and property in the Revolution, Sade tries to stage more plays. Publishes Aline and Valcour, and, anonymously, Philosophy in the Boudoir.

1799: Anonymous publication of The New Justine, or the Misfortunes of Virtue, followed by The History of Juliette, her Sister, or the Prosperities of Vice, and publication in Sade’s own name of The Crimes of Love. Works as a prompt in a Versailles theatre for 40 sous a day.

1801: Sade arrested at his publishers in April for authorship of ‘obscene’ writings, and imprisoned at Sainte-Pélagie.

1803: Transferred to Bicêtre, then to Charenton.

1804: Sade’s continued detention justified by the invention of a new medical condition, ‘libertine dementia’.

1807: Confiscation of the libertine novel The Days at Florbelle, or Nature unveiled, begun in 1804. The manuscript will be destroyed at the behest of his younger son after his death.

1808: Organizes theatrical performances, using asylum inmates and professional actresses.

1812-13: Writes Adelaide of Brunswick, Princess of Saxony, The Secret History of Isabelle of Bavaria and The Marquis de Gange, all conventional historical novels.

1813-14: Affair with the sixteen-year-old laundry-maid Madeleine Leclerc.

1814 2 December: Sade’s death, followed by interment in the Charenton cemetery with full religious rites.

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