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#delmarva region represent
oldmancopper · 1 year
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50 Countries in a Trench Coat
So, as newly elected representatives are sworn in, and the US seems divided, I’ve been marinating on this thought. It’s often joked that one reason the US appears so disorganized and divergent is that the states are are individual, unique countries - each with their own agenda. And that’s not true, at least in my opinion. Other states and regions in the world have been formed with literal centuries of bloody warfare to establish borders, unifying regions. And that’s based on geography - where similar people with similar cultures band together, separated by impassable geography. Spain and France and Italy draw their borders at/near the Pyrenees and Alps. But the USA wasn’t formed that way.  It was colonialism - with geography granted based on latitudes and longitudes and other factors. (Such as the Oklahoma Panhandle only existing because Texas refused to have 3 counties worth of territory be non-slave) The US isn’t 50 countries in a trench coat.   What regions could have and should have been countries were sliced up and jammed together, often in jarring, nonsensical ways. It leads to succession movements - such as the those listed here:
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_U.S._state_partition_proposals Anyways, in my opinion, the US only has a few states that make sense as ‘countries’ Virginia, West Virginia, Vermont - all formed out of conflicts - and even 3 West Virginia counties were ‘stolen’ from Va at Union gunpoint - and West Virginia still tries to give em back from time to time.  (not to mention VA needs to give up their Eastern Shore counties to DelMarVa Hawaii, Florida, North Dakota, Maine - large enough and/or geographically similar enough that they almost could be a country - I’d have put Michigan in here too, except for the Upper Peninsula  (aka the state of Superior) Anyways, just a thought
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hmm here’s me talking about su sort of lmao like i said i’m not here to be particularly scentamentle?? just say funney stories....and some opinions.....it’s really been a hot minute and i haven’t been making Long text posts about things so i can throw one out there even if it’s got no thesis statement
also like i said i just so happened to like, actually watch the first ep on actual tv when it actually premiered....all i super remember knowing about it beforehand was like “oh rebecca sugar getting her own series right on” and i was gonna check it out on that alone and then also i remember before it debuted there was an article about it in the wapo in the sort of “local”-ish section b/c it was like. hey this is based in uh yknow the dmv....delmarva area.....this whole Region.....and i (from nova and in nova at that time, and flipping thru the print wapo every day) was like haha. neat. also god damn it was 2013, hell of a year. i can tell you little about it b/c it was so crappy i just like did not bother much with things like “distinct memories” lmfao. great to have like, a weekly thing towards the end of that hot mess (november??? or smthing??) back when....god........it aired weekly.........anyways yeah i was pleasantly surprised from the start i don’t Get when people are like “can’t watch this in order :/ the first few eps don’t sell it well” like okay speak for yourself god dman....more on that later i’m sure lmfao. hot takes
my brother started watching it too just cuz he’s game for shit that way and i was keeping up with it. like i remember i thought cheeseburger backpack was extra fun and i think i showed him a rerun and i remember he thought it was funny lol the Raft Gag......and when i was watching tiger millionaire i kept For Real Laughing and he came over like what is going on.....and i think he was signed on from there........again pretty fun for it to be this weekly thing. also maybe i’m not here to be Sentamental but i was also like “oh no that Spoke to my feelings unexpected :(” during tiger millionaire when amethyst was all “you can’t let anyone make you feel like garbage” and “i only feel how i wanna feel” like guess who was in the early stages of “my self esteem is so crappy it’s starting to circle around into [trying to increase self esteem]”.........like i said hell of a time. though then that’d be 2014 by then i think?? still a hell of a time
started to get “i think i will draw the same character one million times” about it at some point in 2014 too lmfao......every instance of [me drawing the same shit one million times], which is the only way i ever draw anything, then like, benefits whatever i draw later cuz like. sure get some practice out of it. and even though like, it wasn’t quite as huge an Internet Thing as it was gonna get once i started to draw shit, it was already like, classic-me Kinda Niche to be like “hey gang who is going ham about the bored dumbass teens”....not so niche that there weren’t other people going “yeah i am” at any given time tho. and then we put our hands in the middle and go Yeah!! and jump up hsm style. it was also a great time for something Fun and (easier than marble hornets lol) to draw b/c. it simply was a good time for it.....struggling to draw shit back then even more than is like, usual. oh and also i forget but i had sort of Withdrawn from the mh fanbase b/c it got this whole influx of randos after fjsfdking the Video Game we all know the one and i was like. i am gonna.....sidle over here. nobody Likes to be in a fandom actually lmfao. and i mean even while su was getting to be A Whole Thing i was like. bro i am over here in the Donuts section and it is a little quieter and i use the tag sometimes but i’m all set, thanks. still the least Niche niche i’ve been in probably lmfao....see: the fact that probably still way most of my followers are here from su times even tho idk who’s even active still
also had a high time making some great Long Text Posts. i kind of always fail 2 grasp that even as much as my drawings that stuff leads to me actually getting to interact with people, b/c like, those text posts have me actually saying Words in them, which helps lmfao..........i think it’s like, these posts are probably Not That Fun for most people, but then for the people who Are like “oh sweet this is something that i actually want,” that’s obviously a helpful way to find a kindred spirit lmao.....like hey cool you already know i can’t shut up and am opinionated and obviously a lil much? fantastic let’s do this. plus idk it’s fun to Not Shut Up Actually. like, not the biggest deal. ppl can just Scroll Past. or not
speaking of “getting practice Not Shutting Up and Drawing Shit”.......hilarious when in late 2018 i find myself like. oh so you’re telling me this excellent character who is a self-sabotaging struggling-to-know-how-to-cope-with-shit-and-connect-with-others insecure af Teen is not appreciated / ignored / deemed Awful (and then ignored) by the majority of the fanbase?????? hahaha you don’t say....but No Problem. let me just talk about how this person has Complexity actually and is a lot more sympathetic than not and i hate all of you omg like do we have to do all of this ourselves lmfao........guess so, Fine
what am i talking about funny stories who is this funny to lmfao. okay no but okayyy what an experience when the island adventure preview came out and for like the next 4 days i did not experience depression lmao........i Jumped on the opportunity b/c it was like, early fall i wanna say??? i think sept?? 2014 and i was kinda mulling over going to gmx (which was this convention the Marble Hornets gang kept getting invited to & i’d been 2 twice b4 but missed the previous yr coz it was 2013 and i was way not thriving) and yeah jumped on the “depression / (as much) anxiety who???” superpower to Ask if it was cool if i went to a friend’s wedding in georgia for a weekend. there was no friend’s wedding in georgia. and then i went to gmx AND. ironically (not really im sure. idk what irony means and idc) gmx weekend ended up being the same weekend island adventure actually aired and when i left that morning (gmx being in nashville) my lil bro (getting up for school) was like GO GO and i actually made it in time to catch it in the hotel room but. they didn’t have the channel despite it being listed on the channel guide. i about flipped lmfao but i did see it later that weekend and flipped again. gmx was an a-okay time as well lmao that was the last time i made it
they may have never sold a licensed Lars S1 Green/Purple Snake Tee but look when i have this green racerback with a neat snake print & this necklace of purple quartz crystals and also when i was at gmx i bought this necklace with one (non purple, non actual crystals but plastic shaped like it / glossed) pendant In The Spirit Of It All and it gets compliments. anyways the point is. indirectly representing
speaking of crystals = lars i’d just like to reiterate that i’m always right. like sure i was like “look i don’t know how lars could have Crystal Magic in him but something is up with the fact he’s = pink magic flowers with crystals inside them Means Something.” i think it’s reasonable to Not have predicted he dies and gets revived w/ crystal magic that’s in him now. but that’s still a Win for realizing somethings up....tfw as early as like s2 times i’d be like “well the donuts gotta get involved in the center of adventure at Some point and also i Know it is important that steven is just lars’s rly annoying little brother and y/n do you think lars would die to protect him i think he would...” like. i didn’t wanna be That right :/
tfw me and my brother were watching rose’s scabbard while my mom was napping it out in the armchair and like silently Sharing A Look at the whole “she was beautiful” thing like. lol harold
i still don’t know how much of a Thing(tm) magfest is but as far as i can figure it it’s No Comic Con (like, thank god :| ) but still kind of a thing. anyways i learned of it cuz i saw there was gonna be a couple su panel thingies & i looked it up & we were less than an hour away and so it was like midnight but i ask my brother like hey wanna swing by this thing on this one friday. and he was like Sure. so i made it happen and he was 17 so we had to drag our dad to the bank to Notarize a form that he was allowed to be there accompanied by me. it was a big place and it also took us a while to find Registration or whatever and when we tried getting sandwiches later it cost like $7 each go figure. anyways but we were just there for the one Event & there was a room like filled with arcade games and a bunch of other consoles (also Retro though. like old computers n stuff) and they had Galaga, thank fucking god. we 2 playered that shit and wandered around and also 2 playered a game called toobin, which was funny. real gamers know. 
when we were in the (pretty long) Line to get into the Panel, i actually like. spotted a then-mutual who i (was pretty sure i) recognized from her occasional selfie lol and who i guess had travelled all the way from the west coast for the weekend. when we were actually Seated she happened to be a couple rows back and both of us on the end of the aisle and i asked my brother if he could read her nametag (to verify lol) and i bopped over to have the cringe and fail exchange of “hey do you have a Tumblr” and then i was like “haha i’m milo i’m ummmwine” and she got up to hug me and then i had to scamper back to my seat cuz shit was starting lol
like my life was not changed by this event but we had fun and. the Hilarious story is that it was also partially a Q&A and i had a Q and my brother encouraged me by again whispering “go go” as soon as the first syllable was spoken implying Line up For Questions.....i was in like, the last idk, haaalf dozen or so ppl who made it to the mic? and look i knew i was gonna be asking a niche question that like 3 other people of the hundreds in the room would care about but So What. deal with it gang, let’s have some Variety. but i was still nervous. and when i’m nervous, i a) Have A Script and b) get even chattier. and right after the person Right In Front Of Me got their answer, i guess it was noticed that it was getting down to the wire so they were like “haha okay lightning round :)” and i was like NO.......GOD..........lmfao like too late im sorry i Can’t make it lightning round. i was muy anxious.....just that, again, hundreds of people there, i have the floor, nobody’s gonna Like my quastion......and they didn’t know the answer (which i figured was v possible lol) so i was like oh no sklfjd hope this entire room doesn’t hate me. i mean of course i didn’t care if they did too much but, Nerves....also im valid, but were the like half dozen people who asked prior to me about shit that would CLEARLY be too spoilery to answer valid????? no lmfao. cmon. that’s what’s Really cringe
well here we ffw a bit b/c Mid To Late 2015 is certainly a time for me and it doesn’t really make for an interesting story so just to tldr it lmao like, got some beautiful moral support from someone as i was makin a Lifestyle Change lol and continued to get beautiful moral support from that same person and i continue to benefit from it....You know who you are!!!! tyvvm....and it occurred to me that the reason i am where i physically am is via someone i met thru su-posting.......which is true of the You Know who you are person too, which is why i brought it up lmao
uhh god not as many Stories after that lol.....def got to engage in “i’m ___ i’m gonna [draw the same character i always draw] so i won’t be so ___” during interesting times lol. love that for me
tbh the uh. Wanted arc was truly one of the best Serial Arcs, just dramatic & solid af and also it’s lars time and for a second i go “god well at least maybe now ppl will acknowledge lars is a gr8 character” and then a second later i go “Oh No they’ll only say he’s a good character *Now*” and that’s exactly what happened lmfao but well we still got as much lars fanart as we ever got outside that couple weeks aftermath... l o l . . . i had to wait One Zillion Years for my little brother to catch up to this b/c. he was watching via hulu i think where like, a full season would come out a good while after the finale. seriously i think it took him almost 2 years. im like dammit lmfao this is What Matters dfslk....fond memories when hulu was free / no login req’d / shit would be available like the day after airing
uhhhHHH crazy how this show muscled through the weird scheduling change where it was like “no weekly eps Only Erratic Hiatuses”......ppl were so foolishly Into the first “5 eps in a row” release and i was like “no i don’t like this” and then a year later i was like “you see. You See.” rip
i think we can even ffw to sutm at that point lol....im like im in this for lars okay lmfao kinda Shrugggg @ things by this point lol like finale shminale. where’s he at. and i really wasn’t paying a world of attention to like, prior-to-release lore n announcements so i was just plunged into this chaos of like sorry???? excuse me?? of all the people in the world sarah stiles?????? lfsdj like noooo don’t show me these tweets lmfao......truly it’s fine i’m being Hilarious but it’s also very real that like, when i see things like “showtime(tm)” or “SHO” or “billions content” i’m just doused with Dread b/c i hate this series lmao i swear to christ. but it’s really Fine lmfao like. i was kinda “eh :/” to “yea this is alright” about the rest of it but spinel was The Highlight lmfao and having $50 to go ham on her animation was great but really the voice acting Made It.....like the entire takeaways was uh the other friends sequence and fuckin uhh this part. fuck it up ms. stiles........hit it out of the park..........cain was the first funny bitch and spinel was the second. that thought just came to me and i will not elaborate. call that a revelation. oh and also it was a relief cuz i was like “i s2g if this Antagonist is like, aquamarine-style annoying af....i will die” but No. spinel is annoying af in another way which is her rights and i don’t want to die about it lmfao. she’s good.......i don’t even resent the “how come whenever some rando shows up ready to literally kill everyone for no good reason, all of you are ready to be like ‘wow an icon’ and we can’t have 10% of that energy for the teen who’s kinda bitchy b/c he’s annoyed by life and crap???” thing b/c i mean, she had her whole Arc all at once and also is good enough for it i think. the nadir was when the one rando shows up for like One episode like “i Don’t want to kill everyone :3 syke >:)” and for some reason people were like “omg iconic. call them on their ‘don’t kill everyone’ bullshit” like lol i hate you guys
well i like lars’s [last outfit we see him in] and i feel like it only backs up the bi agenda. another epic gamer moment had been when it became a Popular Hc that lars is trans b/c he is lmao. and everyone was all “why is everyone sayign this why would you want him to be trans he sucks” like get good grandma!!!!!!!! it’s too late. well that’s the end of my post. me in 2014 being like “wow way to have something to keep up with b/c now i have to outlive it to get all the dnads content i guess” and here i am. but it’s almost April 2020 so. haha 
hmm what’s a less ominous ending. oh shit another thing that was funny is i was like So about these Skull Plugs featured in this semi-official drawing of lars once and then horror club came out (fun b/c i like horror) and had the skull plugs for Real & they were glow in the dark. that was a big day for me even seeing the promos lmfao. except then i guess it was foreshadowing, so again i end this with Death. don’t we all
wait no lsfdjs What tf was matthew moy talking about “i like your hair.” dude dropping an i-guess cut line on us lmfao. alright alright im done
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raymondcastleberry · 7 years
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Is the Regional Greenhouse Gas Initiative Having an Impact?
The Regional Greenhouse Gas Initiative (RGGI), a cap-and-trade program between nine northeastern and mid-Atlantic states, was recently extended. The states (Maryland, Connecticut, Delaware, Maine, Massachusetts, New Hampshire, New York, Rhode Island and Vermont[1]) have agreed to cut carbon dioxide emissions from power plants by 30 percent from 2020 levels by 2030.[i] According to the initiative, which was originally adopted on January 1, 2009, the revenue that the states obtain from the cap-and-trade program is used to improve energy efficiency, modernize the electric grid and purchase more wind and solar power. However, a recent study funded by the Cato Institute finds that 1) there were no added emissions reductions or associated health benefits from the program; 2) the RGGI revenue spending had minimal impact; and 3) the RGGI allowance costs increased already high regional electricity prices.
RGGI Program
RGGI is a cap-and-trade program that establishes a regional cap on the amount of carbon dioxide that power plants can emit by issuing a limited number of tradable allowances. Each allowance represents an authorization for a power plant to emit one short ton of carbon dioxide. The states distribute over 90 percent of the allowances through quarterly auctions. These allowance auctions generate revenues.
RGGI compliance obligations apply to fossil-fuel power plants 25 megawatts and larger located within the 9 states. As of 2016, there were 163 sources meeting this threshold. Under RGGI, sources are required to own carbon dioxide allowances equal to their carbon dioxide emissions over a three-year control period. The first three-year control period took effect on January 1, 2009, and extended through December 31, 2011. The second three-year control period took effect on January 1, 2012, and extended through December 31, 2014. The third three-year period took effect on January 1, 2015, and extends through December 31, 2017.[ii]
Although the RGGI is referred to as a cap-and-trade program, its effect is the same as a direct tax or fee on carbon dioxide emissions because RGGI allowance costs are passed on from electric generators to consumers. At the most recent RGGI auction that was held on September 6, 2017, allowances cleared at $4.35 per ton and revenues collected totaled $62.5 million.[iii] Allowance prices have ranged from about $2.00 per ton to $7.50 per ton. (See graph below.)
Source: https://object.cato.org/sites/cato.org/files/pubs/pdf/working-paper-45_1.pdf
Cato Institute Study
To determine the impact that the RGGI has on carbon dioxide emissions reductions, the author compared the RGGI states’ emissions reductions and renewable capacity to that of non-RGGI states. The five non-RGGI states selected (Illinois, Oregon, Ohio, Pennsylvania, and Texas) have all deregulated their generating supply sectors as have the RGGI states. The five non-RGGI states also have renewable portfolio standards (RPS), requiring a certain amount of renewable generation by specified dates. RPS programs increase the price of electricity. For example, Delaware’s electricity prices increased 9 percent as a result of its RPS, which can be seen on Delmarva Power’s electric bills. Similarly, Maryland’s electric bills increased 14 percent for the same reason.[iv]
The non-RGGI states added more wind and solar power to their generation mix than the RGGI states. The non-RGGI states added 5.5 percentage points of renewable energy to their generation mix compared to 2.3 percentage points for the RGGI states. Removing the large wind farms in Texas from the calculation, still shows a greater wind and solar generation increase for the non-RGGI states than the RGGI states—3.4 percentage points compared to 2.3 percentage points. In both the RGGI states and the non-RGGI states the share of coal-fired generation decreased by 16 percentage points and the share of natural gas generation increased by about 10 percentage points. (See the table below.)
Source: https://object.cato.org/sites/cato.org/files/pubs/pdf/working-paper-45_1.pdf
Despite the greater share of wind and solar power, the non-RGGI states had smaller electricity price increases than the RGGI states. The weighted average of total electric revenue for the multi-state groups is given in the table below along with the regional demand. Prices in the RGGI states were 64 percent higher than the non-RGGI states in 2015 and 54 percent higher in 2007.
Source: https://object.cato.org/sites/cato.org/files/pubs/pdf/working-paper-45_1.pdf
RGGI allowance costs added to already high regional electric bills in the RGGI states. For example, according to the study, RGGI allowances added $11 million a year to Delaware’s electric bills.
The impact of the higher electricity prices in the RGGI states resulted in a 13-percent drop in goods production and a 35-percent drop in the production of energy intensive goods. The non-RGGI states increased goods production by 15 percent and only lost 4 percent of energy intensive manufacturing.
Between 2007 and 2015, carbon dioxide emissions were reduced by almost 40 percent from the power sector in the RGGI states. In the non-RGGI states and in the entire country, carbon dioxide emissions from the generating sector were reduced by about 20 percent. But, the magnitude of the carbon dioxide emissions reduction in the non-RGGI states was over twice that of the RGGI states and the magnitude of the reductions nationwide was 9 times that of the RGGI states. (See the table below.)
Source: https://object.cato.org/sites/cato.org/files/pubs/pdf/working-paper-45_1.pdf
Throughout the country, carbon dioxide emissions have declined primarily due to the greater use of natural gas in the generating sector than coal. Natural gas has about half the carbon content that coal has. Its abundance and low cost due to the use of hydraulic fracturing and directional drilling in shale gas formations has resulted in the change in generating mix noted above. As a result, states without a cap and trade program saw major reductions in carbon dioxide emissions. Also affecting the lower carbon dioxide emissions was relatively flat electricity demand, the addition of solar and wind generation due primarily to state RPSs and federal and state subsidies lowering their cost and regulations that required coal capacity to be retired or emissions equipment to be added.
The following table shows the change in carbon dioxide emissions in the RGGI states due to the change in generating mix and including imported power. The calculated change in carbon dioxide emissions reductions is 59.7 million metric tons, which is slightly more than the actual of 57.2 million metric tons.
Source: https://object.cato.org/sites/cato.org/files/pubs/pdf/working-paper-45_1.pdf
Conclusion
The Regional Greenhouse Gas Initiative is purported to reduce carbon dioxide emissions from power plants in the nine states that are members. However, the Cato Institute’s study shows that the reduction in these states is consistent with the reduction in other states that are not members of the initiative. The reduction stems mainly from the substitution of natural gas for coal in the generating sector created by low natural gas prices, but also due to regulations that resulted in the retirement of coal-fired capacity, relatively flat electric demand and the addition of solar and wind capacity resulting from state RPSs and lucrative subsidies for renewable power.
[1] New Jersey dropped out of the RGGI in 2011.
[i] RGGI, RGGI States Announce Proposed Program Changes: Additional 30% Emissions Cap Decline by 2030, August 23, 2017, https://www.rggi.org/docs/ProgramReview/2017/08-23-17/Announcement_Proposed_Program_Changes.pdf
[ii] RGGI, Program Overview, https://www.rggi.org/design/overview
[iii] RGGI, CO2 allowances sold for $4.35 in 37th RGGI auction, September 8, 2017, https://www.rggi.org/docs/Auctions/37/PR090817_Auction37.pdf
[iv] David. T. Stevenson, A Review of the Regional Greenhouse Gas Initiative, August 10, 2017, https://object.cato.org/sites/cato.org/files/pubs/pdf/working-paper-45_1.pdf
The post Is the Regional Greenhouse Gas Initiative Having an Impact? appeared first on IER.
from Raymond Castleberry Blog http://raymondcastleberry.blogspot.com/2017/09/is-regional-greenhouse-gas-initiative.html via IFTTT
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hanapbuhayph · 4 years
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Territory Sales - Precision Software (15039) ~ Ag 1 Source ~ , North Carolina, USA
New Post has been published on http://www.hanapbuhay.tk/job/territory-sales-precision-software-15039-ag-1-source-north-carolina-usa/
Territory Sales - Precision Software (15039) ~ Ag 1 Source ~ , North Carolina, USA
Precision Software Territory Manager – Eastern US Ag 1 Source is looking for a representative to develop a new market throughout the Eastern U.S., with a preferred central location of North Carolina. This position will lead the sales process for this globally recognized precision ag software solution, with a specific focus on developing new customers and business partnerships with crop inputs suppliers throughout the Eastern Seaboard, with a primary focus on the Delmarva down to Florida, but doesn"t rule out some travel further Northeast when needed. Whats in it for you: Ability to bring a globally recognized and industry leading product portfolio to this market. Opportunity to help organizations throughout the region improve their value proposition to producer customers. Be recognized as an industry leader and market expert in the precision sector. Leverage your sales success to challenge the status quo of precision farming in this region and expand the footprint of the organization. Opportunity to participate in precision ag industry functions and events throughout North America. What you will be doing: Actively grow the companys presence through prospective customers. Deliver consultative and value-based selling focused on precision products as an integral part of customers agronomy strategy. Identify and develop prospects and contacts within the territory. Develop and manage key relationships with prospective and existing customers. Educate existing and prospective customers on current and upcoming products. Educate existing and new customers on product and platform positioning. Actively participate in the development of sales plans, strategies, and tactics. Provide feedback about the company"s products, competitors products, and competitive landscape to appropriate internal personnel for strategic planning purposes. Attend trade shows, conferences and scheduled meetings to grow the recognition of your products. A successful candidate for the Territory Manager will possess the following: Ability to travel throughout this region. You will be developing your own schedule but anticipate 2-3 nights out a week, during the building phase especially. Proven ability to work with retail ag and crop inputs organizations throughout the region. Self-starter with territory management experience. A track record of successful business development and sales growth. A passion for using technology to enhance a company"s value proposition and improve their customer"s success. Compensation: This is a highly regarded organization, with significant potential for personal growth and career advancement beyond this great opportunity. Targeted base compensation is $85-$110K for this territory plus a nice incentive plan. Benefits: Along with a very competitive salary, the position includes, a company vehicle, incentive program, expense account, with additional perks and benefits for applicants. Desired Location: The Territory Manager position is ideally located in North Carolina, preferably the Triangle area or east from there. But for the right person, an exception could be made, as long as you are living in the coverage area. Focused on Executive Level Agriculture recruiting since 2002, our network runs deep. If this role isn"t quite the right fit for you, but, are still open in exploring career growth, feel free to do so HERE. Or, if you know someone who may be interested in this role, please reach out HERE. We provide up to a $500 referral bonus for individuals that are referred and we place. *Candidates must be eligible to work in the United States as well as meet the qualifications listed above in order to be considered for the Territory Sales job.
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raymondcastleberry · 7 years
Text
Is the Regional Greenhouse Gas Initiative Having an Impact?
The Regional Greenhouse Gas Initiative (RGGI), a cap-and-trade program between nine northeastern and mid-Atlantic states, was recently extended. The states (Maryland, Connecticut, Delaware, Maine, Massachusetts, New Hampshire, New York, Rhode Island and Vermont[1]) have agreed to cut carbon dioxide emissions from power plants by 30 percent from 2020 levels by 2030.[i] According to the initiative, which was originally adopted on January 1, 2009, the revenue that the states obtain from the cap-and-trade program is used to improve energy efficiency, modernize the electric grid and purchase more wind and solar power. However, a recent study funded by the Cato Institute finds that 1) there were no added emissions reductions or associated health benefits from the program; 2) the RGGI revenue spending had minimal impact; and 3) the RGGI allowance costs increased already high regional electricity prices.
RGGI Program
RGGI is a cap-and-trade program that establishes a regional cap on the amount of carbon dioxide that power plants can emit by issuing a limited number of tradable allowances. Each allowance represents an authorization for a power plant to emit one short ton of carbon dioxide. The states distribute over 90 percent of the allowances through quarterly auctions. These allowance auctions generate revenues.
RGGI compliance obligations apply to fossil-fuel power plants 25 megawatts and larger located within the 9 states. As of 2016, there were 163 sources meeting this threshold. Under RGGI, sources are required to own carbon dioxide allowances equal to their carbon dioxide emissions over a three-year control period. The first three-year control period took effect on January 1, 2009, and extended through December 31, 2011. The second three-year control period took effect on January 1, 2012, and extended through December 31, 2014. The third three-year period took effect on January 1, 2015, and extends through December 31, 2017.[ii]
Although the RGGI is referred to as a cap-and-trade program, its effect is the same as a direct tax or fee on carbon dioxide emissions because RGGI allowance costs are passed on from electric generators to consumers. At the most recent RGGI auction that was held on September 6, 2017, allowances cleared at $4.35 per ton and revenues collected totaled $62.5 million.[iii] Allowance prices have ranged from about $2.00 per ton to $7.50 per ton. (See graph below.)
Source: https://object.cato.org/sites/cato.org/files/pubs/pdf/working-paper-45_1.pdf
Cato Institute Study
To determine the impact that the RGGI has on carbon dioxide emissions reductions, the author compared the RGGI states’ emissions reductions and renewable capacity to that of non-RGGI states. The five non-RGGI states selected (Illinois, Oregon, Ohio, Pennsylvania, and Texas) have all deregulated their generating supply sectors as have the RGGI states. The five non-RGGI states also have renewable portfolio standards (RPS), requiring a certain amount of renewable generation by specified dates. RPS programs increase the price of electricity. For example, Delaware’s electricity prices increased 9 percent as a result of its RPS, which can be seen on Delmarva Power’s electric bills. Similarly, Maryland’s electric bills increased 14 percent for the same reason.[iv]
The non-RGGI states added more wind and solar power to their generation mix than the RGGI states. The non-RGGI states added 5.5 percentage points of renewable energy to their generation mix compared to 2.3 percentage points for the RGGI states. Removing the large wind farms in Texas from the calculation, still shows a greater wind and solar generation increase for the non-RGGI states than the RGGI states—3.4 percentage points compared to 2.3 percentage points. In both the RGGI states and the non-RGGI states the share of coal-fired generation decreased by 16 percentage points and the share of natural gas generation increased by about 10 percentage points. (See the table below.)
Source: https://object.cato.org/sites/cato.org/files/pubs/pdf/working-paper-45_1.pdf
Despite the greater share of wind and solar power, the non-RGGI states had smaller electricity price increases than the RGGI states. The weighted average of total electric revenue for the multi-state groups is given in the table below along with the regional demand. Prices in the RGGI states were 64 percent higher than the non-RGGI states in 2015 and 54 percent higher in 2007.
Source: https://object.cato.org/sites/cato.org/files/pubs/pdf/working-paper-45_1.pdf
RGGI allowance costs added to already high regional electric bills in the RGGI states. For example, according to the study, RGGI allowances added $11 million a year to Delaware’s electric bills.
The impact of the higher electricity prices in the RGGI states resulted in a 13-percent drop in goods production and a 35-percent drop in the production of energy intensive goods. The non-RGGI states increased goods production by 15 percent and only lost 4 percent of energy intensive manufacturing.
Between 2007 and 2015, carbon dioxide emissions were reduced by almost 40 percent from the power sector in the RGGI states. In the non-RGGI states and in the entire country, carbon dioxide emissions from the generating sector were reduced by about 20 percent. But, the magnitude of the carbon dioxide emissions reduction in the non-RGGI states was over twice that of the RGGI states and the magnitude of the reductions nationwide was 9 times that of the RGGI states. (See the table below.)
Source: https://object.cato.org/sites/cato.org/files/pubs/pdf/working-paper-45_1.pdf
Throughout the country, carbon dioxide emissions have declined primarily due to the greater use of natural gas in the generating sector than coal. Natural gas has about half the carbon content that coal has. Its abundance and low cost due to the use of hydraulic fracturing and directional drilling in shale gas formations has resulted in the change in generating mix noted above. As a result, states without a cap and trade program saw major reductions in carbon dioxide emissions. Also affecting the lower carbon dioxide emissions was relatively flat electricity demand, the addition of solar and wind generation due primarily to state RPSs and federal and state subsidies lowering their cost and regulations that required coal capacity to be retired or emissions equipment to be added.
The following table shows the change in carbon dioxide emissions in the RGGI states due to the change in generating mix and including imported power. The calculated change in carbon dioxide emissions reductions is 59.7 million metric tons, which is slightly more than the actual of 57.2 million metric tons.
Source: https://object.cato.org/sites/cato.org/files/pubs/pdf/working-paper-45_1.pdf
Conclusion
The Regional Greenhouse Gas Initiative is purported to reduce carbon dioxide emissions from power plants in the nine states that are members. However, the Cato Institute’s study shows that the reduction in these states is consistent with the reduction in other states that are not members of the initiative. The reduction stems mainly from the substitution of natural gas for coal in the generating sector created by low natural gas prices, but also due to regulations that resulted in the retirement of coal-fired capacity, relatively flat electric demand and the addition of solar and wind capacity resulting from state RPSs and lucrative subsidies for renewable power.
[1] New Jersey dropped out of the RGGI in 2011.
[i] RGGI, RGGI States Announce Proposed Program Changes: Additional 30% Emissions Cap Decline by 2030, August 23, 2017, https://www.rggi.org/docs/ProgramReview/2017/08-23-17/Announcement_Proposed_Program_Changes.pdf
[ii] RGGI, Program Overview, https://www.rggi.org/design/overview
[iii] RGGI, CO2 allowances sold for $4.35 in 37th RGGI auction, September 8, 2017, https://www.rggi.org/docs/Auctions/37/PR090817_Auction37.pdf
[iv] David. T. Stevenson, A Review of the Regional Greenhouse Gas Initiative, August 10, 2017, https://object.cato.org/sites/cato.org/files/pubs/pdf/working-paper-45_1.pdf
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hanapbuhayph · 4 years
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Sales - Livestock Building Supplies (14948) ~ Ag 1 Source ~ , None, USA
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