editorbookpi1

[editorbookpi1]

Novel Mechanosynthesis for the 4-methyl-2H-chromen-2-one Molecules Via the Pechmann Condensation | Chapter 10 | Recent Developments in Chemistry and Biochemistry Research Vol. 2

“Organic mechanosynthesis” involves chemical, organic transformations by applying mechanical energy to form consciously desired products. In this book chapter, such products are 4-methyl-2H-chromen-2-ones (4-methylcoumarin molecules), including 7-amino-4-methyl-2H-chromen-2-one (7-amino-4-methylcoumarin, coumarin 120), an important molecule and building block in biophysical research as a common fluorescent probe. The Pechmann condensation is one of the most straightforward methods for preparing substituted 4-methyl-2H-chromen-2-ones using a wide spectrum of reaction parameters, which generally suffer from harsh reaction conditions, e.g., stoichiometric amounts of strong acids or bases, no reusability of catalyst, production of large acidic wastes, elevated temperature, and prolonged reaction time. Considering the significance of green and sustainable protocols for obtaining such chromenone molecules, the mechanochemical Pechmann procedures allow for avoiding the use of such harsh reaction conditions This book chapter describes a simple and efficient method for the preparation of 4-methyl-2H-chromen-2-ones series through the acid-catalyzed Pechmann condensation under a rapid and environment-friendly protocol using a high-speed ball mill mixer at room temperature with short reaction times under solvent-free conditions. Substituted 4-methylcoumarins derived from phenols (or naphthols) and ethyl acetoacetate in the presence of 3 mol% InCl3 were obtained in good yields (52-95%).

Author(s) Details: Vladimir V. Kouznetsov, Laboratorio de Química Orgánica y Biomolecular, Universidad Industrial de Santander, Bucaramanga, Colombia. Please see the link here: https://stm.bookpi.org/RDCBR-V2/article/view/14256

#Organic mechanosynthesis #4-methyl-2H-chromen-2-ones #4-methylcoumarins #pechmann condensation #solvent-free condensation #mechanochemical activation #ball milling #high-speed mixer ball mill process #InCl3-catalysis

[editorbookpi1]

Biological Bioactivities, Physicochemical Properties, Atomic Absorption and Antibacterial Activity of Rosemary (Rosmarinus officinalis L.) Aromatic Plant in Al- Baha Area | Chapter 9 | Recent Developments in Chemistry and Biochemistry Research Vol. 2

Rosemary (Rosmarinus officinalis L.) is aromatic plant a widely used in traditional and folk medicine, Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry (GC-MS) used to identify the bioactive phytochemical constituents, 42 compounds identified in this study, 16 are the major compounds. In this study also were evaluating the physicochemical properties of Rosemary such as peroxide value (2.35 meq O2/kg, acid value as oleic acid (1.122 mg KOH/g), iodine value 85 mg / 100 mg, saponification value of 220 mg KOH / g of Fat, pH (5.7), refractive index (1.39 and at 28°C), viscosity (CST) (68.33), specific gravity, 1.489 and density (0.92 g/cm3). Atomic absorption was used to identify minerals content in rosemary, contains Copper 11.4 ppm, Ferric 250 ppm, Zinc 12.85 ppm.The effect of Rosemary oil in four different pathogenic bacteria Bacillus cereus, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Escherichia coli, and Salmonella typhimurium, were examined using Mueller Hinton Agar and measuring inhibition zone (diameter mm), were found that, there were a significant different of Rosemary oil against bacteria.

Author(s) Details: Rasha Khalid Abbas, Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science and Arts in Mukhwa, Al-Baha University, 65931, Saudi Arabia and Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Applied and Industrial Science Bahri University, Sudan. Please see the link here: https://stm.bookpi.org/RDCBR-V2/article/view/14255

#Rosemary (Rosmarinus officinalis L.) #physicochemical properties #gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) #atomic absorption #pathogenic bacteria

[editorbookpi1]

A Comprehensive Analysis of the Medicinal Use of Bioactive Secondary Metabolites from the Genus Ehretia | Chapter 8 | Recent Developments in Chemistry and Biochemistry Research Vol. 2

The roughly 150 species of plants that make up the genus Ehretia are primarily found in tropical regions of North America, Africa, Australia, and Asia. They have long been used as traditional and folk remedies in China, India, and Japan to cure a wide range of illnesses. Pharmacological investigations verified that the genus's crude extracts or specific components had anti-snake venom properties in addition to antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, antibacterial, anti-arthritic, anti- tubercular, and anti-allergic properties. Based on the available literature up to February 2024, summery of secondary metabolites that have been identified from several species of Ehretia in this literature. Chapter concentrated on the known biological activities of the Ehretia plants and covered them in detail here, in addition to their traditional therapeutic usage.

Author(s) Details: Amanpreet Kaur, Department of Chemistry, School of Sciences, IFTM University, Moradabad-244102, Uttar Pradesh, India. Abha Shukla, Department of Chemistry, Kanya Gurukula Campus, Gurukula Kangri Vishwavidyalaya, Haridwar-249404, Uttarakhand, India. Sarika Arora, Department of Chemistry, School of Sciences, IFTM University, Moradabad-244102, Uttar Pradesh, India. Trapti Pandey, Department of Home Sciences, School of Sciences, IFTM University, Moradabad-244102, Uttar Pradesh, India. Priyanka Pokhriyal, Department of Chemistry, Kanya Gurukula Campus, Gurukula Kangri Vishwavidyalaya, Haridwar-249404, Uttarakhand, India. Please see the link here: https://stm.bookpi.org/RDCBR-V2/article/view/14254

#Ehretia #traditional & medicinal importance #essential oil #biological activities #future prospects

[editorbookpi1]

Stafne’s Bone Cavity in a Sample of the Lebanese Population: A Retrospective Study on 3500 Digital Panoramic Radiographs | Chapter 9 | New Visions in Medicine and Medical Science Vol. 5

Introduction: Stafne's bone cavity (SBC) is a benign condition characterized by a cystic concavity in the jawbone, most commonly the mandible. It is typically discovered incidentally during dental radiography and appears as a well-defined radiolucency caused by displaced submandibular salivary gland tissue.

Purpose: We aimed to investigate the frequency of SBC in the Lebanese population and describe the clinical and radiological characteristics of detected cases. Our findings provide valuable insights into the prevalence and nature of SBC in this population, contributing to the existing body of knowledge on this condition and informing clinical practice.

Materials and Methods: This study, conducted at the Lebanese University – Faculty of Dental Medicine, analyzed 3500 digital panoramic radiographs obtained over three years to evaluate the presence of SBCs and any differences in age and gender among patients.

Results: A total of 11 cases fulfilled the diagnostic criteria of SBC (0.31%), out of 3500 digital panoramic radiographs screened. Seven cases were reported in men (63.6%), at a mean age of 61.5 years, and four cases in women (36.4%), at a mean age of 57 years. The involvement of SBC on the left and right sides of the mandible was given at a ratio of 8:3. All 11 cases of SBC were found in the body of the mandible (100%). The oval form was predominant, accounting for 81.8% of the cases, while the round form was observed in 18.2% of the cases.

Conclusion: Our results indicate that SBC is a rare anomaly in the Lebanese population. Further research may provide additional insights into the prevalence and characteristics of this condition, as well as its potential risk factors and underlying mechanisms. These findings may have important implications for the diagnosis and management of SBC in clinical practice.

Author(s) Details: Georges Aoun, Department of Oral Medicine and Maxillofacial Radiology, Faculty of Dental Medicine, Lebanese University, Beirut, Lebanon. Nadia Skandri, Department of Oral Medicine and Maxillofacial Radiology, Faculty of Dental Medicine, Lebanese University, Beirut, Lebanon. Sayde Sokhn, Department of Oral Medicine and Maxillofacial Radiology, Faculty of Dental Medicine, Lebanese University, Beirut, Lebanon. Carlo Maksoud, Department of Oral Medicine and Maxillofacial Radiology, Faculty of Dental Medicine, Lebanese University, Beirut, Lebanon. Please see the link here: https://stm.bookpi.org/NVMMS-V5/article/view/14165

#Stafne’s bone cavity #Lebanese population #digital panoramic radiograph #mandible

[editorbookpi1]

An Overview of Strategies for Medical Education Research | Chapter 8 | New Visions in Medicine and Medical Science Vol. 5

This book chapter provides an overview of strategies for medical education research. It emphasize the importance of research in medical education and the need for rigorous and systematic methods to evaluate educational interventions and programs. The book chapter describes various methods commonly used in medical education research, including qualitative approaches and mixed methods. The chapter also covers formulations of research question and limitations of research in medical education. Throughout the book chapter, examples of medical education research studies are used to illustrate these concepts and to highlight best practices in the field. The article concludes with a discussion of the challenges and opportunities facing medical education research and offers recommendations for future research directions.

Author(s) Details: Rohit Kiran Phadnis, Department of General Surgery, Apollo Institute of Medical Science and Research, Hyderabad, Telangana, India. Anupam Shukla, Department of General Surgery, HBT Medical College & Dr. R.N Cooper General Municipal Hospital, Mumbai, Maharashtra, India. Harshali Bharat Rankhambe, Department of Physiology, Gian Sagar Medical College, Rajpura, Punjab, India. Jyothi Vybhavi V. S., Department of Physiology, Sri Chamundeswari Medical College Hospital & Research Institute, Channapatna, Karnataka, India. Meghna Poonia, Department of Physiology, Jaipur National University Institute of Medical Sciences and Research Centre, Jaipur, Rajasthan, India. Thangjam Rubee Chanu, Department of Microbiology, Shija Academy of Health Sciences, Imphal, Manipur, India. Jitendra Patel, Department of Physiology, GMERS Medical College, Vadnagar, Gujarat, India. Rajesh Gouri, Department of General Surgery, Gujarat Adani Institute of Medical Sciences, Bhuj, Gujarat, India. Please see the link here: https://stm.bookpi.org/NVMMS-V5/article/view/14164

#Medical education #methods #research #strategies

[editorbookpi1]

Specificity of Hypertension Risk Factors in the Elderly | Chapter 7 | New Visions in Medicine and Medical Science Vol. 5

Introduction: Hypertension, commonly known as high blood pressure, is a significant public health issue that affects at least 20% of adults in many countries. It can be classified into essential (primary or idiopathic) and secondary hypertension, with essential hypertension representing 95% of all cases.

Aims: To identify the factors associated with hypertension in a tertiary care centre in Northern India

Study Design: A cross-sectional study.

Study Sites and Duration of Study: Medicine Department, AIIMS Rishikesh; between January 2021 and December 2022.

Methodology: The study recruited 317 hypertensive and non-hypertension patients who reside and receive healthcare services from the tertiary Care Centre in Northern India and reported for treatment. Data was collected from respondents using a questionnaire and analyzed with STATA software Version 15.

Results and Findings: The study revealed that majority of the participants (68.8%) had hypertension. The study identified that respondents who are married were approximately 3 times more likely to have hypertension compared to those who are single (AOR= 3.1; 95% CI=1.28-5.82, p=0.001). Adjusting for all other factors, respondents who were employed were 4.2 times more likely to have hypertension compared to those who are unemployed (AOR= 4.2; 95% CI=1.36-8.62, p=0.002). History of smoking, history of alcohol consumption, physical inactivity among participants was discovered to be significantly associated with hypertension.

Conclusion: Hypertension is a serious health concern among some of the aged people in Ghana. Hence it is recommended that interventions to tackle this condition could focus on behavioral or lifestyle modifications. Author(s) Details: Rohit Raina, Department of General Medicine, AIIMS Bathinda, Punjab, India. Please see the link here: https://stm.bookpi.org/NVMMS-V5/article/view/14163

#Hypertension #prevalence #factors

[editorbookpi1]

Determination of Visual Outcomes of Cataract Surgery among patients admitted to Eye Foundation Community Hospital in Nigeria | Chapter 6 | New Visions in Medicine and Medical Science Vol. 5

Aims: To determine the visual outcome of cataract surgeries postoperatively at first day, one and three months.

Background: Postoperative visual outcome is one of the key factors that develops satisfied patients, build confidence and for increasing the demand for cataract surgeries in the community.

Study Design: This was a retrospective, case series study at Eye Foundation Community Hospital, Ilese-Ijebu-Imushin, Ogun state of Nigeria for a 3-month duration from June 1st 2019 to August 31st 2019.

Methodology: All patients 18 years and above operated for cataract surgery without comorbidity were included in the study. Type of surgery done were manual small incision cataract surgery (MSICS) and phacoemulsification. Patient data were entered into excel spread sheet created for the study. From where it was cleaned up and exported in to statistical package for social sciences 20. Visual outcome was assessed on the first day, first month and at third month post operatively. Snellen visual acuity was converted to log MAR. P value = 0.05 is determined as statistically significant. Visual outcome was assessed on the first day, first month and at third month post operatively. Snellen visual acuity was converted to log MAR. P value = 0.05 is determined as statistically significant.

Results: Two hundred and fifty (250) patients or eyes were analysed in this study. Two hundred and twenty patients (88%) had MSICS, 30 (12%) had phacoemulsification. Preoperatively, majority (150, 60%) presented with visual acuity less than 3/60 followed by patients with visual acuity between 6/18 to 6/60 (76, 30.4%). Nineteen patients (7.6%) had visual acuity of 6/18 or better. Mean preoperative log MAR was 1.6 ± 0.8 (equivalent to count finger). 3-month post op, two hundred and fourteen (85.6%) had uncorrected visual acuity of 6/18 or better while 231 patients (92.4%) had best corrected (with pinhole) visual acuity of 6/18 or better. (P=0.004 and 0.038 respectively).

Conclusion: There is an appreciable improvement in the visual outcome following cataract surgery. It is however important to continuously audit cataract surgical outcome and train young ophthalmologist to be competent in performing excellent cataract surgeries with brilliant visualoutcomes according to WHO recommendation.

Author(s) Details: Bogunjoko T. J., Eye Foundation Community Hospital, Ijebu-Imusin, Ogun State, Nigeria. Hassan A. O., Eye Foundation Community Hospital, Ijebu-Imusin, Ogun State, Nigeria. Akinye A., Eye Foundation Community Hospital, Ijebu-Imusin, Ogun State, Nigeria. Maji C. S., Eye Foundation Community Hospital, Ijebu-Imusin, Ogun State, Nigeria. Olowolaiyemo M., Eye Foundation Community Hospital, Ijebu-Imusin, Ogun State, Nigeria. Idris O., Eye Foundation Community Hospital, Ijebu-Imusin, Ogun State, Nigeria. Please see the link here: https://stm.bookpi.org/NVMMS-V5/article/view/14155

#Visual outcomes #cataract surgery #visual acuity #eye foundation

[editorbookpi1]

Examining the Impact of Counseling on Anxiety Levels in Post-Operative Orthopedic Patients: A Comparative Study | Chapter 5 | New Visions in Medicine and Medical Science Vol. 5

The aim of the study was to assess the effect of counselling on anxiety among  post-operative orthopaedic patients. The advent of modern technology has added tremendous pace to our life. We are eager to achieve instant results in the shortest span of time. This pre- occupation with a fast- track existence has added enormous problems to our daily life style. The sample comprised of 60 male patients divided into two groups experimental group 30 & control group 30. “Spielberger’s” state anxiety inventory was used to collect data. ‘t’ value & ANOVA was calculated for the comparison of pretest and post-test. State anxiety score of experimental and control group of patients. The experimental group's patients' pre- and post-test state anxiety levels differed significantly, according to the results, while the control group's pre- and post-test scores differed statistically significantly. Further, it was found that there was significant difference in pre test and post test anxiety scores of experimental group of patients, according to age and significant difference was found in control group. However, no significant effect was found in control group. However, no significant effect was found according to age, educational status & income on pre test anxiety scores of patients in both experimental and control group. There is marked difference in pre-test and post-test anxiety scores of experimental group of patients according to religion. But in control group of patients there is no statistically significant difference between pretest and post test anxiety scores.

Author(s) Details: Neeraj Gill, Khalsa College of Nursing, Amritsar, Punjab, India. Menu Sharma, Khalsa College of Nursing, Amritsar, Punjab, India. Please see the link here: https://stm.bookpi.org/NVMMS-V5/article/view/14154

#Counselling #anxiety #post-operative #orthopaedic patients

[editorbookpi1]

Ferroptosis-Induced Metabolic Shifts in Cardiac Cells: Exploring the Influence of Glutaminolysis | Chapter 4 | New Visions in Medicine and Medical Science Vol. 5

Aims: Ferroptosis, an iron-dependent non-apoptotic cell death mechanism, profoundly impacts cellular metabolism. Despite its significance, a comprehensive metabolomic analysis of ferroptotic cells remains elusive.

Study Design and Methodology:  In this study, we investigated the metabolome of H9c2 cardioblast cells using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry during ferroptosis induced by RSL3, an inhibitor of glutathione peroxidase 4. Notably, we explored the effects of ferroptosis inhibitors, including ferrostatin-1, and the mitochondrial-targeted ROS scavenger, XJB-5-131.

Place and Duration of Study: Department of Physiology and Department of Biochemistry, University of Puerto Rico School of Medicine, between October 2019 and September 2021.

Results: The results revealed a significant reduction of amino acids crucial for glutathione synthesis by more than two-fold upon RSL3 treatment. Conversely, saturated fatty acid levels were notably elevated in RSL3-exposed cells, with no discernible impact on unsaturated fatty acids. Moreover, RSL3 induced substantial alterations in mitochondrial tricarboxylic acid cycle intermediates; while isocitrate and 2-oxoglutarate levels increased, succinate levels decreased significantly in RSL3-treated cells. Importantly, ferrostatin-1 and XJB-5-131 effectively prevented RSL3-induced cell death and preserved the metabolic profile. Given the involvement of 2-oxoglutarate in ferroptosis regulation, particularly through glutamine metabolism, we further investigated the role of glutaminolysis in H9c2 cardi-oblasts ferroptosis. Silencing of glutaminase 1, encoding the K-type mitochondrial glutaminase (glutaminase C), conferred protection against ferroptosis at the early stage.

Conclusion: In conclusion, our study demonstrates the disruptive impact of RSL3-induced ferroptosis on the metabolome of H9c2 cardioblasts.

Author(s) Details: Keishla M. Rodríguez-Graciani, Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, University of Puerto Rico, San Juan, PR, USA. Xavier R. Chapa-Dubocq, Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, University of Puerto Rico, San Juan, PR, USA. Esteban J. Ayala-Arroyo, Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, University of Puerto Rico, San Juan, PR, USA. Ivana Chaves-Negrón, Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, University of Puerto Rico, San Juan, PR, USA. Sehwan Jang, Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, University of Puerto Rico, San Juan, PR, USA. Nataliya Chorna, Department of Biochemistry, School of Medicine, University of Puerto Rico, San Juan, PR, USA. Taber S. Maskrey, Department of Chemistry, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA. Peter Wipf, Department of Chemistry, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA. Sabzali Javadov, Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, University of Puerto Rico, San Juan, PR, USA. Please see the link here: https://stm.bookpi.org/NVMMS-V5/article/view/14153

#Ferroptosis #cardiomyocytes #metabolome #mitochondria #ferrostatin-1 #glutaminolysis #XJB-5-131

[editorbookpi1]

Intraosseous Cavernous Hemangioma: A Rare Type of Cranial Tumor | Chapter 3 | New Visions in Medicine and Medical Science Vol. 5

Background: Cavernous hemangiomas are benign tumor of vascular origin, typically arising in the vertebral body. Its presence in the skull is exceedingly rare, with only a few cases being reported worldwide. The most common initial clinical manifestation was local growth or swelling, followed by a headache. Radiographically, PICHs represented osteolytic, intradiploic masses, which in many cases displayed trabeculations, leading to the so-called "honeycomb" or "starburst" pattern the first description of this type of tumor was in 1845 by Toynbee. A review of the literature reveals less than 100 published cases and a growing trend every year. Total surgical excision is the treatment of choice, and the prognosis after complete excision is excellent, with a recurrence usually rare.

Case Presentation: We present the case of a 57-year-old patient with a painless tumor of the left frontal bone, of slow growth and osteolytic characteristics from the neuro-radiological point of view. The lesion was excised en bloc by craniectomy, followed by cranioplasty. The anatomopathological diagnosis was intraosseous cavernous hemangioma.

Conclusions: Despite its low frequency, the diagnosis of intraosseous cavernous hemangioma should be considered in the presence of a slow-growing cranial tumor, with solid and painless characteristics, and its osteolytic nature confirmed by radiology. The treatment of choice consists in the complete resection of the lesion with resolution of the problem and with very low relapses. In very large tumors, treatment by prior embolization should be considered.

Author(s) Details: Alejandra Arévalo Sáenz, Neurosurgery Service of the San Carlos University Hospital, C/ Profesor Martín Lagos S/N, Moncloa 28040 Madrid, Spain. Borja Ferrández Pujante, Neurosurgery Service of the San Carlos University Hospital, C/ Profesor Martín Lagos S/N, Moncloa 28040 Madrid, Spain. Fernando J. Rascón-Ramírez, Neurosurgery Service of the San Carlos University Hospital, C/ Profesor Martín Lagos S/N, Moncloa 28040 Madrid, Spain. Please see the link here: https://stm.bookpi.org/NVMMS-V5/article/view/14152

#Skull base #craniectomy #intraosseous cavernous hemangioma #osteolithic #benign tumor

[editorbookpi1]

Understanding the Symptoms and Signs of Endogenous Cushing Syndrome: A Spectrum of Cases | Chapter 2 | New Visions in Medicine and Medical Science Vol. 5

Introduction: Cushing’s syndrome (CS) is a rare disorder characterised by symptoms and signs of chronic excessive tissue exposure to glucocorticoids, and is associated with high morbidity and mortality if untreated. A few common features of CS include truncal obesity, moon facies, increased fat in dorsocervical area, ecchymoses, plethora, striae, proximal muscle weakness, thin skin, pigmentation of the skin, osteopenia/ osteoporosis with fractures, avascular necrosis of bone, mood changes, hypertension, impairment of glucose tolerance or worsening of glycemic control, susceptibility to infections, edema, deep vein thrombosis/ pulmonary thromboembolism. The excess cortisol state can result from a number of etiologies- both exogenous and endogenous. It can present with varied and non-specific clinical features. Hence, having a high clinical suspicion is important and it can be challenging to arrive at an exact diagnosis, which is very important to initiate appropriate treatment. Here, we present a spectrum of endogenous Cushing’s syndrome of different etiologies, which are presented to us at different age groups and with different clinical features.

Description of Cases: The main aim of this article is to understand the different symptoms and signs with which the patients with Endogenous Cushing’s syndrome present, the knowledge required to suspect it even in a non-typical presentation, the extensive and laborious work-up done at arriving the diagnosis and localizing the cause, and then finally initiating appropriate treatment. We randomly chose 8 cases of Endogenous Cushing’s syndrome of different presentation and etiology, who presented to our Hospital. We had patients whose ages ranged from 13 years to 60 years; patients presenting with typical features of Cushing’s syndrome to non-specific features and even being asymptomatic. All the cases underwent appropriate and elaborate work-up to arrive at a diagnosis and also to localize the exact lesion. They then underwent appropriate treatment either in the form of surgery (excision of the lesion responsible for the cortisol excess) or medical therapy. The outcome of the patients was good in 6 of these patients, they achieved remission during follow-up. However, 2 patients, one with Adrenocortical carcinoma and another with Ectopic adreno-cortical tropic hormone (ACTH) syndrome due to Poorly differentiated adenocarcinoma of the left lung, died due to the severity of underlying diseases.

Conclusion: Endogenous Cushing’s syndrome, though rare, is associated with high morbidity and mortality if untreated. A high degree of suspicion and a good clinical examination are required to diagnose Cushing’s syndrome, especially in non-florid cases and those with nonspecific features. A systematic, orderly evaluation is required to establish the correct diagnosis and to localize the cause, which will help in the planning of appropriate treatment.

Author(s) Details: Santosh B, Department of Endocrinology, Yashoda Hospital, Secunderabad, Telangana, India. Raman Boddula, Department of Endocrinology, Yashoda Hospital, Secunderabad, Telangana, India. Ashok Venkatanarasu, Department of Endocrinology, Yashoda Hospital, Secunderabad, Telangana, India. Aditya Hegde, Department of Endocrinology, Yashoda Hospital, Secunderabad, Telangana, India. Chimutai Chinte, Department of Endocrinology, Yashoda Hospital, Secunderabad, Telangana, India. Vidya Tickoo, Department of Endocrinology, Yashoda Hospital, Secunderabad, Telangana, India. Please see the link here: https://stm.bookpi.org/NVMMS-V5/article/view/14151

#Endogenous Cushing’s syndrome #glucocorticoids #symptoms #clinical signs

[editorbookpi1]

Immunosenescence and Elderly: Importance of Immune System in Alzheimer’s Disease and Neurodegenerative Disorders | Chapter 1 | New Visions in Medicine and Medical Science Vol. 5

Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is a chronic multifactorial and complex neuro-degenerative disorder characterized by memory impairment and loss of cognitive ability which is a plight for the elderly. AD is an aging brain pathology, and maybe it is a combination of different diseases or various symptoms that are orchestrated in common. Alzheimer’s disease is the most common type of dementia and it may contribute to 60–70% of cases. Pathologically intracellular accumulation of abnormally phosphorylated Tau protein to form neurofibrillary tangles, extracellular amyloid-beta (Aβ) deposition to form senile plaques, neural disconnection, neural deaths and synaptic dysfunction within the brain are hallmark pathologies that characterize AD. The prevalence of the disease continues to increase globally due to the increase in longevity, quality of life, and medical treatment for chronic diseases that decrease mortality and enhance the survival among elderly. Medical awareness and accurate diagnosis of the disease also contribute to the high prevalence observed globally. Unfortunately, no magic treatment exists to modify the course of AD, and no available treatment is capable to mitigate the cognitive decline or reversing the pathology of the disease yet.

A Plethora of hypothesis beginning from cholinergic to the dominant Aβ cascade hypothesis to the abnormally excessive phosphorylated Tau protein were reported. Various explanations for the pathogenesis of AD such as abnormal excitation of glutamate system and mitochondrial dysfunction were also suggested. Despite the continuous stumble to deliver significant benefits and effective treatment for this agonizing global aging illness, multiprong approaches and strategies to ameliorate the disease course are urgently needed based on the knowledge of the underpinning pathogenesis of AD.

Immunosenescence is a procedure of immune deficit that appears with age (inflammaging process) and encompasses remodeling of lymphoid organs, leading to alterations in the immune function and neuroinflammation in advanced aging, which is closely linked to the outgrowth of infections, autoimmune diseases, and malignant cancers. It is well known that long-standing inflammation influence badly the brain over the course of a lifetime due to the senescence of the immune system.

Herein, we want to trace the role of the immune system in the pathogenesis of AD, thus we are going to explore alternative avenues, such as neuroimmune involvement in the pathogenesis of AD. Determination of the initial triggers engaged in neuroinflammation, which is an early episode of the presymptomatic stages of AD and contributes to the advancement of the disease and the underlying key mechanisms of brain damage that might help the development of therapeutic strategies to combat this devastating disease. In addition, this study represents how different aspects of the immune system, both in the brain and peripherally, behave to contribute to AD.

Author(s) Details: Abdalla Bowirrat, Department of Molecular Biology, Adelson School of Medicine, Ariel University, Ariel 40700, Israel. Aia Bowirrat M. D., Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Hasharon Hospital, Rabin Medical Center, Petah Tikwa, Israel. Please see the link here: https://stm.bookpi.org/NVMMS-V5/article/view/14150

#Alzheimer’s disease #amyloid-βeta #phosphorylated tau protein #Neuroinflammation #Immunosenescence #Inflammaging

[editorbookpi1]

Ultimate Anti-Seismic Design Method: A Novel Approach | Chapter 8 | Current Approaches in Engineering Research and Technology Vol. 1

The design mechanisms and methods of the invention are intended to minimize problems related to the safety of structures in the event of natural phenomena such as earthquakes, tornadoes, and strong winds. The anchoring mechanism can also be used for other uses such as supporting wind turbines on the ground and preventing deformation of the wind turbine trunk by wind forces, supporting dams, tunnels, and loose slopes, and bridge piers, and for any work requiring support on the gr and rock. In seismic excitation it achieves the control of the deformations of the structure. Damage and deformation are closely related concepts since the control of deformations also controls the damage. The inertial stresses of the structure are transferred to the ground by the design method, which applies artificial compression to the ends of all longitudinal reinforced concrete walls and simultaneously connects the ends of the walls to the ground using ground anchors positioned at the depths of the boreholes. This external force acts as a catalyst for the structure's response to seismic displacements. In order to prevent any failures brought on by inelastic deformation, the wall with the artificial compression gains a dynamic, bigger active cross-section as well as strong axial and torsional stiffness. By connecting the ends of all walls to the ground, we control the eigenfrequency of the structure and the ground during each seismic loading cycle, preventing inelastic displacements. At the same time, we ensure the strong bearing capacity of the foundation soil and the structure. By designing the walls correctly and placing them in proper locations, we prevent the torsional flexural buckling that occurs in asymmetrical floor plans, and metal and tall structures. Compression of the wall sections at the ends and their anchoring to the ground mitigates the transfer of deformations to the connection nodes, strengthens the wall section in terms of base shear force and shear stress of the sections, and increases the strength of the cross-sections to the tensile at the ends of the walls by introducing counteractive forces.  While connecting the walls to the foundation not only disperses inertial forces to the ground but also inhibits wall rotation, preserving the structural integrity of the beams, the use of tendons within the ducts prevents longitudinal shear in the overlay concrete. By sealing the entrance of the growing fissures, prestressing at the bilateral ends of the walls returns the structure to its initial position even in cases of inelastic displacements.

Author(s) Details: Ioannis N. Lymperis, Inventor International Patent Independent Researcher, Ios Island, Cyclades, Greece. Please see the link here: https://stm.bookpi.org/CAERT-V1/article/view/14192

#Ultimate #control-system #anti-seismic #earthquakes #construction #method #design

[editorbookpi1]

The Role of Technology to Enhance City Development by Optimizing Strategy Formulation and Implementation | Chapter 7 | Current Approaches in Engineering Research and Technology Vol. 1

City development plans play a crucial role in shaping the urban development and landscape, yet it is seen that their successful implementation often faces challenges. This study explores the integration of technological interventions to enhance the formulation and execution of strategies in city development planning. By leveraging Geographic Information Systems (GIS), Management Information Systems (MIS), and Advanced Planning Systems (APS), this research aims to address key barriers and improve the effectiveness of urban planning initiatives. Through a review of 131 articles, significant insights are gained into the potential of technology to streamline processes, improve coordination among stakeholders, and facilitate monitoring and evaluation efforts. The findings highlight the importance of bridging the gap between policy formulation and on-the-ground implementation through innovative technological solutions.

This study identifies critical research gaps and proposes future directions for advancing the field of urban planning through technological innovation.

Author(s) Details: Rutuja Deshmukh Jagtap, School of Architecture, Urban Development & Planning, Symbiosis Skills &Professionals University, Pune, India. D. P. Singh, Architecture & Planning Department, AMITY University, Noida, Delhi, India. Ekta Singh, School of Design, AMITY University, Noida, Delhi, India. Pramod Shinde, School of Planning & Architecture, JNIAS, Hyderabad, India. Please see the link here: https://stm.bookpi.org/CAERT-V1/article/view/14162

#Technological tools #implementation #policies #strategy #execution #urban #development planning

[editorbookpi1]

Advancements in Application of Corona Charge Deposition Technique in Semiconductor Industry: A Review | Chapter 6 | Current Approaches in Engineering Research and Technology Vol. 1

With the advent of new materials, the microchip industry is investigating new architecture to further scale down the device size. New technologies are on the way to achieving this goal without compromising the device’s performance and benefits. In this new scenario, corona charge deposition technique (CCDT) has become an indispensable part of the thin film industry. Due to the non-invasive and non-destructive nature of corona charge ions, they are effectively being used to improve the device properties. This technique is in use for device characterization and testing.  Whole wafer mapping of the SiO2 film on silicon can be carried out employing this technique. Failure analysis of junction field effect transistor (JFET) has clearly established that a device is good by design, not because it is free from surface ions. CCDT is also useful to understand the electrical properties of insulators and other materials. Isotope tracer structures were used to study the corona induced relaxation mechanism in SiO2. Apparently, the stress relaxation mechanism was found to be the deciding factor in oxidant transport through the film. Corona-Kelvin non-contact metrology or the C-KM is a recent development in this field for the characterization of silicon, new materials and dielectrics. It is the newest technology for device cooling. Corona based “ionic wind” is the next generation cooling fan for electronic devices. Different aspects of design and technology are under investigation. Corona Discharge based electrostatic spray coating technology is under investigation for advanced electrode processing of Li-ion batteries.  In this paper, the status of all these fields of applications of corona charge deposition technique in the semiconductor industry has been reviewed. Further, the methodology involved is described. The advances as well as challenges and improvements including future research are also discussed.

Author(s) Details: Ila Prasad, Department of Physics and Engineering, Faculty of Physics, University of St Thomas, Houston, TX, USA. Please see the link here: https://stm.bookpi.org/CAERT-V1/article/view/14161

#Corona charge #microchip technology #thin film #corona grown oxide

[editorbookpi1]

Exploring the Performance of Square Patch Antennas at 2.4GHz: A Comprehensive Analysis | Chapter 5 | Current Approaches in Engineering Research and Technology Vol. 1

This article presents a comprehensive analysis of a square patch antenna designed using high-frequency simulator structure software (HFSS), specifically operating at 2.41 GHz of central frequency. Through meticulous evaluation across the operational band of 2.36 GHz to 2.47 GHz, crucial parameters such as Gain, return loss, and radiation pattern are examined. Emphasizing the significance of the 2.4 GHz range within the Industrial, Scientific, and Medical (ISM) band, this frequency spectrum serves as a cornerstone for various wireless communication applications, encompassing Bluetooth, Wi-Fi, and Zigbee technologies. Consequently, the proposed structure showcases its practicality and relevance within the ISM band, addressing the escalating need for dependable wireless connectivity within contemporary technological frameworks.

Author(s) Details: Alka Verma, Electronics and Communication Engineering Department, Teerthanker Mahaveer University, Moradabad, India. Please see the link here: https://stm.bookpi.org/CAERT-V1/article/view/14160

#Patch antenna #bandwidth #gain #radiation pattern

[editorbookpi1]

Using Grey Relational Analysis for Optimization of Dry Sliding Wear Parameters of Aluminium Matrix Composites (AA7068/TiC) | Chapter 4 | Current Approaches in Engineering Research and Technology Vol. 1

The present study highlights about multi-Objective Optimization of Dry sliding wear parameters of Aluminium Matrix Composites (AA7068/TiC) using Grey Relational Analysis. Metal matrix composites are supplanting conventional materials due to their prevalent properties like high strength of weight ratio, high specific stiffness, high fracture toughness, high thermal stability and wear resistance etc. AA7068 is one of the industrially accessible strongest aluminium alloys that was taken as a matrix material and the reinforcement is titanium carbide (TiC) particles of 4 µm size. In this investigation, Al-TiC composites consist of TiC particles of an average size 4µm whose wt% of reinforcement varied from 2 to 10 wt% in steps of 2 wt%, composites have been prepared using the stir casting technique. Dry-sliding wear experiments have been performed on pin-on-disc apparatus according to Taguchi’s L25 in the design of experiments. The parameters considered are wt% of TiC, rotational speed (Nr), load (P) and sliding velocity (Vs). The motivation behind the Analysis of Variance is to figure out the process parameter that strongly influences the wear characteristics of AA7068/TiC MMCs. This can be accomplished by estimating the amount of the sum of squared deviations from the total mean of the grey relational grade for each process parameter and their error variance. Optimum combinations of parameters have been identified based on grey relational grade (GRG) to solve the wear response of AA7068/TiC MMCs. Also, analysis of variance (ANOVA) is applied to recognize the main factors affecting the wear response. Confirmation experiments with optimum conditions show that the results were nearer to the anticipated outcomes. The confirmation experiments confirm that the proposed GRA can track down the optimal combination of process parameters with multiple quality characteristics.

Author(s) Details: Syed Altaf Hussain, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Rajeev Gandhi Memorial College of Engineering & Technology, Nandyal-51850, India. Please see the link here: https://stm.bookpi.org/CAERT-V1/article/view/14159

#AA7068/TiC MMCs #grey relational analysis #taguchi design #ANOVA #optimization