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northernmariette · 2 years

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The Administrative Structure of Napoleon’s Army (2)

In a previous post, I reported what David G. Chandler, the author of The Illustrated Napoleon, wrote about the administration of Napoleon’s armies. As he explained, this administration was divided into three section: First, Napoleon’s maison, included in my previous post; second, the general headquarters, run by Berthier; and third, the administrative headquarters, for which Daru was responsible. This post concerns the second and third sections of the the army’s administrative structure, and some further related matters:

The general headquarters was subdivided into several branches and performed much of the routine running of the army. Berthier controlled four major sub-sections, or bureaux. First of these was the chief of staff’s own cabinet, roughly equivalent to Napoleon’s and particularly concerned with troop movements and all matters of military intelligence. The second bureau was responsible for records and personnel, including the maintenance of the daily cahiers that detailed the fighting strength of every formation. The third concerned legal matters, including prisoners of war and deserters. The fourth was responsible for headquarters administration, including its quartering, maintenance, movement and security. The Guard, the artillery and the engineers also ran staff organizations.

The administrative headquarters [under Daru] often functioned well to the rear and contained numbers of departments specializing in munitions, convoys and other aspects of logistical support, including the setting up and administration of the successive centres d’operation that were established in the wake of the main army.

For operational purposes, the emperor was accompanied on inspections or the field of battle by his “little headquarters”. This usually comprised Berthier, General Caulaincourt (the grand equerry and master of the horse), the marshal-of-the-day on duty [I’m not sure whether this refers to a marshal in the sense that Duroc was the marshal of the palace, or if this was one of the military marshals such as Ney or Davout], a couple of aides de camp, twice as many orderly officers, one page (entrusted with Napoleon’s telescope), his Mameluke bodyguard, Roustam, a groom, an officer-interpreter and a soldier of the escort carrying the map portfolio. Four squadrons of Guard Cavalry habitually formed the escort under command of a general. For normal journeys, Napoleon would ride carefully trained Arab horses, of whom Marengo was the most famous, but for longer distances he would transfer to his caleche or his post chaise, each of which was in effect a mobile office.

Equivalent staffs, on a progressively smaller scale, existed at corps d’armee and divisional levels. On the whole, the system worked reasonably well until 1812, when the problems of time and space became almost insurmountable. The staff organization was in some ways top-heavy and inadequate, with curious overlaps of function and design that did nothing to improve its performance. Nevertheless, it was the most sophisticated general-staff system in Europe until the Prussian reforms of the post-1807 period, which eventually developed into the prototype of all modern staffs, with their three main branches: general adjutant-general and quartermaster-genera

David G. Chandler, The Illustrated Napoleon. New York: Henry Holt and Company, 1973, 1990. pp. 86, 88-89.

Adding up the manpower for the “little headquarters”, I come to a count of fourteen persons, not even counting the four squadrons of Guard Cavalry. I guess “little” is a comparative term. Of these fourteen people, I have to assume the page, whose only function seems to have been to carry Napoleon’s telescope, was there either as a way to honour him or his father (these pages were often, or maybe always, sons of marshals or generals), or else because - I’m speculating here - he was showing particular promise as a future officer. Otherwise, I can think of no reason why a separate person would have to be there just to carry a telescope; surely the soldier with the maps could have had it in his pocket.

An entire book has been written about Napoleon’s caleche. It’s on my long reading list. I have read (somewhere, but where?) that it was indeed designed as an office, cleverly so, with everything in it necessary for Napoleon’s habitual work. In fact it was conceived as an office for two, as Berthier rode in it with Napoleon. The big difference, for these two riders, was that on Napoleon’s side the seat could be re-arranged into a full-length bed, but on Napoleon’s side only; so that on overnight journeys, Napoleon could sleep comfortably, but Berthier had to sleep sitting up.

For Berthier’s working methods and what it was like working in his headquarters, please refer to my August 2021 post “In the employ of Marshal Berthier”.

#napoleon #napoleon's army #louis-alexandre berthier #pierre daru

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blueiskewl · 2 years

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14th-Century Inscription Found on Turkey’s Giresun Island

On Giresun Island, which is 1.2 kilometers (0.7 miles) off the Turkish province of Giresun on the Black Sea’s southeastern shore, a 14th-century inscription was discovered.

The island, which has been known by many names such as Aretias, Nesos, Areos, and Khalkeritis throughout history and has traces of life since the ancient ages, is the subject of many legends and mythological narratives. Excavations have been sustained on this beautiful and mysterious island under the supervision of Giresun University Faculty of Fine Arts faculty member associate professor Gazanfer Iltar since 2009.

Iltar’s team has discovered a written artifact on the island for the first time this year with the unveiling of a 14th-century inscription. Iltar said that the inscription is of great importance as it will shed light on the history of the island and the Giresun region.

Noting that the inscription was found on the floor of the tower structure on the island, the academician continued: “The artifact belongs to the period of Alexios III Megas Komnenos, the emperor of Trebizond. The inscription states that the structures and walls on the island were commissioned by the venerable Maria, the wife of Pinkernes Kyriakos, the son of Giresun Governor Roustam. The name of Roustam in the inscription also gives us clues about the strategic marriages between the Turkmen beys in the region and the Komnenos dynasty.”

The inscription was made of terracotta, measures 30 by 50 centimeters (11 inches to 19 inches), and was written with goose feathers.

Explaining that the inscription was translated by an academic from Russia, Iltar said: “The inscription provides us with several pieces of information and perspectives. For example, the title of ‘pinkernes’ means the cupbearer of the emperor of Trebizond. It is actually a high court position in terms of diplomacy, and a pinkernes should be considered one of the closest people to the emperor. Therefore, it is understood that the governor of Giresun at the time was very close to the emperor of Trebizond.”

“The importance of the inscription increases even more as it reveals the relations in the region in the past and it is a unique work written in a regional alphabet of the Empire of Trebizond,” Iltar added that archaeological excavations will continue on the island in 2022 as well.

Giresun Island

Giresun Island is one of the two islands in the Black Sea, with a total area of 38,000 square meters.

The ruins of the city walls surrounding the island, second-century temple ruins, church ruins, chapels, water wells, and many tomb structures believed to have been built in the 12th century reveal the life and historical richness of the island. In order to reveal the historical fiction of Giresun Island, archaeological surveys were carried out for two years in 2009 and 2010 and many findings were made.

Giresun Island stands out as the only island with human settlement in the East Black Sea along with its mythological stories and historical remains. In light of these findings, the archaeological excavations continued in 2011 and 2012 in collaboration with the Giresun Museum and Selçuk University’s archaeology department.

Giresun Island archaeological excavations continued in 2015-2016-2017, and in these excavations, areas where various ceramics, frescoes, mosaics, used as wine cubes, Byzantine period coins, and many skeletons were unearthed.

The island, where “Amazonian” women once lived, is mostly known for mythological stories like how Hercules came to the island to find golden fur.

By Leman Altuntas.

#14th-Century Inscription Found on Turkey’s Giresun Island #Alexios III Megas Komnenos #history #history news #ancient history #ancient culture #ancient civilizations #The Emperor of Trebizond

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rhianna · 3 years

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At the beginning of the 13th century, twelve thousand slaves or Mamelukes[1] were bought in Circassia by the Sultan of Egypt to form his guard. This acquisition was to cost his successor dearly, for twenty years later (1250), outraged by the treaty concluded with the king of France by their new sultan, the Mamelukes murdered him and replaced him with one of their own chiefs.

They ruled the region until 1517, when Selim I, the Ottoman sultan, attacked and defeated them, and united Egypt to his empire.

Twenty-four of their Beys nevertheless remained at the head of the provinces: they were in charge of containing the Arabs, collecting taxes and directing the police.

In the 18th century, the Mamelukes numbered between 8 and 9,000. They continued to be recruited from among the Circassian slaves, and formed a formidable cavalry, which Bonaparte was only able to overcome thanks to the skill of his tactics and the courage of his soldiers.

Translated with www.DeepL.com/Translator (free version)

{introduction}

Au début du XIIIe siècle, douze mille esclaves ou Mameloucks[1] furent achetés en Circassie par le sultan d'Égypte pour en former sa garde. Acquisition qui allait coûter cher à son successeur, car vingt ans plus tard (1250), indignés du traité conclu avec le roi de France par leur nouveau sultan, les Mameloucks l'assassinèrent et lui substituèrent un de leurs chefs.

Ils gouvernèrent la contrée jusqu'en 1517, année où Sélim Ier, sultan ottoman, les attaqua, les défit, et réunit l'Égypte à son empire.

Vingt-quatre de leurs Beys n'en restèrent pas moins à la tête des provinces: ils étaient chargés de contenir les Arabes, de percevoir les impôts, de diriger la police.

Au XVIIIe siècle, les Mameloucks sont au nombre de 8 à 9000. Ils continuent à se recruter parmi les esclaves circassiens, et forment une redoutable cavalerie, dont Bonaparte n'aura raison que grâce à l'habileté de sa tactique et au courage de ses soldats. [Introduction]

AnnotatorCottin, Paul, 1856-1932 AuthorRoustam, 1782?-1845 Author of introduction, etc.Masson, Frédéric, 1847-1923 TitleSouvenirs de Roustam, mamelouck de Napoléon Ier Introduction et notes de Paul Cottin LanguageFrench LoC ClassDC: History: General and Eastern Hemisphere: France, Andorra, Monaco SubjectNapoleon I, Emperor of the French, 1769-1821 -- Contemporaries SubjectRoustam, 1782?-1845 SubjectNapoleon I, Emperor of the French, 1769-1821 -- Friends and associates SubjectNapoleonic Wars, 1800-1815 -- Personal narratives, Armenian SubjectNapoleonic Wars, 1800-1815 -- Participation, Mameluke SubjectMamelukes -- History CategoryText EBook-No.33534 Release DateAug 25, 2010 Copyright StatusPublic domain in the USA.

#mamluks #mamluk #napoleon #france #egypt

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napoleondidthat · 7 years

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Could you recommend books about Napoleon that focus on him as a person? There are so many about his military campaigns.

The struggle is real. Napoleon, of course, is primarily known for his campaigns, Napoleonic warfare and all the politics that go with that. If you’re wanting to get behind all that, it can be difficult. I’ve studied Napoleon for 25 plus years and I was never into the military side of his history. So with my experiences behind me, here’s what I suggest.

1. The Memoirs.

Memoirs are always a good place to start, if you can track them down. Yes, some are faulty, some aren’t accurate, but that doesn’t make them total garbage either. It’s just important to do some research if you can on the writer, know their bias and judge accordingly. Of course, this should be done with the memoirs written today, both auto and not. Memoirs are always going to contain biases and points of views of their writers and their agendas. Welcome to History!

You can break down your memoirs into sections. There are the military memoirs (de Segur, Caulaincourt etc). There will be moments of what I will term “candid life” but be prepared to wade through a lot of military (de Segur was aide-de-camp to Napoleon and wrote about the Russian Campaign) and statesmanship (Caulaincourt was Ambassador to Russia among other things and wrote extensively on Russia as well as the whole political scene after Russia).

There is the court memoirs. These can be a bit more candid but still can have biases of course. Duchess d’Abrantes (Junot) wrote a great set of memoirs that unfortunately are more than likely not all true but make entertaining reading. Claire de Remusat (lady in waiting to Josephine) wrote a set of memoirs but there is some belief that Talleyrand influenced her perhaps and her view of Napoleon isn’t that great. Napoleon’s secretaries wrote memoirs (Bourrienne, Meneval, Fain). Bourrienne is suspect because he was fired from Napoleon’s cabinet due to money issues and he may have an ax to grind. However, he is also one of the few who knew Napoleon as a “kid” due to their years in military school together. Meneval is considered a pretty solid source for the most part and Fain’s memoirs don’t get the attention as much as the other two, but having read them, they’re decent. There will also be political and military matters here of course but not as constant as the pure military memoirs. Constant (Napoleon’s valet) wrote memoirs along with Roustam and St. Denis (bodyguard/valet). There is some question on those and some (like in Roustam’s case) who become apologists for why they left when they left and how it’s really not their fault. Same goes for the mistress memoirs or accounts that are out there. But again, this goes back to the problem with any set of memoirs past or present.

There are the family memoirs…namely Lucien Bonaparte and Hortense de Beauharnais. Lucien, who happens to be my very favorite Bonaparte outside of Napoleon, of course had a very volatile relationship with Napoleon, keep that in mind. Hortense, who happened to be married to my least liked Bonaparte, had a legacy and reputation to protect as well as that of her brother, mother and children.

Last set we’ll call the St. Helena memoirs. I have four sets of St. Helena memoirs (O’Meara, Bertrand, Gourgaud, Marchand). Bertrand is very dry, if you like reading status reports, Bertrand is your guy. He doesn’t put a lot of emotion one way or another into his views, so that may give them a bit more accuracy. O’Meara was an English/Scottish doctor and Gourgaud is the dramatic, over the top, want-to-be best friend of Napoleon. Marchand (Napoleon’s last valet) writes a great memoir that are trusted for the most part. Antommachi is suspect for various reasons in his memoirs.

I am only listing a few here, off the top of my head, but the short version of this would be, memoirs are still your best go-to source (and where most biographies get their content). Just remember that when you read them, you are getting agendas and personalities, just as you do in real life.

2. Biographies

There’s scores of these of course. It’s an old one but I feel pretty good biography on Napoleon is “Napoleon” by Emil Ludwig. Vincent Cronin’s biography is also good. I wouldn’t recommend Alan Schom’s biography as it tends to be a bit titled in the anti-Napoleon line. Some historian’s obviously take a stance on where they see Napoleon and find information that confirms their stance, which is fine. They’re presenting an argument, these are pretty easy to spot. And of course, for every historian that wants to paint Napoleon an ogre, there is one who wants to paint him a saint. Those are as easy to see and obviously, like memoirs, need to be taken into consideration. Biographies can be either a mixture of personality and poli-sci or can favor one over the other.

3.Misc.

These books are probably my favorite. Try to find books that aren’t 100% biography but break down into sections of a life or a personality. If you want to see Napoleon outside of a military camp, sometimes you have to skip the Napoleon biographies and jump into the biographies of the family. Felix Markham and Theo Aronson (author of “The Golden Bees”) both wrote biographies on the Bonapartes as a family. There are biographies written on the various siblings (all of them in fact) that will show more personal sides to Napoleon as son and brother and not so much as commander-in-chief. R. F. Delderfield wrote a book called “Napoleon in Love” which concentrates only on Napoleon’s love life and there have been several books written by various authors (Octave Aubry for example wrote a book titled “Private Life of Napoleon”). Scores have been written about Josephine, and even if you don’t have a primary interest in her or her life, the books dedicated to her are a good place to find Napoleon’s personality more. And there is a ton of books written on the marriages (more on Josephine as wife probably) that are good places to find the more personal side to Napoleon. (Theo Aronson “Josephine and Napoleon; A Love Story.” Frances Mossiker “Napoleon and Josephine; An Improbable Marriage.” Evangeline Bruce “Napoleon and Josephine; A Biography of a Marriage”, to name but a few). Be prepared for agendas there too, on who was the better spouse, who manipulated who, who was ultimately to blame for what. Check out the biographies done on the mistresses, the step-children, the children etc. as all places to find more personal history versus political history.

St. Helena also gives you the memoirs of Betsy Balcombe (there are several versions out there. A popular one is “St. Helena Story” by Dame Mabel Brookes who was a descendant of Balcombe’s). There are two books that show a more human side to Napoleon, one called “The Black Room at Longwood” by Jean Paul Kauffmann and the other is “The Emperor’s Last Island” but Julia Blackburn. Both of which I would recommend.

There are also books where authors have given Napoleon the main voice, one being “Napoleon on Napoleon”. But like memoirs, remember Napoleon himself had an agenda and a bias.

And lastly, there are some books that have focused purely on Napoleon as a personality. “Napoleon Against Himself” by Avner Falk is a biography written purely from a psychological point of view. I have the book “The Riddle of Napoleon” by Raoul Brice that I found an interesting read that is also written on a personality/psychology point of view.

These are but a small few. I didn’t even touch the “historical fiction” that authors have written that are based on their researches of source materials.

This may have turned out to be a more detailed account than what you were looking for. But I shortened as much as I could! If you like, and are willing to wait a week or so, I can generate a list of the books I have (but it’ll be a bit of time as my collection is rather big) that I found to be good. Of course, you’ll have to keep in mind that I am also giving only an opinion and that I will also be biased.

After you have read enough, you will be able to pick out the common themes and threads and find some truth.

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alsadocs · 4 years

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Enregistrement "bricolé" 🔩⚙️⚒️ sur @Snapchat : le son n'est pas très bon mais on est très heureux d'avoir des nouvelles de Roustam, élève de 4ème au @collegeleclerc qui nous raconte sa vie de confiné. A écouter sur @RadioSonosphere ▶️https://t.co/bzFMkSII7h #webradio pic.twitter.com/2YHPHGAPMg

— Sandrine Curti (@CurtiSandrine) April 3, 2020

from Twitter https://twitter.com/alsadocs April 03, 2020 at 08:35PM via IFTTT

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agencecommunicationdigital · 4 years

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Agence Communication digitale RUSSIAN VODKA

Russky Standart ou Russian vodka en France et dans plusieurs pays est un groupe russe spécialisé dans la fabrication et la commercialisation de vodka, la distribution de spiritueux mais aussi dans le service bancaire et d’assurance dans certains pays de l’est ou la Russie. Son fondateur est Roustam Tariko est l’ un des plus riches entrepreneurs russes.

Ces différents produits: Campari, Rémy Martin, Cinzano, Carolans, Jagermeister, Piper-heidsieck,

Agence Communication digitale

Pour comprendre au mieux les attentes de nos clients et comprendre leur marché et leur limite nous nous devons d’être au plus proche d’eux et de leur équipe. C’est pour cela que nous avons pu au fil de nos expériences nous perfectionner dans les différents domaines de la communication.

Lorsque nous pouvons accéder aux différents intervenants de cet univers, nous en profitons pour échanger sur leur métier et partageons avec leur équipe quand nous le pouvons leurs difficultés en termes de communication en générale mais surtout sur la communication digitale.

Travailler au plus proche des équipes nous permets ainsi de délivrer une prestation plus efficace et ainsi mettre en place les stratégies et les outils les plus adaptés à leur marché.

Dans le cas présent nous avons pu rencontrer les représentants de la marque.

https://www.agence-de-communication-digitale.fr/nos-dernieres-actualites-russian-vodka/

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rhianna · 5 years

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Ils gouvernèrent la contrée jusqu'en 1517, année où Sélim Ier, sultan ottoman, les attaqua, les défit, et réunit l'Égypte à son empire.

Vingt-quatre de leurs Beys n'en restèrent pas moins à la tête des provinces: ils étaient chargés de contenir les Arabes, de percevoir les impôts, de diriger la police.

Online Translation:

At the beginning of the 13th century, twelve thousand slaves or Mameloucks[1] were bought in Circassia by the Sultan of Egypt to form his guard. This acquisition would cost his successor dearly, because twenty years later (1250), indignant at the treaty concluded with the King of France by their new sultan, the Mameloucks murdered him and replaced him with one of their leaders.

They ruled the region until 1517, when Selim I, Ottoman Sultan, attacked them, challenged them and reunited Egypt with its empire.

Nevertheless, 24 of their Beys remained at the head of the provinces: they were responsible for containing Arabs, collecting taxes, leading the police.

In the 18th century, there were 8 to 9000 Mamelukes. They continued to recruit themselves among the circus slaves, and formed a formidable cavalry, of which Bonaparte was right only thanks to the skill of his tactics and the courage of his soldiers.

Translated with www.DeepL.com/Translator

#history #emperor #france #napoleonic wars

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