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jpmester-blog · 5 years

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Efficient formation of stratospheric aerosol for climate engineering by emission of condensable vapor from aircraft

Hydrosulfuric acid in this paper is thought to be better at radiation management over sulfates and other methods, in a manner similar to that of the Mt. Pinatubo eruption (aerosol injection event) of 1992. It is found that on average, the radius of H2SO4 engineered aerosols is smaller than SO2 or on par with non-engineered environments.

The result is that less sulfur is needed to cool -4 W m-2 by H2SO4 than SO2. Ozone reduction is still strongly suspected in the lower stratosphere, but on the surface (pun most definitely intended), this method seems to be a viable alternative to stratospheric aerosol enhancement via SO2. The Harvard Project’s calcite experiments came 6 years after the Pierce paper was published in 2010; CaCO3 is a much sexier option because it actually promotes ozone formation, claims a “10-fold less” radiative heating of the lower stratosphere compared to an effective load of sulfate aerosol, and is a non-toxic chemical found in tap water, often a neutralizing agent.

Still I’m left wondering which communities elected to be a part of these experiments; the equator crosses countries in South America, Africa, and Southeast Asian Island nations. Latitude degrees between 30 °S and 30 °N also cover dozens of more countries including the United States. Practically speaking, researchers likely chose a longitude across a body of water such as the Atlantic or Pacific- but let’s also assume that the plane flown needs to be relatively close to land to refuel. Were communities within a 100 mile radius informed of the potential spike in sulfur content of their water or warned of the smell… I understand how unlikely it is for nearly any of these particles to fall back onto earth’s surface but NASA should really be more careful about what chemicals it let’s fly into our atmosphere (which is a large but sensitive ecosystem).

One data point I would have liked to see in this paper is the carbon footprint of the aircraft(s) used in the experiment. An independent study, using data from the US Department of Transportation, claims that commercial airliners produce as much as 53 lbs of CO2 per mile. How many miles did each aircraft travel in each of these experiments? The world may never know…..

https://doi.org/10.1029/2010GL043975

https://blueskymodel.org/air-mile

https://www.pnas.org/content/113/52/14910#sec-3

#plane #hydrosulfuric acid #geoengineering #research ethics #nobodywillknow #authorsdidnotrevealexperimentlongitude

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your-shubham-world-blog · 5 years

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Compounds (structure and naming)

Compounds Ionic (made of ions)

Composed of a Metal (left side) and a Nonmetal (right side) One element from the left side and one from the right side of the Periodic Table NaCl or MgF2 On the left side of Periodic Table they lose electrons (become +) On the right side of Periodic Table they receive electrons (become -) H is on left side but is nonmetal – sometimes acts like H+ and sometimes like HCovalent (made of molecules or networks of atoms) Composed of a Nonmetal and a Nonmetal Both come from right side of periodic table NO2 or HCl (H on left side but is a nonmetal) Compounds can be decomposed into elements Compounds are composed of two or more types of atoms Molecules are collection of atoms that are building blocks of some compounds The fantastic knowledge that comes from Chemistry is used to both understand the world and for many practical applications Chemical Formulas (some common examples given below) Chemical Formula Name Importance O2 Oxygen gas Necessary for animal life CO Carbon monoxide Prevents you from getting O2 because CO binds to Fe in the Hemoglobin (in red blood cells) CO2 Carbon dioxide Necessary for plant life to produce sugars CH4 Methane gas Natural gas, burn for energy H2O Water need for living things C6H12O6 Fructose One type of sugar made by plants from CO2 and H2O C6H12O6 Glucose (same formula different molecule) Sugar commonly used for energy by human body CH3OH Methanol Type of alcohol that can cause blindness or death if ingested C2H5OH Ethanol Type of alcohol found in all alcoholic beverages American Chemical Society keeps track of all compounds assigns each a special number called registry number. Over 20 million known compounds are known. Chemical Reaction shown by balanced chemical equation Burning natural gas: Methane Oxygen  Carbon Dioxide Water CH4 + 2O2  CO2 + H2O The number preceding the compound is known as the coefficient Lighter flame: Butane Oxygen  Carbon Dioxide Water 2C4H10 + 13O2  8CO2 + 10H2O The equation is balanced if the number of atoms on left (reactants) and right (products) are the same (Reactants) (Products) for butane lighter reaction 8 C 8 20 H 20 36 O 36 Matter and Changes Chemistry is study of matter and changes matter can undergo Change: 1) Physical Change – identity is the same but properties different Ex: separate mixture – divide sugar and salt Change state – ice  water  steam Do NOT create new chemical species 2) Chemical Change – create new chemical species 2H20  H2 + O2 Strike match – chemical change Break a match – physical change Dissolve table sugar – physical change sucrose molecules(C12H22O11) spread out in water Dissolve table salt – chemical change NaCl  Na+ + Cl- ions form and spread out in water Matter: Mixture (more than one substance mixed together) 1) Homogenous– same throughout ex: salt water is same throughout 2) Heterogeneous– not same everywhere ex:oil-water has two different layers Pure Substance (same composition and proportion of elements) 1) Pure element such as Na Cl2 H2 O2 2) Pure compound such as NaCl or H2O or C6H12O6 Matter and Change: elements can be combined to make compound compound can be decomposed to produce elements compounds can be combined to produce new compounds Naming Scheme Ionic Compounds can be either cations (left) + or anions (right) – Cations can be either monatomic with either a unique or variable charge polyatomic Anions then can be either monatomic (ide ending) polyatomic with either (ide ending ) or if with oxygen (ate, ite) Covalent Compounds Nomenclature (left) either monatomic or polyatomic (right) either monatomic or polyatomic Cation ( + ion) Monatomic ion: Unique charge One type of cation refer to name of metal Na+ Sodium Mg2+ Magnesium Al3+ Aluminum need to know that always Group IA (group 1)= +1 Group IIA (group 2) = +2 Al = +3 Variable Charge – More than one type of cation Cation Modern Old Cu+ Copper (I) Cuprous Cu2+ Copper (II) Cupric Fe2+ Iron (II) Ferrous Fe3+ Iron (III) Ferric Expected to know modern scheme and just be aware of old system. Modern system uses Roman number to designate charge. Older system uses latin names and ous = lower and ic =higher endings for higher and lower of two possible charges. Polyatomic Cation atoms held together by covalent bonds but have overall positive charge NH4 + Ammonium Hg2 2+ Mercury (I) Mercurous H3O+ Hydronium Anions Monatomic replace ending of nonmetal with ide Cl- Chloride O2- Oxide N3- Nitride S2- Sulfide Know VIIA (group 17)= -1 (can include H as sometimes acts like H-) VIA (group 16) = -2 VA ( group 15) = -3 Polyatomic CN- Cyanide OH- Hydroxide O2 2- Peroxide Other polyatomic with oxygen end with ate or ite ClO4 - Perchlorate ClO3 - Chlorate ClO2 - Chlorite ClO- Hyporchlorite NO3 - Nitrate NO2 - Nitrite Learn Common Polyatomic Ions in textbook Naming Examples Ammonium sulfide (NH4)2S Iron (III) oxide Fe2O3 Iron (II) oxide FeO Copper (II) cyanide Cu(CN)2 * Use parenthesis if more than one polyatomic ion THINK IONS see this Al2O3 and think of the ions Al 3+ O2- name aluminum oxide see this Na2O and think of the ions Na+ O2- name sodium oxide see this Cu(NO3)2 and think of ions Cu2+ NO3 - name copper(II) nitrate see this copper(II) nitrate and think of ions Cu2+ CN- and then write Cu(CN)2 Name does not give combining ratio – have to determine from ion charges! Naming with hydrogen (H is non-metal but often named as if H+ cation) H2S hydrogen sulphide HCl hydrogen chloride HBr hydrogen bromide H2O2 hydrogen peroxide O2 2- peroxide named like ionic) PCl5 phosphorous pentachloride UF6 uranium hexafluoride (some metal-nonmetals are more covalent than ionic) HClO4 hydrogen perchlorate (hydrogen like positive ion) HClO3 hydrogen chlorate HClO2 hydrogen chlorite HClO hydrogen hypochlorite HNO3 hydrogen nitrate HNO2 hydrogen nitrite H2SO4 hydrogen sulfate H2SO3 hydrogen sulfite H3N hydrogen nitride LiH lithium hydride (ionic: hydrogen like negative ion) Binary Covalent Compounds Nomenclature These are made of nonmetals Systematic Use Greek prefixes if more than one atom 1 – mono (omit for first element, omit for second if only one possibility 2 – di 3 – tri 4 – tetra 5 – penta 6 – hexa 7 – hepta 8 – octa 9 – nona 10 – deca Add ide ending on second element (name like ion) O2F2 dioxygen diflouride HCL hydrogen chloride NO nitrogen monoxide (old name: nitric oxide) N2O dinitrogen monoxide (old name: nitrous oxide) NO2 nitrogen dioxide N2O3 dinitrogen trioxide N2O5 dinitrogen pentoxide (drop final o or a in prefix if element begins with vowel) Trivial Names H2O water NH3 ammonia N2H4 hydrazine PH3 phosphine Acid Nomenclature Naming Inorganic Acids these names are used only if compound dissolved in water to make acid Acid – releases H+ ion (attaches to water to form H3O+ hydronium) Acids without Oxygen Binary or binary related acids hydro___ic acid Ex: Compound Name Acid Name HCl hydrogen chloride hydrochloric acid H2S hydrogen sulfide hydrosulfuric acid HCN hydrogen cyanide hydrocyanic acid Acids WITH Oxygen Tenary oxoacids Compounds ending acid ending ate -----------------------------> ic ite ------------------------------> ous

Ex: Compound Name Acid Name HClO4 hydrogen perchlorate perchloric acid HClO3 hydrogen chlorate chloric acid HClO2 hydrogen chlorite chlorous HCl hydrogen hypochlorite hypochlorous H2SO4 hydrogen sulfate sulfuric acid H2SO3 hydrogen sulfite sulfurous acid HNO3 hydrogen nitrate nitric acid HNO2 hydrogen nitrite nitrous acid HC2H3O2 hydrogen acetate acetic acid H2CO3 hydrogen carbonate carbonic acid H3BO3 hydrogen borate boric acid HIO2 hydrogen iodite iodous acid Naming review and everyday uses Examples: NaCl sodium chloride (table salt, used in solutions for contact lens) ZnO zinc oxide (used in some sunscreens and diaper rash ointment) NaF sodium fluoride (active ingredient in toothpaste) SeS selenium sulfide (in selsium blue shampoo) NaNO2 sodium nitrite (preservation in meat such as bacon) NaClO sodium hypochlorite (bleach) N2O dinitrogen oxide (laughing gas used for some dental work) NaHCO3 sodium bicarbonate (baking soda) Look on boxes or bottles used around your home and see if you recognize names of the inorganic ingredients.

Fructose reaction

Fructose and Maillard reaction. Therefore, fructose has potential to contribute to changes in food palatability, as well as other nutritional effects, such as excessive browning, volume and tenderness reduction during cake preparation, and formation of mutagenic compounds. Fructose Simple Ketonic Monosaccharide

Fructose, or fruit sugar, is a simple ketonic monosaccharide found in many plants, where it is often bonded to glucose to form the disaccharide sucrose. It is one of the three dietary monosaccharaides, along with glucose and galactose, that are absorbed directly into blood during digestion. Fructose was discovered by French chemist Augustine-Pierre Dubrunfaut in 1847. The name "fructose" was coined in 1857 by the English chemist William Allen Miller. Pure, dry fructose is a sweet, white, odorless, crystalline solid, and is the most water-soluble of all the sugars. Fructose is found in honey, tree and vine fruits, flowers, berries, and most root vegetables

Chemical formula : C₆H₁₂O₆

Melting point : 103°C (217.40°F)

Average Molar mass: 180.16 g/mol

Boiling point : 440°C (824°F)

Density : 1.69 g/cm³

IUPAC ID : Fructose

Glocose Reaction Breakdown of carbohydrates (e.g. starch) yields mono-and disaccharides, most of which is glucose. Through glycolysis and later in the reactions of the citric acid cycle and oxidative phosphorylation, glucose is oxidized to eventually form CO2 and water, yielding energy mostly in the form of ATP.

D-Glucose

Simple Sugar

Glucose is a simple sugar with the molecular formula C₆H₁₂O₆. Glucose is the most abundant monosaccharide, a subcategory of carbohydrates. Glucose is mainly made by plants and most algae during photosynthesis from water and carbon dioxide, using energy from sunlight. There it is used to make cellulose in cell walls, which is the most abundant carbohydrate. In energy metabolism, glucose is the most important source of energy in all organisms. Glucose for metabolism is partially stored as a polymer, in plants mainly as starch and amylopectin and in animals as glycogen. Glucose circulates in the blood of animals as blood sugar. The naturally occurring form of glucose is D-glucose, while L-glucose is produced synthetically in comparably small amounts and is of lesser importance.

Chemical formula : C₆H₁₂O₆

Average Molar mass : 180.16 g/mol

Density : 1.54 g/cm³

Melting point : 146°C (294.80°F)

IUPAC ID : D-glucose

Methanol reaction

The chemical reaction between methanol (Alcohol) and Ketone is oxidation reaction. You oxidize the alcohol using acidified potassium dichromate (VI) to turn to ketone.

Methanol Chemical Compound

Methanol, also known as methyl alcohol among others, is a chemical with the formula CH₃OH. Methanol acquired the name wood alcohol because it was once produced chiefly by the destructive distillation of wood. Today, methanol is mainly produced industrially by hydrogenation of carbon monoxide

Density : 0.79 g/cm³

Boiling point : 64.70°C (148.46°F)

Chemical formula: CH₄O

Melting point : -97.60°C (-143.68°F)

Average Molar mass: 32.04 g/mol Classification :

Alcohol

ETHANOL

Ethanol reacts with ethanoic acid in the presence of concentrated H2SO4 to form ethyl ethanoate and water. The compound formed by the reaction of an alcohol with carboxylic acid is known as ester and the reaction is known as esterification reaction. Ethanol Chemical Compound

Ethanol is a chemical compound, a simple alcohol with the chemical formula C₂H₆O. Its formula can be also written as CH₃−CH₂−OH or C₂H₅−OH, and is often abbreviated as EtOH. Ethanol is a volatile, flammable, colorless liquid with a slight characteristic odor. It is a psychoactive substance and is the principal type of alcohol found in alcoholic drinks…

Density: 0.79 g/cm³ Boiling point: 78.37°C (173.07°F)

Chemical formula: C₂H₆O

Melting point: -114°C (-173.20°F)

Average Molar mass: 46.07 g/mol

IUPAC ID: ethanol

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umbraimperium · 4 years

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Stereotyping Moslem can build as bomb out of a can of draino, twisters party sparklers, glycerine and some nitrate and 13kilograms of aluminium with 20mg of mercury to make aluminiumoxide, a cell phone, and a laser detonators or high powder children laser, a few kilos of hydrochloric and hydrosulfuric acids and some potasium permaganate

Making am lil green rdx sanz

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palephx · 5 years

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"This faucet dispenses ten molar hydrosulfuric acid at extreme pressure. Please, make a note of it."

#you in danger girl #sign o the times #misprints and typos

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adoraborous · 7 years

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I wish I could say that I spilled the absolute minimum about of hydrosulfuric acid on my jeans yesterday, but that would be a lie because the absolute minimum would be zero.

#ramblr

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prashanpatel123-blog · 5 years

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World Class Research Report of Spa Market 2019- Grand Resort Bad Ragaz, Forte Village Resort, Canyon Ranch, Chiva Som International Health Resort

Growing need for stress and pain management due to hectic routines has led to surge in demand for spa therapies globally. Prevalence of chronic diseases such as asthma is further projected to impact the global market growth of spa positively. Fact.MR states that the global market of spa is projected to reflect a CAGR of 5.7% over the forecast period, 2017-2026. For a sample copy of the report, please click:- https://www.factmr.com/connectus/sample?flag=S&rep_id=341 Factors Fuelling Global Market Growth Growth of the global spa market is mainly bound to various macro-economic and micro-economic factors. Surge in hectic schedules and routines has continued to rev up demand for rejuvenating and relaxing therapies. Demand for anti-ageing treatments for the ageing population is further projected to boost demand for relaxing therapies and treatments globally. As the requirement of detoxifying the system arises, customers prefer spending increasingly on spa therapies. Prevalence of arthritis and joint pains due to the hectic lifestyle has led to surge in demand for mineral springs spa treatment. The spa centers and resorts are increasingly using Malkinskaya mineral water, which is much known for its therapeutic effects on the cardiovascular conditions. In addition, the spa resorts and centers are also using iodine-bromine waters and hydrosulfuric healing techniques for treatment of chemical and heat burns among children and adults. Increasing demand for hydropathic treatment is mainly bound to growing number of disabled people with limited mobility.

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j216 · 6 years

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chromotypic hydrosulfurous by Jared Haer Tempests Unresistedness Study #generative #picoftheday #photooftheday #trippy #tweegram #design

#Digital #art #Python #GIMP #Trippy #Colors #AI #cryptographic

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chemical-compounds-en-blog · 7 years

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Hydrogen sulfide

Hydrogen sulfide Names Systematic IUPAC name Hydrogen sulfide Other names Dihydrogen monosulfide Dihydrogen sulfide Sewer gas Sulfane Sulfurated hydrogen Sulfureted hydrogen Sulfuretted hydrogen Sulfur hydride Hydrosulfuric acid Hydrothionic acid Sulfhydric acid Identifiers CAS Number 7783-06-4 Y 3DMet B01206 Beilstein Reference 3535004 ChEBI CHEBI:16136 Y ChEMBL ChEMBL1200739 N ChemSpider 391 Y EC Number 231-977-3 Gmelin Reference 303 Jmol 3D model Interactive image KEGG C00283 Y MeSH Hydrogen+sulfide PubChem 402 RTECS number MX1225000 UNII YY9FVM7NSN Y UN number 1053 InChI SMILES Properties Chemical formula H2S Molar mass 34.08 g·mol−1 Appearance Colorless gas Odor Rotten eggs Density 1.363 g dm−3 Melting point −82 °C (−116 °F; 191 K) Boiling point −60 °C (−76 °F; 213 K) Solubility in water 4 g dm−3 (at 20 °C) Vapor pressure 1740 kPa (at 21 °C) Acidity (pKa) 7.0 Basicity (pKb) 12.9 Refractive index (nD) 1.000644 (0 °C) Structure Point group C2v Molecular shape Bent Dipole moment 0.97 D Thermochemistry Specific heat capacity (C) 1.003 J K−1 g−1 Std molar entropy (S o298) 206 J mol−1 K−1 Std enthalpy of formation (ΔfH o298) −21 kJ mol−1 Hazards Safety data sheet External MSDS EU classification (DSD) F+ T+ N R-phrases R12, R26, R50 S-phrases (S1/2), S9, S16, S36, S38, S45, S61 NFPA 704 4 4 0 Flash point −82.4 °C (−116.3 °F; 190.8 K) Autoignition temperature 232 °C (450 °F; 505 K) Explosive limits 4.3–46% Lethal dose or concentration (LD, LC): LC50 (median concentration) 713 ppm (rat, 1 hr) 673 ppm (mouse, 1 hr) 634 ppm (mouse, 1 hr) 444 ppm (rat, 4 hr) LCLo (lowest published) 600 ppm (human, 30 min) 800 ppm (human, 5 min) US health exposure limits (NIOSH): PEL (Permissible) C 20 ppm; 50 ppm [10-minute maximum peak] REL (Recommended) C 10 ppm (15 mg/m3) [10-minute] IDLH (Immediate danger) 100 ppm Related compounds Related hydrogen chalcogenides Water Hydrogen selenide Hydrogen telluride Hydrogen polonide Hydrogen disulfide Sulfanyl Related compounds Phosphine Except where otherwise noted, data are given for materials in their standard state (at 25 °C [77 °F], 100 kPa). N verify (what is YN ?) Infobox references Hydrogen sulfide is the chemical compound with the formula H 2S. It is a colorless gas with the characteristic foul odor of rotten eggs; it is heavier than air, very poisonous, corrosive, flammable, and explosive; properties shared with the denser hydrogen chalcogenides. Hydrogen sulfide often results from the prokaryotic breakdown of organic matter in the absence of oxygen gas, such as in swamps and sewers; this process is commonly known as anaerobic digestion. H 2S also occurs in volcanic gases, natural gas, and in some sources of well water. It is also present in natural halite type rock salts, most notably in Himalayan Black Salt, which is mostly harvested from the mineral-rich Salt Range mountains of Pakistan. The human body produces small amounts of H 2S and uses it as a signaling molecule. Dissolved in water, hydrogen sulfide is known as hydrosulfuric acid or sulfhydric acid, a weak acid. Swedish chemist Carl Wilhelm Scheele is credited with having discovered hydrogen sulfide in 1777. The British English spelling of this compound is hydrogen sulphide, but this spelling is not recommended by the International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry or the Royal Society of Chemistry. In 2015, hydrogen sulfide under extremely high pressure (around 150 gigapascals/1.5 million bar) was found to undergo superconducting transition near −70 °C (−94 °F), the highest temperature superconductor known to date. More details Android, Windows

#Chemical compounds

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