Alabaster vase from Halicarnassus with the name "Xerxes, the Great King"inscribed in three lines of cuneiform characters in the Persian, Median and Assyrian languages, and below in Egyptian hieroglyphics with a cartouche
Made in Egypt 485-465 BC. Found at the Mausoleum of Halicarnassus in
1857 by Charles Thomas Newton. [18] Translucent white and yellow-brown
calcite. Height 28.8 cm.
British Museum. Inv. No. 132114.
Source of the picture: https://www.britishmuseum.org/collection/object/W_1857-1220-1
Source of the text: http://www.my-favourite-planet.de/english/people/h1/herodotus.html
The initial description of the jar by the British Museum in 1884 refers to “Assyrian’ and ‘Median”, but it seems that the languages of the cuneiform characters of the jar are (besides of course the Old Persian) the Babylonian and the Elamite.
The function of this jar is not well known. It may have contained some of the water from the Nile, received as a symbol of submission.[1] A few other examples of broadly similar jars are known throughout the Achaemenid Empire, including jar from Darius I.[1] The jar may have been part of the collection of the Carian Satrap, and testifies to the close contacts between Carian rulers and the Achaemenid Empire.[1][3]
The vases, of Egyptian origin, were very precious to the Achaemenids, and may therefore have been offered by Xerxes to Carian rulers, and then kept as a precious object.[4] In particular, the precious jar may have been offered by Xerxes to the Carian dynast Artemisia I, who had acted with merit as his only female Admiral during the Second Persian invasion of Greece, and particularly at the Battle of Salamis.[5]
The Jar is located in the British Museum.[6] Its height is 28.8 centimetres, its diameter 12.8 centimetres at the rim.[6] It was excavated by Charles Thomas Newton in 1857.[6]
From the wikipedia article on the Xerxes’ jar (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jar_of_Xerxes_I )
15 notes
·
View notes
The Mausoleum at Halicarnassus
The Mausoleum at Halicarnassus is one of the seven wonders of the ancient world (a topic which I may write about in the future) and looks certifiably like a giant lego brick. That being said though, at least it’s a cool lego brick. Here’s a reconstruction of the building at its height:
This building was dedicated to Mausolus, a satrap of the Achaemenid Empire (also known as the Persian Empire), and placed in Halicarnassus. For those who aren’t aware, this building no longer stands, probably due to an earthquake sometime after the 10th century CE: we can’t really narrow it down much more. Here's the site now:
It was described in detail by Pliny the Elder in his book Natural History, and its scale when recreated is both shocking and frankly awesome. It would have towered above the city, and it’s well worth considering it a wonder. It’s worth mentioning that this was built by a Greek to honor a Persian in the time between the Persian Wars and Alexander’s conquests, and this period is often neglected because white men have trouble romanticizing a period of at least somewhat stable, yet contentious, peace.
That aside, this period saw huge megastructures built like this in Anatolian Greek cities like Halicarnassus, Pergamon, and others. It was mainly to show off wealth, but many of these cities had a relationship with Persia that can be described as “independence guaranteed,” by Persia. The political declarations and letters of this era are really interesting but obscure enough that finding them in any books is difficult at best. But, regardless of the lack of study, the grandeur of this giant lego brick speaks for itself.
Also, this is where the word mausoleum comes from, it appears. Next time you say that word, send some thanks to Mausolus who had his body interred in a structure that is now just a common English word. It’s pretty neat. Linguistics is neat.
Thanks for reading.
2 notes
·
View notes
How was your holiday?
Thank you for asking! Forgive me, but I'm going to answer in great detail. :'D
First I spent 10 days on the coast of Aegean Sea in Turkey and it was great! Turkey is beautiful and there's a lot to explore. I visited the site of the Halicarnassus Mausoleum (which is considered one of the Seven Wonders), the Bodrum Castle, the Museum of Underwater Archeology. Spent quite some time on the beach (lots of fresh orange juice consumed, two books finished) and swam until my lips turned blue. Went on foot to nearby bays/towns just because it's fun to walk. Dined by the sea.
We only had wifi in the hotel lobby (which was 4 flights of stairs down from our cottage), and it was ultimately a good thing to stay off the phone.
And then I spent about a week in Moscow where I saw family and friends, many of whom were visiting the city and it was great luck to coincide like that. I went to the Book Museum in the Russian State Library, Architecture Museum (awesome exhibition on Falсonnier!) and the Apothecary Garden and their greenhouses and rose exhibition. We also explored VDNKh (so many roses!), ate draniki in the Belarus Pavillion and had a dessert of walnut pastries and apricot juice in the Armenia Pavillion. I wanted to go to the 100 Years of Soviet Animation exhibition but unfortunately it was closed that day. I also saw Don't Be Afraid, I'm With You with a group of friends, it's a big musical based on songs of Secret, a Russian band I love very much, and it was absolutely magnificent.
61 notes
·
View notes
Ancient Letoon - the first temple to the Goddess Leto and Her children in the city of Xanthos (sometimes: Xanthos-Letoon; Lycian: 𐊀𐊕𐊑𐊏𐊀 Arñna) located in the southwestern part of Anatolia, Turkey. The complex represents extant examples of the Ancient Lycian civilization, one of the most important cultures of the Anatolian Iron Age.
Xanthos was the capital of Ancient Lycia (Lycian: 𐊗𐊕𐊐𐊎𐊆𐊖 Trm̃mis), and the ruins of the site still demonstrate how pre-Greek Lycian traditions blended with Hellenic and Roman influence overtime. Some of the Lycian monuments include: the Lycian Acropolis, heavily remodeled after the Hellenistic and Byzantine eras; great funerary monuments and examples of Xanthos-typical woodwork are featured in the area as well. A later archaeological zone is present in Xanthos, too, with the Hellenistic Acropolis alongside the Roman and Hellenistic agoras and some later-constructed churches.
One of the most spectacular buildings at the site, though, are temples to Leto, Artemis, and Apollo dating back to the 6th century BCE, which means that the site predates Hellenic influence in the region as well as prominence of Leto in Greece, where the cult came in the 4th century BCE. That, together with Leto’s name of uncertain etymology, might suggest that the Goddess has a precursor - an Anatolian Mother-Goddess, possibly the local Eni Mahanahi. The cult of the local Mother-Goddess included a variety of functions, such as observation of funeral rites.
Later buildings erected at the site date back to different time periods in the political history of Lycia, which includes a Hadrian era Nymphaeum.
According to UNESCO, the Halicarnassus Mausoleum, one of the Seven Wonders of the Ancients, is directly influenced by Xanthos’ Nereid Monument:
Sources and further reading: 🏺 🏺 🏺
97 notes
·
View notes
The Heptagram of the Seven DaysThe Heptagram of the Seven days is a particularly interesting way to view the order of the celestial bodies. If reading clockwise from the top-most symbol, it is the order of the planets from the Geo-centric Qabalistic model: Saturn, Jupiter, Mars, Sol, Venus, Mercury, Luna. If read following the lines of the Heptagram, one gets the days of the week: Saturday (Saturn’s Day), Sunday (Sun’s Day), Monday (Moon’s Day), Tuesday (Tiw’s Day, Norse War God), Wednesday (Wodin’s Day), Thursday (Thor’s Day), Friday (Frigga’s Day, Norse Love God.) Crowley attributes this realization to Frater Deo Duce Comite Ferro, S.L. MacGregor Mathers. This is one of two different kinds of Heptagrams. This version is known as 7/3 Heptagram, as each line connects the planet that is three planets away. The other version of the Heptagram is called a 7/2 Heptagram, and is used for the Seal of A∴A∴.
DANCE OF THE SEVEN VEILS
“The seven spheres attached to the seven planets symbolize seven principles, seven different states of matter and spirit, seven different worlds which each man and each humanity must pass through in their evolution across a solar system.” – The Wisdom of Egypt7 the sum of my name YOSRA HARZALLAH7 Daughters of Atlas7 Stages of Alchemy - Calcination, Dissolution, Separation, Conjunction, Fermentation, Distillation, Coagulation.7 Hermetic principles - Mentalism, Correspondence, Vibration, Polarity, Rhythm, Cause and Effect, Gender.7 Notes of the musical scale.7 Systems of Symbolism - numbers, geometrical figures, letters, words, magic, alchemy, astrology.7 Rays of Light - Red, Orange, Yellow, Green, Blue, Purple, Violet.7 Planets of Antiquity - Moon, Mercury, Venus, Sun, Mars, Jupiter, and Saturn.7 Churches of Asia Minor7 Personality Types - Lunar, Mercurial, Venusian, Solar, Martial, Jovial, Saturnine.7 Days of Week - Sunday, Monday, Tuesday, Wednesday, Thursday, Friday, Saturday.7 Arch Angels - Michael, Gabriel, Raphael, Uriel, Chamuel, Jophiel, and Zadkiel.7 Metals of Antiquity - Lead, Tin, Iron, Copper, Mercury, Silver, Gold.7 Chakras - Muladhara, Svadhisthana, Manipura, Anahata, Vishuddha, Ajna, Sahasrara.7 Emotive Spheres of Kabbalah7 Seals.7 Root Races, each with 7 sub-races7 Days of Creation7 Virtues - Faith, Hope, Charity, Fortitude, Justice, Prudence, Temperance.7 Vices - Pride, Envy, Anger, Sloth/dejection, Avarice, Gluttony, Lust.7 Stages of Man - the infant, the school-boy, the lover, the soldier, the judge, the elderly man, the senile one.7 Liberal Arts - grammar, rhetoric, logic, arithmetic, music, geometry, and astronomy - the first three in the Trivium, the latter four in the Quadrivium.7 Wonders of the Ancient World - Pyramids of Egypt, Hanging Gardens of Babylon, Statue of Zeus at Olympia, Temple of Artemis at Ephesus, Mausoleum of King Mausolus at Halicarnassus, Colossus of Rhodes, Pharos Lighthouse at Alexandria.7 Headed Hydra7 Headed Lion7 Headed Dragon7 Headed Serpent7 Seas - Arctic, Antarctic, North and South Pacific, North and South Atlantic and the Indian Ocean.7 Continents - North America, South America, Africa, Europe, Asia, Australia and Antarctica.7 Seven Sisters of the Pleiades star system.7 Parts to the embryo - Amnion, Chorionic Villi, Spinal Cord, Heart, Brain, Umbilical Cord, Yolk Sac.7 Parts of the body - Head, Thorax, Abdomen, Two Arms, Two Legs.7 Major Organs - Brain, Heart, Lungs, Stomach, Intestines, Liver, and Pancreas.7 Glands - Pineal, Pituitary, Thyroid, Thymus, Adrenal, Lyden and Gonad.7 Divisions to the brain - Cerebrum, Cerebellum, Pons Varolii, Medulla Oblongatta, Corpus Callosum, Spinal Cord, Meninges.7 Parts to the inner ear - Vestibule, Auditory Canal, Tympanic Membrane, Ossicles, Semi-circular Canal, Cochlea, Membranous Labyrinth.7 Parts to the retina - Cornea, Aqueous Humor, Lens, Vitreous Humor, Retina, Sclera, Iris.7 Cavities to the heart - Right and Left Ventricle, Right and Left Atrium, Tricuspid Valve, Mitral Valve, Septum.7 Body systems - Muscular, Skeletal, Nervous, Digestive, Respiratory, Excretory, Circulatory.7 Bodily functions - Respiration, Circulation, Assimilation, Excretion, Reproduction, Sensation, Reaction.7 Levels in the Periodic Table of the Elements.…and, of course, the 7 Dwarfs.“The Principles of Truth are Seven; he who knows these, understandingly, possesses the Magic Key before whose touch all the Doors of the Temple fly open.” –The Kybalion“And God created seven Heavens and seven Earths, and through them all, descends His Command.” – scriptural translation
197 notes
·
View notes