#Soil's Native Microbial Community

[delta-remediation]

Unleashing the Power of Biostimulation: A Blueprint to Soil Microbe Optimization for Effective Pollution Treatment

Unmasking Biostimulation

Biostimulation is a cutting-edge application in environmental science, drawing upon the potency of natural processes to rectify man-induced predicaments such as soil pollution.

Deciphering Biostimulation

The heart of biostimulation lies in augmenting the indigenous microbial population dwelling within the soil. This bioremediation process fosters the expansion and functionality of these native microbes, enabling them to degrade organic pollutants with increased efficiency.

The Biostimulation Phenomenon

The DNA of Biostimulation

Biostimulation's lifeblood is to furnish an optimum habitat for microbes. When placed under perfect conditions, these tiny organisms can skillfully dismantle pollutants.

The Biostimulation Blueprint

The biostimulation procedure springs into action with an examination of the soil, quantifying the microbial presence and the degree of contamination. Following this evaluation, a tailored biostimulation strategy is concocted and executed, typically involving nutrient enrichment or other stimulating additives.

Microbes: The Unsung Heroes of Biostimulation

Microorganisms, predominantly bacteria, are the linchpins in the biostimulation system. These minute entities, ubiquitous in the soil, possess the capability to dismantle various pollutants under favorable circumstances.

The Tools of Biostimulation

Nutrient Infusion

Like all life forms, microbes demand nutrients to prosper. Supplying them with nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium, and other essential micronutrients can amplify their populace and metabolic vigor.

Emulsified Vegetable Oils

These oils serve as a gradual carbon source, fostering sustained microbial activity in the soil.

Regulation of Moisture and Air

Microbial decomposition often necessitates water and oxygen. Therefore, moisture and air are intermittently pumped into the polluted soil to promote microbial activity.

The Upsides of Biostimulation

Biostimulation proves to be a cost-efficient and eco-friendly strategy. It harnesses nature’s own janitorial squad, thereby negating the use of damaging chemical treatments or costly mechanical extractions.

The Variables in Biostimulation

The triumph of biostimulation is hinged on numerous aspects, including the soil's properties, the contaminants' character, and the native microbial populace. This necessitates exhaustive preliminary evaluations as a universal approach would not suffice.

Biostimulation vs Bioaugmentation

While biostimulation centers on boosting the native microbial community, bioaugmentation is a complementary process that imports specialized microbes into the soil to expedite the degradation procedure.

Biostimulation in the Real World

Spotlight on Biostimulation

Biostimulation has displayed its efficacy in addressing oil spills, industrial waste leaks, and even fallout from nuclear calamities. It is also being probed in the realm of agriculture for superior soil fertility management and pest deterrence.

Biostimulation: The Road Ahead

Amid escalating environmental concerns, biostimulation harbors immense potential. Progress in research and technological advancements might soon canonize this method as a mainstream practice for soil decontamination.

Epilogue Indeed, biostimulation serves as a natural, cost-effective, and efficient antidote to soil pollution. As we journey towards a greener future, employing the prowess of microbes via biostimulation will be instrumental in safeguarding our environment.

Frequently Asked Questions

What underpins biostimulation? Biostimulation pivots on the enhancement of the soil's native microbial community to dismantle organic pollutants.

What influences biostimulation's success rate? Aspects such as soil type, contaminant nature, and the regional microbial population shape the success of biostimulation.

How does biostimulation square up to bioaugmentation? Biostimulation focuses on stimulating the existing microbial community, while bioaugmentation brings specialized microbes into the soil.

What are the common applications of biostimulation? Biostimulation has found utility in handling oil spills, industrial waste leaks, and in agriculture for maintaining soil fertility and pest control.

What lies in store for biostimulation? With mounting environmental apprehensions, biostimulation is poised to become a standard operation for soil decontamination.

#Biostimulation in Environmental Science #Soil Microbe Optimization #Effective Pollution Treatment #Natural Remediation Methods #Biostimulation vs Bioaugmentation #Bioremediation Process #Soil Decontamination Techniques #Microbial Role in Pollution Treatment #Organic Pollutants Degradation #Cost-Effective Soil Remediation #Biostimulation in Agriculture #Eco-friendly Pollution Remediation #Role of Microorganisms in Soil Health #Nutrient Enrichment in Soil #Biostimulation in Industrial Waste Management #Soil Fertility and Pest Deterrence #Soil's Native Microbial Community #Biostimulation for Oil Spill Treatment #Sustainable Soil Decontamination Methods #Biostimulation and Soil Health

[chicuahtliteotl]

Notes as an indigenous farmer for other farmers, gardeners, looking to seek to perform land remediation, restorative agroforestry, etc.

First, look up historical weather and current weather zoning, climate change is real, the area may no longer be suitable for specific plants anymore.

Consider invasive plants, animals, worms(yes like bees there are invasive worms) , etc

Assess potential soil and water pollution sources then create a remediation plan depending on time and feasibility.

Work with the land, not against it, this is pretty simple, if you plan to create rain collecting channels for your small garden, then it's to slope where the land slopes for you.

Composting is great but you also need to understand microbial/fungal symbiosis and creating microbiomes that allow for effective compost break down.

You can buy cheap microbial solutions that are epa or environmental sound, back reference any microbial cultures with academic papers, if unsure how to do the research then it is fine with a variety as this simulates closely to nature.

Look into outdoor mushroom farming, this is pretty common in my community in our Chināmitl /mīlpan system, it's not as hard as most resources online will tell you, especially if you're sticking with native to your area mushrooms.

Avoid commercial strains for cultures especially if they're non native as this can lead to potential invasives.

Yes fungus /mushrooms can be invasive, please never put golden oyster outside.

You can also buy microremediating solutions for soil/water contamination.

Many universities offer resources to help find soil or water testing companies for accessible to no costs even, this is useful if you want to assess variety of conditions.

Additionally microbe /fungal based solutions are most used in our community as it helps reduced overall pests and diseases to our plants.

If you have tons of untreated wood ash (burn untreated wood, get wood ash) this is useful for variety of things, as this ties into controlled burning, true slash and burn, etc. Essentially nutrients are allowed to disperse back in the ground, be aware of heavy metal and other contamination considerations as always.

Indigenous seed banks do exist for non indigenous people, also look into seed conservation projects and seed banks that look to preserve seed lineages. While heirloom is nifty, it does only go so far back around an early colonial era.

#indigenous #Farmer #Gardening #Permaculture #Land back

[italwayshadtobeyou]

@thebackestofburners Re: my rewilding project, I belong to the Florida Native Plant Society, which advocates for replacing invasives with native and wildlife-friendly plants. They replace missing species in parks and so on. My personal, near-and-dear plan involves my back yard, so about an acre in central Florida. Like much of the state, it was pretty overtaken with invasive species when my family moved here in 2014: Tuberous sword ferns, red fire ants, camphor trees, philodendrons, sapodillas, etc. (I really wish people would learn that, just because something will grow in Florida, doesn't mean you should give it the chance.)

Even more alarming were the quantities of pesticides, herbicides, and fertilizers that people dumped on their yard. That's a problem I started working on pretty quickly, doing spot treatments on fire ant nests and letting the other insects be. (Don't use acephate as fire ant killer! Plants take it up.) The situation very slowly improved: After about five years, I saw our first caterpillar, and I saw a few more bugs every year after.

The rest, I started working on a little a year ago, after my beloved dog, Piglet, died. She was so precious, and I wanted to give her remains back to the world in a way that made sense, so I found a native tree (pignut hickory), planted it over her grave, and started growing the rest of everything around that. I also got a few other native plants at the same nursery; I'd been intrigued by the "forest gardening" agricultural system found in some places, and thought that it might be a good way to replace the barren lawns and water-hogging ornamentals that take up so much space in Florida. And it seemed like something that would honor my wonderful pet.

I made myself a promise, right after Piglet died, that I'd live the rest of my life in a way that made the world more like one she'd deserved. I'm think I would've given up, if I hadn't been focused on that.

The soil was almost dead when I started. People don't realize it, but lots of plants are allelopathic, meaning that they secrete toxins to keep other plants from growing. (In their home environments, the other plants have evolved some defenses, and there's a balance. It's only a bad thing when you put the plants somewhere they don't belong.) Then there are plants kill, or just don't sustain, the local microbial communities that local plants are used to. Other times, people do grow native plants, but they plant them in a monoculture that can't function without constant fertilizing and watering, because ecosystems need more than one thing to work.

Anyway, I've been removing as many invasives, diversifying the grasses, and replacing microbes (I use BioOrganic's Mycorrhizal Inoculant Plus; it costs a lot, but a little goes a long way) as much as I can. I don't have use an irrigation system (not even soaker hoses, which, as far as I can tell, are always made of toxic rubber), and, outside of the useful-plants area where I built beds to absorb any excess, I only apply fertilizer after pulling out a nutrient-greedy invasive.

So I identify plants and find replacements that work with the soil type (acidic, alkalkine, rich, poor) and water table in my area. During the worst of the drought this spring, I was working 4-6 hours outside, 7 days a week. Currently, it's more like 2-3 hours.

And it's working! We have firebushes, beautyberries, Florida betony, creeping mint, frogfruit, a sassafrass, a sparkleberry, a coralbean, a flatwoods plum, purple lovegrass, coonties, hairypod cowpeas, blue sage, scarlet sage, and more. (The firebushes and beautyberries predated my project; I had simply insisted on those particular natives when we moved in.) One day this summer, I saw 3 kinds of bee in the yard! It used to be rare to see any bee, of any kind, here. I've seen 4 different kinds of butterfly on the same day. There are so many different textures and faint scents and colors where before there were only a handful. It's exhilarating, and it makes me feel like I'm doing right by Piglet.

Now, I know that not everyone has the option of turning an acre or more of land into rewilded territory. But there are some things that most people can learn and implement to make future reclamation less daunting.

When you see a plant you find appealing, check a resource like Plants for a Future (PFAF) or the USDA's PLANTS Database to see if it's native to your area. If it isn't, you should do further research to make sure it isn't harmful before you plant it.

PFAF is also a great resource if you're out of inspiration and want to browse the possibilities. You can search by habitat type or plant family.

Be very careful about following "trends" in gardening. For example, people copying "influencers'" succulents collections leads to overcollection in the wild.

Chlorine and chloramine kill good germs. I started out leaving big boxes of water to sit for 48 hours while the chlorine evaporated, but I've since moved on to hose-end filters, and they seem effective. However, if your utilities add chloramine rather than chlorine, evaporation won't work, and you'll need to look closely at the specs on your filters.

Try to dig up (preferably with a handheld tool, not a tiller or plough that causes deeper soil damage) at least some patches of lawn grass and replace them with different groundcover for diversity, and make sure that you let at least some of your grass go to seed for birds to eat.

Co-ops and extension services sometimes offer discounts on native seeds. But make sure that you understand the seeds' requirements: Many germinate better after scarification and/or cold stratification under specific circumstances.

If you can't afford native plants for your land just yet, try running a search for "wildlife-friendly" plants that you can grow in your area. This means plants that, although they originate somewhere else, aren't toxic to local plants and animals, and may provide food or shelter to them. For example, I have a form of wild coffee plant that likely originated in Africa, but thats berries can be eaten by birds.

Currently, I'm working on spreading cuttings throughout the yard, keeping them watered, and planting my late-summer vegetables. But I don't think that a caring lifestyle ends at the door. One of my big goals is be to retrofit our house with a composting toilet and start growing my own "toilet paper" leaves, thereby sparing our local aquifer, feeding my dirt, and keeping PFAS-contaminated toilet paper out of the ocean.

#not fandom #mine #in which i take questions #long post #personal

[sciencespies]

Researchers discover root exudates have surprising and counterintuitive impact on soil carbon storage

https://sciencespies.com/nature/researchers-discover-root-exudates-have-surprising-and-counterintuitive-impact-on-soil-carbon-storage/

Researchers discover root exudates have surprising and counterintuitive impact on soil carbon storage

Ecosystem ecology studies often focus on what’s happening to plants above ground, for instance exploring photosynthesis or water loss in leaves. But what is happening below the ground in plant roots is equally important when evaluating ecosystem processes.

In a new study in Nature Geoscience researchers in the Department of Organismic and Evolutionary Biology at Harvard University examined root exudates and their impact on soil carbon storage revealing surprising and counterintuitive results.

Root exudates are organic carbon compounds (such as simple sugars, organic acids, and amino acids) released from living plant roots into the soil. These small molecules can bind directly to soil minerals, making them important regulators of soil carbon formation and loss. Unlike plant litter (such as leaves and roots), which must be decomposed before it can affect the soil carbon pool, root exudates can have immediate effects on mineral-associated organic matter (MAOM), which contains long-cycling, “stable” soil carbon.

Several studies show that anthropogenically elevated atmospheric CO2 concentrations are likely to increase the rate of plant root exudation and change the chemical composition of root exudates. Lead author Nikhil R. Chari, Ph.D. candidate, and senior author Professor Benton N. Taylor tested how these changes may affect soil carbon by examining how changing the rate of root exudation and the composition of exudates affected native soil-carbon dynamics in a temperate forest.

Chari and Taylor collected soil cores from Harvard Forest, a temperate hardwood forest in central Massachusetts, and incubated them directly in centrifuge tubes. They then fabricated three different carbon-13 root exudate “cocktails” of simple sugar, organic acid, and amino acid. They delivered the “cocktails” to the soil cores via “artificial roots” at two different rates over a thirty-day period. Unlike other studies, Chari and Taylor did not use homogenized or artificial soils. Their sampling method preserved large amounts of heterogeneity in soil carbon and microbial communities present in the forest.

“We wanted to know if these mechanisms were having an effect at ecologically meaningful scales,” said Chari. “We used intact soil cores to test if the effect of root exudates would overcome the natural heterogeneity in the system.”

The researchers measured both initial and final carbon stocks in the cores. They found that contributions of root exudates to soil carbon were driven by contributions to the long-cycling MAOM fraction. MAOM are microscopic coatings on soil particles made mostly of the byproducts of bacteria and fungi. MAOM stays in the soil for decades meaning it can maintain carbon in soil for a very long time.

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At higher rates of root exudation the MAOM carbon pool did not change even as root exudate contributions to MAOM increased. But at lower rates of root exudation Chari and Taylor observed net MAOM carbon accumulation, even though the exudate contributions were not as great.

“You would think that if you increase the rate of root exudation you would increase carbon input into the soil forming more soil carbon,” said Chari, “but we found instead an opposite effect that offset the increase in carbon.”

The researchers refer to this as the priming effect. Priming occurs when the input of new soil carbon prompts the decomposition of old soil carbon. Enhanced rates of root exudation appeared to increase rates of MAOM priming relative to rates of MAOM formation.

“First principles would suggest that the more carbon we push into the soil via exudation, the more carbon is going to accumulate in these MAOM fractions. When, in fact, that doesn’t seem to be the case,” said Taylor. “In reality, you get more MAOM formation, but you also get more loss of it and it balances out. You don’t actually get more carbon sticking around in the soil, even when you’re pushing more in.”

Chari and Taylor also found the different exudate compounds each had different effects on the soil carbon. Glucose (simple sugar) produced higher MAOM turnover both in formation and loss, but there was no net accumulation of MAOM. While succinic acid (organic acid) and aspartic acid (amino acid) drove lower rates of MAOM formation, but did result in a net MAOM carbon accumulation. Interestingly, the researchers found that amino acids had a particularly strong positive effect in increasing microbial biomass carbon formation, while organic acids did not. These findings again suggests the larger microbial community enhances the microbial priming effect. The results further validate that predicted increases in root exudation rates and a shift toward simple sugars caused by global change may reduce soil’s carbon storage capacity.

“These changes are happening ubiquitously below the soil surface, yet even tiny changes in this process can have huge implication for soil carbon storage,” said Taylor. “People know that processes in a leaf are important, but every root below our feet has a huge impact on carbon in the soil. And elevated CO2, warming, or other climate change drivers, could cause soil carbon loss to increase disproportionately to soil carbon formation.”

Going forward, Chari and Taylor continue to measure changes in the rate and composition of root exudates under elevated CO2 and warming in a variety of different ecosystems, including temperate forests, grasslands, and corn and soybean agricultural fields.

#Nature

#Nature

[theconceptualcookbook]

Common name: Golden kelp

Latin botanical name: Ecklonia radiata

Family: Lessoniaceae

Native: Mostly in intertidal zones of Southern Hemisphere coastlines

Ecology:

Ecklonia demonstrates how the climate emergency can impact marine ecosystems. This species of kelp grows 1m tall and usually grows down to 25m in depth. In recent decades it has been thriving where Giant kelp forests are disappearing, due to rapid warming of the Australian east coast current. It’s most noticeable around Tasmania, where the warm nutrient poor waters displace the cooler nutrient rich southern currents. Each Giant kelp plant can grow up to 40m tall, being the largest marine algae in the world, with whole forests supplying food and habitat for countless fish and other marine species.

Water off the east coast of Tasmanian is a global heating hotspot. Over the last century, a temperature rise of 2C has caused 95% of Tasmania’s kelp forests to disappear. This has been exacerbated by the native sea urchin feeding on the weakened plants to create marine deserts. Sea urchin populations have exploded along the east coast, due to the depletion of their natural fish predators from over fishing and loss of their kelp forrest habitat.

Ecklonia dominates the ecological niche environment left behind by Giant kelp and joins a growing list of native species becoming invasive due to climate change. On a positive note, scientists from the Institute of Marine and Antarctic Studies are currently trialling selective breeding to produce a variety of giant kelp more suited to warmer waters. See here: https://www.theguardian.com/environment/ng-interactive/2020/feb/24/the-dead-sea-tasmanias-underwater-forests-disappearing-in-our-lifetime

Food:

Ecklonia plays a role in my current research into parallel relationships between fermented foods, the human-microbiome and the ecosystems we depend on. In 2021 I developed a range of fermented food products for the exhibition Plant Treaty at Lismore Regional Gallery, under the now defunct business ECO GUT. Each product contained a specific plant ingredient – native or endemic to a specific ecology under threat. I made Pacific Kimchi with locally sourced ingredients, including green papaya and Ecklonia foraged from Northern Rivers beaches.

Foraging:

Ecklonia can be found washed up on beaches immediately after large swells from Southerly weather systems. Collect it before it starts to rot on the sand and wash it in clear seawater. Dry it on your clothesline in the sun, because it dries faster and ultraviolet light is thought to make nutrients in sundried plants more bioavailable when eaten. Foraging is an ancient practice gaining popularity around the world. Alternative food practices play a major role in my research and collaboration projects, through engagement with diverse cultural histories and community initiatives, such as migrant community gardens and First Nations agriculture & connections to place through local edible species. When undertaken with care and consideration, foraging is one of many food practices that highlight the unsustainability of modern extractivist style farming. Monoculture farming depletes soil microbial health and fertility, thereby depending on chemical fertilisers, pesticides, fungicides and herbicides. It diverts and drains water from land and contaminates aquifers, leading to the collapse of biodiversity.

Foraging comes with responsibility. Always remember, it’s not just about free food and getting into nature, foraging is in effect a form of agriculture and caretaking of land. It requires awareness of your surroundings and just a little effort each time to maintain and supporting biodiversity for stronger ecosystems we all depend on. Always check your state or local government websites for rules and restrictions applying to the collection of wild plants. In New South Wales you can forage up to 20 litres of fresh seaweed from beaches per day for personal use only. A permit is required for commercial use. See here for further info on recent projects between Germany and Australia https://andrewrewald.com

[d-g-i-t-a-l]

Balancing Growth: The Environmental Impact of Agricultural Inoculants

In the intricate dance of agricultural sustainability, where productivity and environmental stewardship intersect, the impact of agricultural inoculants emerges as a crucial consideration. These microbial formulations, designed to enhance soil fertility and promote plant health, play a significant role in shaping the Agricultural Inoculants Market and influencing ecological outcomes. By examining the environmental implications of agricultural inoculants, we can better understand their role in fostering sustainable farming practices and mitigating environmental degradation.

Agricultural inoculants, comprising a diverse array of microbial agents such as bacteria, fungi, and mycorrhizae, offer multifaceted benefits to soil health and plant performance. By fostering symbiotic relationships with plants, these inoculants promote nutrient cycling, disease suppression, and stress tolerance, thereby enhancing agricultural productivity. However, the widespread adoption of agricultural inoculants also raises questions about their environmental impact and long-term sustainability in the Agricultural Inoculants Market.

One of the primary environmental benefits of agricultural inoculants lies in their ability to reduce the reliance on synthetic fertilizers and chemical pesticides. By facilitating biological nitrogen fixation and nutrient solubilization, these microbial formulations minimize nutrient runoff and leaching, preserving water quality and mitigating eutrophication in water bodies. Additionally, biocontrol agents present in some inoculants suppress the proliferation of plant pathogens, reducing the need for chemical pesticides and safeguarding beneficial insect populations. As concerns about pesticide pollution and soil degradation mount, the environmental advantages of agricultural inoculants become increasingly evident in the Agricultural Inoculants Market.

Moreover, agricultural inoculants contribute to the enhancement of soil health and resilience, thereby mitigating the adverse effects of climate change and land degradation. By promoting soil aggregation, water retention, and carbon sequestration, these microbial formulations improve soil structure and fertility, reducing erosion and enhancing ecosystem stability. Additionally, certain inoculants enhance plant tolerance to abiotic stresses, such as drought, salinity, and extreme temperatures, enabling crops to thrive in challenging environmental conditions. As agriculture grapples with the impacts of climate variability, the role of agricultural inoculants in building climate-resilient farming systems gains prominence in the Agricultural Inoculants Market.

However, it's essential to recognize that the environmental impact of agricultural inoculants is not entirely benign and may vary depending on factors such as formulation, application method, and ecosystem context. In some cases, the introduction of non-native microbial species or strains may disrupt indigenous microbial communities, leading to unintended ecological consequences. Additionally, the production and distribution of agricultural inoculants may entail energy-intensive processes and generate greenhouse gas emissions, contributing to climate change. As the Agricultural Inoculants Market continues to grow, efforts to mitigate these environmental risks through sustainable sourcing, production, and application practices become imperative.

Furthermore, the environmental impact of agricultural inoculants must be evaluated within the broader context of agricultural systems and land use practices. While these microbial formulations offer valuable tools for enhancing soil health and reducing chemical inputs, they are just one component of a multifaceted approach to sustainable agriculture. Integrated management strategies that incorporate agroecological principles, crop diversification, and conservation practices are essential for maximizing environmental benefits and minimizing trade-offs in the Agricultural Inoculants Market.

In conclusion, the environmental impact of agricultural inoculants is a complex and multifaceted issue that requires careful consideration in the quest for sustainable agriculture. While these microbial formulations offer significant benefits in terms of soil health, nutrient management, and pest control, their environmental implications must be carefully managed to ensure long-term sustainability. As the Agricultural Inoculants Market continues to evolve, efforts to promote responsible use, minimize ecological risks, and maximize environmental benefits will be essential for realizing the full potential of agricultural inoculants in fostering a resilient and sustainable food system.

[botanyone]

Underground Web Gives Hope for Healing Broken Ecosystems

Underground Web Gives Hope for Healing Broken Ecosystems https://ift.tt/qYJID7y New research published in the American Journal of Botany by Johannes Le Roux and colleagues suggests manipulating soil microbes could help restore plant ecosystems damaged by invasive species. The scientists from Macquarie University in Australia focused on reestablishing beneficial relationships between native plants and helpful soil fungi and bacteria. The study examined Australian shrublands invaded by African olive trees (Olea europaea subsp. cuspidata). These disrupt partnerships between native Acacia implexa trees and underground rhizobia bacteria. Acacia implexa gets nutrients from rhizobia housed in root nodules while providing the bacteria with sugars. Acacia implexa. Image: John Tann / Wikimedia Commons. But in soils damaged by invasive olives, populations of these useful rhizobia plunged. Acacia seedlings in those soils formed fewer nutrient-providing nodules than the seedlings grown in healthy soils. Reintroducing the right rhizobia strains originally present could restart successful teamwork between the trees and bacteria. The paper states that analysing interaction networks between species can pinpoint the most valuable microbes to replenish. Generalist bacteria and fungi that partner with many native plants may be especially useful. They can give restored ecosystems a jumpstart in recovering diverse, functional plant communities. However, the paper cautions there is much still to learn about managing plant-associated microbial networks. Understanding the assembly processes of plant microbiomes will be critical moving forward. The research highlights soil microbe reintroduction as a promising way to reboot complex plant-environment interactions. With careful selection, adding vital missing links in the underground web of life could get damaged habitats back on track to full health. By illuminating how ecosystems can be rewired, the study suggests degraded habitats have hope of flourishing once again. READ THE ARTICLE Le Roux, J.J., Leishman, M.R., Geraghty, D.M. and Manea, A. (2023) “Rewiring critical plant–soil microbial interactions to assist ecological restoration,” American Journal of Botany. Available at: https://doi.org/10.1002/ajb2.16228. The post Underground Web Gives Hope for Healing Broken Ecosystems appeared first on Botany One. via Botany One https://botany.one/ September 28, 2023 at 09:00AM

#Botany #Plant Science #Botany One

[deltaremediation]

Bioaugmentation Versus Biostimulation: Decoding Key Environmental Bioremediation Strategies

Introduction

Bioaugmentation and biostimulation stand as revolutionary strategies in the realm of environmental biotechnology. How do these terms define themselves and what sets them apart?

An In-Depth Look into Bioaugmentation and Biostimulation

Bioaugmentation and biostimulation, both employing living organisms, play pivotal roles in purifying polluted environments, be it soil or water. However, their modus operandi in achieving this feat greatly varies.

Delving into Bioaugmentation

Let's first navigate through the fascinating world of bioaugmentation.

Bioaugmentation Explained: Definition and Procedure

Bioaugmentation involves introducing specially cultured microorganisms to a polluted environment to expedite the degradation of pollutants. Think of it as adding specific ingredients (including microbes) into a bread recipe – by controlling the components, environmental experts can predict the outcome.

Why Choose Bioaugmentation: Key Advantages

Bioaugmentation opens up the possibility to degrade a diverse array of pollutants, thereby enhancing the pace of pollution degradation.

Bioaugmentation: Identifying the Challenges

Despite its benefits, bioaugmentation faces certain hurdles. The primary drawback is the higher cost involved in introducing a culture compared to simply adding nutrients.

Unfolding the Concept of Biostimulation

Now, let's shift our focus to biostimulation.

Unraveling Biostimulation

Biostimulation is a process where nutrients and other substances are added to boost the growth of native microorganisms, thereby aiding in the degradation of pollutants. It's akin to providing an energy drink to the local cleanup team!

Why Opt for Biostimulation: Core Advantages

Biostimulation capitalizes on existing microbial communities, causes less disturbance to the ecosystem, and proves efficient in treating large-scale contaminations.

Understanding Biostimulation Limitations

However, biostimulation has its drawbacks, such as unpredictable outcomes and a longer duration for the degradation process compared to bioaugmentation.

Bioaugmentation and Biostimulation: A Side by Side Comparison

Next, we draw a comparison between these two strategies.

Common Ground

Both strategies share a common goal - degrading pollutants through microorganisms. Moreover, they are generally more eco-friendly and sustainable than their chemical counterparts.

Crucial Distinctions

The fundamental distinction lies in their respective strategies - bioaugmentation introduces new microorganisms, while biostimulation boosts the activity of existing ones.

Case Studies: Witnessing Bioaugmentation and Biostimulation at Work

Imagine an oil spill scenario. Here, bioaugmentation might involve introducing oil-consuming bacteria, while biostimulation might add nutrients to spur the growth of local oil-consuming bacteria.

Deciding Between Bioaugmentation and Biostimulation

Selecting between these two strategies hinges on multiple factors, including the type of pollution, site characteristics, and available resources.

Looking Ahead: The Future of Bioaugmentation and Biostimulation

As the quest for sustainable and effective pollution control continues, the significance of both bioaugmentation and biostimulation is set to rise.

Conclusion

Although different in their approach, both bioaugmentation and biostimulation serve as instrumental tools in combating environmental pollution. Comprehending these differences is integral for informed decision-making in the field of environmental bioremediation.

#Bioaugmentation #Biostimulation #Environmental Bioremediation #Pollution Control #Bioremediation Techniques #Sustainable Pollution Cleanup #Bioaugmentation vs Biostimulation #Microbial Pollution Degradation #Biotechnology Solutions #Eco-friendly Remediation Techniques

[foodblogsnid]

Why Organic Fertilizer is Essential in India

 Why Organic Fertilizer is Essential in India

In the rich tapestry of Indian agriculture, where the land is revered as a mother and the crops are seen as nurtured children, the importance of organic fertilizer is deeply ingrained. As the heartbeat of sustainable farming practices, organic fertilizer not only enriches the soil but also fosters an emotional connection between farmers and the Earth they depend on. By embracing the power of organic fertilizer in India, farmers can experience a profound transformation, cultivating a harmonious relationship with nature and reaping the following rewards that touch the hearts of all.

Ecological Balance: organic fertilizer in India promotes ecological balance by respecting the natural cycles of the land. It nourishes the soil with essential nutrients, allowing plants to thrive without compromising the delicate balance of the ecosystem. This connection to nature evokes a deep sense of gratitude and reverence, forging an emotional bond between farmers and the Earth.

Sustainable Farming: organic manure In India  is the cornerstone of sustainable farming in India. By utilizing natural and renewable resources, it reduces dependence on chemical inputs, conserves water, and mitigates soil erosion. The emotional satisfaction that comes from practicing responsible and sustainable farming methods is immeasurable, creating a sense of pride in preserving the environment for future generations.

Soil Health and Fertility: The use of organic manure In India enhances soil health and fertility, creating a nurturing environment for plants to flourish. It improves soil structure, increases water retention, and promotes beneficial microbial activity. The emotional connection between farmers and their soil deepens as they witness the transformation of barren land into thriving, fertile ground.

Nutrient-Rich Crops: Organic fertilizer nourishes crops with a broad spectrum of essential nutrients. As a result, the produce is not only healthy and nutritious but also bursting with natural flavors and aromas. The emotional gratification that farmers experience when presenting their bountiful and vibrant harvests to the community cannot be replicated by chemical-based farming methods.

Human Health Benefits: Organic fertilizer fosters human health by reducing the presence of harmful chemicals in food. The emotional relief that comes from knowing that one's produce is free from toxic residues and contributes to the well-being of consumers is immeasurable. It creates a sense of responsibility and care for the health of fellow individuals, strengthening the bond within the community.

Sustainable Livelihoods: The use of organic manure In India supports sustainable livelihoods for farmers in India. By adopting organic farming practices, they tap into a growing market that values environmentally friendly and healthy produce. This emotional connection to their occupation and the sense of empowerment derived from economic independence uplifts not only the farmers but also their families and communities.

Reduced Environmental Impact: Organic fertilizer minimizes environmental pollution by eliminating or significantly reducing the use of chemical-based fertilizers and pesticides. This emotional relief from contributing to a cleaner and greener environment inspires a sense of purpose and responsibility, creating a virtuous cycle of caring for the Earth.

Preservation of Biodiversity: organic manure In India, facilitated by organic fertilizer, support the preservation of biodiversity in India. By cultivating diverse crops and protecting native plant species, farmers contribute to the conservation of genetic resources and ecological balance. This emotional connection to the rich tapestry of nature fuels a deep appreciation for the intricate web of life that sustains us all.

Community Bonding: Embracing organic fertilizer creates a sense of community bonding among farmers in India. Through knowledge-sharing, collaboration, and collective efforts, they come together to promote sustainable agriculture and build a network of support. The emotional solidarity and shared vision for a better future strengthen the fabric of rural communities.

Spiritual Connection: Organic farming and the use of organic fertilizer have deep spiritual significance in India. The ancient wisdom passed down through

organic manure In India | organic fertilizer In India

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generations recognizes the interconnectedness of all living beings and the divine nature of the Earth. The emotional connection to the land and the spiritual fulfillment derived from practicing organic farming rituals and traditions elevate the act of nurturing crops to a sacred and profound experience.

For farmers in India, the importance of organic manure In India extends far beyond its tangible benefits. It is a testament to their deep-rooted love for the Earth, their commitment to sustainable practices, and their desire to leave a positive legacy for future generations. By choosing to buy vermicompost in India from the Best Vermicompost Manufacturer In India  they not only enrich their soil but also nurture their souls.

In conclusion, the importance of organic fertilizer in India is not merely a matter of agricultural practice but a reflection of our emotional bond with the land. It enables us to honor the Earth, protect the environment, and cultivate a sustainable future for all. By embracing organic farming methods and supporting Vermicompost Manufacturer In India, we not only nurture our crops but also touch the hearts of our communities. Let us join hands and sow the seeds of change, cherishing the emotional connection between farmers and the Earth, as we embark on a journey towards a greener, healthier, and more harmonious India.

#organic manure In India #organic fertilizer In India

[jhavelikes]

Soils are alive. A handful of soil can contain hundreds of miles of fungal hyphae, microscopic facilitators of soil and plant health. Science is only now beginning to grasp the profound effects incredible soil fungal biodiversity has on forests. ​ At Funga, we use the forest fungal microbiome to improve forestry outcomes and address the climate crisis while enhancing beneficial microbial biodiversity. We combine modern DNA sequencing and machine learning technology with breakthrough research on the forest microbiome to put the right native, biodiverse communities of mycorrhizal fungi in the right place. This leads to more quality wood created more quickly, more carbon sequestered, and more resilient forests.

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[tigerpeony14]

Dean Mitchell Restoration Enables Facilismart System

But untreated water damage can result in extensive structural damages and mould development. But ServiceMaster EMT offers water injury restoration for properties and companies in the San Diego, CA space. We are skilled and geared up to remove water and moisture, adopted by drying, cleansing, and repairing all harm in your home or building. A&J Property Restoration providers industrial buildings in and around the Madison and Milwaukee, WI, communities. Plus, we've extensive experience working in critical and managed environments like hospitals, colleges, and government buildings. Since 1995, ServiceMaster of the Tri-Counties has helped native clients get back to what matters most. We'll be there whenever you want us to cleanup and restore your broken property. We manage greater than 1200 projects every year from $250 to $4 million in all sides of business cleanup & restoration, reconstruction & repair. We will assist you to through your property harm insurance coverage claim from start to finish, together with direct-to-insurance billing and all documentation. Once the initial mitigation is full, our team of contractors and tradespeople will perform any essential reconstruction to return your property back to pre-loss situations. There are several fee gateways that you should use to get funds for your services on-line, together with Square, Stripe, and PayPal. What a fantastic company .we used them twice for my business and residence. Their worker was very well mannered and did a wonderful job each time. Water, sewage, mildew, fireplace & smoke can all severely devastate a property in a very quick period of time. Emergency restoration firms are prepared and waiting to lend a serving to hand. If you reside in an area that's more probably to face a pure disaster, you can rely on a trusted restoration company. Our group is certified and experienced in performing a wide range of commercial cleaning and restoration jobs. From closely soiled carpets to unchecked mildew development, ServiceMaster of the Tri-Counties specializes in fixing issues. If you want enterprise or house restoration providers in Ithaca, NY, you'll have the ability to all the time rely on us to lend a helping hand. Health Nappy altering took place primarily in the lounge and get in touch with with lounge surfaces and objects throughout nappy altering was frequent. Not surprisingly, poliovirus was detected on 12% of living room surfaces, 10% of kitchen surfaces and 15% of toilet sites. 清潔公司 were most frequently contaminated, corresponding to bathroom taps, bathroom flushes and door handles, soap dispensers and nappy altering tools. Evidence of a hyperlink between atopy and home cleansing and hygiene is weak at finest. (Washable filters have carried out poorly in CR checks.) For air purifiers, comply with the owner’s manual; filter replacement intervals vary extensively. Wash your dehumidifier filter a quantity of times a month when humidity is high, and purchase a new one if you spot mildew or mold. Follow your owner’s handbook for vacuum filters, as a outcome of the advice varies relying on the model. While some ovens have lower-temperature self-cleaning modes, high-temperature self-cleaning is the simplest, says Tara Casaregola, who oversees CR’s vary exams. Ceiling fan blades also gather mud, even when they are in movement. There are companies providing a service, utilizing steam or ultraviolet gentle, to kill mud mites in mattresses and remove them. This substantiates the approaches above, including encasements . A cleaning would possibly make sense if the mattress is fairly new and you encase it after the cleaning. If picket equipment is used , we recommend that the tools be in good situation and well maintained so it is not a source of bodily or microbial contamination. Non-wooden development supplies, similar to plastic or stainless steel, are preferable for use in processing areas as a result of they scale back the danger of microbial harborage and cross-contamination of ultimate product. For instance, you can use a material with heat, soapy water to do the preliminary cleaning of a floor to remove dirt and debris. But it is in all probability one of many dirtiest spaces within the residence too. It is very important to clean your cooking home equipment. Even though you clear them frequently, you want to go the extra mile to guarantee that all food-buildup are scrubbed off thoroughly. In this text, we will be letting you know the significance of deep cleansing and provide the whole deep cleansing checklist on your house to allow you to have a neat, lovely, and radiant-looking home. The Ohio State University Acarine Physiology Laboratory's analysis agenda consists of fundamental and utilized analysis on ticks and mites of medical importance. Gentle And Power Washing And Gutter Cleaning In Metro Boston, North Shore And South Shore Massachusetts A clean property improves the complete performance of your house. The identical way cleaning your automotive makes it look good and function better, so does strain washing the exterior of your personal home assist to enhance the standard of its surroundings and overall performance. We price our work based on the size of your house. It’s so easy as that, and there are by no means any further costs or hidden charges. Therefore, we offer everybody with a free quote so we can give you an accurate price for your job. So, if you’re looking for affordable and high-quality house washing in Salisbury MD, simply get in touch with us, and we’ll arrange your quote. Pressure washing providers are an efficient way to take away filth and different overseas materials from the floor of your driveway. These providers can go a great distance towards providing a substantially enhanced appearance on your property. Pressure washing can remodel the appearance of a home. It’s like giving your home a makeover – however without the high cost of a construction or renovation project. Pressure washing can blast away years of dirt and dirt buildup, considerably enhancing the curb appeal of your property. If you need to save yourself the time and headache, neighborhood strain washing is your greatest bet. The importance of community pressure washing is easy. Pressure washing eliminates unpleasant grime and filth buildup with the flick of a button. Moreover, cleansing could be exhausting work particularly when you want to spend hours washing, scrubbing, and mopping. Low-pressure cleansing relies on biodegradable cleansers as a substitute of normal high-pressure methods. It's a safer but effective strategy to cleansing. Let’s face it — cleaning products are often composed of chemicals that may be harmful to the surroundings . Strain Washing Companies The quantity of water used has a direct impact on what results could be achieved through pressure washing. Window World of Boston has an A+ BBB Rating and provides industry-leading solutions for replacement windows, doors, siding and extra. We follow by way of every job from begin to completion while our pleasant, educated staff is there to reply your questions and provide any degree of customer support you need. Window World is committed to offering the very best customer satisfaction. Pressure washers are best to be used on patios, decks, out of doors furnishings, fences, asphalt, concrete driveways/sidewalks, and cars. If a pressure washer breaks away lead paint chips, these can combine within the soil and even be blasted into your home. To clean oil spills in a parking lot, for example you must file permits, seize 100% of wastewater and even have your waste water examined on a month-to-month basis. Our Bio-Remediation methodology uses naturally occurring micro-organisms to rework dangerous substances to non-toxic compounds. Window Gang uses a proprietary delicate wash mix that features sodium hypochlorite as a disinfectant and a high-alkaline detergent. A yearly soft washing by Window Gang service professionals beautifies with low-pressure water nozzles and sanitizes with biodegradable, environmentally-safe chemical compounds. Soft washing retains your home wanting clean, inhibits contaminants from spreading, and boosts the overall. The important factor when utilizing detergents or cleaning soap to energy wash your windows is to ensure the soap you might be utilizing is appropriate with the pressure washer. Check your owner’s handbook first earlier than utilizing any components to see if they are protected in your machine. Set Up, Cleaning & Repair Dirty window coverings stand out and may throw off the aesthetic of a complete room. Have you appeared around your house these days and puzzled why it feels so old and dull? You may must update your window coverings style. They installed them actually fast and it makes the home look great. Experienced – Every single 12 months we clear OVER 10,000 blinds, window shades & drapery. We can clear your blinds in your house OR offer you a pick-up & supply service OR You can drop-off your blinds to our store. Microfiber dusting glove – to capture and take away dust on the slats and hold onto it till you place the glove within the wash. One appears precisely like a driving glove and the other like a mitten. Drain the bath with the blinds nonetheless in it, then use your shower attachment to rinse the blinds off. Even should you assume you realize what a masking is made out of, double check simply to make certain. Before replacing your window coverings, first, see how they give the impression of being after you clean them up. If you find that there's a little distinction made to the sensation of the house or room… it may be time to modernize the style. We have been very satisfied prospects of Goyne's Custom Interiors for over three years. The choice expertise was simple and personable and the installation went smoothly. Any questions or considerations were promptly addressed and the confidence stage we had working with Mike Paxson and his staff was the highest. Clean Green Sustainability Motion My husband and I are planning to go on a two-week honeymoon once travel restrictions have been lifted. Perhaps using self service laundry cleansing can be probably the most economical method to do our laundry during these two weeks. After all of the cleaning soap is rinsed out, gently squeeze the water out of the clothing. Be careful not to wring delicate gadgets or gadgets manufactured from sure fabrics as it can injury the fibers and cause them to lose their form. Swirl, swish, and knead the clothes within the soapy water for about 2 minutes to get them clear. If there are any more soiled areas or stains, you’ll wish to spend further time on the stained space and do some gentle scrubbing along with your hand to try to get the soil off. Several of the women additionally described feeling intimidated by the house owners of the laundry, and so they didn’t know if that they had any recourse or union representation. For at least four years, Gonzalez suffered in silence, working at the laundry six days a week. I first met Gonzalez, now thirty, and her shut good friend Xiomara Veliz-Amaya, thirty-four, final summer time in a parking zone outdoors a Dunkin’ Donuts in Ronkonkoma, New York, about forty-five minutes away from Riverhead, where they each reside. It was July and too scorching to be outside, so the three of us and a translator sat in Veliz-Amaya’s automotive with the air con operating. I am glad that you have got found a system of doing laundry on the go that works properly for you and is inexpensive. Yes, you definitely wouldn't have to spend so much of time or cash on doing laundry while touring. Italian flats typically come with outdoor clotheslinesSo that’s our guide to doing laundry whereas traveling! We hope you might have found it helpful, and also you might wish to try extra of our journey suggestions. If you might be planning to air dry your clothes, ensure that you time your washing so there might be enough time in your garments to dry fully earlier than you should transfer again. Professional Bathe Cleaning From the means to descale a shower head to the simplest way to scrub the bathroom, consider this your final bathroom-cleaning guide. A skilled will use a damp fabric and special cleaner to scrub and rinse the sink. Any areas of dried-on grime might be labored on more completely to go away the sink spotless. A cleaner may even clean the faucets to finish the method. Although debunked, the myth that the toilet seat is the dirtiest factor within the bathroom continues to be prevalent. A professional rest room cleaner will guarantee the toilet is disinfected and totally cleaned, each inside and outside. If left unsealed, you are risking injury to the wall behind the shower as properly as encouraging mold. After every skilled bathe cleaning, you should have that grout re-sealed for maximum protection. The neatest thing you can do to gradual the expansion of mildew and mildew is ensure that your ventilation fan is all the time on when the shower is in use. Yes, your soiled palms are liable for bringing in all types of filth to these innocent sinks. Studies present that sinks are extra contaminated, having more fecal micro organism than there is in a flushed bathroom. Especially in high site visitors areas like hallways, entrances, kitchens, break rooms, and restrooms. Tile is a unbelievable flooring option, but the grout surrounding it needs some upkeep to take care of its look. We have spoken before about how tile is a unbelievable exhausting floor for an office or office ground.

#清潔公司

[mimosaicon70]

Environmental Cleansing Procedures

(Be sure that supplies you decide to keep are saved not only in a well-ventilated space however are additionally safely out of reach of kids.) Do not simply toss these unwanted merchandise in the rubbish can. Find out if your native authorities or any organization in your community sponsors special days for the collection of poisonous household wastes. If such days can be found, use them to eliminate the undesirable containers safely. If no such assortment days are available, think about organizing one. People who are allergic to those pollutants should use allergen-proof mattress encasement, wash bedding in sizzling water and avoid room furnishings that accumulate dust, especially if they can't be washed in hot water. Allergic individuals must also go away the home while it is being vacuumed as a end result of vacuuming can really enhance airborne levels of mite allergens and different biological contaminants. Keep a record of reported well being complaints to help in solving indoor air-related issues. This will assist improve the chances of correctly diagnosing after which fixing problems, especially if a pattern in complaints could be detected. Establish clear procedures for responding to indoor air-related complaints. Coordinate with constructing administration in cases when accountability for design, operation and upkeep of the HVAC system is shared. Sometimes the portion of the HVAC system servicing a leased area is the accountability of the tenant. Surfactants can be used to emulsify the residue to make it suspendable in water and flushable. Generally, a extremely alkaline detergent with peptizing or dissolving properties is required to remove protein soils. Wetting agents can be used to extend the wettability and suspendability of proteins. Protein movies require alkaline cleaners which have hypochlorite in addition to wetting agents. Chemical Sanitization includes the use of an accredited chemical sanitizer at a specified focus and get in touch with time. Can be partially disassembled and cleaned in specialized COP pressure tanks. While they have poor eyesight, mice have good peripheral vision that permits them to detect movement. Outdoors, mice nest in weeds, garbage, cracks in rocks or partitions, or they will assemble a network of tunnels under ground, with chambers for nests and storage, and several exits. They have massive, scantily haired ears; small black protruding eyes; a barely pointed nostril; and rows of scale ringing their long, tapered, sparsely furred tail. The home mouse is by far the commonest mammal on earth. Native to central Asia, the mouse arrived in North America with the first European colonists. Mice can now be discovered all throughout North America, in each state together with coastal Alaska, and in all but northernmost Canada. The Means To Clear Your Telephone Difficile an infection rates hospital-wide or on 4 items with excessive C. Additional evaluation of the pulsed-xenon UV system by impartial investigators is needed. In order to enhance normal cleaning and disinfection practices, it is recommended that the practices of housekeepers be monitored and that they receive suggestions regarding their efficiency. However, monitoring of housekeeper efficiency is commonly not performed as frequently as needed, if in any respect . Thermal or chemical destruction of pathogenic and different types of microorganisms. Disinfection is much less lethal than sterilization as a outcome of it destroys most acknowledged pathogenic microorganisms however not essentially all microbial types (e.g., bacterial spores). Pay close attention to hazard warnings and directions on product labels. Throughout the day, most individuals will probably touch a cell phone a quantity of instances. So, disinfecting a phone might help to slow or forestall the unfold of an infection. Cleaning and disinfecting applications could be difficult to judge. How Are Green Carpet Cleaning Options Different? This concentrated pure cleaner can be utilized in quite lots of cleaning strategies, depending on how a lot you dilute it for the task at hand, whether you're removing tree sap or Sharpie. Just select a measurement and one of its many makes use of, together with as an addition to carpet cleansing machines, and luxuriate in its mild orange scent. All of the ingredients in Chem-Dry's main cleaner, The Natural, are on the F.D.A.'s G.R.A.S. record and are safe on your carpets, your personal home and your family. For an effective, wholesome professional cleaning technique, choose natural. It removes all of the messes without harmful chemical compounds and over utilizing already limited resources. Green cleaning is secure, making it a great option, especially for enclosed areas. You wouldn’t add soaps, detergents, phosphates or different harsh chemicals to our air, forests, lakes, or streams; so, why add them to your carpets? At Chem-Dry By Rhein, we consider in environmental sustainability and have repeatedly labored towards providing a Green answer to carpet cleaning for the previous twenty years. Chem-Dry’s flagship cleaning solution, The Natural®, uses pure elements and is on the FDA’s G.R.A.S. list; nonetheless, our dedication to being Green and sustainable doesn’t stop there. DIY stain removers and carpet shampoos are often misused, damaging your carpet, including a bigger floor area for dust and grime to stick to. You likely won't have the tools to do that cleansing technique immediately readily available. Chemical cleaners are additionally very dangerous to the setting, and they can harm the air we breathe and the water we drink if they had been to be uncovered to such chemical compounds. Spring Cleansing Countdown to a superbly clean guest-ready house no matter how a lot — or little — time you've. Along with replacing the linens, another easy way to instantly brighten up a room is to change out the lightbulbs in your home. A room lit with low-wattage bulbs can look darkish and dingy. Replace them with lightbulbs labeled with the outline "daylight", they mimic natural mild and can actually make a difference in a room. Spring cleansing is the right time to get a start on this so you'll find a way to have a clear house for entertaining and enjoyable. Spring cleaning is the proper opportunity to reset and stop old provides from spreading more dust, dirt, and dirt round your house. Change your vacuum filter, disinfect all your cleaning brushes and washcloths, and exchange your rest room wand. If your home is bigger than 1000 sq. feet or you could have a number of loos, keep needed cleaning provides in every rest room, the kitchen, and the laundry room. This will permit you to quickly and simply access everything you need for cleaning if you need it. But in case your nightstand is an extension of the office, and your closet is loaded with overflow from the mudroom, some rearranging is in order. ☐ Use pressurized air to scrub computers, keyboards, monitors and other appliances like paper shredders. ☐ Disinfect any children’s toys with either soap-and-water or kid-safe wipes. ☐ Wash any windows and window sills and vacuum out the tracks. Pick up a cleansing spray or wipes designed specifically for monitors, and provides all of your screens a cleaning. Use a can of compressed air to wash crumbs out of your keyboard. After you’ve tackled each room in the home, it’s time to take essentially the most important steps of all. Cleaner Job Description Template These FAQs usually are not intended for healthcare amenities; CDC has supplied separateGuidance for Healthcare Settings. Linking to a non-federal web site doesn't constitute an endorsement by CDC or any of its staff of the sponsors or the knowledge and merchandise presented on the website. Educate staff who clear, wash laundry, and pick up trash to recognize the signs of COVID-19. In most circumstances, fogging, fumigation, and wide-area or electrostatic sprayingare not really helpful as primary methods of floor disinfection and have a number of security risks to consider, unless specified as a method of application on the product label. The effectiveness of different floor disinfection methodsexternal icon, similar to ultrasonic waves, high depth UV radiation, and LED blue mild, against the virus that causes COVID-19 has not been totally established. When it comes to working a successful enterprise, having a clear and wholesome office is crucial. On the opposite hand, most enterprise homeowners only realize such problems once they have fully outgrown their management. It’s essential to not neglect to keep your cleaning instruments clean; otherwise, you risk simply spreading dust around instead of removing it correctly. For example, utilizing the same water and mop heads to wash a large facility with mean you're cleaning for more typically than not with soiled water and dirty mop heads. This not solely fails to scrub the ground effectively but may also leave bad odors within the workplace. FedScopeThis self-service, on-line tool permits prospects to entry and analyze the most well-liked information components from OPM's Enterprise Human Resources Integration-Statistical Data Mart (EHRI-SDM). It supplies access to 5 years of employment, accession, and separation information. Healthfinder.gov Healthfinder.gov is a Federal Government web site where you can see information and instruments that will assist you and people you care about stay healthy. When making decisions about your health, it is necessary to know the place to go to get the latest, most dependable info. Healthfinder.gov has assets on a wide range of well being matters selected from over 1,600 authorities and nonprofit organizations to convey you one of the best, most dependable well being data on the Internet. It has since grown into a collaborative effort of over 700 local and national organizations all working collectively to determine group and school gardens throughout the nation. National Agriculture Library, Food and Nutrition Information Service Nutrition.gov offers easy accessibility to vetted food and diet info from across the federal authorities. It serves as a gateway to dependable info on nutrition, wholesome eating, physical exercise, and food safety for consumers. The Federal personnel system supplies staff appreciable flexibility in scheduling their hours of work and taking day off for routine medical examinations and preventive screenings. Tips On How To Wash And Dry Your Curtains To Maintain Allergy Symptoms At Bay Also wipe down wood furnishings and vacuum upholstery. Wash throw-rugs and vacuum, then mop hard-surface flooring. If your window remedies are in want of a deep clean, we suggest professional dry cleaning as you might injury the fabric. If you could have curtains of multiple colours, separate them into piles of lights and darks to avoid shade bleeding. Set your washing machine to a cold, gentle cycle, and add a light laundry detergent. Avoid utilizing any bleach, as this might ruin the fabric. Our material cleansing process is the most effective and only process designed specifically for drapes in Sarasota and Manatee counties. To restore a crisp really feel to sheer or lace curtains, submerge the freshly washed panel in a sink of cold water with one cup of dissolved Epsom salt. After 10 minutes of soaking, drain the sink and gently press the water out of the curtain, but do not rinse. Hang the curtain from a shower rod or laundry line to dry earlier than rehanging. Homemade carpet cleaning options are the most effective for individuals who usually wrestle with allergy symptoms, asthma, or sure chemical substances. DIY carpet cleansing options are affordable and so they work very well in your carpets too. The towels will gently forestall the sheer material from balling up while tumbling. Place the curtains in a machine dryer and choose low-heat. When the drapes or curtains are about ninety five p.c dry, take away them from the dryer. Removing them before they're utterly dry will keep away from wrinkles from setting in. Dust particles float through the air of your home until they find a place to land, like on carpeting or upholstery. Environmental Cleaning Provides And Gear Green cleaning benefits the well being of our employees, our purchasers, and the surroundings. Here at Stathakis we now have a goal of serving to our purchasers implement a green cleansing program. Green cleaning companies transcend just using environmentally-friendly cleaning chemical compounds. Are you on the lookout for green cleaning merchandise that are safer for the surroundings than different cleaning products on the market? You needn't look any further than GenEon, where we deliver you products that actually are green cleansing merchandise. The only standard cleansers that green merchandise can't utterly match by means of power are those that contain chlorine, corresponding to bleach. In these cases, the green cleaners take a little more scrubbing however can get the job carried out, Mahan mentioned. However, there might be not sufficient information on the well being results of the chemicals used in green products to know whether or not they're truly better for the well being of humans, Natan mentioned. Trapping in additional dust and filth than a daily mop or material, microfiber lifts particles off the floor and does not launch them till rinsed. The bucket and wringer methods separate the cleaning solution and rinse water to ensure the soil is deposited within the rinse bucket and never in the cleansing resolution or again on the ground. Add 2 or three tablespoons of vinegar to the good and cozy, soapy water for powerful jobs. Though 清潔公司 banned triclosan and 18 different anti-bacterial compounds from hand and body soaps in 2016, these should be found in cleaners. These banned substances have been linked to endocrine disruption and antibiotic resistance. To remove stuck-on food, moist the realm with scorching soapy water and sprinkle with baking soda. Cover with a moist towel and permit to stand for half an hour, then wipe with a clear damp cloth. Spray instantly on stain, let sit for several minutes, and clean with a brush or sponge utilizing heat soapy water. Heating, Ventilation And Air Hazard potential shall be decided from Table D-57.9, with the worth indicating higher hazard being used. When the hazardous material could additionally be either a vapor with a threshold restrict worth in p.p.m. or a mist with a TLV in mg./m.three, the TLV indicating the larger hazard shall be used (for example, A takes precedence over B or C; B over C; C over D). Open-surface tank operations shall be classified into 16 courses, numbered A-1 to D-4, inclusive. Unobstructed walkways shall not be lower than 6½ toes (1.976 m) excessive and shall be maintained clear of obstruction from any work location within the booth to a sales space exit or open booth front. In cubicles where the open entrance is the only exit, such exits shall be not lower than 3 toes (0.912 m) extensive. In booths having multiple exits, such exits shall not be lower than 2 toes (0.608 m) wide, supplied that the maximum distance from the work location to the exit is 25 toes (7.6 m) or less. A fiberglass system offers comparatively reasonable initial value, low fan horsepower requirements, and quiet operation. Plastic piping methods are extensively used in the renovation of buildings due to the benefit of dealing with and fabrication. Standards have been established for all types of plastic piping to ensure applicable power and high quality for the intended use. Plastic methods provide the advantage of comparatively low fabrication costs. If hot water is to be concerned, choice of materials and the assist are extremely essential. Free cooling systems can have very excessive efficiencies, and are generally combined with seasonal thermal vitality storage so that the chilly of winter can be used for summer air con. Common storage mediums are deep aquifers or a pure underground rock mass accessed by way of a cluster of small-diameter, heat-exchanger-equipped boreholes. Some techniques with small storages are hybrids, utilizing free cooling early in the cooling season, and later using a warmth pump to relax the circulation coming from the storage. The warmth pump is added-in as a outcome of the storage acts as a warmth sink when the system is in cooling mode, inflicting the temperature to progressively increase during the cooling season. Greenhouses range in measurement and are usually constructed with transparent supplies, similar to glass or a clear plastic. Because of the way in which these buildings are constructed, sunlight passes via the clear partitions and roof and is then absorbed and distributed to the vegetation inside. As we try to offer site experiences for browsers that support new web standards and safety practices. Protecting stairs is difficult since you don't need to use anything that may cause a slip or journey. Rosin paper is an effective selection for wood stairs as a result of you probably can crease it over the sting of the tread and tape it securely around the whole perimeter.

#清潔公司

[chicuahtliteotl]

Inherently any permaculture you design will be resistent to any climate change or conditional change because the idea of permaculture and indigenous methodologies to agricultural or agroforestry, hinge on working so closely with the land that you must take into account what was native and how the native ecosystem adapts as well what was needed to support it through such conditions.

This doesn't mean methods of ancestors aren't allowed to change, change is part of how we all exist, blending of methods or applying methods that weren't once used in an area is common.

Our community's usage of microbial solutions for soil management and mycoremediation is fairly innovative by some standards but it was the obvious next step, if we understood there was life in every where we saw then the ancestors would understand our desire to also bring the community of that which we can't see without tools, to also thrive.

The mythos of indigenous people being some how backward is failure to understand, that we had founded a notion and concept that understood that were was more to what we know, to observe, to learn and understand. Science is inherently indigenous because before it was even defined as even a concept by western worlds, many communities were already perfecting the scientific theory, in different words perhaps but same end concept.

A common rain collection method in our nahua community is pachoā ātl, for water to roost like a hen where it desires. We terrace the land a day after watching the heavy rain fall because this tells us where water is being ran off, lead to, etc. From here we form divots, swales, etc. Why we call it pachoā ātl is because when the water collects and seeps into the ground, it appears like a hen roosting in a random divot it has found, splaying it's feathers out.

By leading and creating a place for where to roost we allow the water to seep into the ground deeper than it would normally. This fostering deep water collection and focused guiding of water allows us to conserve and be efficient with the water we wish to use.

Creating natural rivers, ponds, etc in your land scape is possible no matter the size.

[fatehbaz]

ughhhhhhhhh noooo stop it! aha! don’t release non-native earthworms in random plots of soil for enhancing gardens or free bait, don’t do it anywhere in North America lmaoooo! stop, it’s so dangerous and extremely harmful, with devastating and surprisingly dramatic and visible biome-wide effects! haha popular tumblr blogs should stop repeatedly and widely sharing advice recommending the release of non-native earthworms and calling it “anti-imperialist praxis” and “bioregional autonomy” and “vegan self-suffiency” lol! dooooon’t! it straight up destroys soil and outright kills forests :/ it directly causes death of understory plants; death of iconic species like goblin fern and serviceberry; elimination of vital fungal networks providing both soil structure and tree-to-tree nutrient-sharing; loss of native invertebrates and amphibians; savannification of the boundary between woodland and tallgrass prairie; death of red maple, sugar maple, and red oak stands; and especially harms hardwoods forests of the Great Lakes and Midwest lmao seriously stooooop it >:(

Anyway for real, I sure hope no one is deliberately releasing non-native and invasive earthworms, or bait worms, anywhere on Turtle Island/North American land, especially west of the Mississippi River or north of the Wisconsin glaciation. Earthworms and bait worms sold in stores are, by and large, not species native to the continent. They severely harm forests and soil ecology, leading directly to disruption of fungal networks; death of saplings and seedlings; death of forest understory plants; replacement of typical understory species with grasses; mortality in adult trees, as well; changes in pH; and other harm, especially devastating in northern hardwoods forests of the Great Lakes region.

Not gonna name names, but several times this year, popular blogs from the [forest-lover, anarchist/leftist/solarpunk, Moomin-fan, environmentalist-ish] realms of Tumblr have widely shared advice recommending the release of non-native earthworms or bait worms into the wild, as a form of “praxis”. I’ve got these posts screenshotted, but since I generally respect people in these circles - and in the interest of avoiding discourse and drama - I’m not going to share them. (A popular post was widely shared in February 2019; another “release store-bought earthworms” post was shared in December 2019.) I appreciate where their hearts are at. But:

Source: [x].

Some things:

From a Phys dot org summary of Great Lakes Worm Watch:

"The western Great Lakes region, which is the area we're focused on, has no native earthworms," says ecologist Cindy Hale, a research associate with the Natural Resources Research Institute at the University of Minnesota in Duluth. Native earthworms in the region were all wiped out after the last Ice Age. The current population was brought by Europeans hundreds of years ago, (soil was often used as ballast in ships) and they’re now changing the face of local forests. Anglers are adding to the problem by dumping worms that don't end up on the end of a hook.

With support from the National Science Foundation (NSF), Hale's team created the Great Lakes Worm Watch website and outreach programs to stop the spread of non-native earthworms and to clear up the common misconception that they're harmless. [...] Earthworms may be small but when they take over a forest, the impact is dramatic. They cause the rapid incorporation of organic material into the soil, changing its structure, chemistry and nutrient dynamics. What's known as the duff layer is suddenly removed, and this duff, or decaying organic material on the forest floor, is habitat for several species of insects, spiders, small vertebrates, bacteria and fungi. It is also the primary rooting zone for most plants."What's really the biggest negative effect on the plants directly is the removal of their rooting zone. It can cause mortality of adult plants but, furthermore, it can cause a loss of reproductive potential. A lot of these native plants have seeds that have very complex seed dormancy and germination strategies," says Hale.

--

Caption by Shireen Gonzaga for EarthSky: “A forest understory with a high diversity of native plants, the result when there are no earthworms in the soil. Image courtesy of Paul Ojanen.”

Caption by Shireen Gonzaga for EarthSky: “Forest soil with an abundance of non-native earthworms can result in a bare understory. Image courtesy of Scott L Loss.”

Non-native worms disrupt fungi networks, alter soil pH, damage seedlings, and allow grasses to gain stronger footholds to replace native/natural forest understory plants (from an EarthSky review of 2016 research by German Centre for Integrative Biodiversity Research):

Bottom line: European earthworms, introduced by early settlers, are changing the physical and chemical characteristics of soil in northern North American forests, creating a decreased diversity in native plants. [...] At the top soil layer, earthworms convert fallen leaves to humus. That’s a good thing if you’re growing a garden, but, in a natural forest, it causes a fast-tracking of the release of nutrients instead of allowing the leaf litter to break down more slowly, as it would without the earthworms.

Also, as they burrow through the ground, earthworms disrupt the mutually beneficial symbiotic relationship between fungi and plants. Some deep-burrowing worm species change the pH of upper soil layers by mixing in alkaline soil from deeper in the ground. [...]

All of these changes adversely affect native plants that did not evolve in such conditions. For instance, the goblin fern is rarely found in areas with high earthworm density. Other native plants facing threats include largeflower bellwort, trillium and Solomon’s seal. Earthworms also consume the seeds and seedlings of some plant species, influencing what grows in the forest understory.

In some locations, grasses, with their fine root systems that quickly absorb nutrients, dominate the forest floor. Non-native invasive plants that evolved in soils containing earthworms gain an even stronger foothold in these forests.

--

Cindy Hale, the prominent University of Minnesota-based researcher of non-native earthworms in the Great Lakes region, has published this book through Kollath-Stensaas Publishing:

--

Non-native worms harm birch trees specifically and hardwood forests generally (excerpt from University of Toronto research, 2016):

The worms can cause dramatic changes to ecosystems by altering soils, reducing leaf litter and disrupting microbial interactions, which reduces biodiversity. Now it seems they are also eating plant seeds in the wild, potentially altering the make-up of forest communities. (…)

“They eat a lot more seeds than we think,” says Cassin [ecologist at University of Toronto in Mississauga], now at the Ontario Invasive Plant Council in Canada.

The study shows another way that earthworms can alter forest ecosystems, particularly for small-seeded species such as birch, says Lee Frelich, an ecologist at the University of Minnesota in St Paul. (…)

Once earthworms have invaded a habitat, they are almost impossible to eradicate, says Erin Bayne, of the University of Alberta in Canada. Conservationists must instead work to keep worms out of pristine habitats, he says, for example by restricting the use of worms as fishing bait and by controlling accidental transport of contaminated soil.

--

Non-native worms lead to wildflower, fern, and sapling death. In hardwood forests, this loss is probably due partially to how worms degrade the duff layer; the loss of this layer also provokes soil erosion and directly eliminates the forest floor shelter of larger invertebrates and amphibians. When saplings cannot establish themselves, there is tree loss. (From Minnesota Department of Natural Resources)

Studies conducted by the University of Minnesota and forest managers show that at least seven species are invading our hardwood forests and causing the loss of tree seedlings, wildflowers, and ferns.

--

Sugar maples, important both for forests and human food production, are devastated by the worms (from several years of research by Michigan Technological University across multiple national and state forests in the Upper Great Lakes):

A new study suggests that non-native worms are eating up the forest floor, causing sugar maples to die back and perhaps harming other forest dwellers.

Sugar maples are prized as much for their valuable lumber as for their sugary sap and dazzling fall colors. In Michigan alone, they are the basis of a multi-million-dollar industry. But several years ago, foresters began noticing that the crowns of the big trees appeared unhealthy, with bare limbs and little new growth. “They were losing trees before they could harvest them.” (…)

--

Great Lakes Worm Watch has some fun links and resources:

You can download a comprehensive key that helps identify earthworm species. Available for free, via Great Lakes Worm Watch:

Text from Great Lakes Worm Watch: “Different plant species respond to earthworm invasions differently. Some native plants appear to be very sensitive, so much so, that they can rapidly disappear when earthworms invade a forest. Some examples of these plants include…” 

Worm Watch: “If earthworm invasion leads to changes in the mycorrhizal community of fungi, the diversity of plants that make up the understory would be dramatically changed. Fungi are a preferred food of many earthworm species and they graze it heavily, which could dramatically impact the abundance and composition of fungi in the soil.  By grazing fungi on or near plant roots, the earthworms not only can damage the roots, but they prevent the plant and fungi from forming the symbiotic relationship where mycorrhizal fungi exchange nutrients and water for carbohydrates with green plants.  If the fungi can't get enough food, they will die back even further.  For some of the native plants that need mycorrhizal fungi, especially when the plant is young and small, survival will be difficult if earthworms prevent this relationship from being formed.”

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NO MUSHROOMS

#NO MUSHROOMS #heed warning

[irispublishersagriculture]

Iris Publishers - World Journal of Agriculture and Soil Science (WJASS)

Biofertilizer Impacts on Cassava (Manihot Esculenta Crantz) Cultivation: Improved Soil Health and Quality, Igbariam, Nigeria

Authored by Ayodele A Otaiku

Introduction

Many diseases are caused by pathogens, whose damage symptoms appear on the leaves, stems and storage roots [1] during cassava cultivation. The common diseases of cassava are cassava mosaic disease, cassava bacterial blight, cassava anthracnose disease, cassava bud necrosis and root rot. Some of these diseases attack the leaves and stems of cassava plants while others attack the storage roots [2]. Cassava mosaic disease is caused by the African cassava mosaic virus which occurs inside the leaves and stems and causes yield reductions of up to 90 percent [3]. Economical damage by diseases, pests and weeds of cassava is relatively moderate, although white flies can be a menace in some regions, if the problem is not identified early, and remedial action not implemented in a timely manner (Figure 1). Correct identification of the pest and an understanding of its behaviour, including its most vulnerable stages would provide insights into its management affects crops yield and development. Care must be then taken if pesticide application is contemplated, since there is the likelihood of high residual levels remaining in the product after harvest if an inappropriate formulation is not used.

Biopesticides can exert fungicidal, insecticidal, or nematocidal action via the microbial inoculate in the biofertilizer, a combination of them and possibly other auxiliary functions such as bird and mammal repellents or herbicides. According to recent classifications [4,5]. Bio-control action is due to multiple synergic mechanisms, generally including: i) production of antibiotics and other secondary metabolites (e.g., phenazines by Pseudomonas spp., lipopeptides by Bacillus spp., and hydrocyanic acid by Rhizobia); and ii) secretion of lytic and defense enzymes (e.g., chitinases, glucanases, peroxidases, polyphenol oxidases, and phenylalanine ammonia lyases produced by Trichoderma, Fusarium, Rhizoctonia, Serratia, Streptomyces and Bacillus strains) [6,7]. The drawback of using living microorganisms is that their efficacy is often unpredictable under changing field conditions, and their fitness is reduced by the presence of an indigenous microbiota difficult to displace by non-native microorganisms [7,8]. Additionally, the antagonistic interactions occurring in formulations containing more than one microbial species limit their potential in integrated pest management strategies [9,10].

Climate change and soil biological health

It is commonly observed that applying only N or N + P can lead to a decline in particulate organic matter (>53 m fraction) and soil biological activity (soil respiration, microbial biomass C and N). These however improved significantly by moving towards balanced application through the addition of NPK or NPK+ organics [19]. Also, actual field studies on microbial diversity and activity are few. Contrary to a hypothesis that leaf litter produced under elevated CO2 and having a high C: N ratio would be difficult to decompose, the microorganisms were found to adapt to changing soil carbon input under elevated CO2 and there was no effect on their turnover and behaviour [20]. Expectedly, under 15 elevated CO2, increased immobilization of fertilizer N by stimulation of mineralization (SMB) of soil organic matter (SOM) nitrogen was observed [21].

Thus, greater microbial demand for N (>27%) was observed under elevated CO2 [22]. As warmer temperatures are maintained, the less efficient use of carbon by the microbes causes them to decrease in number, eventually resulting in less carbon dioxide being emitted into the atmosphere [23] via an agricultural soil vis-à-vis a desert soil (warmed in real world over time) attests this reality. Mycorrhizal and N2-fixing relationships are generally enhanced by CO2 enrichment, but effects of warming are highly variable [24]. There are reports proving that soil resistance and resilience is linked to soil biodiversity [25] and ‘higher’ soil diversity protects the soil against ecosystem malfunctions under stress or disturbance: an ‘insurance hypothesis’ linked to soil biodiversity [26].

Unfortunately, some African soils lack essential nutrients. In Uganda, Kenya and Tanzania low yield of crops was attributed mainly to poor soil fertility [27]. For instance, Zn is deficient in most West African soils, especially the lowland areas [28] while plant viable P is unavailable in the iron-rich tropical soils of Africa due to low pH and high level of iron and aluminum oxides [29]. The soil lacks Ca, Mg and K, and when acidic, has a high level of free Mn, which is toxic to crops. Buhmann, et al. [30], some South African soils are deficient in K and P, making it unsuitable for cultivation. Africa has lower fertilizer consumption when compared to other regions of the world. In 2002, sub-Saharan Africa had about 8 kg/ha of fertilizer consumption which increased to 12 kg/ ha in 2010 and 18 kg/ha in 2013 (Sommer et al., 2013). This is far below that of other regions of the world such as North America, South Asia, and East Asia and Pacific which were estimated at 127.9 kg/ha, 151.8 and 337.0 kg/ha respectively (World Bank Fertiliser Consumption, 2013).

Sub-Saharan Africa fertilizer market lacks basic infrastructure for sustainability, efficient pricing and competition (Sommer et al., 2013). Biofertilizers should not be misunderstood for organic fertilizers such as compost, animal manure and plant manure or extracts [31,32]. However, whether the beneficial microbes improve crop accessibility to nutrients [6,33] or replenish soil nutrients (Shridhar, 2012; Thamer et al., 2011), if the overall nutrient condition of crop and soil has been improved, such substances containing the beneficial microorganisms are considered as biofertilizers [32]. The objectives are:

• How biofertilizer functional architecture links system design (microbial inoculant) impacts on the cassava crops nutrient use efficiency.

• To use the outcome indicators (crop yield, soil organic matter) as a determinant of soil health and quality and soil nutrient facility management.

• How the microbial inoculant impacts on the integrated soil management?

• What are the indicators of soil quality?

Methodology

Biofertilizer functional models - soil health and quality

The environment-centric view (biofertilizer impacts) considers function as its effects (biofertilizer). The device-centric view considers function in term of internal parameters of the object (cassava crop physiology). The device-centric functions are the outcome (yield, soil health and quality) of the deployment of the environment centric functions. Eppinger and Browning, 2012 define. Underrating the biofertilizer system architecture of cassava crop cultivation within the agro-ecology, their relationships to crop development, evolution and outcome (yield, soil health and quality). Models are representations of the current understanding of a phenomenon or process of interest [34,35]. Functional models describe the relationship among variables using the simplest description of causal relations possible that still provides a useful description of the process or phenomenon [36]. A functional model would describe the components of the biofertilizer system and how they interact soils and crops cultivation. A mechanistic model would describe the properties of the biofertilizer contained in the components of the soil systems during cultivation. Information is also required on the driving forces that impact the variables controlling outcomes This driving force-outcome-response framework (or pressure-state- response framework) is widely used in environmental assessment [37].

Biofertilizer is dependent variable is the variable being tested and measured in the cassava (independent variable or manipulated variable) field experiment. The independent variable (cassava crop) effect on the dependent variable is observed and recorded. Indicators can be used to communicate information on driving forces, outcomes, or responses. Driving force indicators communicate information on the causes of a problem, which may provide incentives for appropriate responses or be used to monitor the efficacy of responses. Outcome indicators communicate information on the effects of a problem on a goal. Outcome indicators are often slow to respond but are directly related to the issue and are useful for assessment and planning. Response indicators communicate information on the extent to which remedial actions are implemented. Response indicators respond quickly, but their effects are not evident until much later. Indicators may communicate information on level, change or structure [38]. An indicator of structure provides information on industry or policy structures related to driving force (e.g., average farm size) or response (e.g., proportion of farms with an environmental farm plan). Water quality: watersheds with the greatest risk of non-point pollution are identified based on leaching and runoff vulnerability indices calculated for pesticides and nutrients (Figure 3).

For example, vulnerability indices for nutrients are obtained from estimates of excess nutrient levels (manure or commercial fertilizer sources) combined with estimates of leaching (based on precipitation and hydrologic factors) or estimates of run-off, Figure 2 reported by Kellogg et al. [39]. In the United States to develop soil ratings based on measured soil properties for the comparison of land management systems [40] and the approach, soil quality is considered an inherent property of the soil that can be determined from measurable soil attributes [41]. When a soil quality parameter declines below an acceptable limit, an appropriate response is required to increase soil quality. Acceptable limits depend on land use, soil characteristics, landform and climatic conditions. Many potential parameters of soil quality, measurable at various scales of assessment, have been proposed (Table 1). Wander & Bollero [42] concluded that particulate organic matter, mean wet weight diameter of aggregates, bulk density and penetration resistance may be good indicators of soil quality because they are sensitive to management and environmentally relevant.

Acton & Gregorich [43] defined soil quality as “the soil’s fitness to support crop growth without resulting in soil degradation or otherwise harming the environment”. Larson & Pierce [41] stated that “soil quality describes how effectively soils: 1) accept, hold, and release nutrients and other chemical constituents; 2) accept, hold, and release water to plants, streams and groundwater; 3) promote and sustain root growth; 4) maintain suitable biotic habitat; and 5) respond to management and resist degradation”. Karlen et al. [44] defined soil quality as “the capacity of a specific kind of soil to function, within natural or managed ecosystem boundaries, to sustain plant and animal productivity, maintain or enhance water and air quality, and support human health and habitation”.

Soil quality and health

Soil quality can be defined as the fitness of a specific kind of soil, to function within its capacity and within natural or managed ecosystem boundaries, to sustain plant and animal productivity, maintain or enhance water and air quality, and support human health and habitation [45]. Soil quality is related to soil functions and soil health concepts views soil as a finite and dynamic living resource [46]. Plant health is clearly a component of soil health but necessarily not of soil quality [47]. Baker & Cook [48] described the soils in which disease severity or incidence remains low, in spite of the presence of a pathogen, a susceptible host plant and climatic conditions favorable for disease development, as suppressive soils. Soil biota like arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi play a significant role in improving plant nutrition but also act as bioprotectants against pathogens and toxic substances [49]. Thus, there is a considerable degree of overlap in the meaning of soil quality and soil health (Doran, 2002), though soil health perceptions tend to focus more on biotic components of soil [50]. Soil degradation or deterioration in soil health or quality implies loss of the vital functions of soil: (i) providing physical support, water and essential nutrients required for growth of terrestrial plants; (ii) regulation of the flow of water in the environment and (iii) elimination of the harmful effects of contaminants by means of physical, chemical and biological processes, i.e., environmental buffer or filter [38,51]. The quality and health of soil determine agricultural sustainability and environmental quality, which jointly determine plant, animal and human health [21,52].

Results and Discussion

Biofertilizer - mechanism of action

The absence of a population of degrading microorganisms can be overcome by the inoculation of the plant rhizosphere with pollutant degrading strains and biosurfactants during crop cultivation via biofertilizer. This approach successful in reducing the levels of benzene, ethylene, toluene xylenes, hydrocarbons, polychlorinated biphenyls and pesticides in polluted environments [50,53] especially in Africa poor soil profile. The rhizosphere is defined as the volume of the soil over which roots have influence, and which is shared with soil bacteria. Plants release exudates in the rhizosphere likely to serve as carbon source for microbes [54]. Consequently, rhizosphere microbes can promote plant health by stimulating root growth via production of plant growth regulators, enhance mineral and water uptake. Some bacteria, especially fluorescent pseudomonads, produce siderophores that have very high affinities for iron as compared to fungal siderophores [55] and can sequester this limited resource from other microflora thereby preventing their growth [56].

Earlier reports have demonstrated the importance of P. fluorescens siderophores in disease suppression [57,58], Figure 4. However, many endophytic bacteria are facultative plant colonizers and have to compete well in the rhizosphere before entering the plant [59] and might be therefore equipped with a rich arsenal of metabolites involved in defense as well as in interaction with the plant. Many bacteria with the capacity of colonizing plants utilize the nutrient niche of root surfaces in the rhizosphere and most of them might even actively switch from root surface to endophytic lifestyles [59,60]. These bacteria comprise several well characterized species of Bacillus and Pseudomonas and a number of metabolites, particularly lipopeptides synthesized by non-ribosomal peptide synthesases, have been described to be important for rhizosphere bacteria for antibiosis and for inducing plant defense mechanisms (Figure 5). Biofertilizer characteristics (Table 2) and biosurfactants (Table 3) applied in the filed cassava cultivation requires no chemical pesticide. This was as a result of might be cassava plant-associated lifestyle requires adaptation to several niches, in which different metabolites act as signals for interaction (communication) with the plant and host specific plants nutrient and crop protection.

To read more about this article: https://irispublishers.com/wjass/fulltext/biofertilizer-impacts-on-cassava-manihot-esculenta-crantz-cultivation-improved-soil health.ID.000578.php

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#Agriculture and Soil Science #soil science #Animal Sciences #Food science #Inter National Agriculture Science

[botanyone]

A parasitic plant can cause an invasive plants allies to switch sides

A parasitic plant can cause an invasive plant’s allies to switch sides https://ift.tt/PzotuVE Readers of AoB PLANTS will know that invasive plants can benefit from local microbes when moving into an area, attracting more fungi to search for nutrients than native species. There has also been a lot of work in China recently looking for natural defences against such plants. In particular, they’re looking at parasitic plants, the idea that if the invaders do so well, they’d be excellent targets for hungry parasites. Now, Chaonan Cai and colleagues at Taizhou University, China, have found that parasitic plants like Scaldweed can tap into the benefits of these microbes through the invaders. Getting the extra help makes the Scaldweed more harmful, increasing its power to control invasive plants. Cuscuta gronovii – scaldweed – at the Skaneateles Conservation Area, Onondaga County, New York, USA. Image: R. A. Nonenmacher / Wikimedia Commons. The botanists made the discovery by growing the invasive plant Alligator weed, Alternanthera philoxeroides, a severe problem in China. First, they grew the Alligator weed in microbe-laden soil. They found that the native microbes only increased the biomass of the Alligator weed if there was no parasite. Next, they grew the plants in microbe-free soil. Now the Alligator weed grew without harm, despite supporting a parasite. But add the soil microbes and the Scaldweed reduced the biomass of the invasive plant. Our results showed that parasitism can suppress the effects of native soil microbes on the growth of invasive plants. Such a suppression effect may result from the reduced benefit from soil microbes due to changes in microbial communities, or the fact that part of the benefit was transferred to the parasitic plants. Although direct contact between parasitic plants and the soil ecosystem through roots may be minimal or nonexistent, parasitic plants can have considerable effects on soil organisms. On one hand, parasitism can affect the community of rhizosphere soil microbes by changing the root exudate or by changing the mutualism between the host and soil microbes; on the other hand, parasitic plants may affect the community of soil microbes through the inputs of their particularly nutrient-rich litter. In our study, we speculated that the enhanced deleterious effect of parasites on A. philoxeroides might have resulted from the fact that native soil microbes promote the growth of host plants, and C. grovonii can acquire more resources from the host plant, thereby causing a more deleterious effect on A. philoxeroides. Therefore, we encourage exploration of the potential of parasitic plants to suppress invasive species and develop methods for practical applications in ecological restoration and nature conservation. Cai et al. 2023. READ THE ARTICLE Cai, C., Zhao, Y., Yuan, Y. and Li, J. (2023) “Parasitism shifts the effects of native soil microbes on the growth of the invasive plant Alternanthera philoxeroides,” Life (Basel, Switzerland), 13(1), p. 150. Available at: https://doi.org/10.3390/life13010150. The post A parasitic plant can cause an invasive plant’s allies to switch sides appeared first on Botany One. via Botany One https://botany.one/ January 13, 2023 at 06:53PM

#Botany #Plant Science #Botany One