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science-lover33 · 1 year

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Heart Defects

One very common form of interatrial septum pathology is patent foramen ovale, which occurs when the septum primum does not close at birth, and the fossa ovalis is unable to fuse. The word patent is from the Latin root patens for “open.” It may be benign or asymptomatic, perhaps never being diagnosed, or in extreme cases, it may require surgical repair to close the opening permanently. As much as 20–25 percent of the general population may have a patent foramen ovale, but fortunately, most have the benign, asymptomatic version. Patent foramen ovale is normally detected by auscultation of a heart murmur (an abnormal heart sound) and confirmed by imaging with an echocardiogram. Despite its prevalence in the general population, the causes of patent ovale are unknown, and there are no known risk factors. In nonlife-threatening cases, it is better to monitor the condition than to risk heart surgery to repair and seal the opening.

Coarctation of the aorta is a congenital abnormal narrowing of the aorta that is normally located at the insertion of the ligamentum arteriosum, the remnant of the fetal shunt called the ductus arteriosus. If severe, this condition drastically restricts blood flow through the primary systemic artery, which is life threatening. In some individuals, the condition may be fairly benign and not detected until later in life. Detectable symptoms in an infant include difficulty breathing, poor appetite, trouble feeding, or failure to thrive. In older individuals, symptoms include dizziness, fainting, shortness of breath, chest pain, fatigue, headache, and nosebleeds. Treatment involves surgery to resect (remove) the affected region or angioplasty to open the abnormally narrow passageway. Studies have shown that the earlier the surgery is performed, the better the chance of survival.

A patent ductus arteriosus is a congenital condition in which the ductus arteriosus fails to close. The condition may range from severe to benign. Failure of the ductus arteriosus to close results in blood flowing from the higher pressure aorta into the lower pressure pulmonary trunk. This additional fluid moving toward the lungs increases pulmonary pressure and makes respiration difficult. Symptoms include shortness of breath (dyspnea), tachycardia, enlarged heart, a widened pulse pressure, and poor weight gain in infants. Treatments include surgical closure (ligation), manual closure using platinum coils or specialized mesh inserted via the femoral artery or vein, or nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs to block the synthesis of prostaglandin E2, which maintains the vessel in an open position. If untreated, the condition can result in congestive heart failure.

Septal defects are not uncommon in individuals and may be congenital or caused by various disease processes. Tetralogy of Fallot is a congenital condition that may also occur from exposure to unknown environmental factors; it occurs when there is an opening in the interventricular septum caused by blockage of the pulmonary trunk, normally at the pulmonary semilunar valve. This allows blood that is relatively low in oxygen from the right ventricle to flow into the left ventricle and mix with the blood that is relatively high in oxygen. Symptoms include a distinct heart murmur, low blood oxygen percent saturation, dyspnea or difficulty in breathing, polycythemia, broadening (clubbing) of the fingers and toes, and in children, difficulty in feeding or failure to grow and develop. It is the most common cause of cyanosis following birth. The term “tetralogy” is derived from the four components of the condition, although only three may be present in an individual patient: pulmonary infundibular stenosis (rigidity of the pulmonary valve), overriding aorta (the aorta is shifted above both ventricles), ventricular septal defect (opening), and right ventricular hypertrophy (enlargement of the right ventricle). Other heart defects may also accompany this condition, which is typically confirmed by echocardiography imaging. Tetralogy of Fallot occurs in approximately 400 out of one million live births. Normal treatment involves extensive surgical repair, including the use of stents to redirect blood flow and replacement of valves and patches to repair the septal defect, but the condition has a relatively high mortality. Survival rates are currently 75 percent during the first year of life; 60 percent by 4 years of age; 30 percent by 10 years; and 5 percent by 40 years.

In the case of severe septal defects, including both tetralogy of Fallot and patent foramen ovale, failure of the heart to develop properly can lead to a condition commonly known as a “blue baby.” Regardless of normal skin pigmentation, individuals with this condition have an insufficient supply of oxygenated blood, which leads to cyanosis, a blue or purple coloration of the skin, especially when active.

Septal defects are commonly first detected through auscultation, listening to the chest using a stethoscope. In this case, instead of hearing normal heart sounds attributed to the flow of blood and closing of heart valves, unusual heart sounds may be detected. This is often followed by medical imaging to confirm or rule out a diagnosis. In many cases, treatment may not be needed.

#atomic heart #science #biology #college #education #school #student #medicine #doctors #health #healthcare #nursing #physiology #pathology

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wisdomfish · 11 months

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Unnatural: ‘The Ugly Truth About Gay Male Sex’

According to the CDC:

“Anal sex is the riskiest type of sex for getting or transmitting HIV.”

Causes “immunosuppression…” …the immunosuppression in homosexual males that is reported even in apparently healthy or HTLV-III-antibody-negative groups may arise from seminal PGE2 received during anal intercourse. “Prostaglandin E2 administered via anus causes immunosuppression in male but not female rats: a possible pathogenesis of acquired immune deficiency syndrome in homosexual males.” S Kuno, et al. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1986 Apr; 83(8): 2682–2683.

Gay sex is always getting kinkier and more violent:

There is a rising trend in high risk sexual behavior among men who have sex with men (MSM), with concomitant use of recreational drugs. Activities include fisting and unprotected anal intercourse with a partner who is HIV serodiscordant or of unknown status. “Sexual trauma associated with fisting and recreational drugs.” Cohen CE, Giles A, Nelson M. Sex Transm Infect. 2004 Dec;80(6):469-70.

Gay marriage is no safeguard against HIV:

Over 50% of HIV transmissions in US gay men are from main sexual partners. “Estimating the proportion of HIV transmissions from main sex partners among men who have sex with men in five US cities.” Sullivan PS et al. AIDS 23 (online edition), 2009.

Besides HIV, gay sex causes homosexual men to be at an increased susceptibility for a variety of sexually transmitted diseases:

Compared with other sexually active adults, men who have sex with men (MSM) are more frequently infected with several pathogens including cytomegalovirus, hepatitis B virus, and Kaposi sarcoma-associated herpesvirus…MSM in a San Francisco population-based cohort were interviewed regarding use of saliva by the insertive partner as a lubricant in various anal sexual practices. Among 283 MSM, 87% used saliva as a lubricant in insertive or receptive penile-anal intercourse or fingering/fisting at some point during their lifetime; 31%-47% did so, depending upon the act, in the prior 6 months. “Use of Saliva as a Lubricant in Anal Sexual Practices Among Homosexual Men” Lisa M Butler, et al. JAIDS Journal of Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndromes 50(2):162-7 • February 2009

The majority of gay men engage in anal sex; and there is no right way to do it:

In the United States alone, receptive anal intercourse is practiced in up to 90 percent of gay and other men who have sex with men, according to International Rectal Microbicides Advocates…In one study involving nearly 900 men and women in Baltimore and Los Angeles, the researchers found that those who used lubricants were three times more likely to have rectal sexually transmitted infections (STIs). Another study that subjected popular over-the-counter and mail-order lubricants to rigorous laboratory tests discovered that many of the products were toxic to cells and rectal tissue. “Use of lubricants with anal sex could increase risk of HIV.” Microbicides 2010 (International Conference on Microbicides) May 25, 2010

If you are a heterosexual male, your likelihood of contracting HIV is relatively small:

Over the 6 years there were 33,681 HIV tests performed on men, of which 17,958 tests were for heterosexual men. From these heterosexual men, nine tested positive for the first time…These nine cases included six men who had had sex with a female partner from the following countries: Thailand, Cambodia, China, East Timor, Botswana and South Africa. Two men had injected drugs and one had a HIV-positive female partner. “HIV is rare among low-risk heterosexual men and significant potential savings could occur through phone results.” Bush MR et al. Sex Health. 2010 Dec;7(4):495-7

Young gay men are more likely to contract HIV from their older male partners:

…the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention has shown a resurgence of the HIV epidemic particularly in young MSM…MSM participants with recent HIV infection reported having sex with older partners. “A Major HIV Risk Factor for Young Men Who Have Sex With Men Is Sex With Older Partners” Brian J. Coburn, PhD and Sally Blower, PhD J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr. 2010;54:113–114

A majority of gay men do not regularly practice “safe-sex:”

Among men whose most recent sexual encounter was with a main partner, 83% reported having anal sex, and 49% reported having anal sex without a condom during that encounter. Among men whose most recent sexual encounter was with a casual partner, 68% reported having anal sex, and 24% reported having anal sex without a condom during that encounter. “HIV Risk, Prevention, and Testing Behaviors National HIV Behavioral Surveillance System Men Who Have Sex with Men” 20 U.S. Cities, 2011

Young gay men are more likely than heterosexuals to engage in sex with an older partner:

Over one-half (52.0%) of MSM aged 18–24 reported a recent male anal sex partner who was >5 years older…By contrast, only 7.9% of heterosexual men and 10.0% of heterosexual women in this age group reported a recent partner who was >5 years older. “A comparison of sexual behavior patterns among men who have sex with men and heterosexual men and women” Sara Nelson Glick, et al. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr. 2012 May 1; 60(1): 83–90.

Sexually transmitted diseases among gay men are becoming antibiotic resistant:

Among 79 cases of Shigella sonnei, 56 occurred in HIV-infected MSM, while 23 were observed in HIV-negative MSM. High resistance rates (>90 %) were found for doxycycline, tetracycline, aminoglycosides, all cephalosporins of first and second generations tested, and trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole. In total, 54 % of cases were resistant to ciprofloxacin. Compared to negative subjects, HIV-infected MSM had a significantly higher rate of quinolone resistance. “High rates of quinolone-resistant strains of Shigella sonnei in HIV-infected MSM” C. Hoffmann, et al. Infection. October 2013, Volume 41, Issue 5, pp 999–1003

More gay men are having unprotected anal intercourse:

Unprotected anal sex at least once in the past 12 months increased from 48% in 2005 to 57% in 2011. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report (MMWR) HIV Testing and Risk Behaviors Among Gay, Bisexual, and Other Men Who Have Sex with Men — United States November 29, 2013 / 62(47);958-962

A majority of gay men report more than two recent sex partners:

In the last ninety days, 32.7% men reported no sexual partners, 25.8% reported one-to-two sexual partners, and 41.5% reported more than two sexual partners. Most men reported meeting their sexual partners both online and offline. Most MSM (69.4%) reported less than two unprotected anal sex male partners in the last 90 days, while 73.1% reported protected anal sex with one or more men. The products most commonly used for douching – water, soap, and saline — are those, which laboratory and clinical studies have identified as damaging the epithelium. Thus, douching appears a candidate behavior that may plausibly influence both HIV and other STI transmission among MSM. “Enema Use among Men who have Sex with Men: A behavioral epidemiologic study with implications for HIV/STI prevention” Syed W Noor and Simon Rosser Arch Sex Behav. 2014 May; 43(4): 755–769.

Gonorrhea and chlamydia are becoming antibiotic resistant in gay men:

Extragenital GC/CT was common among MSM attending STD clinics…Of MSM tested, 11.1% tested positive for urogenital GC, 7.9% for pharyngeal GC, 10.2% for rectal GC, 8.4% for urogenital CT, 2.9% for pharyngeal CT, and 14.1% for rectal CT. “Extragenital gonorrhea and chlamydia testing and infection among men who have sex with men–STD Surveillance Network, United States, 2010-2012.” Patton ME, et al. Clin Infect Dis. 2014 Jun;58(11):1564-70.

Younger gay men are likely to have an older first-time lover:

The median age was 19 years. The median age at first insertive or receptive anal intercourse was 17 years. Half of men reported sex with mainly older men: these men were more likely to engage in receptive anal intercourse (48% vs. 25%) than other men. Most men had engaged in insertive (87%) and receptive (85%) anal intercourse in the prior 12 months with 60% and 53% reporting inconsistent condom use with insertive and receptive anal intercourse partners, respectively. “Sexual behaviors and risk for sexually transmitted infections among teenage men who have sex with men.” Zou H, et al. J Adolesc Health. 2014 Aug;55(2):247-53.

Condom use does not guarantee safety:

Among Ontario MSM in 2009, an estimated 92,963 HIV-negative men had 1,184,343 episodes of anal sex with a condom and 117,133 anal sex acts without a condom with an HIV-positive partner. Of the 693 new HIV infections, 51% were through anal sex with a condom, 33% anal sex without a condom and 16% oral sex. “HIV Transmission among Men Who Have Sex with Men due to Condom Failure” Robert S. Remis, et al. Published: September 11, 2014

Oral sex isn’t a “safer” alternative:

…oral sex has an important role in sustaining gonorrhea in a population of MSM by providing a pool of untreated asymptomatic infection. “Oral and Anal Sex Are Key to Sustaining Gonorrhoea at Endemic Levels in MSM Populations: A Mathematical Model” B Hui, et al. Sex Transm Infect 91 (5), 365-369. 2015 Jan 16.

Although the risks of receptive anal sex are well known, gay men continue to engage in such behaviors:

70% of MSM reported receptive anal intercourse at least once in the past 3 months… “Consistency of Condom Use During Receptive Anal Intercourse Among Women and Men Who Have Sex With Men: Findings From the Safe in the City Behavioral Study.” DʼAnna LH, et al. Sex Transm Dis. 2015 Jul;42(7):393-9.

Difficult to treat chronic diarrhea has been reported in gay men:

Shigella flexneri is an emerging pathogen in men who have sex with men; recent outbreaks related to sexual practices have been noted in this population in the UK and other developed countries. While majority of cases of Shigellosis present with gastroenteritis, some vulnerable patients with underlying immunosuppression can get complications like bacteraemia and may present atypically as an acute surgical emergency. “Invasive shigellosis in MSM.” Serafino Wani RL, et al. Int J STD AIDS. 2015 Oct 1.

Anal sex causes incontinence:

The findings support the assessment of anal intercourse as a factor contributing to fecal incontinence in adults, especially among men.” “Anal Intercourse and Fecal Incontinence: Evidence from the 2009-2010 National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey.” Markland AD, et al. Am J Gastroenterol. 2016 Jan 12.

HPV, a sexually transmitted disease typically found in women, is epidemic in the gay male community:

Anal HPV was highly prevalent in MSM (HIV positive, 88% and HIV negative, 78%). “A prospective study of anal cancer screening in HIV positive and negative men who have sex with men; results of Analogy.” Schofield AM, et al. AIDS. 2016 Feb 1.

A majority of HIV+ gay men have experienced some form of anal trauma:

75% of the men had abnormal anal cytological/histological results. 41% presented with low-grade, 24% with high-grade anal dysplasia… “The male ScreenING Study: prevalence of HPV-related genital and anal lesions in an urban cohort of HIV-positive men in Germany.” Fuchs W, et al. J Eur Acad Dermatol Venereol. 2016 Feb 1.

35% of gay men have a sexually transmitted infection:

One third (35%) were positive for STI. STI prevalence was significantly associated with using sex slings, felching, group sex, fisting, anonymous sex, and sex toys. HIV prevalence was 17% and was significantly associated with fisting, felching, enemas, and group sex. “Beyond Anal Sex: Sexual Practices of Men Who Have Sex With Men and Associations With HIV and Other Sexually Transmitted Infections.” Rice CE, et al. J Sex Med. 2016 Feb 4.

Gay men have increased prevalence of antibiotic resistant gonorrhea:

A total of 5,093 isolates were collected in 2014. Of these, 25.3% were resistant to tetracycline, 19.2% to ciprofloxacin, and 16.2% to penicillin (plasmid-based, chromosomal, or both)… The percentage of isolates resistant to tetracycline, ciprofloxacin, penicillin, or all three antimicrobials, was greater in isolates from MSM than from MSW. “Neisseria gonorrhoeae Antimicrobial Susceptibility Surveillance – The Gonococcal Isolate Surveillance Project, 27 Sites, United States, 2014.” Kirkcaldy RD, et al. MMWR Surveill Summ. 2016 Jul 15;65(7):1-19.

Younger gay men are less likely to practice “safe-sex;” but are more likely to use drugs:

When compared to MSM 50 years or older (HIV prevalence 2.5%), significantly higher rates of unprotected anal intercourse, bacterial STI and stimulant substance use were reported among young MSM, whereas total number of partners during the last 12 months did not differ. While higher rates of stimulant substance use may explain the higher rates of condomless anal sex among young MSM, the observation of a recent study that condom use errors and problems, such as breakage and slippage were very common among young MSM… “HIV Infection Rates and Risk Behavior among Young Men undergoing community-based Testing in San Diego” Martin Hoenigl et al. Sci Rep. 2016; 6: 25927.

In the US, 60% of syphilis cases were in 2% of the general population – gay men:

In men, sores can occur on or around the penis, around the anus or in the rectum, or in or around the mouth. These sores can be painless, so it is possible to have them and not notice them. Correct use of condoms can reduce the risk of syphilis if the condom covers the sores. However, sometimes sores occur in areas not covered by a condom. It is still possible to get syphilis from contact with these sores Syphilis & MSM (Men Who Have Sex With Men) – CDC Fact Sheet (January 2017)

#gay pride #lgbtq community #gay yearning #lgbtq representation #gayguy

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jhavelikes · 6 months

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Inflammation in the intestines causes abdominal pain that is challenging to manage. The terminals of sensory neurons innervating the gut are surrounded by glia. Here, using a mouse model of acute colitis, we found that enteric glia contribute to visceral pain by secreting factors that sensitized sensory nerves innervating the gut in response to inflammation. Acute colitis induced a transient increase in the production of proinflammatory cytokines in the intestines of male and female mice. Of these, IL-1β was produced in part by glia and augmented the opening of the intercellular communication hemichannel connexin-43 in glia, which made normally innocuous stimuli painful in female mice. Chemogenetic glial activation paired with calcium imaging in nerve terminals demonstrated that glia sensitized gut-innervating nociceptors only under inflammatory conditions. This inflammatory, glial-driven visceral hypersensitivity involved an increased abundance of the enzyme COX-2 in glia, resulting in greater production and release of prostaglandin E2 that activated EP4 receptors on sensory nerve terminals. Blocking EP4 receptors reduced nociceptor sensitivity in response to glial stimulation in tissue samples from colitis-model mice, and impairing glial connexin-43 reduced visceral hypersensitivity induced by IL-1β in female mice. The findings suggest that therapies targeting enteric glial–neuron signaling might alleviate visceral pain caused by inflammatory disorders.

Enteric glia promote visceral hypersensitivity during inflammation through intercellular signaling with gut nociceptors | Science Signaling

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jcmarchi · 6 months

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Brain Circuit Controls Aversion to Salty Tastes - Technology Org

New Post has been published on https://thedigitalinsider.com/brain-circuit-controls-aversion-to-salty-tastes-technology-org/

Brain Circuit Controls Aversion to Salty Tastes - Technology Org

Sodium in the form of table salt helps make French fries a tasty snack and bacon a delicious indulgence, but it is also a vital nutrient for the proper functioning of our bodies, playing a role in the movement of your muscles, the signalling of your neurons, and many other important processes.

Image credit: Caltech

Having the right amount of sodium in your body is so crucial that parts of your brain work hard to ensure you’re getting the salt you need. If a sudden craving for potato chips has ever hit you, that may have been your brain at work. On the other hand, if you’re thirsty, salted snacks might sound like the last thing you to eat.

Now, new research from Caltech scientists is showing us more about how the brain regulates when the flavor of salt is yuck or yum.

“Low sodium concentration is palatable, while higher concentrations—for example, ocean water—taste disgusting,” says Yuki Oka, Professor of Biology and Heritage Medical Research Institute Investigator. “But when you’re really in need of salt, you don’t mind the bad taste. The palatability or ‘tastiness’ of salt changes based on its concentration and the body’s internal sodium need.”

Yuki Oka. Credit: Caltech

The body meticulously regulates blood sodium levels to stay within a narrow range of 135 to 145 millimolar. This is accomplished through precise control of salt consumption and retention. To keep sodium levels precisely balanced, the brain must control both attraction and aversion to salt.

In 2019, researchers in the Oka lab discovered the brain circuit that drives cravings for salt in mice. Stimulating these “salt-appetite” neurons, located at the base of the skull in a region called the hindbrain, triggered an immediate appetite for salty food. But the mechanisms regulating an aversion to salty tastes remained unanswered.

New findings from the Oka lab reveal a distinct neural circuit in the mouse brain responsible for regulating tolerance towards the negative taste associated with sodium. These neurons are located in the forebrain, far from the salt-appetite neurons.

Salt. Image credit: Marek Kupiec via Pexels, free license.

Unlike the previously identified salt-appetite neurons, activation of the tolerance neurons does not prompt active seeking of sodium. Instead, activity of these neurons enables mice to accept or tolerate high levels of salt that would usually be aversive, in order to efficiently replete sodium levels in the body.

Blocking the tolerance neurons results in mice rejecting aversive salt, even if low on sodium. The simultaneous operation of forebrain tolerance and hindbrain appetite circuits is crucial for maintaining sodium levels within the body.

The researchers found that the tolerance neurons are not directly connected to the salt appetite neurons, and appear to function independently. How, then, does the body regulate the activity of the newly discovered circuits?

The new study shows that, intriguingly, the tolerance neurons have receptors for the hormone prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) on their surfaces, suggesting that their activity is modulated by this hormone circulating through the bloodstream. This is a novel revelation—prostaglandin, commonly associated with inflammation, was not previously linked to sodium intake.

According to Yameng Zhang, a graduate student in the Oka lab and the lead author of the new study, “This unexpected association between prostaglandin and sodium consumption raises important questions regarding how an inflammatory state might influence sodium intake, offering new insights into the interplay between sodium levels and the body’s pro-inflammatory condition.”

Written by Lori Dajose

Source: Caltech

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cuocsonghoanhao · 6 months

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Siro hạ sốt giảm đau Children’s Motrin của Mỹ cho bé chai 120ml

Siro hạ sốt Children's Motrin được sản xuất bởi Johnson & Johnson dành cho trẻ em từ 2-11 tuổi. Sản phẩm được chỉ định để hạ sốt, giảm đau và viêm cho trẻ.

Children's Motrin chứa ibuprofen là một loại thuốc giảm đau và hạ sốt thuộc nhóm thuốc chống viêm không steroid (NSAIDs). Ibuprofen hoạt động bằng cách ức chế sản xuất prostanoid, đặc biệt là prostaglandin E2. Điều này giúp làm giảm các triệu chứng như sốt, đau và viêm. Ibuprofen an toàn và hiệu quả để sử dụng trong việc điều trị các triệu chứng này ở trẻ em.

Children's Motrin có sẵn dưới dạng siro có hai loại hương vị: dâu tây và táo 🍓🍎. Mỗi ml chứa 100 mg ibuprofen. Liều dùng khuyến cáo cho trẻ từ 2-3 tuổi là 100 mg, từ 4-5 tuổi là 150 mg, từ 6-11 tuổi là 200-300 mg mỗi 4-6 giờ tùy theo nhu cầu.

Khi cho trẻ uống Children's Motrin, cần lưu ý một số điểm: không cho trẻ uống quá liều; không cho trẻ dùng khi đang dùng các loại thuốc khác;

#cshh

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tumimmtxpapers · 6 months

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Design of Dual EP2/EP4 Antagonists through Scaffold Merging of Selective Inhibitors

Prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) plays a key role in various stages of cancer. PGE2 signals through the EP2 and the EP4 receptors, promoting tumorigenesis, metastasis, and/or immune suppression. Dual inhibition of both the EP2 and the EP4 receptors has the potential to counteract the effect of PGE2 and to result in antitumor efficacy. We herein disclose for the first time the structure of dual EP2/EP4 antagonists. By merging the scaffolds of EP2 selective and EP4 selective inhibitors, we generated a new... http://dlvr.it/Sz5XYF

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female-focus-sexology · 8 months

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Sexual dimorphism of the brain

It's a stablished fact that the female and male brain are morphollogically different, although it's not completely clear which mechanisms determines which differences and to which extent. For example, one could argue that the mean differences in size are due to the mean differences in general body size, but in other cases it's clear that some of endogenous and sex-related mechanism are responsible. For example, estradiol downregulates the activity of the COx 1 and 2 enzymes, which in turns reduces the synthesis of Prostaglandin E2 (PGE2). This is specially important in the mPOA of the hypothalamus, because high concentrations of PGE2 stymulates dendritic growth, leading to a male structure, and the basal unstymulated mPOA is characterystically female.

Other mechanism may be genetic, for example, the Sry gene found exlusively in the Y chromosome is critical in the process of brain masculinization (again, female is the default), so the absence or mutation of that gene results in a female brain morphollogy, regardless of XY chariotype and hormonal status. But, if the Sry gene is translocated to the X chromosome, this results in the entire masculinization of the body, not just the brain, in XX chariotype. So it's interesting that the gene functions differently in different chromosomes, I'm curiose what would be the effect of having the Sry gene in both X and Y chromosomes in a XY person.

That being said, we must be cautious with biological determinism, that I see poping up in transphobe arguments, because, even when we know for certain that there are differences, and some differences can be explain by genetic or hormonal factors, other differences may be better explained as the effects of the differential socialization between AMAB and AFAB people. For example, there was a experiment in kittens, were they close one of it's eyes during their critical period of brain plasticity, then they opened the closed lid. They finded that, even in the absence of biological alterations, the occipital lobe that were in charge of the closed eye was underdeveloped, and the difference was so drastic that the cats remained blind of that otherwise healthy eye.

So, what I´m saying is that, environmental factors, especially socialization in a especies so intrinsically interdependent as us humans, can have a drastic effect on brain morphollogy during the critical years of development. I believe this to be the case in the language areas of the brain, larger in females than in males, that the difference is due to gender norms, we stimulate more the language and interpersonal abilities in girls, so the brain response is to enhance the areas that allows it to better perform in this environment.

In conclusion, it's necessary to acknowledge the fact of the difference between the female and male brain, but beware those who use that difference to impose gender norms unto us. This is not set in stone, and as humans we are much, much more that only body parts and complex chemistry.

Love to y'all, regardless of your brain type.

Source:

-Rezzani, R. ; Franco, C. & Rodella, L.R. (2019). Sex differences of the brain and their implications for personalized therapy. Pharmacological research (2019) 429-442

#academia #science #neurology #genetics #hormones #brain #dimorphism #female #male

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marryp · 10 months

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juniperpublishers-nutrition · 1 year

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Pandanus Conoideus Lamk Protects Inflammation by Regulating Reactive Oxygen Species and Nuclear Factor Kappa B in Lps-Induced Murine Macrophages

Abstract

Background: Pandanus conoideus Lamk (Red fruit) is a Papuan traditional food which has been used to treat various diseases. Despite these various effects of Red fruit, little is known about the physiological mechanism. Aims: The aim of this study was to investigate the anti-inflammatory properties of Red fruit oil (RFO) and establish the signal pathway of leading compounds.

Methods: Raw 264.7 murine macrophage cells were used with lipopolysaccharide (LPS). Cell viability and the pro-inflammatory factors were investigated using MTT assay, real time PCR, western blot analysis, and Enzyme linked immuno-sorbent assay (ELISA). The quantification of leading compounds in RFO was performed using high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC).

Results: RFO did not affect cell viability. RFO significantly reduced the production of nitric oxide (NO) and prostaglandin E2 (PGE2), and both the protein level and mRNA level of iNOS in LPS-induced macrophages. RFO also regulated the reactive oxygen species (ROS) in LPS-induced macrophages. RFO attenuated the translocation of NF-κB p65 subunit, phosphorylation of I-κB, extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK), and c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK) in a dose-dependent manner. HPLC analysis determined that 1 g of RFO had 14.05±0.8 mg of β-cryptoxanthin and 7.4±0.7 mg of β-carotene.

Conclusion: RFO provides an anti-inflammatory effect by regulating ROS and NF-κB through MAPK due to the antioxidant activity.

Keywords: Pandanus conoideus Lamk; Macrophages; Anti-inflammation; ROS; NF-κB; β-cryptoxanthin

Abbreviations: RFO: Red fruit (Pandanus conoideus Lamk ) oil; LPS: Lipopolysaccharide; NO: Nitric oxide; iNOS: Inducible NO synthase; IL: Interleukin; ROS: Reactive oxygen species; ELISA: Enzyme linked immuno-sorbent assay; HPLC: High performance liquid chromatography; COX-2: Cyclooxygenase-2; PGE2: Prostaglandin E2; ERK: Extracellular signal-regulated kinase; JNK: c-Jun N-terminal kinase; MAPK: Mitogen-activated protein kinase; DMEM: Dulbecco’s modified Eagle medium; FBS: Fetal bovine serum; DCFH-DA: 2’7’-dichlorofluorescein diacetate; MTT: 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide; RT- PCR: Real time polymerase chain reaction

Introduction

The inflammation process is tightly regulated by both initiation and maintenance signals and considered to be a major risk factor in the pathogenesis of chronic diseases where the macrophages are important immune cells which regulate inflammation producing expression of inflammatory proteins and pro-inflammatory chemokines, cytokines, and nitric oxide (NO) [1,2]. Macrophages are highly sensitive to initiators of inflammation as lipopolysaccharide (LPS) which respond by the release of mediators not only interleukins (ILs) and cytokines, but also inducible NO synthase (iNOS) and reactive oxygen species (ROS), which inducing the inflammatory gene expression where each is associated somehow with the pathophysiological of the inflammation [3-5]. Because macrophages produce a wide range of biologically active molecules participated in both beneficial and detrimental outcomes in inflammation, modulation of macrophage activation is a good strategy to prevent this diseases. Red fruit (Pandanus conoideus Lamk) is Papuan traditional food which has been used to treat various diseases such as cancer [6] preeclampsia [7], hepatitis [8], liver cirrhosis [9], diabetes mellitus [10], and sinusitis [11]. This bioavailability of red fruit has been due to unsaturated fatty acids such as palmitoleic acid, oleic acid, linoleic acid, linolenic acid and some carotenoids [10,12]. Despite these many biological effects, few researches were reported on the mechanism of red fruit oil (RFO). β-cryptoxanthin is a typical carotenoid found abundantly in persimmon, papaya, paprika, and carrot. β-cryptoxanthin has been reported to possess several beneficial functions, such as antioxidant, cancer-preventive effects, and anti-metabolic syndrome effects [13-16]. In present study, we hypothesized that the cause of this anti-chronic inflammation and anti-cancer effect is due to antioxidant function of RFO, and evaluated the anti-inflammatory effect of RFO on LPSstimulated RAW 264.7 macrophage cells. We also investigated the mechanism of inflammatory effect of reduced ROS by RFO in LPS-stimulated macrophages and investigated the component of β-cryptoxanthin in RFO.

Materials and Methods

Chemicals and reagents

RFO (APOTEK®) was supplied from Smile international Co., Ltd (Seoul, Korea). Dulbecco’s modified Eagle medium (DMEM), fetal bovine serum (FBS), and penicillin–streptomycin was purchased from Corning (Oneonta, NY, USA). 2’7’-dichlorofluorescein diacetate (DCFH-DA) and anti-iNOS antibody were purchased from BD (San Jose, CA, USA). Peroxidase-conjugated secondary antibodies and TriZol were purchased from Life technologies (Grand island, NY, USA). Phosphor-JNK, phosphor-ERK, phosphor-p38, phosphor-IκB and NF-κB antibodies were purchased from Cell Signaling Technology Inc. (Beverly, MA, USA). The enzyme immunoassay kit used for prostagladin E2 (PGE2) was obtained from R&D Systems (Minneapolis, MN, USA). The ECL detection reagents were purchased from GE Healthcare (Buckinghamshire, UK). LPS (Escherichia coli 0111: B5) was purchased from Creative Biolabs (Shirley, NY, USA). β-actin, 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide (MTT), and other chemicals were purchased from Sigma–Aldrich (St. Louis, MO, USA).

Cell culture

RAW 264.7, the murine macrophage cell line was purchased from American Type Culture Collection and maintained in DMEM supplement with 1 mg/mL glucose, 10% FBS, 100 mg/mL penicillin-streptomycin at 37 °C with 5% CO2

Cell viability assay

The cytotoxic effect of RFO against RAW264.7 cell lines was evaluated by MTT assay. Briefly, cells were seeded at a density of 5 × 103 cells/well in a 96-well plate for 24 h. Then, the cells were treated with at various concentrations of fractions with or without 1 μg/mL LPS. After 24 h, 2 mg/mL MTT was added onto each well, then incubated until formazan was constituted for 3h. The formazan was dissolved in dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) and the absorbance at 550 nm was measured using microplate reader (Molecular Devices, Sunnyvale, CA). Cell viability was calculated as a percentage of viable cells in drugs treated group versus untreated control. Each experiment was repeated three times.

Nitrite assay

Cells were treated with various concentrations of RFO for 30 min and incubated with 1 μg/mL LPS for 24 h. Because NO production is reflected in the accumulation of nitrite in the cell culture medium, 50 μL of supernatants were removed and mixed with the same volume of Greiss reagent (Promega, Madison, WI). After incubation for 10 min, the absorbance of mixture at 450 nm was measured using a spectrophotometer (TECAN, Austria). The nitrite levels were estimated as the percentage of absorbance of the sample to the respective controls.

Cyclooxygenase2 (COX-2) assay

Cells were treated with various concentrations of RFO for 30 min and incubated with 1 μg/mL LPS for 24 h. After incubation, the supernatants were removed and followed COX-2 measurement. The COX-2 concentrations were evaluated using a specific enzyme immunoassay (EIA) kit (Cayman, Ann Arbor, MI) according to the manufacturer’s instructions.

Prostaglandin E2 assay

Cells were treated with various concentrations of RFO for 30 min and incubated with 1 μg/mL LPS for 24 h. After incubation, the supernatants were removed and followed PGE2 measurement. The PGE2 concentrations were evaluated using a specific enzyme immunoassay (EIA) kit (Cayman, Ann Arbor, MI) according to the manufacturer’s instructions.

iNOS gene measurement by real-time PCR

The cells from the supernatants had been removed were subjected to RNA isolation. RNA isolation was performed using TRIzol reagent according to the manufacturer’s instructions. cDNA was synthesized using hyperscript RT master mix (GeneAll, Daejeon, Korea). The primers were described as; iNOS forward: 5′-ATGTCCGAAGCAAACATCAC-3′, reverse: 5′-TAATGTCCAGGAAGTAGGTG-3′, and GAPDH forward: 5′-TGTGATGGTGGGAATGGGTCAG-3′, reverse: 5′-TTTGATGTCAC GCACGATTTCC-3′. The PCR was amplified using ABI 7500 and Taqman gene expression master mix (Applied Biosystems, Waltham, MA, USA). The quantitative analysis was performed to compare the Δ Δ Ct after the normalization by GAPDH as an internal control. After analysis, PCR products were electrophoresed on 3% agrose gel and images were taken by cybergreen detection using Kodak imagestation FX® (Kodak, Rochester, NY, USA)

Analysis of ROS by flowcytometry

Cells were treated with various concentrations of RFO for 30 min and incubated with 1 μg/mL LPS for 24 h. Cells were followed by the addition of 10 mg/mL DCFH-DA). The suspensions were washed with PBS after incubation for 20 min. The suspensions were then assayed with a flowcytometer (C6 Accuri, BD, Bedford, MA, USA) according to Rhee et al. [4].

Western blot analysis

Cells were treated as described previously, then total lysates were prepared with lysis buffer (50 mM Tris (pH 7.4), 300 mM NaCl, 5 mM EDTA (pH 8.0), 0.5 % Triton X-100, 1 mM aprotinin, 1 mM leupeptin, 1mM pepstatin, 10mM iodoacetamide, and 2 mM phenylmethylsulfonyl fluoride (PMSF). Meanwhile, each nucleus extracts and cytosol extracts were isolated using a NE-PER nuclear and cytoplasmic extraction reagent kit (Pierce, Rockford, IL). Briefly, cells were washed with PBS, and were prepared with ice-cold extraction buffers sequentially. After centrifugation at 16,000xg, the cytoplasmic protein and nuclear extract were separated. Total lysates and nuclear fractions were estimated with Bio-Rad dye reagent concentrate (Bio-Rad Laboratories, Hercules, CA), then resolved on a 10% SDS-PAGE. After electrophoresis, the proteins were electro transferred to a PVDF membrane, blocked with 1% BSA, and probed with anti-iNOS (1:1,000), phospho- JNK (1:1,000), phospho-ERK (1:1,000), phospho-p38 (1:1,000), phospho-IκB (1:1,000), and NF-κB (1:500) antibodies at 4 °C overnight. The blot was washed, exposed to HRP-conjugated secondary antibodies for 2 h, and finally developed through enhanced chemiluminescence. For ß-actin detection, previously used membranes were soaked in stripping buffer (62.5 mM Tris- HCl, pH 6.8, 150 mM NaCl, 2% SDS, 100 mM ß-mercaptoethanol) at 65 ℃ for 30 min and hybridized with anti-ß-actin. The relative protein expression was densitometerically quantified using the BioRad GS-670 densitometer (BioRad, Hercules, CA) and normalized to β-actin.

High performance liquid chromatography (HPLC)

To determine the content of β-cryptoxanthin in RFO, we performed HPLC analysis according to previous studies [17]. HPLC analysis was performed using Agilent 1100 model with a pump (G1311C), auto sampler (G1329B), column, and diode array detector purchased from Agilent (Santa Clara, CA, USA). The analysis conditions are described in Table 1.

Statistical analysis

All results are presented as mean ± S.D. and are representing three or more independent experiments. Data were compared using the one-way ANOVA using Prism® (GraphPad, La Jolla, CA, USA) with p-values less than 0.05 considered statistically significant.

Results

RFO did not affect cell viability

Figure 1A showed the effect of RFO on viability of RAW 264.7 with or without LPS. Cell viability was not affected against 10- 1,000 μg/mL of RFO with or without LPS.

RFO reduced NO in LPS-induced macrophages

To assess the effects of RFO on NO production in LPSinduced RAW 264.7 macrophages, cells were treated with various concentrations of RFO for 30 min, then incubated with 1 μg/mL LPS for 24 h. NO release was elevated 224 ± 19.24% (p < 0.001) following LPS treatment, which was reduced 224 ± 19.24% at 10 μg/mL (p < 0.05), 161.38 ± 21.81% at 25 μg/mL (p < 0.001), and 136.16 ± 30.56% at 50 μg/mL (p < 0.001) with RFO combination (Figure 1B).

RFO decreased COX-2 production in LPS-induced macrophages

COX-2 production was significantly increased from 33.17 ± 5.23 ng/mL to 86.25 ± 1.88 ng/mL (p < 0.001) following LPS treatment. However, it was reduced 60.52 ± 12.49 ng/mL at 10 μg/mL (p < 0.05), 32.16 ± 8.85 pg/mL at 25 μg/mL (p < 0.001), and 13.27 ± 1.67 ng/mL at 50 μg/mL (p < 0.001) with RFO combination (Figure 1C).

RFO also decreased PGE2 production in LPS-induced macrophages

Meanwhile, PGE2 production was significantly increased 440.6 ± 35.36 pg/mL (p < 0.001) following LPS treatment, which was reduced 227.5 ± 13.6 pg/mL at 10 μg/mL (p < 0.001), 180.77 ± 48.95 pg/mL at 25 μg/mL (p < 0.001), and 103.27 ± 51.67 pg/ mL at 50 μg/mL (p < 0.001) with RFO combination (Figure 1D).

RFO suppressed both mRNA and protein levels of iNOS in LPS-induced macrophages

To determine the inhibitory effects of RFO on proinflammatory mediator NO, COX-2, and PGE2 production, the biosynthesis of transcriptional levels of iNOS was performed with semi-quantitative reverse-transcription PCR and western blot analysis on LPS-induced RAW 264.7 macrophages. Figure 1D indicates that both mRNA level and protein level of iNOS were significantly decreased by treatment of RFO (p < 0.001). Consistent with the findings shown in Figure 1E, RFO had a significant concentration-dependent inhibitory effect on the inflammation through pro-inflammatory mediator NO in LPSinduced RAW 264.7 macrophages.

RFO attenuated ROS in LPS-induced macrophages

The excess ROS is known to be injured intracellular proteins, lipids and nucleic acids and induce inflammation [18]. Thus, we investigated the ROS production in response to LPS using flowcytometry. DCFH-DA binds ROS produced cells. Figure 2 showed the DCFH-DA positive cells were increased following LPS treatment from 40.71 ± 2.11% to 70.87 ± 3.09%. However, ROS production was also significantly inhibited by RFO with a dose dependent manner; 47.08 ± 2.45% at 10 μg/mL (p < 0.001),41.34 ± 1.41% at 25 μg/mL (p < 0.001), and 33.76 ± 3.56% at 50 μg/mL (p < 0.001).

RFO suppressed nuclear translocation of the NF-κB p65 subunit via MAPKinase

Since p65 is a major component of NF-κB activated by LPS in macrophages, we evaluated the levels of p65 in nuclear extracts by western blotting analysis. Phosphorylation of IκB results in degradation and release of NF-κB, which then translocates to the nucleus. Therefore, we examined whether RFO could prevent phosphorylation of IκB induced by LPS treatment. Figure 3A shows that IκB phosphorylation was increased by treatment with LPS alone in cytosol level, but that such phosphorylation was significantly inhibited in the presence of RFO, similar to results for the nuclear translocation of p65. Taken together, these data suggest that the inhibitory effect of RFO on the LPS-induced translocation of p65 might be involved in the suppression of IκB phosphorylation. To further investigate whether the inhibition of pro-inflammatory mediators by RFO is modulated through the MAPK pathway, we evaluated the effects of RFO on the LPSinduced phosphorylation of p38, ERK, and JNK (Figure 3B). RFO suppressed LPS-induced phosphorylation of p38, ERK and JNK. These results suggest that RFO blocks MAPK pathways to suppress the inflammatory response in LPS-induced RAW 264.7 macrophages.

HPLC analysis of RFO

Table 2 showed the HPLC analysis of RFO. HPLC revealed that 1 g of RFO had 14.05±0.8 mg of β-cryptoxanthin and 7.4 ± 0.7 mg of β-carotene.

Discussion

Inflammation is an immune response that protects our body against host response to infection and injury [19,20]. All inflammatory responses act through mononuclear cells, macrophages, and lymphocytes. Macrophages play on important innate immune effectors and increase pro-inflammatory factors including nitric oxide (NO), prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) cytokines.

The excessive amounts of NO and PGE2 produced by activation of iNOS and COX-2 in response to LPS play an important role in inflammation [21,22]. The overproduction of iNOS-derived NO is involved in the pathology of various inflammatory disorders and tissue damage conditions. A change in the NO level through the inhibition of iNOS enzyme activity or iNOS induction provides a means of assessing the effect of these agents on the inflammatory process. iNOS is implicated in the synthesis of prostaglandin H2 starting of arachidonic acid, which is a precursor of PGE2, in activated macrophages with LPS [23]. In addition, iNOS leads to overproduction of NO, PGE2, and COX-2 which results in the production of inflammatory diseases. Thus, modulation of iNOS and NO expressions could be one of the strategies to reduce inflammatory diseases. The production of inflammatory cytokines is a crucial part of regulating inflammation and tumor progression. The key signaling pathway mediating the inflammatory response, the NF-κB transcription factor, has been well-established in various inflammatory diseases and cancers [24,25]. It is also well known that NF-κB is a significant role factor regulating the expression of inflammation-associated enzymes and cytokine genes, such as iNOS, COX-2, TNF-α and IL-1β, which contain NF-κB binding motifs within their respective promoters [1,26]. Therefore, this signaling pathway is a good target for anti-cancer and antiinflammatory drug development. Many of the upstream kinases and downstream substrates are the same for the each of the major cascades. Our results revealed that anti-inflammatory activities of RFO are mediated through the inhibition of IκB phosphorylation and nuclear translocation of the NF-κB p65 subunit. Besides, these results also indicate that the inhibitory effects of RFO on MAPK and NF-κB signaling are related to a decrease in ROS. It is well known that oxidative stress stimulates ROS production in RAW 264.7 cell line [11,27]. Our data showed the pretreatment with RFO significantly decreased ROS production in LPS-induced RAW264.7 cells using DCFH-DA staining which demonstrated that RFO had a potent to reduce the oxidative stress. We also suggested that RFO regulated MAPK and NF-κB signaling of inflammation operate through oxidative stress. These results demonstrated that RFO could act as scavenging agents or acting on redox state of the cell and other acting as scavenging agents. In previous study, we already demonstrated that RFO regulated the cellular senescence through ROS modulation in H2O2-induced endothelial cells [5].

Carotenoids such as β-cryptoxanthin, β-carotene are one of the antioxidants which are not produced in the human body that must be ingested from outside. Many studies indicated that healthy people had the higher level of β-cryptoxanthin in blood [28-31]. β-cryptoxanthin is the only provitamin A component of carotenoid-based xanthophylls [14,32]. Carotenoids are lipid soluble components that must be ingested with fat to absorb completely in the body. Carotenoids affect the inflammation levels in blood as strong antioxidants and helps purify the blood. Park et al. showed that the daily oral administration of β-cryptoxanthin prevented the progression of osteoarthritis and inhibited proinflammatory cytokines in mice [33]. Therefore, we examined the effects of RFO on the production of several inflammatory mediators and on the expression levels of iNOS in LPS-induced RAW 264.7 macrophage cells. Our results demonstrated that RFO inhibited the expression of iNOS as well as the production of NO and PGE2 and the mechanisms underlying the suppression of the inflammatory response of the NF-κB and ROS. According to the US USDA database, β-carotene content of RFO was significantly higher at 335 times of blackberry, 119 times of broccoli, 13.9 times of pumpkin, and 5.2 times for carrot [34,36]. In addition, β-cryptoxanthin content of RFO was significantly higher at 76 times of orange and 15 times of papaya [30,37]. These findings suggested that RFO might be a beneficial therapeutic agent in the treatment of a variety of inflammatory diseases.

Conclusion

RFO is Papuan traditional food and had been used to treat various disease for long time. In this study, we suggested RFO had an anti-inflammatory effect through regulating inflammatory mediators such as iNOS, COX-2, PGE2, and excessive ROS for the first time. These physiological benefits of RFO may be attributed by regulation of NF-κB transcription. HPLC indicated that large number of carotenoids such as β-cryptoxanthin, β-carotene. This finding may be a synergistic adjuvant therapy for inflammatory diseases by acting as a radical scavenger, ROS inhibitor.

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#food safety #food microbiology #food preservation #Food Engineering #Juniper publishers USA #open access journals

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killed-by-choice · 9 months

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“Elsie Roe” (Finland 1986)

A case study from Helsinki, Finland was published in a 1986 edition of The American Journal of Forensic Medicine and Pathology on a death from abortion in Finland. A pseudonym is used because the victim’s identity is unknown.

“Elsie” underwent a prostaglandin E2 instillation abortion. This type of abortion works by triggering premature labor along with violent uterine spasms that are fatal to the fetus. The study noted that known complications of prostaglandin abortion include uterine rupture and dramatic pyrexic and cardiovascular response.

Not long after the abortion, Elsie deteriorated and died. An autopsy was ordered to find out the cause of death.

The autopsy confirmed that Elsie died because of an undiagnosed ectopic pregnancy that should have been easily detected with an ultrasound. The prostaglandin abortion also caused a uterine rupture. Even if the baby couldn’t have survived, there was no reason that Elsie had to be killed too. The abortionist’s negligence killed her.

https://journals.lww.com/amjforensicmedicine/Abstract/1986/07030/Maternal_Death_Due_to_Unnoticed_Ectopic_Pregnancy.11.aspx

#pro life #tw abortion #unsafe yet legal #tw murder #tw ab*rtion #abortion #abortion debate #unidentified victim #death from legal abortion #tw negligence #tw malpractice

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deinheilpraktiker · 1 year

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Kann die Injektion von Prostaglandin E2 das Haarwachstum verbessern? Eine kürzlich veröffentlichte Studie in Experimentelle Zellforschung zeigten, dass Prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) das Haarfollikelwachstum stimuliert. Somit könnten PGE2-Abgabesysteme einen neuartigen Ansatz zur Behandlung von Haarproblemen bieten und eine wirksame Strategie zur Behandlung von haarbedingten Störungen darstellen. Lernen: Steigerung des Haarwachstums durch Stimulierung der Haarfollikel-Stammzellen durch Prostaglandin E2-Kollagenmatrix. Bildquelle: DimaBerlin/Shutte... #Alopecia_Areata #Alopezie #Arachidonsäure #B_Zelle #Chemotherapie #EIWEISS #Entzündung #Ergänzungen #Fieber #Finasterid #Forschung #Gewebetechnik #Haar #Haarausfall #Haut #in_vivo #Kahlheit #Knochen #Knochenmorphogenetisches_Protein #Kollagen #Mausmodell #Mikro #Morphologie #Plättchen #Plättchenreiches_Plasma #Proliferation #Schmerz #Stammzellen #Syndrom #Wirksamkeit #Zelle

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prnlive · 1 year

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Gary Null’s Show Notes 02 22 23 P

If you listen to Gary’s show, you know that he begins with the latest findings in natural approaches to health and nutrition. Starting this week, we will make some of those findings available each weekday to subscribers to the Gary Null Newsletter.

Vitamin B3 nicotinamide riboside improves muscle mitochondria and gut microbiota composition

Meta-analysis affirms association between omega-3 fatty acid intake and lowered inflammation

The scent of a rose improves learning during sleep

Vitamin B3 nicotinamide riboside improves muscle mitochondria and gut microbiota composition

University of Helsinki (Finland), February 10, 2023

The newest vitamin B3 family member, nicotinamide riboside (NR) has been found to have beneficial effects on mitochondria in the human muscle. Currently, mitochondrial dysfunction cannot be treated. Recent findings from the University of Helsinki encourages further investigation of whether this vitamin B3 form could serve as a potential therapeutic option for mitochondrial dysfunction.

In a recent twin study at the University of Helsinki, it was found that nicotinamide riboside (NR) increased the number of mitochondria in the muscle after long-term administration. In addition, NR improved the gut bacterial composition and increased the blood NAD+ concentrations.

Different forms of vitamin B3, such as niacin, nicotinamide and NR, boost cellular energy metabolism, as they serve as precursors for the important molecule for mitochondria, NAD+.

"NAD+ precursors are currently the focus of active research world-wide, as NR has been found to improve mitochondrial function as well as to alleviate metabolic syndrome and obesity in rodents," Associate Professor Eija Pirinen says.

"Our study demonstrated the beneficial effects of long-term supplementation of NR on NAD+ metabolism, and particularly on muscle mitochondria and gut microbiota in humans for the first time," Pirinen says.

The beneficial effects of NR were observed in both leaner and heavier co-twins. In other words, NR supplementation is likely to benefit all individuals regardless of their weight.

NR was also found to affect several muscle tissue functions. It increased the differentiation of muscle stem cells and modified gene expression by modulating DNA methylation, i.e., an incorporation of methyl groups to DNA.

Based on the findings, NR supplementation appears to be a promising therapeutic option to be studied in diseases characterized by gut microbiota imbalance and/or muscle mitochondrial dysfunction, such as sarcopenia, which is age-related muscle loss.

Meta-analysis affirms association between omega-3 fatty acid intake and lowered inflammation

Zhejiang University (China), February 10, 2023

A review and meta-analysis published in the journal PLOS One adds evidence to a reduction in pro-inflammatory eicosanoid levels in association with supplementation with marine-derived omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) by adults.

"Previous studies have shown that inflammation plays a significant role in a number of widespread and destructive chronic diseases, including autoimmune diseases such as rheumatoid arthritis and non-autoimmune chronic diseases including obesity and insulin resistance, cardiovascular disease and several neurodegenerative diseases such as Alzheimer’s disease," write Duo Li and colleagues at Zhejiang University in Hangzhou, China. "

Several arachidonic acid-derived eicosanoids exert their significant influence on the inflammatory response. Prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) is involved in the classic signs of inflammation and possesses both proinflammatory and anti-inflammatory actions; thromboxane A2 (TXA2) (precursor of TXB2), formed by platelets, macrophages and polymorphonuclear leukocytes, can induce vasoconstriction and promotes aggregation of platelets as well as adhesiveness of polymorphonuclear nutrophils; leukotriene B4 (LTB4) can not only increase vascular permeability and enhance local blood flow by stimulating neutrophil secretion, but also stimulate other inflammatory substances."

The researchers selected 18 randomized controlled trials involving a total of 826 subjects for their systematic review. Trials included those that evaluated the effects of fish oil (which contains EPA and DHA) or EPA alone on neutrophil levels of prostaglandin E2, thromboxane B2 or leukotriene B4.

The meta-analysis uncovered a significant association between omega-3 supplementation in reduction in thromboxane B2 among participants at high risk of cardiovascular disease and in leukotriene B4 among unhealthy subjects. Reductions in leukotriene B4 occurred only with 14 or more weeks of treatment with omega-3 fatty acids.

The authors conclude that "High quality randomized controlled trials are needed to explore the effects of marine-derived omega-3 PUFA on different eicosanoids in subjects with different health status."

The scent of a rose improves learning during sleep

University of Freiburg (Germany), February 13, 2023

Effortless learning during sleep is the dream of many people. The supportive effect of smells on learning success when presented both during learning and sleep was first proven in an extensive sleep laboratory study. Researchers at the University of Freiburg - Medical Center, the Freiburg Institute for Frontier Areas of Psychology and Mental Health (IGPP) have now shown that this effect can be also achieved very easily outside the lab. For the study, pupils in two school classes learned English vocabulary - with and without scent sticks during the learning period and also at night. The students remembered the vocabulary much better with a scent. The study was published in the Nature Group's Open Access journal Scientific Reports.

"We showed that the supportive effect of fragrances works very reliably in everyday life and can be used in a targeted way," said study leader PD Dr. Jürgen Kornmeier, head of the Perception and Cognition Research Group at the Freiburg-based IGPP and scientist at the Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy at the University of Freiburg - Medical Center in Germany.

For the study, several experiments with 54 students from two 6th grade classes of a school in southern Germany. The young participants from the test group were asked to place rose-scented incense sticks on their desks at home while learning English vocabulary and on the bedside table next to the bed at night. In another experiment, they also placed the incense sticks on the table next to them during a vocabulary test at school during an English test. The results were compared with test results in which no incense sticks were used during one or more phases.

"The students showed a significant increase in learning success by about 30 percent if the incense sticks were used during both the learning and sleeping phases," says Neumann. The results also suggest that the additional use of the incense sticks during the vocabulary test promotes memory.

"One particular finding beyond the seminal initial study was, that the fragrance also works when it is present all night," says Kornmeier. "This makes the findings suitable for everyday use." Previous studies had assumed that the fragrance needs to be only present during a particularly sensitive sleeping phase. However, since this sleep phase needs to be determined by an effortful measurement of brain activity by means of an electroencephalogram (EEG) in the sleep laboratory, this finding was not suitable for everyday use. "Our study shows that we can make learning during sleep easier. And who would have thought that our nose could help considerably in this," says Kornmeier.

About Gary Null

An internationally renowned expert in the field of health and nutrition, Gary Null, Ph.D is the author of over 70 best-selling books on healthy living and the director of over 100 critically acclaimed full-feature documentary films on natural health, self-empowerment and the environment. He is the host of ‘The Progressive Commentary Hour” and “The Gary Null Show”, the country’s longest running nationally syndicated health radio talk show which can be heard daily on here on the Progressive Radio Network.

Throughout his career, Gary Null has made hundreds of radio and television broadcasts throughout the country as an environmentalist, consumer advocate, investigative reporter and nutrition educator. More than 28 different Gary Null television specials have appeared on PBS stations throughout the nation, inspiring and motivating millions of viewers. He originated and completed more than one hundred major investigations on health issues resulting in the use of material by 20/20 and 60 Minutes. Dr. Null started this network to provide his followers with a media outlet for health and advocacy. For more of Dr. Null’s Work visit the Gary Null’s Work Section or Blog.GaryNull.com In addition to the Progressive Radio Network, Dr. Null has a full line of all-natural home and healthcare products that can be purchased at his Online Store.

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