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Google at NeurIPS 2023

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Google at NeurIPS 2023

This week the 37th annual Conference on Neural Information Processing Systems (NeurIPS 2023), the biggest machine learning conference of the year, kicks off in New Orleans, LA. Google is proud to be a Diamond Level sponsor of NeurIPS this year and will have a strong presence with >170 accepted papers, two keynote talks, and additional contributions to the broader research community through organizational support and involvement in >20 workshops and tutorials. Google is also proud to be a Platinum Sponsor for both the Women in Machine Learning and LatinX in AI workshops. We look forward to sharing some of our extensive ML research and expanding our partnership with the broader ML research community.

Attending for NeurIPS 2023 in person? Come visit the Google Research booth to learn more about the exciting work we’re doing to solve some of the field’s most interesting challenges. Visit the @GoogleAI X (Twitter) account to find out about Google booth activities (e.g., demos and Q&A sessions).

You can learn more about our latest cutting edge work being presented at the conference in the list below (Google affiliations highlighted in bold). And see Google DeepMind’s blog to learn more about their participation at NeurIPS 2023.

Anonymous Learning via Look-Alike Clustering: A Precise Analysis of Model Generalization Adel Javanmard, Vahab Mirrokni

Better Private Linear Regression Through Better Private Feature Selection Travis Dick, Jennifer Gillenwater*, Matthew Joseph

Binarized Neural Machine Translation Yichi Zhang, Ankush Garg, Yuan Cao, Łukasz Lew, Behrooz Ghorbani*, Zhiru Zhang, Orhan Firat

BoardgameQA: A Dataset for Natural Language Reasoning with Contradictory Information Mehran Kazemi, Quan Yuan, Deepti Bhatia, Najoung Kim, Xin Xu, Vaiva Imbrasaite, Deepak Ramachandran

Boosting with Tempered Exponential Measures Richard Nock, Ehsan Amid, Manfred Warmuth

Concept Algebra for (Score-Based) Text-Controlled Generative Models Zihao Wang, Lin Gui, Jeffrey Negrea, Victor Veitch

Deep Contract Design via Discontinuous Networks Tonghan Wang, Paul Dütting, Dmitry Ivanov, Inbal Talgam-Cohen, David C. Parkes

Diffusion-SS3D: Diffusion Model for Semi-supervised 3D Object Detection Cheng-Ju Ho, Chen-Hsuan Tai, Yen-Yu Lin, Ming-Hsuan Yang, Yi-Hsuan Tsai

Eliciting User Preferences for Personalized Multi-Objective Decision Making through Comparative Feedback Han Shao, Lee Cohen, Avrim Blum, Yishay Mansour, Aadirupa Saha, Matthew Walter

Gradient Descent with Linearly Correlated Noise: Theory and Applications to Differential Privacy Anastasia Koloskova*, Ryan McKenna, Zachary Charles, J Keith Rush, Hugh Brendan McMahan

Hardness of Low Rank Approximation of Entrywise Transformed Matrix Products Tamas Sarlos, Xingyou Song, David P. Woodruff, Qiuyi (Richard) Zhang

Module-wise Adaptive Distillation for Multimodality Foundation Models

Chen Liang, Jiahui Yu, Ming-Hsuan Yang, Matthew Brown, Yin Cui, Tuo Zhao, Boqing Gong, Tianyi Zhou

Multi-Swap k-Means++ Lorenzo Beretta, Vincent Cohen-Addad, Silvio Lattanzi, Nikos Parotsidis

OpenMask3D: Open-Vocabulary 3D Instance Segmentation Ayça Takmaz, Elisabetta Fedele, Robert Sumner, Marc Pollefeys, Federico Tombari, Francis Engelmann

Order Matters in the Presence of Dataset Imbalance for Multilingual Learning Dami Choi*, Derrick Xin, Hamid Dadkhahi, Justin Gilmer, Ankush Garg, Orhan Firat, Chih-Kuan Yeh, Andrew M. Dai, Behrooz Ghorbani

PopSign ASL v1.0: An Isolated American Sign Language Dataset Collected via Smartphones Thad Starner, Sean Forbes, Matthew So, David Martin, Rohit Sridhar, Gururaj Deshpande, Sam Sepah, Sahir Shahryar, Khushi Bhardwaj, Tyler Kwok, Daksh Sehgal, Saad Hassan, Bill Neubauer, Sofia Vempala, Alec Tan, Jocelyn Heath, Unnathi Kumar, Priyanka Mosur, Tavenner Hall, Rajandeep Singh, Christopher Cui, Glenn Cameron, Sohier Dane, Garrett Tanzer

Semi-Implicit Denoising Diffusion Models (SIDDMs) Yanwu Xu*, Mingming Gong, Shaoan Xie, Wei Wei, Matthias Grundmann, Kayhan Batmanghelich, Tingbo Hou

State2Explanation: Concept-Based Explanations to Benefit Agent Learning and User Understanding Devleena Das, Sonia Chernova, Been Kim

StoryBench: A Multifaceted Benchmark for Continuous Story Visualization Emanuele Bugliarello*, Hernan Moraldo, Ruben Villegas, Mohammad Babaeizadeh, Mohammad Taghi Saffar, Han Zhang, Dumitru Erhan, Vittorio Ferrari, Pieter-Jan Kindermans, Paul Voigtlaender

Subject-driven Text-to-Image Generation via Apprenticeship Learning Wenhu Chen, Hexiang Hu, Yandong Li, Nataniel Ruiz, Xuhui Jia, Ming-Wei Chang, William W. Cohen

TpuGraphs: A Performance Prediction Dataset on Large Tensor Computational Graphs Phitchaya Mangpo Phothilimthana, Sami Abu-El-Haija, Kaidi Cao*, Bahare Fatemi, Mike Burrows, Charith Mendis*, Bryan Perozzi

Training Chain-of-Thought via Latent-Variable Inference Du Phan, Matthew D. Hoffman, David Dohan*, Sholto Douglas, Tuan Anh Le, Aaron Parisi, Pavel Sountsov, Charles Sutton, Sharad Vikram, Rif A. Saurous

Unified Lower Bounds for Interactive High-dimensional Estimation under Information Constraints Jayadev Acharya, Clement L. Canonne, Ziteng Sun, Himanshu Tyagi

What You See is What You Read? Improving Text-Image Alignment Evaluation Michal Yarom, Yonatan Bitton, Soravit Changpinyo, Roee Aharoni, Jonathan Herzig, Oran Lang, Eran Ofek, Idan Szpektor

When Does Confidence-Based Cascade Deferral Suffice? Wittawat Jitkrittum, Neha Gupta, Aditya Krishna Menon, Harikrishna Narasimhan, Ankit Singh Rawat, Sanjiv Kumar

Accelerating Molecular Graph Neural Networks via Knowledge Distillation Filip Ekström Kelvinius, Dimitar Georgiev, Artur Petrov Toshev, Johannes Gasteiger

AVIS: Autonomous Visual Information Seeking with Large Language Model Agent Ziniu Hu*, Ahmet Iscen, Chen Sun, Kai-Wei Chang, Yizhou Sun, David Ross, Cordelia Schmid, Alireza Fathi

Beyond Invariance: Test-Time Label-Shift Adaptation for Addressing “Spurious” Correlations Qingyao Sun, Kevin Patrick Murphy, Sayna Ebrahimi, Alexander D’Amour

Collaborative Score Distillation for Consistent Visual Editing Subin Kim, Kyungmin Lee, June Suk Choi, Jongheon Jeong, Kihyuk Sohn, Jinwoo Shin

CommonScenes: Generating Commonsense 3D Indoor Scenes with Scene Graphs Guangyao Zhai, Evin Pınar Örnek, Shun-Cheng Wu, Yan Di, Federico Tombari, Nassir Navab, Benjamin Busam

Computational Complexity of Learning Neural Networks: Smoothness and Degeneracy Amit Daniely, Nathan Srebro, Gal Vardi

A Computationally Efficient Sparsified Online Newton Method Fnu Devvrit*, Sai Surya Duvvuri, Rohan Anil, Vineet Gupta, Cho-Jui Hsieh, Inderjit S Dhillon

DDF-HO: Hand-Held Object Reconstruction via Conditional Directed Distance Field Chenyangguang Zhang, Yan Di, Ruida Zhang, Guangyao Zhai, Fabian Manhardt, Federico Tombari, Xiangyang Ji

Double Auctions with Two-sided Bandit Feedback Soumya Basu, Abishek Sankararaman

Grammar Prompting for Domain-Specific Language Generation with Large Language Models Bailin Wang, Zi Wang, Xuezhi Wang, Yuan Cao, Rif A. Saurous, Yoon Kim

Inconsistency, Instability, and Generalization Gap of Deep Neural Network Training Rie Johnson, Tong Zhang*

Large Graph Property Prediction via Graph Segment Training Kaidi Cao*, Phitchaya Mangpo Phothilimthana, Sami Abu-El-Haija, Dustin Zelle, Yanqi Zhou, Charith Mendis*, Jure Leskovec, Bryan Perozzi

On Computing Pairwise Statistics with Local Differential Privacy Badih Ghazi, Pritish Kamath, Ravi Kumar, Pasin Manurangsi, Adam Sealfon

On Student-teacher Deviations in Distillation: Does it Pay to Disobey? Vaishnavh Nagarajan, Aditya Krishna Menon, Srinadh Bhojanapalli, Hossein Mobahi, Sanjiv Kumar

Optimal Cross-learning for Contextual Bandits with Unknown Context Distributions Jon Schneider, Julian Zimmert

Near-Optimal k-Clustering in the Sliding Window Model David Woodruff, Peilin Zhong, Samson Zhou

Post Hoc Explanations of Language Models Can Improve Language Models Satyapriya Krishna, Jiaqi Ma, Dylan Z Slack, Asma Ghandeharioun, Sameer Singh, Himabindu Lakkaraju

Recommender Systems with Generative Retrieval Shashank Rajput*, Nikhil Mehta, Anima Singh, Raghunandan Hulikal Keshavan, Trung Vu, Lukasz Heldt, Lichan Hong, Yi Tay, Vinh Q. Tran, Jonah Samost, Maciej Kula, Ed H. Chi, Maheswaran Sathiamoorthy

Reinforcement Learning for Fine-tuning Text-to-Image Diffusion Models Ying Fan, Olivia Watkins, Yuqing Du, Hao Liu, Moonkyung Ryu, Craig Boutilier, Pieter Abbeel, Mohammad Ghavamzadeh*, Kangwook Lee, Kimin Lee*

Replicable Clustering Hossein Esfandiari, Amin Karbasi, Vahab Mirrokni, Grigoris Velegkas, Felix Zhou

Replicability in Reinforcement Learning Amin Karbasi, Grigoris Velegkas, Lin Yang, Felix Zhou

Riemannian Projection-free Online Learning Zihao Hu, Guanghui Wang, Jacob Abernethy

Sharpness-Aware Minimization Leads to Low-Rank Features Maksym Andriushchenko, Dara Bahri, Hossein Mobahi, Nicolas Flammarion

What is the Inductive Bias of Flatness Regularization? A Study of Deep Matrix Factorization Models Khashayar Gatmiry, Zhiyuan Li, Ching-Yao Chuang, Sashank Reddi, Tengyu Ma, Stefanie Jegelka

Block Low-Rank Preconditioner with Shared Basis for Stochastic Optimization Jui-Nan Yen, Sai Surya Duvvuri, Inderjit S Dhillon, Cho-Jui Hsieh

Blocked Collaborative Bandits: Online Collaborative Filtering with Per-Item Budget Constraints Soumyabrata Pal, Arun Sai Suggala, Karthikeyan Shanmugam, Prateek Jain

Boundary Guided Learning-Free Semantic Control with Diffusion Models Ye Zhu, Yu Wu, Zhiwei Deng, Olga Russakovsky, Yan Yan

Conditional Adapters: Parameter-efficient Transfer Learning with Fast Inference Tao Lei, Junwen Bai, Siddhartha Brahma, Joshua Ainslie, Kenton Lee, Yanqi Zhou, Nan Du*, Vincent Y. Zhao, Yuexin Wu, Bo Li, Yu Zhang, Ming-Wei Chang

Conformal Prediction for Time Series with Modern Hopfield Networks Andreas Auer, Martin Gauch, Daniel Klotz, Sepp Hochreiter

Does Visual Pretraining Help End-to-End Reasoning? Chen Sun, Calvin Luo, Xingyi Zhou, Anurag Arnab, Cordelia Schmid

Effective Robustness Against Natural Distribution Shifts for Models with Different Training Data Zhouxing Shi*, Nicholas Carlini, Ananth Balashankar, Ludwig Schmidt, Cho-Jui Hsieh, Alex Beutel*, Yao Qin

Improving Neural Network Representations Using Human Similarity Judgments Lukas Muttenthaler*, Lorenz Linhardt, Jonas Dippel, Robert A. Vandermeulen, Katherine Hermann, Andrew K. Lampinen, Simon Kornblith

Label Robust and Differentially Private Linear Regression: Computational and Statistical Efficiency Xiyang Liu, Prateek Jain, Weihao Kong, Sewoong Oh, Arun Sai Suggala

Mnemosyne: Learning to Train Transformers with Transformers Deepali Jain, Krzysztof Choromanski, Avinava Dubey, Sumeet Singh, Vikas Sindhwani, Tingnan Zhang, Jie Tan

Nash Regret Guarantees for Linear Bandits Ayush Sawarni, Soumyabrata Pal, Siddharth Barman

A Near-Linear Time Algorithm for the Chamfer Distance Ainesh Bakshi, Piotr Indyk, Rajesh Jayaram, Sandeep Silwal, Erik Waingarten.

On Differentially Private Sampling from Gaussian and Product Distributions Badih Ghazi, Xiao Hu*, Ravi Kumar, Pasin Manurangsi

On Dynamic Programming Decompositions of Static Risk Measures in Markov Decision Processes Jia Lin Hau, Erick Delage, Mohammad Ghavamzadeh*, Marek Petrik

ResMem: Learn What You Can and Memorize the Rest Zitong Yang, Michal Lukasik, Vaishnavh Nagarajan, Zonglin Li, Ankit Singh Rawat, Manzil Zaheer, Aditya Krishna Menon, Sanjiv Kumar

Responsible AI (RAI) Games and Ensembles Yash Gupta, Runtian Zhai, Arun Suggala, Pradeep Ravikumar

RoboCLIP: One Demonstration Is Enough to Learn Robot Policies Sumedh A Sontakke, Jesse Zhang, Sébastien M. R. Arnold, Karl Pertsch, Erdem Biyik, Dorsa Sadigh, Chelsea Finn, Laurent Itti

Robust Concept Erasure via Kernelized Rate-Distortion Maximization Somnath Basu Roy Chowdhury, Nicholas Monath, Kumar Avinava Dubey, Amr Ahmed, Snigdha Chaturvedi

Robust Multi-Agent Reinforcement Learning via Adversarial Regularization: Theoretical Foundation and Stable Algorithms Alexander Bukharin, Yan Li, Yue Yu, Qingru Zhang, Zhehui Chen, Simiao Zuo, Chao Zhang, Songan Zhang, Tuo Zhao

Simplicity Bias in 1-Hidden Layer Neural Networks Depen Morwani*, Jatin Batra, Prateek Jain, Praneeth Netrapalli

SLaM: Student-Label Mixing for Distillation with Unlabeled Examples Vasilis Kontonis, Fotis Iliopoulos, Khoa Trinh, Cenk Baykal, Gaurav Menghani, Erik Vee

SNAP: Self-Supervised Neural Maps for Visual Positioning and Semantic Understanding Paul-Edouard Sarlin*, Eduard Trulls, Marc Pollefeys, Jan Hosang, Simon Lynen

SOAR: Improved Indexing for Approximate Nearest Neighbor Search Philip Sun, David Simcha, Dave Dopson, Ruiqi Guo, Sanjiv Kumar

StyleDrop: Text-to-Image Synthesis of Any Style Kihyuk Sohn, Lu Jiang, Jarred Barber, Kimin Lee*, Nataniel Ruiz, Dilip Krishnan, Huiwen Chang*, Yuanzhen Li, Irfan Essa, Michael Rubinstein, Yuan Hao, Glenn Entis, Irina Blok, Daniel Castro Chin

Three Towers: Flexible Contrastive Learning with Pretrained Image Models Jannik Kossen*, Mark Collier, Basil Mustafa, Xiao Wang, Xiaohua Zhai, Lucas Beyer, Andreas Steiner, Jesse Berent, Rodolphe Jenatton, Efi Kokiopoulou

Two-Stage Learning to Defer with Multiple Experts Anqi Mao, Christopher Mohri, Mehryar Mohri, Yutao Zhong

AdANNS: A Framework for Adaptive Semantic Search Aniket Rege, Aditya Kusupati, Sharan Ranjit S, Alan Fan, Qingqing Cao, Sham Kakade, Prateek Jain, Ali Farhadi

Cappy: Outperforming and Boosting Large Multi-Task LMs with a Small Scorer Bowen Tan*, Yun Zhu, Lijuan Liu, Eric Xing, Zhiting Hu, Jindong Chen

Causal-structure Driven Augmentations for Text OOD Generalization Amir Feder, Yoav Wald, Claudia Shi, Suchi Saria, David Blei

Dense-Exponential Random Features: Sharp Positive Estimators of the Gaussian Kernel Valerii Likhosherstov, Krzysztof Choromanski, Avinava Dubey, Frederick Liu, Tamas Sarlos, Adrian Weller

Diffusion Hyperfeatures: Searching Through Time and Space for Semantic Correspondence Grace Luo, Lisa Dunlap, Dong Huk Park, Aleksander Holynski, Trevor Darrell

Diffusion Self-Guidance for Controllable Image Generation Dave Epstein, Allan Jabri, Ben Poole, Alexei A Efros, Aleksander Holynski

Fully Dynamic k-Clustering in Õ(k) Update Time Sayan Bhattacharya, Martin Nicolas Costa, Silvio Lattanzi, Nikos Parotsidis

Improving CLIP Training with Language Rewrites Lijie Fan, Dilip Krishnan, Phillip Isola, Dina Katabi, Yonglong Tian

<!–k-Means Clustering with Distance-Based Privacy Alessandro Epasto, Vahab Mirrokni, Shyam Narayanan, Peilin Zhong

–>

LayoutGPT: Compositional Visual Planning and Generation with Large Language Models Weixi Feng, Wanrong Zhu, Tsu-Jui Fu, Varun Jampani, Arjun Reddy Akula, Xuehai He, Sugato Basu, Xin Eric Wang, William Yang Wang

Offline Reinforcement Learning for Mixture-of-Expert Dialogue Management Dhawal Gupta*, Yinlam Chow, Azamat Tulepbergenov, Mohammad Ghavamzadeh*, Craig Boutilier

Optimal Unbiased Randomizers for Regression with Label Differential Privacy Ashwinkumar Badanidiyuru, Badih Ghazi, Pritish Kamath, Ravi Kumar, Ethan Jacob Leeman, Pasin Manurangsi, Avinash V Varadarajan, Chiyuan Zhang

Paraphrasing Evades Detectors of AI-generated Text, but Retrieval Is an Effective Defense Kalpesh Krishna, Yixiao Song, Marzena Karpinska, John Wieting, Mohit Iyyer

ReMaX: Relaxing for Better Training on Efficient Panoptic Segmentation Shuyang Sun*, Weijun Wang, Qihang Yu*, Andrew Howard, Philip Torr, Liang-Chieh Chen*

Robust and Actively Secure Serverless Collaborative Learning Nicholas Franzese, Adam Dziedzic, Christopher A. Choquette-Choo, Mark R. Thomas, Muhammad Ahmad Kaleem, Stephan Rabanser, Congyu Fang, Somesh Jha, Nicolas Papernot, Xiao Wang

SpecTr: Fast Speculative Decoding via Optimal Transport Ziteng Sun, Ananda Theertha Suresh, Jae Hun Ro, Ahmad Beirami, Himanshu Jain, Felix Yu

Structured Prediction with Stronger Consistency Guarantees Anqi Mao, Mehryar Mohri, Yutao Zhong

Affinity-Aware Graph Networks Ameya Velingker, Ali Kemal Sinop, Ira Ktena, Petar Veličković, Sreenivas Gollapudi

ARTIC3D: Learning Robust Articulated 3D Shapes from Noisy Web Image Collections Chun-Han Yao*, Amit Raj, Wei-Chih Hung, Yuanzhen Li, Michael Rubinstein, Ming-Hsuan Yang, Varun Jampani

Black-Box Differential Privacy for Interactive ML Haim Kaplan, Yishay Mansour, Shay Moran, Kobbi Nissim, Uri Stemmer

Bypassing the Simulator: Near-Optimal Adversarial Linear Contextual Bandits Haolin Liu, Chen-Yu Wei, Julian Zimmert

DaTaSeg: Taming a Universal Multi-Dataset Multi-Task Segmentation Model

Xiuye Gu, Yin Cui*, Jonathan Huang, Abdullah Rashwan, Xuan Yang, Xingyi Zhou, Golnaz Ghiasi, Weicheng Kuo, Huizhong Chen, Liang-Chieh Chen*, David Ross

Easy Learning from Label Proportions Robert Busa-Fekete, Heejin Choi*, Travis Dick, Claudio Gentile, Andres Munoz Medina

Efficient Data Subset Selection to Generalize Training Across Models: Transductive and Inductive Networks Eeshaan Jain, Tushar Nandy, Gaurav Aggarwal, Ashish Tendulkar, Rishabh Iyer, Abir De

Faster Differentially Private Convex Optimization via Second-Order Methods Arun Ganesh, Mahdi Haghifam*, Thomas Steinke, Abhradeep Guha Thakurta

Finding Safe Zones of Markov Decision Processes Policies Lee Cohen, Yishay Mansour, Michal Moshkovitz

Focused Transformer: Contrastive Training for Context Scaling Szymon Tworkowski, Konrad Staniszewski, Mikołaj Pacek, Yuhuai Wu*, Henryk Michalewski, Piotr Miłoś

Front-door Adjustment Beyond Markov Equivalence with Limited Graph Knowledge Abhin Shah, Karthikeyan Shanmugam, Murat Kocaoglu

H-Consistency Bounds: Characterization and Extensions Anqi Mao, Mehryar Mohri, Yutao Zhong

Inverse Dynamics Pretraining Learns Good Representations for Multitask Imitation David Brandfonbrener, Ofir Nachum, Joan Bruna

Most Neural Networks Are Almost Learnable Amit Daniely, Nathan Srebro, Gal Vardi

Multiclass Boosting: Simple and Intuitive Weak Learning Criteria Nataly Brukhim, Amit Daniely, Yishay Mansour, Shay Moran

NeRF Revisited: Fixing Quadrature Instability in Volume Rendering Mikaela Angelina Uy, Kiyohiro Nakayama, Guandao Yang, Rahul Krishna Thomas, Leonidas Guibas, Ke Li

Privacy Amplification via Compression: Achieving the Optimal Privacy-Accuracy-Communication Trade-off in Distributed Mean Estimation Wei-Ning Chen, Dan Song, Ayfer Ozgur, Peter Kairouz

Private Federated Frequency Estimation: Adapting to the Hardness of the Instance Jingfeng Wu*, Wennan Zhu, Peter Kairouz, Vladimir Braverman

RETVec: Resilient and Efficient Text Vectorizer Elie Bursztein, Marina Zhang, Owen Skipper Vallis, Xinyu Jia, Alexey Kurakin

Symbolic Discovery of Optimization Algorithms Xiangning Chen*, Chen Liang, Da Huang, Esteban Real, Kaiyuan Wang, Hieu Pham, Xuanyi Dong, Thang Luong, Cho-Jui Hsieh, Yifeng Lu, Quoc V. Le

A Tale of Two Features: Stable Diffusion Complements DINO for Zero-Shot Semantic Correspondence Junyi Zhang, Charles Herrmann, Junhwa Hur, Luisa F. Polania, Varun Jampani, Deqing Sun, Ming-Hsuan Yang

A Trichotomy for Transductive Online Learning Steve Hanneke, Shay Moran, Jonathan Shafer

A Unified Fast Gradient Clipping Framework for DP-SGD William Kong, Andres Munoz Medina

Unleashing the Power of Randomization in Auditing Differentially Private ML Krishna Pillutla, Galen Andrew, Peter Kairouz, H. Brendan McMahan, Alina Oprea, Sewoong Oh

(Amplified) Banded Matrix Factorization: A unified approach to private training Christopher A Choquette-Choo, Arun Ganesh, Ryan McKenna, H Brendan McMahan, Keith Rush, Abhradeep Guha Thakurta, Zheng Xu

Adversarial Resilience in Sequential Prediction via Abstention Surbhi Goel, Steve Hanneke, Shay Moran, Abhishek Shetty

Alternating Gradient Descent and Mixture-of-Experts for Integrated Multimodal Perception Hassan Akbari, Dan Kondratyuk, Yin Cui, Rachel Hornung, Huisheng Wang, Hartwig Adam

Android in the Wild: A Large-Scale Dataset for Android Device Control Christopher Rawles, Alice Li, Daniel Rodriguez, Oriana Riva, Timothy Lillicrap

Benchmarking Robustness to Adversarial Image Obfuscations Florian Stimberg, Ayan Chakrabarti, Chun-Ta Lu, Hussein Hazimeh, Otilia Stretcu, Wei Qiao, Yintao Liu, Merve Kaya, Cyrus Rashtchian, Ariel Fuxman, Mehmet Tek, Sven Gowal

Building Socio-culturally Inclusive Stereotype Resources with Community Engagement Sunipa Dev, Jaya Goyal, Dinesh Tewari, Shachi Dave, Vinodkumar Prabhakaran

Consensus and Subjectivity of Skin Tone Annotation for ML Fairness Candice Schumann, Gbolahan O Olanubi, Auriel Wright, Ellis Monk Jr*, Courtney Heldreth, Susanna Ricco

Counting Distinct Elements Under Person-Level Differential Privacy Alexander Knop, Thomas Steinke

DICES Dataset: Diversity in Conversational AI Evaluation for Safety Lora Aroyo, Alex S. Taylor, Mark Diaz, Christopher M. Homan, Alicia Parrish, Greg Serapio-García, Vinodkumar Prabhakaran, Ding Wang

Does Progress on ImageNet Transfer to Real-world Datasets? Alex Fang, Simon Kornblith, Ludwig Schmidt

Estimating Generic 3D Room Structures from 2D Annotations Denys Rozumnyi*, Stefan Popov, Kevis-kokitsi Maninis, Matthias Nießner, Vittorio Ferrari

Large Language Model as Attributed Training Data Generator: A Tale of Diversity and Bias Yue Yu, Yuchen Zhuang, Jieyu Zhang, Yu Meng, Alexander Ratner, Ranjay Krishna, Jiaming Shen, Chao Zhang

MADLAD-400: A Multilingual And Document-Level Large Audited Dataset Sneha Kudugunta, Isaac Caswell, Biao Zhang, Xavier Garcia, Derrick Xin, Aditya Kusupati, Romi Stella, Ankur Bapna, Orhan Firat

Mechanic: A Learning Rate Tuner Ashok Cutkosky, Aaron Defazio, Harsh Mehta

NAVI: Category-Agnostic Image Collections with High-Quality 3D Shape and Pose Annotations Varun Jampani, Kevis-kokitsi Maninis, Andreas Engelhardt, Arjun Karpur, Karen Truong, Kyle Sargent, Stefan Popov, Andre Araujo, Ricardo Martin Brualla, Kaushal Patel, Daniel Vlasic, Vittorio Ferrari, Ameesh Makadia, Ce Liu*, Yuanzhen Li, Howard Zhou

Neural Ideal Large Eddy Simulation: Modeling Turbulence with Neural Stochastic Differential Equations Anudhyan Boral, Zhong Yi Wan, Leonardo Zepeda-Nunez, James Lottes, Qing Wang, Yi-Fan Chen, John Roberts Anderson, Fei Sha

Restart Sampling for Improving Generative Processes Yilun Xu, Mingyang Deng, Xiang Cheng, Yonglong Tian, Ziming Liu, Tommi Jaakkola

Rethinking Incentives in Recommender Systems: Are Monotone Rewards Always Beneficial? Fan Yao, Chuanhao Li, Karthik Abinav Sankararaman, Yiming Liao, Yan Zhu, Qifan Wang, Hongning Wang, Haifeng Xu

Revisiting Evaluation Metrics for Semantic Segmentation: Optimization and Evaluation of Fine-grained Intersection over Union Zifu Wang, Maxim Berman, Amal Rannen-Triki, Philip Torr, Devis Tuia, Tinne Tuytelaars, Luc Van Gool, Jiaqian Yu, Matthew B. Blaschko

RoboHive: A Unified Framework for Robot Learning Vikash Kumar, Rutav Shah, Gaoyue Zhou, Vincent Moens, Vittorio Caggiano, Abhishek Gupta, Aravind Rajeswaran

SatBird: Bird Species Distribution Modeling with Remote Sensing and Citizen Science Data Mélisande Teng, Amna Elmustafa, Benjamin Akera, Yoshua Bengio, Hager Radi, Hugo Larochelle, David Rolnick

Sparsity-Preserving Differentially Private Training of Large Embedding Models Badih Ghazi, Yangsibo Huang*, Pritish Kamath, Ravi Kumar, Pasin Manurangsi, Amer Sinha, Chiyuan Zhang

StableRep: Synthetic Images from Text-to-Image Models Make Strong Visual Representation Learners Yonglong Tian, Lijie Fan, Phillip Isola, Huiwen Chang, Dilip Krishnan

Towards Federated Foundation Models: Scalable Dataset Pipelines for Group-Structured Learning Zachary Charles, Nicole Mitchell, Krishna Pillutla, Michael Reneer, Zachary Garrett

Universality and Limitations of Prompt Tuning Yihan Wang, Jatin Chauhan, Wei Wang, Cho-Jui Hsieh

Unsupervised Semantic Correspondence Using Stable Diffusion Eric Hedlin, Gopal Sharma, Shweta Mahajan, Hossam Isack, Abhishek Kar, Andrea Tagliasacchi, Kwang Moo Yi

YouTube-ASL: A Large-Scale, Open-Domain American Sign Language-English Parallel Corpus Dave Uthus, Garrett Tanzer, Manfred Georg

The Noise Level in Linear Regression with Dependent Data Ingvar Ziemann, Stephen Tu, George J. Pappas, Nikolai Matni

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binging-asian-dramas · 3 years

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Falling Into Your Smile. 7

Story: 6

Acting: 9

Chemistry: 10

Comparable to: Love 020 (cdrama); Go Go Squid (cdrama)

For me this drama was just eh. I know it’s a sort of new fan favorite, but, I don’t know, it just didn’t hit me right I guess. For instance, I love the ‘gaming e-sport’ storyline, especially the competing part, but the romance story threw me way off. I mean for me it was way to predictable and cheesy to the point it was goo-ing out of its side. Yes it had some nice moments and the main leads had excellent chemistry with one other, even though the female lead was rough sometimes with her acting. (It was her first drama so not terrible just in here and there wobbly) I suppose give this drama at least a good five episodes to determine if you’ll like it or not.

#falling into your smile #cdrama #viki #netflix #cheng xiao #xu kai #rachel wang #zhai xiaowen #zhou yi ran #yao chi #sun kai #gao han #cui shao yang #teen #sporty #romantic drama #romantic comedy

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bookofjin · 4 years

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Annals of Yuanjia 9

[From SS005]

[Yuanjia 9, 17 February 432 – 5 February 433]

9th Year, Spring, 3rd Month, gengxu [21 April], the General of Guards, Wang Hong, advanced in rank to Grand Guardian, concurrently Overseer of the Palace Writers.

On dingsi [28 April], the Great General who Conquers the South and Inspector of Jiang province, Tan Daoji advanced in rank to Minister of Works.

Summer, 4th Month, yihai [16 May], used the General who Protects the Army, Yin Mu, as Specially Advanced, Brilliantly Blessed Grandee of the Right; the Duke of Jianchang county, Dao Yanzhi, as General who Protects the Army.

5th Month, renshen [12 July], the Overseer of the Palace Writers, Recorder of the Affairs of the Masters of Writing, General of Guards, and Inspector of Yang province, Wang Hong, passed away.

6th Month, jiaxu [14 July], used the Army Consultant Army Advisor of the Left, Shen Xuan, as Inspector of Qing province. Divided Qing province to set up Ji province.

On wuyin [18 July], the Minister over the Masses and Inspector of Nanxu province, the King of Pengcheng, Yikang, changed to nominal Inspector of Yang province.

On jimao [19 July], used the Army Advisor to the Minister over the Masses, Cui Yin, as Inspector of Ji province.

On renwu [22 July], used Tuyuhun Murong Yan as General who Pacifies the East. Tuyuhun Shiqian as General who Pacifies the North, Tuyuhun Huifa as General who Garrisons the East.

On guiwei [23 July], a decree said:

Yi, Liang#, Jiao and Guang are regions and areas isolated and far away. In governing suitable for beings' thoughts, sometimes many particularly bunch together. Can once more dispatch great envoys to patrol and seek out the population's illnesses.

Set up the offices of Generals who Store Up Shots and Strong Crossbows.

On yiwei [4 August], used the General who Conquers the West and Inspector of Sha province, Tuyuhun Murong Gui, as Great General who Conquers the West, Inspector of Xiqin and He provinces, and King of Longxi. The Inspector of Beiqin province, Yang Nandang, increased in title to General who Conquers the West.

On renyin [11 August], used the General who Consoles the Army and Inspector of Jing province, the King of Jianxia, Yigong, as General who Conquers the North, Opening Office with Ceremonies Similar to the Three Ministers, and Inspector of Nanyan province; the General of the Van, the King of Linchuan, Yiqing, as General who Pacifies the West and Inspector of Jing province; the Inspector of Nanyan province, the King of Jingling, Yixuan, as Overseer of the Palace Writers and General of the Central Army; the General who Conquers the Caitiffs, the King of Hengyang, Yiji, as Inspector of Nanxu province.

Autumn, 7th Month, wuchen [6 September], used the Master of Writing, Wang Chongde, as General who Garrisons the North and Inspector of Xu province.

On gengwu [8 September], used the General who Leads the Army, Yin Jingren, as Supervisor of the Masters of Writing; the Intendant of Affairs to the Heir-Apparent, Liu Zhan, as General who Leads the Army.

On renshen [10 September], the state of Henan and the King of Hexi dispatched envoys to present the things of their regions.

9th Month [10 October – 8 November], the bewitching thief Zhao Guang robbed Yi province, capturing and subduing the commanderies and counties. The province office chastised and pacified him.

Winter, 11th Month, renzi [19 December], used the Junior Office, Zhen Fachong as Inspector of Yi province.

On guichou [20 December], in Guang province established Songkang commandery.

12th Month, jiaxu [10 January], used the Army Advisor of the Right Army, Li Xiuzhi, as Inspector of Jiao province.

On gengyini [26 January], installed the fifth imperial son, Shao, as King of Luling; the King of Jiangxia, Yigong's son Lang as King of Nanfeng county.

#ss005

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fuyonggu · 5 years

Text

SGZ Biography of Zhuge Liang (Until Liu Bei’s Death)

I had a draft of this I was working on earlier. Daolun might appreciate it for his articles.

諸葛亮字孔明，琅邪陽都人也。漢司隸校尉諸葛豐後也。父圭，字君貢，漢末為太山郡丞。亮早孤，從父玄為袁術所署豫章太守，玄將亮及亮弟均之官。會漢朝更選朱皓代玄。玄素與荊州牧劉表有舊，往依之。玄卒，亮躬畊隴畝，好為《梁父吟》。身長八尺，每自比於管仲、樂毅，時人莫之許也。惟博陵崔州平、潁川徐庶元直與亮友善，謂為信然。

Zhuge Liang, styled Kongming, was a native of Yangdu county in Langye commandary. He was a descendant of the Han dynasty's Colonel-Director of Retainers, Zhuge Feng.

Zhuge Liang’s father was Zhuge Gui, styled Jungong, who served as a Minister of Taishan commandary during the final years of the Han dynasty. But Zhuge Gui passed away while Zhuge Liang was still young. Zhuge Liang thus went to live with his uncle, Zhuge Xuan, when Zhuge Xuan was appointed by Yuan Shu as Administrator of Yuzhang. Not long afterwards, the Han court appointed Zhu Hao to replace Zhuge Xuan as Administrator. So since Zhuge Xuan had an existing relationship with the Governor of Jingzhou, Liu Biao, he and his nephews went to stay with Liu Biao instead.

By the time Zhuge Xuan passed away, Zhuge Liang had taken up farming, and he was fond of the Song of Liangfu. He grew to be eight chi tall. He was always comparing himself to the ancients Guan Zhong and Yue Yi. Hardly anyone agreed with such an assessment; only Cui Zhouping of Boling commandary and Xu Shu of Yingchuan commandary (styled Yuanzhi), who were his good friends, said he was right to think so.

〈《獻帝春秋》曰：初，豫章太守周術病卒，劉表上諸葛玄為豫章太守，治南昌。漢朝聞周術死，遣朱皓代玄。皓從揚州刺史劉繇求兵擊玄，玄退屯西城，皓入南昌。建安二年正月，西城民反，殺玄，送首詣繇。此書所云，與本傳不同。〉〈《漢晉春秋》曰：亮家于南陽之鄧縣，在襄陽城西二十里，號曰隆中。〉〈按《崔氏譜》：州平，太尉烈子，均之弟也。《魏略》曰：亮在荊州，以建安初與潁川石廣元、徐元直、汝南孟公威等俱游學，三人務於精熟，而亮獨觀其大略。每晨夜從容，常抱膝長嘯，而謂三人曰：「卿三人仕進可至刺史郡守也。」三人問其所至，亮但笑而不言。後公威思鄉里，欲北歸，亮謂之曰：「中國饒士大夫，遨遊何必故鄉邪！」臣松之以為《魏略》此言，謂諸葛亮為公威計者可也，若謂兼為己言，可謂未達其心矣。老氏稱知人者智，自知者明，凡在賢達之流，固必兼而有焉。以諸葛亮之鑒識，豈不能自審其分乎？夫其高吟俟時，情見乎言，志氣所存，既已定於其始矣。若使游步中華，騁其龍光，豈夫多士所能沈翳哉！委質魏氏，展其器能，誠非陳長文、司馬仲達所能頡頏，而況於餘哉！苟不患功業不就，道之不行，雖志恢宇宙而終不北向者，蓋以權御已移，漢祚將傾，方將翊贊宗傑，以興微繼絕克復為己任故也。豈其區區利在邊鄙而已乎！此相如所謂「鵾鵬已翔於遼廓，而羅者猶視於藪澤」者矣。公威名建，在魏亦貴達。〉

(The Annals of Emperor Xian states, "When the Administrator of Yuzhang, Zhou Shu, passed away of illness, Liu Biao originally sent up a petition stating that he had appointed Zhuge Xuan as the new Administrator, with his headquarters at Nanchang. But when the Han court heard that Zhou Shu had died, they sent Zhu Hao to take over the post from Zhuge Xuan. Zhu Hao asked the Inspector of Yangzhou, Liu Yao, for troops and then attacked Zhuge Xuan. Zhuge Xuan withdrew to camp at Xicheng, while Zhu Hao entered Nanchang. In the second year of Jian'an (197), the first month, the people of Xicheng rebelled; they killed Zhuge Xuan and brought his head to Liu Yao." This account naturally conflicts with the base biography.

Xi Zuochi's Annals of Han and Jin states, "Zhuge Liang's family lived in Deng county in Nanyang commandary, twenty li west from the city of Xiangyang, at a place called Longzhong."

According to the Registry of the Cui Clan, this Cui Zhouping was "the son of the Grand Commandant, Cui Lie, and the younger brother of Cui Jun".

The Weilue states, "During the days that Zhuge Liang lived in Jingzhou at the beginning of the Jian'an reign era (after 196), he spent his time wandering and learning in the company of such people as Shi Guangyuan and Xu Yuanzhi (Xu Shu) of Yingchuan commandary and Meng Gongwei of Runan commandary. Now these three fellows each had their talents, but Zhuge Liang still saw himself as greater than them. Whenever they were enjoying a moment of respite during the mornings or evenings, Zhuge Liang would often rub his knees and make a long sigh. He would say to the other three, 'Perhaps you gentlemen will rise high enough to become Inspectors or Administrators.' When they asked him what fate he saw for himself, he would only laugh without answering. Later, when Shi Guangyuan grew homesick and wished to return north, Zhuge Liang said to him, 'The Middle Kingdom is full of great leaders and gentlemen. Wander if you like, but can you really be sure of getting home again?'"

This Meng Gongwei was named Meng Jian; he also enjoyed honor and success in Wei.

In my (Pei Songzhi's) view, both Zhuge Liang's comments to Shi Guangyuan and his earlier words were indications that Zhuge Liang felt that he was not yet able to fulfill his desires. Laozi commended those who could recognize the value of others as knowledgeable and those who could appreciate their own worth as wise, and truly worthy and successful were those who displayed both these talents. Could a man of Zhuge Liang's perception and intellect have failed to recognize his own worth? He may have been indulging in songs and playing for time, but judging by his words and his feelings, his great ambitions and passions were already formed by this time.

Suppose Zhuge Liang had decided to wander through the heartlands of the dynasty and display his magnificence. Even a deluge of talents would not have been enough to obscure him! He might have given himself over to Wei, and there developed his potential and his abilities. Had he done so, he truly would have outshone even Chen Changwen (Chen Qun) and Sima Zhongda (Sima Yi), much less anyone else! No deed or endeavor would have been impossible for him; no path would have been closed to him. Yet despite being a man of such boundless ambition, in the end, he did not go north. He must have done so because he perceived that the dynasty's authority was already gone and it was on the brink of collapse, and so he wished to serve and assist some worthy relative of the dynasty to restore what had fallen, continue what had been broken, and revive what had been ended. Would he have ever limited himself to merely eking out a meager living in some border region? The proverb sums it up: "the great birds soar across the wide world, but even a bound one will still glance longingly towards the lakes and ponds."

時先主屯新野。徐庶見先主，先主器之，謂先主曰：「諸葛孔明者，臥龍也，將軍豈願見之乎？」先主曰：「君與俱來。」庶曰：「此人可就見，不可屈致也。將軍宜枉駕顧之。」由是先主遂詣亮，凡三往，乃見。因屏人曰：「漢室傾頹，姦臣竊命，主上蒙塵。孤不度德量力，欲信大義於天下，而智術淺短，遂用猖（獗）〔蹶〕，至于今日。然志猶未已，君謂計將安出？」亮答曰：自董卓已來，豪傑并起，跨州連郡者不可勝數。曹操比於袁紹，則名微而眾寡，然操遂能克紹，以弱為強者，非惟天時，抑亦人謀也。今操已擁百萬之眾，挾天子而令諸侯，此誠不可與爭鋒。孫權據有江東，已歷三世，國險而民附，賢能為之用，此可以為援而不可圖也。荊州北據漢、沔，利盡南海，東連吳會，西通巴、蜀，此用武之國，而其主不能守，此殆天所以資將軍，將軍豈有意乎？益州險塞，沃野千里，天府之土，高祖因之以成帝業。劉璋闇弱，張魯在北，民殷國富而不知存恤，智能之士思得明君。將軍既帝室之冑，信義著於四海，總攬英雄，思賢如渴，若跨有荊、益，保其巖阻，西和諸戎，南撫夷越，外結好孫權，內修政理﹔天下有變，則命一上將將荊州之軍以向宛、洛，將軍身率益州之眾出於秦川��百姓孰敢不簞食壺漿以迎將軍者乎？誠如是，則霸業可成，漢室可興矣。先主曰：「善！」於是與亮情好日密。關羽、張飛等不悅，先主解之曰：「孤之有孔明，猶魚之有水也。願諸君勿復言。」羽、飛乃止。

At this time, Liu Bei was camped at Xinye. Xu Shu came to see him, and Liu Bei appreciated him. Xu Shu told Liu Bei, "Zhuge Kongming (Zhuge Liang) is known as Sleeping Dragon. General, would you be willing to meet him?"

Liu Bei said, "Sir, let him come with you to see me."

Xu Shu replied, "He is the sort of man whom you may visit, but he will not deign to come to you. I hope you will condescend to visit him."

So Liu Bei went to meet Zhuge Liang, finally seeing him on his third visit. Liu Bei privately said to him, "The house of Han is in dire straights; a wicked (or perverse) minister is eyeing the Mandate for himself, while our sovereign suffers in exile. Though I am not possessed of virtue or blessed with strength, still I wish to restore what is right to the realm. My cunning and my skills are shallow and lacking, which has caused me to suffer several terrible stumbles. But even so, I have not given up on my ambition. Sir, what do you propose that I should do?"

Zhuge Liang replied, "Ever since Dong Zhuo's day, countless heroes have risen up to stand astride the provinces and control the commandaries. Consider Cao Cao: if we compare him to Yuan Shao, his reputation was not as great, and his army was not as numerous. Yet in the end, he was able to overcome Yuan Shao. This was an instance of the weak defeating the strong. Even if you say that Heaven had willed it to be so, it still required the planning of mortals to see it through. By now, Cao Cao has already assembled an army of a million soldiers, and he keeps the Son of Heaven in his power so that he may 'command the feudal lords' to heed his will. He cannot be confronted directly. There is also Sun Quan to consider: he wields control over the Southland, where his family has enjoyed power for three generations. His domain enjoys good natural defenses, his people are bonded to him, and he employs the worthy and able. You would be able to gain support from him, but he too cannot be conquered.

"Now consider Jingzhou: it is flanked by the Han and Mian Rivers to the north while enjoying all the bounty of the southern sea, and it borders Wu and Kuaiji to the east and Ba and Shu to the west. It is well suited for supporting military endeavors. Yet the lord of Jingzhou is unable to defend it. General, it is almost as though Heaven has furnished Jingzhou in order to deliver it right into your own hands; can you have no desire for it? Not only that, there is Yizhou: blessed with both sturdy natural defenses and a thousand li of fertile fields for harvest, it is a storehouse of Heaven's produce. It was for that reason that Gaozu (Liu Bang), using this region as his base, was able to achieve his ambition of becoming Emperor. But the current lord of Yizhou, Liu Zhang, is blind and weak, and Zhang Lu is to his north. Yizhou is a rich land and filled with people, yet he cannot (or, does not know how to) bring them comfort, and people of ability and intellect long to be ruled by a wise sovereign.

"General, you yourself are a descendant of the royal lineage, and your trustworthy and righteous reputation has spread all throughout the Four Seas; you gather and command bold heroes, and you seek worthy people like one thirsts for water. So I propose that you take control of Jingzhou and Yizhou for yourself. Then guard their defensive points (or mountain ranges), while you achieve peace with the Rong tribes in the west, bring comfort to the Yi tribes of Yue in the south, form ties with Sun Quan without, and reform and perfect your government within. Eventually, once some great opportunity presents itself, you may appoint a supreme general to lead the armies of Jingzhou towards Wan and Luoyang, while you lead the armies of Yizhou out into Qinzhou. At that time, who will dare not to come to welcome you and present you with food and drink? By doing these things, you may achieve your design as a hegemon, and the Han royal family may flourish once more."

Liu Bei said, "Excellent!" And he became close to Zhuge Liang and spent days together with him. Guan Yu, Zhang Fei, and others were not pleased, but Liu Bei explained to them, "Now that I have found Kongming, I am like a fish that has found water. Gentlemen, please say nothing further about this." So Guan Yu and Zhang Fei stopped.

〈《襄陽記》曰：劉備訪世事於司馬德操。德操曰：「儒生俗士，豈識時務？識時務者在乎俊傑。此間自有伏龍、鳳雛。」備問為誰，曰：「諸葛孔明、龐士元也。」〉〈《魏略》曰：劉備屯於樊城。是時曹公方定河北，亮知荊州次當受敵，而劉表性緩，不曉軍事。亮乃北行見備，備與亮非舊，又以其年少，以諸生意待之。坐集既畢，眾賓皆去，而亮獨留，備亦不問其所欲言。備性好結毦，時適有人以髦牛尾與備者，備因手自結之。亮乃進曰：「明將軍當復有遠志，但結毦而已邪！」備知亮非常人也，乃投毦而答曰：「是何言與！我聊以忘憂耳。」亮遂言曰：「將軍度劉鎮南孰與曹公邪？」備曰：「不及。」亮又曰：「將軍自度何如也？」備曰：「亦不如。」曰：「今皆不及，而將軍之眾不過數千人，以此待敵，得無非計乎！」備曰：「我亦愁之，當若之何？」亮曰：「今荊州非少人也，而著籍者寡，平居發調，則人心不悅；可語鎮南，令國中凡有游戶，皆使自實，因錄以益眾可也。」備從其計，故眾遂強。備由此知亮有英略，乃以上客禮之。九州春秋所言亦如之。臣松之以為亮表云「先帝不以臣卑鄙，猥自枉屈，三顧臣於草廬之中，諮臣以當世之事」，則非亮先詣備，明矣。雖聞見異辭，各生彼此，然乖背至是，亦良為可怪。〉

(Xi Zuochi's Records of Xiangyang states, "Liu Bei discussed the affairs of the day with Sima Decao (Sima Hui). Sima Decao told him, 'What could mere scholars or common fellows understand of modern circumstances? It is those who are knowledgeable of such things that are the real talents. And among this sort are Crouching Dragon and Fledging Phoenix.' Liu Bei asked him who these two were, and Sima Decao replied, 'Zhuge Kongming and Xu Shiyuan.'"

The Weilue states, "During the time that Cao Cao was pacifying the region north of the Yellow River, Liu Bei was camped at Fancheng. Zhuge Liang knew that Jingzhou would be Cao Cao's next target. Yet Liu Biao had a complacent nature and did not grasp military matters. So Zhuge Liang went north to see Liu Bei.

“Since Zhuge Liang was a young man and had no prior relationship with Liu Bei, Liu Bei received him in the company of several other people. After the meeting had ended and the other guests all left, Zhuge Liang remained behind. However, Liu Bei did not ask him what he wanted to say. Instead, since Liu Bei had a habit of braiding bits of hair together and someone had given him some tail-hairs from horses and oxen, he was braiding them together. Zhuge Liang stepped forward and declared, 'A wise general ought to be considering long-term plans, not merely braid together some hairs!'

“Liu Bei realized that Zhuge Liang was no ordinary fellow. He tossed the hairs aside and laughed, saying, 'Why say such a thing? I was merely amusing myself to forget my concerns.'

“Zhuge Liang then said, 'General, do you think General Liu (Liu Biao) is any match for Lord Cao (Cao Cao)?'

“Liu Bei replied, 'He is not.'

“Zhuge Liang said, 'And how do you yourself compare?'

“Liu Bei replied, 'I am not his equal either.'

“Zhuge Liang said, 'So you recognize that neither of you is a match for him. Yet General, your army is no more than a few thousand soldiers. You intend to meet the enemy with such an army? What sort of plan is that?'

“Liu Bei replied, 'That is just what concerns me. But what am I to do about it?'

“Zhuge Liang said, 'Jingzhou currently has a considerable population. Yet the official population registries are quite meager. If you attempted to draft soldiers from among those who are already registered and have settled lives here, they will not be happy to suffer such disturbances. But you might tell General Liu to command all refugee households in the province to register themselves, and once they do so, you can further your numbers by drafting from among them instead.'

“Liu Bei followed his advice, and his army was thus strengthened. So Liu Bei knew that Zhuge Liang had heroic cunning, and he treated him as a guest of honor."

The Annals of the Nine Provinces has the same account.

Now regarding these two accounts, your servant Pei Songzhi notes that Zhuge Liang later wrote in his first petition to Liu Shan that "The First Sovereign (Liu Bei) overlooked my obscurity and humbled himself to come three times to my thatched cottage seeking me, in order to discuss the affairs of the age with me". So it seems clear that it cannot have been the case that Zhuge Liang was the one who approached Liu Bei first. Yet it does seem remarkable that two other texts would have an account of their meeting both so similar to one another and so different from Chen Shou's version.)

劉表長子琦，亦深器亮。表受後妻之言，愛少子琮，不悅於琦。琦每欲與亮謀自安之術，亮輒拒塞，未與處畫。琦乃將亮游觀後園，共上高樓，飲宴之間，令人去梯，因謂亮曰：「今日上不至天，下不至地，言出子口，入於吾耳，可以言不？」亮答曰：「君不見申生在內而危，重耳在外而安乎？」琦意感悟，陰規出計。會黃祖死，得出，遂為江夏太守。俄而表卒，琮聞曹公來征，遣使請降。先主在樊聞之，率其眾南行，亮與徐庶并從，為曹公所追破，獲庶母。庶辭先主而指其心曰：「本欲與將軍共圖王霸之業者，以此方寸之地也。今已失老母，方寸亂矣，無益於事，請從此別。」遂詣曹公。

Liu Biao's eldest son Liu Qi also highly esteemed Zhuge Liang. Now Liu Biao had heeded the words of his second wife and began to favor his younger son Liu Cong, and was no longer pleased with Liu Qi. Liu Qi thus kept asking Zhuge Liang for a plan to help secure his position. However, Zhuge Liang kept putting him off, not wanting to be compelled to make a plan for him.

Thus, during an occasion when Liu Qi had brought Zhuge Liang to walk through and observe the rear gardens and they went up into a tall tower together, Liu Qi ordered someone to take the ladder away. He then said to Zhuge Liang, "Today we are cut off from both Heaven above and the earth below, so the words you speak shall be heard by my ears alone. Will you not say something?"

Zhuge Liang replied, "Sir, you are perhaps familiar with the ancient Duke Xian of Jin, whose wife Li Ji turned him against his sons Shensheng and Chong'er. Do you recall that Shensheng remained with his family and thus met his doom, while Chong'er fled the state and thus saved his life and became Duke Wen of Jin in the end?"

Liu Qi realized what Zhuge Liang was suggesting, so he secretly developed a plan to make his own escape. Not long afterwards, the border general Huang Zu was killed, and thus offered an opportunity to leave Xiangyang, Liu Qi had himself appointed as Administrator of Jiangxia to succeed Huang Zu.

Soon afterwards, Liu Biao passed away. When Liu Cong heard that Cao Cao was coming to campaign against Jingzhou, he sent envoys to him asking to surrender. Liu Bei was still at Fan, but when he learned that Liu Cong was surrendering, he led his forces south. Zhuge Liang and Xu Shu both accompanied him. But Liu Bei's forces were pursued and routed by Cao Cao, and Xu Shu's mother was captured. Xu Shu then took his leave of Liu Bei; pointing to his heart, he said, "This little heart of mine dearly wished to help you achieve your conquest, General. But now my old mother is lost, and my heart is in such turmoil that I would be of no use to you. Please allow us to part ways." And he went to visit Cao Cao.

〈《魏略》曰：庶先名福，本單家子，少好任俠擊劍。中平末，嘗為人報讎，白堊突面，被髪而走，為吏所得，問其姓字，閉口不言。吏乃於車上立柱維磔之，擊鼓以令於市鄽，莫敢識者，而其黨伍共篡解之，得脫。於是感激，棄其刀戟，更疏巾單衣，折節學問。始詣精舍，諸生聞其前作賊，不肯與共止。福乃卑躬早起，常獨掃除，動靜先意，聽習經業，義理精熟。遂與同郡石韜相親愛。初平中，中州兵起，乃與韜南客荊州，到，又與諸葛亮特相善。及荊州內附，孔明與劉備相隨去，福與韜俱來北。至黃初中，韜仕歷郡守、典農校尉，福至右中郎將、御史中丞。逮大和中，諸葛亮出隴右，聞元直、廣元仕財如此，嘆曰：「魏殊多士邪！何彼二人不見用乎？」庶後數年病卒，有碑在彭城，今猶存焉。〉

(The Weilue states, "Xu Shu was originally named Shan Fu. As a young man, he enjoyed being a wandering tough and fighting people with his sword.

“On one occasion during the Zhongping reign era (184-189), he took revenge on behalf of someone else. Then, marking his face with chalk and letting down his hair, he tried to flee, but was caught by the officials. They asked him to identify himself, but he refused to say anything. The officials then tied him to a post atop a cart and beat the drums as they paraded him through the marketplace, but no one dared to recognize him. However, his fellows were able to break his bonds and let him escape.

“Shan Fu was so moved by this experience that he gave up the life of the blade, and putting on a thin scarf and plain clothes, he began applying himself to his studies. When he first came to the house of refinement, the other students ostracized him because they had heard about his past misdeeds. But Shan Fu remained humble, rose early, often swept the place alone, thought before he acted, remained diligent in his studies, and perfected his morals and his reasoning. He became good friends with a man from the same commandary as him, Shi Tao.

“At the beginning of the Chuping reign era (~190), when civil strife in the Central Provinces began, Shan Fu and Shi Tao went south to live as refugees in Jingzhou, and upon arriving there Shan Fu became especially close to Zhuge Liang. After Jingzhou fell under the control of Cao Cao, Kongming left along with Liu Bei, while Shan Fu and Shi Tao returned home to the north.

“By the time of the Huangchu reign era (220-226), Shi Tao had served as an Administrator and as Colonel of Agriculture, while Shan Fu had served as General of the Household Gentlemen of the Right and Middle Assistant to the Imperial Secretary. During the Dahe [Taihe] reign era (226-233), when Zhuge Liang came to Longyou on his northern campaign, when he heard that Yuanzhi and Guangyuan had been given such meager ranks and salaries, he lamented, 'How many talents Wei must have! Why did they not make greater use of those two gentlemen?'

“Shan Fu passed away of illness several years later. A stele was erected for him at Pengcheng, and even today (~265) it is still there.")

[Due to the uncertainties of the end of quotes, it’s possible that Pei Songzhi was saying that this stele still existed in his own time, ie ~429.]

先主至於夏口，亮曰：「事急矣，請奉命求救於孫將軍。」時權擁軍在柴桑，觀望成敗，亮說權曰：「海內大亂，將軍起兵據有江東，劉豫州亦收眾漢南，與曹操并爭天下。今操芟夷大難，略已平矣，遂破荊州，威震四海。英雄無所用武，故豫州遁逃至此。將軍量力而處之：若能以吳、越之眾與中國抗衡，不如早與之絕﹔若不能當，何不案兵束甲，北面而事之！今將軍外託服從之名，而內懷猶豫之計，事急而不斷，禍至無日矣！」權曰：「苟如君言，劉豫州何不遂事之乎？」亮曰：「田橫，齊之壯士耳，猶守義不辱，況劉豫州王室之冑，英才蓋世，眾士仰慕，若水之歸海，若事之不濟，此乃天也，安能復為之下乎！」權勃然曰：「吾不能舉全吳之地，十萬之眾，受制於人。吾計決矣！非劉豫州莫可以當曹操者，然豫州新敗之後，安能抗此難乎？」亮曰：「豫州軍雖敗於長阪，今戰士還者及關羽水軍精甲萬人，劉琦合江夏戰士亦不下萬人。曹操之眾，遠來疲弊，聞追豫州，輕騎一日一夜行三百餘里，此所謂『彊弩之末，勢不能穿魯縞』者也。故兵法忌之，曰『必蹶上將軍』。且北方之人，不習水戰﹔又荊州之民附操者，逼兵勢耳，非心服也。今將軍誠能命猛將統兵數萬，與豫州協規同力，破操軍必矣。操軍破，必北還，如此則荊、吳之勢彊，鼎足之形成矣。成敗之機，在於今日。」權大悅，即遣周瑜、程普、魯肅等水軍三萬，隨亮詣先主，并力拒曹公。曹公敗於赤壁，引軍歸鄴。先主遂收江南，以亮為軍師中郎將，使督零陵、桂陽、長沙三郡，調其賦稅，以充軍實。

When Liu Bei arrived at Xiakou, Zhuge Liang said to him, "The situation is serious. Please grant me your authority to ask for aid from General Sun Quan."

At that time, Sun Quan was keeping his army held back at Chaisang, watching and waiting to see who was going to triumph. Zhuge Liang advised him, "General, you see for yourself how all the land within the seas is in great turmoil. You have risen up with troops and occupied the Southland as your own, while the Inspector of Yuzhou (Liu Bei) has gathered an army from those people living south of the Han River. Currently, both of you are contending with Cao Cao for control of the realm. However, Cao Cao has nearly already rooted out and vanquished the major internal threats to his rule, and now that he has routed General Liu, his authority shakes the Four Seas. Even heroes have not been able to stand against him, and thus General Liu has been compelled to flee here.

“As for you, General, you have considerable strength of your own at your command. Yet you remain waiting here. If you truly believe that the armies of the Wu and Yue regions are strong enough to oppose those of the Middle Kingdom, then you ought to break off relations with Cao Cao at once. And if you do not believe that you are a match for Cao Cao, then why haven't you disbanded your army, laid aside your armor, and faced north in submission to him? General, you give off an appearance of one who is about to submit, yet you continue to harbor uncertain plans as well. The situation is critical, yet you have made no decision. Disaster is at hand!"

Sun Quan said, "Sir, if my own situation is as serious as you say, then why hasn't General Liu submitted already?"

Zhuge Liang replied, "In ancient times, when the state of Qi was nearly conquered, Tian Heng still held fast to righteousness and refused to disgrace himself by surrendering to the enemy, and in the end he was able to restore Qi to its former glory. Now Tian Heng had no more personal attachment to Qi than that he was one of its generals. Could General Liu, who is a descendant of the royal family of the Han dynasty, fail to match Tian Heng's example and serve the dynasty to the end? He is a hero whose talents surpass the age, and both the great men and the people bow to and respect him like various rivers all flowing into the great sea. If he is defeated in the end, that will be one thing; it would have been the will of Heaven. But how could he possibly submit to another?"

Sun Quan then became agitated and declared, "I shall not give up my full possession of the Wu region or my army of a hundred thousand and submit to someone else. My plan is decided! None but General Liu can oppose Cao Cao. However, wasn't General Liu recently defeated? How then can he face such a threat?"

Zhuge Liang replied, "It's true that General Liu's army was defeated at Chang Slope. However, he still has personal command of an army of ten thousand elite soldiers counting those warriors who have returned to him and the reinforcements from Guan Yu's naval forces. And Liu Qi at Jiangxia also commands no less than another ten thousand warriors.

“As for Cao Cao, his army is far from home and suffering from exhaustion and illness. I heard that when he was pursuing General Liu, he made his light cavalry ride more than three hundred li in a single day and night. As the saying goes, 'when it's at the end of its flight, even a crossbow bolt cannot pierce the silk of Lu'. Even the Art of War argues against such a headlong march, warning that the army that does so 'will surely lose its vanguard commanders'. You should also consider that of the soldiers of Cao Cao's army, the northerners are unfamiliar with naval warfare, while the people of Jingzhou who are now serving Cao Cao have only been compelled by force to do so, and their hearts have not truly submitted to him.

“General, if you will only give the command for your fierce generals to lead a few tens of thousands of your soldiers to join forces with General Liu, you will surely rout Cao Cao's army. Having been defeated, Cao Cao will then return north. Power will split between the regions of Wu and Jing, and the realm will thus settle into a tripartite division. This is the very moment which will determine your triumph or your doom."

Sun Quan was greatly pleased with this advice. He thus sent Zhou Yu, Cheng Pu, Lu Su, and others with a naval force of thirty thousand to go with Zhuge Liang and join Liu Bei, so that with their combined strength they could oppose Cao Cao. Cao Cao was then defeated at Chibi, and he led his army back to Ye.

Liu Bei then occupied the region south of the Yangzi. He appointed Zhuge Liang as his Directing Instructor and General of the Household Gentlemen and had him administer the commandaries of Lingling, Guiyang, and Changsha, where Zhuge Liang collected taxes and rent in order to supply the army.

〈袁子曰：張子布薦亮於孫權，亮不肯留。人問其故，曰：「孫將軍可謂人主，然觀其度，能賢亮而不能盡亮，吾是以不留。」臣松之以為袁孝尼著文立論，甚重諸葛之為人，至如此言則失之殊遠。觀亮君臣相遇，可謂希世一時，終始以分，誰能間之？寧有中違斷金，甫懷擇主，設使權盡其量，便當翻然去就乎？葛生行己，豈其然哉！關羽為曹公所獲，遇之甚厚，可謂能盡其用矣，猶義不背本，曾謂孔明之不若雲長乎！〉〈《零陵先賢傳》云：亮時住臨烝。〉

(Yuan Zhun's Yuanzi states, "Zhang Zibu (Zhang Zhao) recommended to Sun Quan that he should employ Zhuge Liang as one of his own officers. However, Zhuge Liang declined to remain in his service. When people asked him why he left, Zhuge Liang told them, 'One could indeed call General Sun a leader of men. But when I judge his character, I recognize that although he would respect me, he would not make full use of me. That is why I could not stay with him.'"

Your servant Pei Songzhi notes that Yuan Xiaoni (Yuan Zhun) was very fond of Zhuge Liang as a person in all his collections of writings and recordings of discussions. But in this account he really goes too far. We have already seen that following their meeting with one another, Zhuge Liang and Liu Bei developed such a rare relationship. Who could have possibly come between them? In what situation would Zhuge Liang have gone so far as break off his relationship with Liu Bei to serve Sun Quan? And would it have made a difference whether Sun Quan really would have used Zhuge Liang to his full potential? Could Zhuge Liang possibly have been that kind of person, to then abandon his lord? Remember that when Guan Yu was captured by Cao Cao, Cao Cao treated him with great favor, and surely it could be said that he made full use of Guan Yu. Yet Guan Yu still remained righteous and would not abandon his former lord. How then could one claim that Kongming would have proved himself inferior to Yunchang?

The Records of the Past Worthies of Lingling states, "During the time of this appointment, Zhuge Liang had his base at Linzheng county (probably in Changsha commandary).")

建安十六年，益州牧劉璋遣法正迎先主，使擊張魯。亮與關羽鎮荊州。先主自葭萌還攻璋，亮與張飛、趙雲等率眾泝江，分定郡縣，與先主共圍成都。成都平，以亮為軍師將軍，署左將軍府事。先主外出，亮常鎮守成都，足食足兵。二十六年，群下勸先主稱尊號，先主未許，亮說曰：「昔吳漢、耿弇等初勸世祖即帝位，世祖辭讓，前後數四，耿純進言曰：『天下英雄喁喁，冀有所望。如不從議者，士大夫各歸求主，無為從公也。』世祖感純言深至，遂然諾之。今曹氏篡漢，天下無主，大王劉氏苗族，紹世而起，今即帝位，乃其宜也。士大夫隨大王久勤苦者，亦欲望尺寸之功如純言耳。」先主於是即帝位，策亮為丞相曰：「朕遭家不造，奉承大統，兢兢業業，不敢康寧，思靖百姓，懼未能綏。於戲！丞相亮其悉朕意，無怠輔朕之闕，助宣重光，以照明天下，君其勖哉！」亮以丞相錄尚書事，假節。張飛卒後，領司隸校尉。

In the sixteenth year of Jian'an (211), the Governor of Yizhou, Liu Zhang, sent Fa Zheng to bring Liu Bei to Yizhou and ordered him to attack Zhang Lu. Zhuge Liang and Guan Yu remained behind to defend Jingzhou. When Liu Bei marched back from Jiameng to attack Liu Zhang, Zhuge Liang, Zhang Fei, Zhao Yun, and others led an army up the Yangzi to assist him. They split up to settle various commandaries and counties, then joined Liu Bei's army to besiege Chengdu together. After Chengdu was taken, Liu Bei appointed Zhuge Liang as Directing Instructor and Chief of Staff of the General of the Left (Liu Bei's title). Whenever Liu Bei went away on campaign, Zhuge Liang often remained behind to guard Chengdu and ensure a steady supply of troops and provisions.

In the twenty-sixth year of Jian'an (221), Liu Bei's subordinates urged him to declare himself Emperor, but Liu Bei would not agree to do so. Then Zhuge Liang advised him, "In former times, Wu Han, Geng Yan, and others urged Shizu (Emperor Guangwu of Han) to do the same as we now urge you to do. Shizu, too, tried to decline, four times in all. But then Geng Yan stepped forward and told him, 'The heroes of the realm are flailing, seeking someone they can place their hopes in. If you do not follow our counsel, then every man will turn towards his own master, and no one will follow you.' Shizu appreciated the truth of this advice, and he did as Geng Yan proposed. Now the Cao family has usurped the throne from the Han dynasty, and the realm is without a ruler. Great Prince, you are of the lineage of the Liu clan and you have risen to this height already, so you must follow Shizu's example and take up the title of Emperor. Those people who have followed you and worked hard on your behalf also wish to have a chance to gain merits for themselves, just as Geng Yan once said."

Liu Bei thus declared himself Emperor. He wrote an edict appointing Zhuge Liang as Prime Minister, stating, "Due to the tragedy that has befallen my family, I am compelled to inherit the grand role. 'I am full of terror and feel the peril', and I dare not be complacent; I ponder how to bring peace to the people, yet fear that I shall not be able to achieve tranquility. Alas! May Prime Minister Zhuge Liang realize my intentions, never fail to help make up for my shortcomings, help to expand and magnify my glory and make it bright and clear to all the realm. Sir, be thus encouraged!" Zhuge Liang was appointed as Prime Minister, Chief of Affairs of the Masters of Writing, and Credential Holder.

After Zhang Fei passed away, Zhuge Liang was appointed as acting Colonel-Director of Retainers.

〈��蜀記》曰：晉初扶風王駿鎮關中，司馬高平劉寶、長史滎陽桓隰諸官屬士大夫共論諸葛亮，于時譚者多譏亮託身非所，勞困蜀民，力小謀大，不能度德量力。金城郭沖以為亮權智英略，有踰管、晏，功業未濟，論者惑焉，條亮五事隱沒不聞於世者，寶等亦不能復難。扶風王慨然善沖之言。臣松之以為亮之異美，誠所願聞，然沖之所說，實皆可疑，謹隨事難之如左：其《一事》曰：亮刑法峻急，刻剝百姓，自君子小人咸懷怨歎，法正諫曰：「昔高祖入關，約法三章，秦民知德，今君假借威力，跨據一州，初有其國，未垂惠撫；且客主之義，宜相降下，願緩刑弛禁，以慰其望。」亮答曰；「君知其一，未知其二。秦以無道，政苛民怨，匹夫大呼，天下土崩，高祖因之，可以弘濟。劉璋暗弱，自焉已來有累世之恩，文法羈縻，互相承奉，德政不舉，威刑不肅。蜀土人士，專權自恣，君臣之道，漸以陵替；寵之以位，位極則賤，順之以恩，恩竭則慢。所以致弊，實由於此。吾今威之以法，法行則知恩，限之以爵，爵加則知榮；榮恩並濟，上下有節。為治之要，於斯而著。」◇難曰：案法正在劉主前死，今稱法正諫，則劉主在也。諸葛職為股肱，事歸元首，劉主之世，亮又未領益州，慶賞刑政，不出於己。尋沖所述亮答，專自有其能，有違人臣自處之宜。以亮謙順之體，殆必不然。又云亮刑法峻急，刻剝百姓，未聞善政以刻剝為稱。

(The Records of Shu states, "At the beginning of the Jin dynasty (~265), the Prince of Fufeng, Sima Jun, was stationed in Guanzhong. He was discussing the affairs of Zhuge Liang together with his Marshal, Liu Bao of Gaoping commandary, his Chief Clerk, Huan Xi of Xingyang commandary, and his other ministers and officials. During the discussion, most of the people present felt that Zhuge Liang had both pushed himself past his limit and exhausted the people of the Shu region. They felt that his meager power had been insufficient to carry out his grand plans, and that he had not taken proper measure either of his virtue or of his strength. But there was present a certain Guo Chong of Jincheng commandary, who put forth the view that Zhuge Liang had been a man of authority and intellect, heroic and cunning, and that he had surpassed even the ancient chancellors Guan Zhong and Yan Ying. It was only because he had been unsuccessful in the end that people did not properly appreciate him. Guo Chong then related five untold stories about Zhuge Liang, previously unknown. Having heard these stories, Liu Bao and the others could no longer offer any objections, and the Prince of Fufeng was deeply moved by Guo Chong's words."

Your servant Pei Songzhi interjects here to note that, naturally, I am most inclined to hear tales of Zhuge Liang's excellence. However, we have good reason to be suspicious of these five stories that Guo Chong reported. I will continue to relate his accounts one at a time, but with my own objections following each tale.

This was Guo Chong's first tale: "Zhuge Liang administered the laws and punishments severely, laying a heavy hand upon the people, such that everyone from gentlemen to commoners were moved to anger and indignation against him. Fa Zheng remonstrated with him, saying, 'In former times, when Gaozu (Liu Bang) occupied the Qin dynasty's stronghold at Guanzhong, he charged the people only to keep his Three Precepts. Even so, the people of Qin knew virtue. Now you, Sir, have been granted power and authority and you stand astride this province. Having just come into control of the state, you rather ought to show leniency and demonstrate kindness and comfort. Besides, by the principles of host and guests, both should demonstrate humility to one another. Therefore, I ask you to slacken your restrictions and loosen your regulations, in order to reassure the people.'

"Zhuge Liang replied, 'Sir, you understand part of the situation, but you do not grasp the whole. The Qin dynasty ruled without principle, and their oppression roused the anger of the people against them. At that time, all it took was the great shout of some mere common fellow (Chen Sheng), and the whole realm came crashing down. Those were the circumstances under which Gaozu found success by demonstrating magnanimity and mercy.

“‘But it has been different with our recent past. Liu Zhang was a blind and weak ruler, and the people of the Shu region had enjoyed generous treatment even since the time of his predecessors. The law codes were such that everyone did whatever they saw best; the virtues of the administration were not upheld, nor was the authority of its punishments respected. All the people of the Shu region, from the gentry down to the commoners, claimed power for themselves and became arrogant, and the proper relationship between sovereign and subjects slowly decayed. If they were favored with offices, they looked upon even the highest of offices as cheap; if they were shown grace, they were slow to be grateful for even the most bountiful mercies. It was for those reasons that Liu Zhang's domain came to ruin.

“‘That is why I now overawe these people through laws. When the laws can be carried out, that is when the people will appreciate grace. And for the same reason, I am stingy with granting offices. For when such is the case, then when people are promoted, they will understand the honor in it. Once grace and honor are properly understood, then everyone will uphold their duty. That is the reason I govern them so."

Objections: According to the Biography of Fa Zheng, Fa Zheng passed away before Liu Bei did. So since Fa Zheng appears in this story, Liu Bei must have still been alive at the time. Yet Zhuge Liang always acted like one of the limbs of the state, which is to say, he referred all such matters to the head, that being Liu Bei. Furthermore, Zhuge Liang was never directly in charge of Yizhou itself while Liu Bei was still alive, and he did not make decisions on such matters as honors, rewards, punishments, or administration. I also note that Guo Chong's main point in his account of Zhuge Liang's response was to play up his talents and abilities. But at the same time, such a response would have demonstrated a violation of a subject's proper place. And considering how modest and submissive Zhuge Liang was, it is almost impossible that he would have done such a thing. Lastly, the tale states that "Zhuge Liang administered the laws and punishments severely, laying a heavy hand upon the people". I have never heard of good government coming about as a result of oppression.

其《二事》曰：曹公遣刺客見劉備，方得交接，開論伐魏形勢，甚合備計。稍欲親近，刺者尚未得便會，既而亮入，魏客神色失措。亮因而察之，亦知非常人。須臾，客如廁，備謂亮曰；「向得奇士，足以助君補益。」亮問所在，備曰：「起者其人也。」亮徐歎曰：「觀客色動而神懼，視低而忤數，姦形外漏，邪心內藏，必曹氏刺客也。」追之，已越牆而走。◇難曰：凡為刺客，皆暴虎馮河，死而無悔者也。劉主有知人之鑒，而惑於此客，則此客必一時之奇士也。又語諸葛云「足以助君補益」，則亦諸葛之流亞也。凡如諸葛之儔，鮮有為人作刺客者矣，時主亦當惜其器用，必不投之死地也。且此人不死，要應顯達為魏，竟是誰乎？何其寂蔑而無聞！〉

The second tale: "Cao Cao sent an assassin to visit Liu Bei. Having met, the two of them began discussing strategies for how best to campaign against Wei, and the man's proposals neatly accorded with Liu Bei's own ideas. During this time, the assassin slowly moved closer, and was about to have an opportunity to carry out his mission. But just then, Zhuge Liang entered the room, causing the assassin to lose his previously calm composure. Zhuge Liang thus scrutinized him, and discerned that he was no ordinary man.

“A short time later, the man left to go to the lavatory. Liu Bei mentioned to Zhuge Liang, ‘I have just obtained an exceptional fellow. He'll be well-suited to assist you, Sir, and cover your weak points.' When Zhuge Liang asked to whom he was referring, Liu Bei replied, 'I mean that man who just got up.'

“Zhuge Liang slowly sighed and replied, 'Did you not witness his strange movements and fearful trembling, how he looked down and mumbled so? A perverse exterior hides a wicked heart within. He is surely some assassin sent by the Cao clan.'

“Liu Bei sent someone after the man, but he had already climbed over the wall and fled."

Objections: The kind of person who would be an assassin is someone who would cast themselves into the tiger's maw or fling themselves into the roaring river, and die without any regrets. And Liu Bei was the kind of man who could appreciate someone's character. Yet he was enticed by this guest? If that were the case, the man must have been an exceptional talent of that era. Especially considering that Liu Bei comments that he could "cover Zhuge Liang's weak points"; in that case, he would have been nearly on par with Zhuge Liang himself. Would someone who was a match for Zhuge Liang ever play the part of an assassin? And even if so, any ruler of that time would have greatly lamented the loss of such a man, obviously of great use and potential, and would never have sent him on a suicide mission. And if the man really did not die, then he must have gone on to have an illustrious career in Wei. But who, indeed, was he? How could he have ever remained obscure, a mere nobody?)

章武三年春，先主於永安病篤，召亮於成都，屬以後事，謂亮曰：「君才十倍曹丕，必能安國，終定大事。若嗣子可輔，輔之；如其不才，君可自取。」亮涕泣曰：「臣敢竭股肱之力，效忠貞之節，繼之以死！」先主又為詔敕後主曰：「汝與丞相從事，事之如父。」

In the third year of Zhangwu (223), Liu Bei was bedridden with illness at Yong'an. He summoned Zhuge Liang from Chengdu and instructed him on what to do after his death. He told Zhuge Liang, "Sir, your talents are ten times greater than those of Cao Pi, so you will surely be able to restore peace to the state and bring our grand endeavor to its conclusion. If my heir can be supported, then support him. But if he lacks talents, take his place for yourself."

Zhuge Liang wept as he replied, "I have always done my utmost to support you as one of your own limbs and fully uphold my loyalty and faithfulness to you, and I shall continue to do so until the death!"

Liu Bei also arranged an edict instructing Liu Shan, "You must follow the Prime Minister's commands, and treat him as a father."

〈孫盛曰：夫杖道扶義，體存信順，然後能匡主濟功，終定大業。語曰弈者舉釭不定猶不勝其偶，況量君之才否而二三其節，可以摧服強鄰囊括四海者乎？備之命亮，亂孰甚焉！世或有謂備欲以固委付之誠，且以一蜀人之志。君子曰，不然；苟所寄忠賢，則不須若斯之誨，如非其人，不宜啟篡逆之塗。是以古之顧命，必貽話言；詭偽之辭，非託孤之謂。幸值劉禪闇弱，無猜險之性，諸葛威略，足以檢衛異端，故使異同之心無由自起耳。不然，殆生疑隙不逞之釁。謂之為權，不亦惑哉！〉

(Sun Sheng remarked, "It is when one wields propriety and holds fast to righteousness, and in their own person encourage trust and submission, that they may indeed assist their ruler to achieve success and bring about the fulfillment of the grand design. Even a weiqi player cannot expect to overcome their opponent if their formation is unorganized. How much less can a ruler expect to compel the submission of powerful neighbors and embrace all the realm within the Four Seas by first attempting to split power into two or three camps? Liu Bei's instructions to Zhuge Liang posed the potential for immense instability!

“There are some who claim that Liu Bei's instructions on his deathbed were only a ploy to stiffen the loyalty of the one he intended to entrust his heir to and ensure that the wishes of the people of Shu were all of one accord. But the superior fellow can dismiss this idea. It is quite useless to instruct anyone in such a manner, for if the minister is loyal and worthy they will never heed it, while if they are not, it is only further indulging their traitorous desires. And ever since ancient times, it has been critical that a ruler speaks the truth when they are on their deathbed; when it is time to entrust one's heir to another, deceit and falsehood have no place.

“It was fortunate indeed that Liu Shan was so blind and unassuming that he had no paranoia or suspicion, while Zhuge Liang's power and authority were just sufficient to guard against the divergent plans of anyone else. It was merely for those reasons that no cause ever arose for divisions between them. If it had not been so, then surely suspicions and grudges between them would have given way to an open confrontation.

“Thus, to say that Liu Bei's instructions were to support Zhuge Liang's authority is nonsense!")

#Zhuge Liang

23 notes · View notes

y-uyan · 5 years

Text

trainee rankings as of feb 22

Li Wenhan

Jia Yi

Guan Yue

Chen Youwei

Hu Chunyang

Lian Huaiwei

Yao Chi

Shi Zhan

Yao Mingming

Li Zhenning

Xia Hanyu

Deng Chaoyuan

He Changxi

Lin Mo

Hu Wenxuan

Chen Tao

Xu Bingchao

Wang Jiayi

Shi Mingze

Xu Longhan

Feng Junjie

Zhou Shiyuan

Ye Helin

Chen Sijian

Wu Zelin

Wu Chengze

Wang Zhe

Anthony

Xu Fangzhou

Wang Xinyu

Sun Zelin

Li Zonglin

Gu Landi

Shao Haofan

Ding Feijun

Yin Shi

Manny

Hu Jiahao

Deng Bin

Zhan Yu

Qiu Bohan

Wang Yi

Che Huixuan

Zhuo Yuan

Shen Qunfeng

Lin Yuzhi

Zhou Chuanjun

Lin Zheyu

Bo Yuan

Fu Hongyi

Wen Yechen

Su Yuhang

Li You

Ye Ziming

Kou Cong

Yao Bolan

Yang Ning

Chen You

Chen Yunong

Cui Shaopeng

Qi Zhihao

Wen Kaiwei

#qing chun you ni #qcyn #idol producer season 2 #yay zhenning is almost there!!#this is why i dont vote for jiayi #i dont need to

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the-archlich · 6 years

Note

In Ravages Of Time, there's a group called "The Eight Geniuses" who are basically the most intelligent people of the era. The members are, Yuan Fang (Yuan Shao's OC son), Xun Yu, Jia Xu, Guo Jia, Zhou Yu, Pang Tong, Zhuge Liang and a mysterious 8th member. Who do you think the 8th member could be? The only clues are: not Lu Xun, Wei Yan, Deng Ai, Xu Shu, Lu Su and not a soldier/warrior.

There are a lot of possibilities.

Sima Yi seems the most likely. Xun You, Zhong Yao, Hua Xin, Wang Lang, Cheng Yu, Jiang Ji, Liu Ye, Dong Zhao, Cui Yan, Mao Jia, Jia Kui, and plenty of others are also plausible.

Pretty much any of Wu's great minds could be possible, since only Zhou Yu is included. Zhang Zhao, Gu Yong, Zhuge Jin, Bu Xie, Yu Fan, Zhang Hong... Probably not Zhuge Ke, he's noticably younger than theother members.

And of course there's Fa Zheng, Xu Jing, Dong He, Liu Ba, Ma Liang, Ma Su, etc.

Not to mention potential oddballs like Chen Gong, Chen Deng, Fu Gan, Tian Feng, etc. The possibilities are pretty much limitless.

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cancersfakianakis1 · 6 years

Text

Systematic Functional Annotation of Somatic Mutations in Cancer

Publication date: 12 March 2018 Source:Cancer Cell, Volume 33, Issue 3 Author(s): Patrick Kwok-Shing Ng, Jun Li, Kang Jin Jeong, Shan Shao, Hu Chen, Yiu Huen Tsang, Sohini Sengupta, Zixing Wang, Venkata Hemanjani Bhavana, Richard Tran, Stephanie Soewito, Darlan Conterno Minussi, Daniela Moreno, Kathleen Kong, Turgut Dogruluk, Hengyu Lu, Jianjiong Gao, Collin Tokheim, Daniel Cui Zhou, Amber M. Johnson, Jia Zeng, Carman Ka Man Ip, Zhenlin Ju, Matthew Wester, Shuangxing Yu, Yongsheng Li, Christopher P. Vellano, Nikolaus Schultz, Rachel Karchin, Li Ding, Yiling Lu, Lydia Wai Ting Cheung, Ken Chen, Kenna R. Shaw, Funda Meric-Bernstam, Kenneth L. Scott, Song Yi, Nidhi Sahni, Han Liang, Gordon B. Mills The functional impact of the vast majority of cancer somatic mutations remains unknown, representing a critical knowledge gap for implementing precision oncology. Here, we report the development of a moderate-throughput functional genomic platform consisting of efficient mutant generation, sensitive viability assays using two growth factor-dependent cell models, and functional proteomic profiling of signaling effects for select aberrations. We apply the platform to annotate >1,000 genomic aberrations, including gene amplifications, point mutations, indels, and gene fusions, potentially doubling the number of driver mutations characterized in clinically actionable genes. Further, the platform is sufficiently sensitive to identify weak drivers. Our data are accessible through a user-friendly, public data portal. Our study will facilitate biomarker discovery, prediction algorithm improvement, and drug development.

Graphical abstract

Teaser

Ng et al. develop a moderate-throughput functional genomic platform and use it to annotate >1,000 cancer variants of unknown significance. The approach is sufficiently sensitive to identify weak drivers, potentially doubling the number of driver mutations characterized in clinically actionable genes. http://ift.tt/2p9ZVfS

#Oncology-Sfakianakis

0 notes

ck-leap · 7 years

Text

天后。。

终于找到借口趁着醉意上心头 zhong yu zhao dao jie kou chen zhe zui yi shang xin tou 表达我所有感受 biao da wo suo you gan shou 寂寞渐浓沉默留在舞池角落 ji mo jian nong chen mo liu zai wu chi jiao luo 你说的太少或太多 ni shuo de tai shao huo tai duo 都会让人更惶恐 dou hui rang ren geng huang kong 谁任由谁放纵谁会先让出自由 shui ren you shui fang zong shui hui xian rang chu zi you 最后一定总是我 zui hou yi ding zhong shi wo 双脚悬空在你冷酷热情间游走 shuang jiao xian kong zai ni leng ku re qing jian you zou 被侵占所有还要笑着接受 bei qing zhan suo you hai yao xiao zhe jie shou 我嫉妒你的爱气势如虹 wo ji du ni de ai qi shi ru hong 像个人气高居不下的天后 xiang ge ren qi gao ju bu xia de tian hou 你要的不是我而是一种虚荣 ni yao de bu shi wo er shi yi zhong xu rong 有人疼才显得多么出众 you ren teng cai xian de duo me chu zong 我陷入盲目狂恋的宽容 wo xian ru mang mu kuang lian de kuan rong 成全了你万众宠爱的天后 cheng quan le ni wan zong cong ai de tian hou 若爱只剩诱惑只剩彼此忍受 ruo ai zhi sheng you huo zhi sheng bi ci ren shou 别再互相折磨 bie zai hu xiang zhe mo 因为我们都有错 yin wei wo men dou you cuo 推开苍白的手推开苍白的厮守 tui kai cang bai de shou tui kai cang bai de si shou 管你有多么失措 guan ni you duo me shi cuo 别再叫我心软是最致命的脆弱 bie zai jiao wo xin ruan shi zui zhi ming de cui ruo 我明明都懂却仍拚死效忠 wo ming ming dou dong que reng ping si xiao zhong 我嫉妒你的爱气势如虹 wo ji du ni de ai qi shi ru hong 像个人气高居不下的天后 xiang ge ren qi gao hu bu xia de tian hou 你要的不是我而是一种虚荣 ni yao de bu shi wo er shi yi zhong xu rong 有人疼才显得多么出众 you ren teng cai xian de duo me chu zong 我陷入盲目狂恋的宽容 wo xian ru mang mu kuang lian de kuan rong 成全了你万众宠爱的天后 cheng quan le ni wan zong cong ai de tian hou 若爱只剩诱惑只剩彼此忍受 ruo ai zhi sheng you huo zhi sheng bi ci ren shou 别再互相折磨 bie zai hu xiang zhe mo 因为我们都有错 yin wei wo men dou you cuo 如果有一天爱不再迷惑 ru guo you yi tian ai bu zai mi huo 足够去看清所有是非对错 zhu gou qu kan qing suo you shi fei dui cuo 直到那个时候你在我的心中 zhi dao na ge shi hou ni zai wo de xin zhong 将不再被歌颂把你当作天后 jiang bu zai bei ge song ba ni dang zuo tian hou 不会再是我 bu hui zai shi wo Signing off Kenxchngxoxo

0 notes

kpopmusicstoryco-blog · 7 years

Text

[중국노래] 023. 李荣浩(이영호) - 模特

New Post has been published on http://kpopmusicstory.co/%ec%a4%91%ea%b5%ad%eb%85%b8%eb%9e%98-023-%e6%9d%8e%e8%8d%a3%e6%b5%a9%ec%9d%b4%ec%98%81%ed%98%b8-%e6%a8%a1%e7%89%b9/

[중국노래] 023. 李荣浩(이영호) - 模特

안녕하세요 !

정말 오랫만이예요 ㅠ

제가 요즘 계절학기에다가 토스학원까지 다녀서

일상생활 포스팅도 못하고, 전체적으로 블로그 관리를 못하게 되었네요 ㅠㅠ

시험 끝나는 대로, 포스팅 많이 좀 해야겠어요

오늘은 중국노래 가사해석 요청이 들어와서, 글 수정도 하는 겸

또 오랫만에 좋은 노래 추천하려고 글 올립니당

오늘 소개해드릴 노래는, 리롱하오의 <모델>이라는 곡입니다 !

중국이름이 리롱하오인데, 한국말로는 이영호…ㅎㅎ 친근친근

중국친구가 좋아하는 노래라며, 웨이신에 올려놨더라구요 ㅎㅎㅎ

담담하게 부른 노래라 평범한 듯 하지만,

목소리가 곡이랑 너무 딱 맞는거 같아서, 요새 잘 듣고 있어요 !

그럼 다들 즐감 ♥

李荣浩(이영호) – 模特

밑에 있는 링크를 누르시면 듣기가 가능해요 ! ▼

링크에 들어가서 듣기 어려우신 분들을 위해

유투브에 올라온 영상도 같이 올립니다 !

穿华丽的服装

chuan hua li de fu zhuang

为原始的渴望而站着

wei yuan shi de ke wang er zhan zhe

用完美的表情

wong wan mei de biao qing

为脆弱的城市而撑着

wei cui ruo de cheng shi er cheng zhe

我冷漠的接受

wo leng mo de jie shou

你焦急的等待也困着

ni qiao ji de deng dai ye kun zhe 像无数生存在橱窗里的模特

xiang wu shu sheng cun zai chu chuan li de mo te

除了灯以外我还能看见什么

chu le deng yi wai wo hai neng kan jian shen me 除了光以外我还能要求什么

chu le guang yi wai wo hai neng yao qiu shen me 除了你以外还能倚赖哪一个

chu le ni yi wai hai neng yi lai na yi ge

在千里以外在呼喊的是什么

zai qian li yi wai zai hu han de shi shen me 在百年以后想回忆的是什么

zai bai nian yi wai xiang hui yi de shi shen me 在离开以前能否再见那一刻

zai li kai yi qian neng fou zai jian na yi ke

记得你的眼睛将会亮着

ji de ni de yan jing jiang hui liang zhe 我的手臂将会挥着

wo de shou bi jiang hui hui zhe 谁说世界早已没有选择

shei shuo shi jie zao yi mei you xuan ze 趁着我会喜怒你会哀乐

chen zhe wo hui xi nu ni hui ai le 唱几分钟情歌

chang ji fen zhong qing ge 没什么至少证明我们还活着

mei shen me zhi shao zheng ming wo men hai huo zhe

像单纯的蝴蝶

xiang dan cun de hu die

为玫瑰的甜美而飞着

wei mei gui de tian mei er fei zhe 像顽皮的小猫

xiang wan pi de xiao mao

为明天的好奇而睡着

wei ming tian de hao qi er shui zhe

是混乱的时代

shi hun luan de shi dai

是透明的监狱也觉得

shi tou ming de jian yu ye jue de 是不能继续在橱窗里做模特

shi bu neng ji xu zai chu chuang li zuo mo te

除了风以外我还能听到什么

chu le feng yi wai wo hai neng ting dao shen me 除了尘以外我还能拒绝什么

chu le chen yi wai wo hai neng ju jue shen me 除了你以外还能倚赖哪一个

chu le ni yi wai hai neng yi lai na yi ge

在千里以外在呼喊的是什么

zai qian li yi wai zai hu han de shi shen me 在百年以后想回忆的是什么

zai bai nian yi hou xiang hui yi de shi shen me 在离开以前能否再见那一刻

zai li kai yi qian neng fou zai jian na yi ke 记得你的眼睛将会亮着 ji de ni de yan jing jiang hui liang zhe

我的手臂将会挥着

wo de shou bi jiang hui hui zhe 谁说世界早已没有选择

shui shuo shi jian zao yi mei you xuan ze

趁着我会喜怒你会哀乐

chen zhe wo hui xi nu ni hui ai le 唱几分钟情歌

chang ji fen zhong qing ge 没什么至少证明我们还活着

mei shen me zhi shao zheng ming wo men hai huo zhe

* 记得你的眼睛将会亮着

ji de ni de yan jing jiang hui liang zhe 我的手臂将会挥着

wo de shou bi jiang hui hui zhe 谁说世界早已没有选择

shui shuo shi jie zao yi mei you xuan ze

趁着我会喜怒你会哀乐

chen zhe wo hui xi nu ni hui ai le 唱几分钟情歌

chang ji fen zhong qing ge 没什么至少证明我们还活着

mei shen me zhi hao zheng ming wo men hai huo zhe

* 한번 더 반복

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