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whatdoesshedotothem · 3 years

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Sunday 15 September 1839 TRJ

4 3/4

10 1/4

Damp morn[in]g F[ahrenheit] 60 1/2° at 5 a.m. I am all ready now at 5 35/..

no c[oa]ch h[ou]se .:. p[ai]d for man watch[in]g the carr[ia]ge

last night ./50 and p[ai]d Gross this morn[in]g for p[ai]d yest[erday] for

d[itt]o d[itt]o ./50 – w[i]th all the [?] I ha[ve] made, it is

6 3/.. when we get off – 3 min[ute]s lat[e]r than the ti[me] –

damp hazy morn[in]g – forest immed[iatel]y on leav[in]g the Stat[io]n

neith[e]r of us slept well last night – A- [Ann] m[u]ch bit –

we had noth[in]g b[u]t plates and caps and sauciers and knives

and forks and tab[le] linen and our doub[le] bedd[e]d r[oo]m and serv[an]t r[oo]m and

p[ai]d 4/20 – Scotch firs this morn[in]g bark[e]d all r[ou]nd

for a yard or 2 fr[om] the gr[ou]nd at 6 20/.. lit[tle] dist[an]t left

fjord or lake – r[oa]d red coarse as yest[erday] sandy b[u]t good tho’ m[u]ch r[ai]n

in the night – forest and lit[tle] breaks all the way to

Säcjarvi [Sackjarvi] at 7 1/2 – one h[ou]se in the forest – sm[all] b[u]t goodish

Sept[embe]r Sun[day] 15

Nisalax

Urpala [Uppsala]

as the Gent[leman] s[ai]d at Högfors one might sleep at

Helsingfors [Helsinki] 237 v[ersts]

Wiborg [Vyborg] 44 1/2 v[ersts]

St. P- [Petersburg] 181 v[ersts]

Säcjarvi [Sackjarvi] b[u]t

Urpala [Uppsala] seems

a good deal the

bet[ter] of the two –

Same sort of forest r[oa]d as yest[erday]

b[u]t less populat[io]n and bould[e]rs n[o]t so strikingly large –

the soil here a fine red gravel as yest[erday] and many

[expanses] of gravel-conglorn bould[e]rs –

mo[re] cattle this morn[in]g than ev[e]r bef[ore] s[in]ce Abo [Äbo] – no

sheep today as yest[erday] so few in these north[e]rn count[rie]s

can on[l]y be just en[ou]gh to supply the inhab[itant]s w[i]th wool and

a lit[tle] cheese and mutt[o]n – they salt the legs (the hams)

for winter – the Russ[ia]n male costume this morn[in]g ver[y] pret[ty] and pict[uresque]

a whi[te] frock coat and red belt or blue or dark and

often bound w[i]th the sa[me] – the wom[e]n wear a [strong]

linen? dark w[i]th narrow red stripes for pettic[oa]ts, and a bodice

or jack[e]t .............. and a whi[te] hand[ker]ch[ie]f

on the head – they all wear the red strip[e]d stuff – or

I ha[ve] seen many men wear it for jackets and trousers

8 25/.. sev[era]l baggage lit[tle] waggons and 1 horse and so[me] sold[ie]rs on f[oo]t

now at 8 25/.. just cross[e]d lit[tle] bridge ov[e]r lit[tle] stream and

cross[e]d a broad[e]r str[ea]m so[me] ti[me] ago the on[l]y two str[ea]ms

this stage so far – the forest too less swampy than the forest yest[erday]

at 8 3/4 consid[era]ble br[ea]k in the forest – unpaint[e]d

hamlet (we pass thro’) – one of the long[e]st flocks of

sheep we ha[ve] seen (recent[l]y shorn) – log houses

the trees n[o]t even flatten[e]d big boulder all among

the cot[tage]s – peas[an]ts wear bl[a]ck leather gloves like our

Russ[ia]n costume

man bl[a]ck beavers w[i]the buckles

SH:7/ML/TR/14/0006

Sept[embe]r Sun[day] 15

hedg[in]g mittens – hardly out of the hamlet

bef[ore] the young forest beg[i]ns ag[ai]n (Scotch fir and birch, alder

bushes ev[er]ywhere in the swampy places) – but mo[re]

break, and anoth[e]r fields hamlet (scattered) bef[ore] at 8 55/.. and at 9

one neat lit[tle] ochre-yel[low] and whi[te] seam[e]d stat[io]n h[ou]se

at Nisalaks the old[e]r port[io]n of the h[ou]se und[e]r the sa[me] r[oo]m unpaint[e]d

flatten[e]d log-h[ou]se – br[eak]f[a]st boil[e]d milk and Wiborg [Vyborg] (criks?)

Wiburg [Vyborg] 29 2/6

Säcjarvi [Sackjarvi] 15 1/6

Kiskila 14 1/6

Helsingfors [Helsinki] 252 1/2

St. P- [Petersburg] 105 5/6

br[ea]d tied up in a

sort of rose – and made

tea, and took my pint bot[tle] full

away w[i]th us – all

ready at 10 – off at 10 20/.. fr[om] Nisalax

we sh[oul]d ha[ve] liv[e]d bet[ter] here than we did at Urpala [Uppsala] I suspect –

nice lit[tle] stat[io]n – a lit[tle] meat on the fire boil[in]g when we ca[me]

in, and our milk ready in 10 min[ute]s or 1/4 h[ou]r – In 5 min[ute]s

pass thro’ the lit[tle] hamlet – and then forest rocky forest and big bould[e]r ag[ai]n

r[oa]d coarse red sandy as bef[ore] b[u]t good forest, till 11 1/4 good riv[e]r – 2 or 3

good wood, yellow paint[in]g h[ou]ses scatt[ere]d ab[ou]t and lit[tle] unpaint[e]d scatt[ere]d

hamlet – nice bit of open cultivat[e]d count[r]y – the

r[oa]d red sand (b[u]t good) and the soil red sand – still damp and

rath[e]r hazy – (Read[in]g Handb[oo]k artic[le] Moscow) soon

forest ag[ai]n – at 11 3/4 lookd[o]wn up[on] bey[on]d us (left) the

handsom[e]st gent[leman]s h[ou]se we ha[ve] seen in Finland, surround[e]d

w[i]th park-like gr[ou]nds – lit[tle] hamlet scatt[ere]d hereab[ou]ts –

h[ou]se and 2 wings – whi[te] w[i]th pea green roof – at 11 51/..

one neat good yellow, and whi[te] pilast[ere]d stat[io]n at

Kaskila and br[oa]d sheet of wat[e]r at a lit[tle] dist[an]ce in

front – anoth[e]r pavill[io]n-like gent[leman]’s h[ou]se alm[o]st in front

(to the right) fr[om] our stat[io]n yel[low] w[i]th pea green roof and whi[te] corners and

a whi[te] hexastyle portico (w[i]th pedim[en]t – the gable end) beautif[ull]y

Sept[embe]r Sun[day] 15

paint[e]d c[oa]ch h[ou]ses and stabl[in]g and unpaint[e]d barns and cot[tage]s

scatt[ere]d ab[ou]t the fine sheet of wat[e]r com[in]g close to the h[ou]se – ver[y] pret[ty]

Wiborg [Vyborg] 15 1/6

St. P- [Petersburg] 153 2/3

Niserlax 14 1/6

Helsingfors [Helsinki] 266 ½

here – one stage

last night to U- [Urpala] [Uppsala]

ver[y] pict[uresque] – and

[?] this morn[in]g – big boulders ag[ai]n conglom[era]te red granite as yest[erday]

pict[uresque] foresty stage to here – corn (rye) out in cocks

here – soon Scotch fir forest ag[ai]n – the cranberry and moss and heather

dispute as us[ua]l possess[io]n of the rock and bould[e]r

a lit[tle] farm and at 12 17/.. 3 lit[tle] stacks of corn thatch[e]d w[i]th straw and then spruce branches laid

on the top – here and ev[er]ywhere ab[ou]t they lay spruce fir

branches at the doors to keep one clean [crossed word] inst[ea]d

of mats when it is dirty as it alw[a]ys m[u]st be in wet weath[e]r

w[a]s this cust[o]m of strew[in]g branches in the way (as palm br[anch]

as our sav[iou]r rode al[on]g etc.) orig[inall]y to keep one out of the

dirt? now at 12 50/.. sandy and heavy r[oa]d uphill in the

forest – at 1 fr[om] the top of hill Wiborg [Vyborg] in sight, and

its fine island fjord, immense expanse of

wat[e]r and 10 arch wood br[idge] ov[e]r arm of the fjord on

left to w[hi]ch we wind d[o]wn and cross (deals and big bould[e]rs)

now at 12 7/.. 1 7/.. – beaut[iful] wood[e]d islandy expanse of

wat[e]r on each side – ver[y] fine dri[ve] fr[om] here –

at 1 10/.. cross anoth[e]r 10 arch wood[e]n br[idge] – the large

sq[uare] tow[e]r and 3 sm[all] point[e]d tow[e]rs of Wiborg [Vyborg] full in

view left fr[om] the br[idge] – fine wood[e]d dri[ve] fr[om] here – the

wat[e]r right – damp ver[y] sm[all] drizzling r[ai]n – bouldery com[mo]n

just bef[ore] ent[erin]g Wiborg [Vyborg] – at 1 20/.. the 1st barrier and archway –

then at 2[n]d archway and wat[e]r and wood br[idge] 13 arches, to cross

a steamer lying at the quai – ver[y] fine view of fjord and town

the old brick cast[le] close (right) on a lit[tle] isl[an]d – this w[a]s the large sq[uare]

tower I saw at the top of the hill at 1 –

enter the town at 1 25/.. – at the Society’s house good Inn at 1 1/2 –

Strew[in]g Spruce

branches inst[ea]d of mats

SH:7/ML/TR/14/0007

Sept[embe]r Sun[day] 15

S[e]nt Gross w[i]th my passp[or]t to the police – asleep –

c[oul]d n[o]t be seen till 3 – had my h[ai]r done and A. [Ann] and I out at 2 40/..

took Gross to shew us the police – close to the gate by w[hi]ch we ent[ere]d

the town – recross[e]d the br[idge] on 20 wood piers pillar each form[e]d of 5 –

then up the fort-hill – near the br[idge] right on ent[erin]g the town beaut[iful] view of the fjord and suburb to the

westw[ar]d – ret[urne]d by the wat[e]r side – obs[erve]d the big pieces of red

felspar [feldspar] in the porphyritic (conglomerate?) of their

rocks – then on pass[in]g the bridge ag[ai]n and reent[erin]g the town

turn[e]d left along the rampart – A- [Ann] stood sketch[in]g the

old brick cast[le] on a lit[tle] isl[an]d fjord or [crossed word] moat

all r[ou]nd – A- [Ann] sketch[e]d the old cast[le] – its tower 8tagon [octagon] that

Look[e]d sq[uare] in the dist[an]ce – the 3 upper stories of the tower[e]d seem roofless –

the fjord on this side (tow[ar]ds the sea) ver[y] beaut[iful] islandy and

wood[e]d as far as one can see – the wat[e]r on the opposite side

the town ver[y] pict[uresque] but mo[re] like a pret[ty] islandy lake –

Deal sheds – a large raff y[ar]d near left (look[in]g n[or]thw[ar]ds) and lit[tle]

unpaint[e]d hamlet scatt[ere]d a long way along the waters

edge – hamlets (too, right, and nearer, sweep[in]g round to

the town) a large handso[me] suburb w[i]th good ch[ur]ch

yellow w[i]th red roof and tow[e]r cupola pea green – Viborg [Vyborg]

a large town tak[in]g in its suburbs – a large handso[me]

ch[ur]ch in the large sq[uare] oppos[i]te our Inn – 2/3 the men one

sees are sold[ie]rs in their long plait[e]d-in-behind fawn-grey

gr[ea]t coats – they look like monks or women?

then al[on]g the rampart to a lit[tle] pastern gate – w[e]nt out

by it ab[ou]t 1/2 way or mo[re] tow[ar]ds the good suburb –

then turn[e]d (right) tow[ar]ds the sea (along the outside

rampart breast-work) of the fortress –

w[e]nt to the waters’ edge – tast[e]d the wat[e]r – merely

a lit[tle] brackish – n[o]t at all salt – beaut[iful]

view fr[om] a round knoll of bare granite rock of

ca[me] in at 5 1/4

din[ner] at 6 to 6 3/4

out at 7 for a

min[ute] or 2 to see

the ch[ur]ch en face

Sept[embe]r Sun[day] 15

each pier form[e]d of five uprights w[i]th a spur

fr[om] each side of the foot of each upright

on the top of the rock (right, on ent[erin]g the town – and close to the

bridge – so[me] sort of fortificat[io]n there) – on the top of the rock

large when bare, obs[erve]d the sa[me] ochre-yellow moss I saw

on the large old oaks in the park at Stockholm – and in

ret[urnin]g by the water side a lit[tle] of the blood-red moss I first obs[erve]d n[or]th

of Upsala [Uppsala] – scarp[e]d a lit[tle] off w[i]th the point of my parasol

stick – it w[a]s pulpy and vegetable-like – tho’ the wat[e]r trickl[in]g

d[o]wn it, made it look shin[in]g and so like recent blood, I alm[o]st

th[ou]ght at 1st (there being b[u]t a lit[tle] patch of it) that it might

be blood –

the wide expand[e]d, lovely, wood amphitheatric islandy

fjord – the light at 4 3/4 beaut[iful] – the dark

distant bound[ar]y of pine forest back[in]g

the smooth light wat[e]r ver[y] fine – A- [Ann]

th[ou]ght she h[a]d nev[e]r admir[e]d a scene mo[re] –

2 brigs on the stocks here (lit[tle] trading vess[e]ls)

ret[urne]d by the gate nearest the sea the road winding

within the outworks – then saunt[ere]d along

the rampart w[i]thin the walls – ver[y] fine

view (nearly the sa[me] as bef[ore]) of the fjord, b[u]t

saw rath[e]r mo[re] of it – good town – a

reg[ula]r fortress – remind[e]d me in this resp[c]t

of Rocroi where we slept last y[ea]r –

ca[me] in at 5 1/4 – wr[ote] a lit[tle] din[ner] at 6 –

ver[y] good fried Sprax a fish tast[in]g a lit[tle] like carp?

excell[en]t veal cutlet w[i]th curr[an]ts on the top and lemon

and I ate it w[i]th excell[en]t pres[erve]d raspberry, and on ver[y] good

pres[erve]d green gooseberries look[in]g like olives and pres[erve]d

candied lemon, and sago pudding, and good coff[ee] aft[er]w[ar]ds -

SH:7/ML/TR/14/0008

Sept[embe]r Sun[day] 15

aft[e]r din[ner] the oppos[i]te ch[ur]ch door op[e]n, w[e]nt in for

a min[ute] or 2 – a sort of priest or man ab[ou]t the ch[ur]ch ca[me]

to see wh[a]t we sh[oul]d do – 2 candles burn[in]g at 2 silvery shrines –

b[u]t nobod[y] in the ch[ur]ch – too dark to see m[u]ch – b[a]ck at 7 1/4

and h[a]d Grotza b[u]t so long ab[ou]t gett[in]g and pay[in]g for [Podoroshma]

and chang[in]g mon[e]y and pay[in]g up bills that it w[a]s aft[e]r 9 bef[ore] all this w[a]s done –

the sm[all] damp r[ai]n and haze clear[e]d off bet[ween] 2 and 3 p.m. and

aft[er]w[ar]ds fine aft[ernoo]n and ev[enin]g F[ahrenheit] 58° now at 9 10/.. p.m.

our bill 16/20 – c[oul]d get no copp[e]r mon[e]y – pretend[e]d they

h[a]d diffic[ult]y in giv[in]g me 2 five kop[ek] pieces change ag[ain]st

the bill – and in chang[in]g my mon[e]y they ga[ve] me two

25 kop[ek] bills and one 5 kop[ek] – 55 Rub[les] for my Finnish rubel

notes some kopek notes 75s. and a few 50s.

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anadolumedyumm · 3 years

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#medyum #büyü #anadolumedyum #medium #healing #magic #bağlama büyüsü #büyübozma #kariyer için büyü #medyum danışmanlık

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hellogianfrancosilvadelacru-blog · 5 years

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FACTORES RELACIONADOS A OBESIDAD Y SOBREPESO EN ADOLESCENTES DE UN CENTRO.

Gianfranco Antony Silva De La Cruz

-Universidad Peruana Los Andes

-Hablaremos sobre los factores que causas la obesidad y sobrepeso en un adolescente.

Objetivo

Determinar la relación del sobrepeso con algunos factores socio demográficos y estilos de vida.

Introducción

A pesar de los esfuerzos realizados para prevenir la obesidad infantil, continúa incrementándose en proporciones epidémicas. Se considera una enfermedad preocupante no solo por sus consecuencias a corto plazo, sino porque se relaciona de modo significativo con el desarrollo posterior de enfermedades cardiovasculares y potencialmente con mayor riesgo de mortalidad en edades tempranas. La obesidad es un fenómeno global que afecta a todos los grupos socio económicos, independientemente de la edad, sexo y etnia. Tiene una etiología multifactorial y compleja, en la que influyen factores genéticos, neuroendocrinos, metabólicos, psicológicos, ambientales y socioculturales.

Anteriormente la obesidad se consideraba una enfermedad exclusiva de los sectores medios con mayor poder adquisitivo, pero los cambios ocurridos en los últimos 50-60 años en las naciones desarrolladas y en vías de desarrollo, como consecuencia del proceso de transición epidemiológica, permiten explicar los determinantes económico sociales y culturales de su crecimiento a nivel mundial. Se han acumulado evidencias que sugieren que en los países en desarrollo, los pobres tienen una creciente tendencia a la obesidad; con un patrón típico de la transición nutricional, en el cual coexisten en una misma comunidad la desnutrición e infecciones y el sobrepeso, obesidad y las patologías asociadas.

No obstante, existe heterogeneidad en los resultados de las diferentes investigaciones, por lo que se sugiere que pueden encontrarse diferencias de un país a otro y de una región a otra dentro de un mismo país. El mayor conocimiento de los determinantes relacionados con el sobrepeso, contribuirá a formular un enfoque integral para su atención, que será de gran utilidad en el diseño de estrategias de promoción y prevención desde edades tempranas de la vida. Con el propósito de determinar la relación existente entre el sobrepeso y algunos factores socio demográficos y estilos de vida en adolescentes, se realizó el presente estudio.

Métodos

Se realizó un estudio transversal que incluyó 252 adolescentes de 16 a 19 años de una población de 347, pertenecientes al hospital "Cayetano Heredia". Su incorporación al estudio, fue voluntaria mediante la firma del consentimiento informado. Los datos fueron recogidos en el modelo de recolección del dato primario del Centro de Investigaciones y Referencias de Aterosclerosis. Se realizaron mediciones del peso, la talla y la circunferencia de la cintura, cumpliendo los requisitos establecidos y con un entrenamiento previo de los investigadores. El estado nutricional, se evaluó según los percentiles de índice de masa corporal (IMC) para niños y adolescentes ; se consideró sobrepeso cuando el adolescente se encontraba entre el 90 y el 97 percentil y obeso por encima del 97 percentil. Las variables socioeconómicas estudiadas fueron la escolaridad y ocupación de los padres, condiciones de la vivienda y estructura familiar, y para los factores relacionados con el estilo de vida, se recogió la frecuencia con que los adolescentes refirieron realizar actividad física, la cual se clasificó en ligera cuando prefería realizar actividades pasivas (televisión, videojuegos, computadora, etc.), en intensa cuando prefería practicar deportes y actividades al aire libre y moderada cuando combinaba ambas actividades. El análisis estadístico consistió en estadísticas descriptivas para la distribución de frecuencia y análisis de tablas de contingencia simples.

Resultados

Se estudiaron 252 adolescentes con una media de edad de 17,16 años, con una distribución para cada sexo de 50 % del total, y mayor frecuencia del color de la piel blanca como se representa en la tabla 1. El 12,7 % de los adolescentes estudiados presentaba sobrepeso y 5,6 % obesidad, es decir que 18,3 % tenían exceso de peso como puede apreciarse en la tabla 2.

En la figura se ilustra la actividad física que refirieron realizar los adolescentes. Tanto para el grupo con sobrepeso como para los normopeso, fue mayor la actividad física moderada y menor la ligera, pero llama la atención que en el grupo con sobrepeso, fue menor el nivel de actividad física intensa, que en los normopeso con el 17 % y 20 % respectivamente.

Discusión

Diversos estudios han identificado el nivel socio económico como un aspecto importante que parece influir en la aparición de factores de riesgo cardiovascular, tanto en los países desarrollados como en vías de desarrollo. Se considera que la condición socio económica es la clave de los determinantes de la salud. Existen varios indicadores para evaluar la posición socio económica en la infancia. Los más comúnmente utilizados son: la ocupación, la escolaridad de los padres y el ingreso familiar. El nivel de escolaridad es considerado como un marcador estable en el decursar de la vida, y muchos investigadores consideran el papel del nivel educacional de los padres en el desarrollo de factores de riesgo cardiovascular en los niños, ya que se relaciona con los conocimientos y normas que se incorporan a la familia. Diferentes estudios reportan una prevalencia de obesidad muy baja, en niños de familias con nivel educativo medio o alto, y mayor en las familias con nivel educativo bajo.Las diferencias entre el nivel educacional de la familia, los hábitos dietéticos inadecuados incorporados desde temprana edad, y las escasas oportunidades para la práctica de actividad física, junto con los factores ambientales relacionados con la salud dentro de las familias, han explicado esta relación.

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Conclusiones

En el presente estudio se detectó una alta prevalencia de sobrepeso en los adolescentes estudiados. Las variables socio demográficas que más se relacionaron con esta condición fueron: el sexo masculino, el nivel de escolaridad materna medio superior y las familias monoparentales. Los niveles de actividad física intensa fueron menores en el grupo con sobrepeso.

Referencias Bibliográficas

1. Crossrow N, Falkner B. Race/ethnic issues in obesity and obesity related comorbidities. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2004;80(6):2590-4.

2. Raj M, Kumar K. Obesity in children and adolescents. Indian J Med Res. 2010;132(5):598-607.

3. Marquillas JB. Obesidad en la infancia y la adolescencia. Rev Pediatr Aten Primaria. 2005;7(26):209-30.

4. Guevara GM. Obesidad infantil: algunos aspectos epidemiológicos, económicosociales y culturales. Pediátrica. 2006;8(2):77-84.

5. Bejarano I, Dipierri J, Alfaro E, Quispe Y, Cabrera G. Evolución de la prevalencia de sobrepeso, obesidad y desnutrición en escolares de San Salvador de Jujuy. Arch Argent Pediatr. 2005;103(2):101-9.

6. Sumanyika SK. The Obesity Epidemic: Looking in the Mirror. Am J Epidemiol. 2007;166(3):243 5.

#adolescentes #sobrepeso #factores #obesidad

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eeraygun · 5 years

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Top 285 Sonic Releases of 2018

000. Rosalia - El Mal Querer 001. Various Artists - 'I Could Go Anywhere But Again I Go With You' 002. Autechre - NTS Sessions 003. Various Artists - Kulør 001 004. Oneohtrix Point Never - Age Of (Japanese Edition) 005. Sophie - Oil of Every Pearl's Un-Insides 006. Tirzah - Devotion 007. Blawan - Wet Will Always Dry 008. Cam Deas - Time Exercises 009. Leon Vynehall - Nothing Is Still 010. Ingus Baušķenieks ‎ - Spoki 011. Clouds - Heavy The Eclipse 012. Kyo & Jeuru - All The Same Dream 013. Topdown Dialectic - Topdown Dialectic 014. Snail Mail - Lush (remaster) 015. Pavel Milyakov - Eastern Strike 016. Robyn - Honey 017. Falcon Black Ops - Vol. 1 018. CTM - Red Dragon 019. Ariana Grande - Thank You Next 020. Robert Lippok - Applied Autonomy 021. Various Artists - LACKRec. vs. Magic Power 022. Henning Christiansen - The Executioner 023. Against All Logic - 2012-2017 024. Scandinavian Star - Solas 025. Happa - PT3.2 026. Prime Minister of Doom - Mudshadow Propaganda 027. Ciara - Dose 028. Joy Orbison - 81b 029. Drew McDowall - The Third Helix 030. Felix Blume - Death in Haiti: Funeral Brass Bands & Sounds From Port au Prince 031. Teyana Taylor - K.T.S.E. 032. Borai & Denham Audio - Club Glow Vol. 1 033. Demdike Stare - Passion 034. Christian Zanési - Grand Bruit - Stop! l'horizon 035. DJ Healer - Nothing 2 Loose 036. Suzanne Ciani - Quadraphonic LIVE 037. Amnesia Scanner - Another Life 038. Various Artists - BROR08 039. Joy O & Ben Vince - Transition 2 - Systems Align 040. Lamin Fofana - Brancusi Sculpting Beyonce 041. ACT! - Universalist 042. Randomer - HS002 043. Vladimir Dubyshkin - Cheerful Pessimist 044. Hugo Massien - Almost Becoming Lucid 045. Barker - Debiasing EP 046. CLUBKELLY - GLOBAL 93 047. Ron Morelli - Disappearer 048. Jenny Hval - The Long Sleep 049. Tierra Whack - Whack World 050. Chambray - Nectar of Joy 051. Deben Bhattacharya - Paris to Calcutta: Men and Music on the Desert Road 052. Stef Mendesidis - Klockworks 23 053. Various Artists - Running Back Mastermix 054. Andrea - Forse 055. François Bayle - Tremblements... LP 056. Childish Gambino - This Is America 057. Efdemin - Naïf 058. Skee Mask - Compro 059. Cardi B - Invasion of Privacy 060. 700 Bliss - Spa 700 061. Chontane - Red Island EP 062. Honnda - Maraschino Mic Drop 063. Martyn Bootyspoon - Silk Eternity 064. Objekt - Cocoon Crush 065. Addison Groove & Bim Sanga Present Bags Inc. - Dance Trax, Vol. 17 066. Puce Mary - The Drought 067. Gonçalo F Cardoso - Impressões de uma Ilha (Unguja) 068. EQD - Equalized #008 069. Félicia Atkinson - Coyotes 070. Low - Double Negative 071. The Mistys - Pregnant Mannequin 072. Adlas - Arrival by Air 073. Vainqueur - Reductions 1995–1997 074. Xzavier Stone - THIRST 075. Kelman Duran - 13th Month 076. Lyra Valenza - Scan, Deliver 077. Bjarki – Oli Gumm 078. Answer Code Request - Gens 079. Forward Strategy Group - East Port Rangers EP 080. Voronoi - Vis-Viva 081. Olsen - Dream Operator 082. Mih-Ty - MIH-TY 083. Textasy - Dallas Gun Club 084. D.Dan - Covert Operation 085. Ursula K. Le Guin & Todd Barton - Music and Poetry of the Kesh 086. Duran Duran Duran - Choose Death 087. Jean C. Roché - Oiseaux Du Birds Of Venezuela 088. Vanessa Rossetto - Fashion Tape 089. Domiziano Maselli - Ashes 090. Smerz - Have fun 091. The Body - I Have Fought Against It, But I Can't Any Longer 092. Grizzle – Quinine 093. Rkss - DJ Tools 094. SHXCXCHCXSH - OUFOUFOF 095. Perfume - Future Pop 096. Stefano Moretti - Land of Mikuni 097. Sim Hutchins - Clubeighteen2thirty 098. Yves Tumor - Safe in the Hands of Love 099. Martyn - Voids 100. Sophia Loizou - Irregular Territories 101. Fracture - Soundboy Get Nervous 102. ABSOLUTE. - Malfunction 103. Diptera - 001 (antenna) 104. Nathan Micay - Whities 017 105. Alex Kassian - Hidden Tropics 106. The-Dream - Menage a Trois Sextape 107. Regal - Still Raving 108. Fumu - Sinuate 109. Evol - Ideal Acid 110. Various Artists - Only Promo Ma Poule 111. Mariah Carey - Caution 112. Ian Isiah - Shugga Sextape (Vol. 1) 113. Marie Davidson - Working Class Woman 114. Aoud - SE MKII 115. Konrad Wehrmeister - 5050 116. The Advent - Klockworks 22 117. Lucy Railton - Paradise 94 118. Virtual Self - Ghost Voices (Raito Remixes) 119. BE3K - Exoneration 120. GALT Faculty - E B O W 121. Art Alfie - The Bo Allan EP 122. Pendant - Make Me Know You Sweet 123. DJ Boring & Frits Wentink - Wasted Years of Pumping Iron 124. Contactless - Static 125. Was A Be & Synth Ethics - Systems 011 126. Helena Deland - From the Series of Songs Altogether Unaccompanied Vol. I 127. Freddie Gibbs - Freddie 128. Tessela & Lanark Artefax - Blue 01 129. Erma Grid - From a Band of Thoughts That Ended My Year 130. Dold - Mother EP 131. Eartheater - Irisiri 132. Age Coin - She Who Sold Me Told Me 133. Agrippa - Mygraine Urgraine/Harbour Run 134. Shame - Songs Of Praise 135. Severin - Safe Following Distance 136. RAMZi - Phobiza vol. 3: Amor Fati 137. Yen Towers - First on Comedown 138. Ludwig A.F. Röhrscheid - Xhale 139. Tee Mango - #2 140. Swarm Intelligence - Against The Dying Light 141. Céline Gillain - Bad Woman 142. Repro - Feel Extraordinary 143. Gila - Shedskin Pt.33 144. Jan Nemecek - Recurrences 145. Various Artists - Midnight in Tokyo Vol. 2 146. Various Artists - HYS001 147. No Moon - Infinite Dreamz EP 148. Prayer - Vital 149. Cadans - Slit EP 150. D. Tiffany - Feel U 151. The Empire Line - Rave 152. DJ Seinfeld - Sakura 153. 3KZ - A Love Supreme 154. Overlook - Never Understand 155. Ligovskoï - Esam 156. FJAAK - Havel 157. Scalameriya - Hellzone Megapunk EP 158. Drake - Scorpion 159. Locked Club - Svoboda 160. Young Echo - Young Echo 161. Reeko & Jonas Kopp - Realidades Holográficas I Torre de Babel 162. Hiro Kone - Pure Expenditure 163. Bruce - Sonder Somatic 164. Arkajo - Avasarala 165. TML - I Need An Exit 166. Thom Yorke - Suspiria 167. Various Artists - EDITSELECT36 168. Patrick Siech - Our Exile 169. Lucrecia Dalt - Anticlines 170. Qnete - Shtum 018 171. Future & Juice WRLD - WRLD ON DRUGS 172. Demian Licht - Female Criminals Vol. 3 173. Veronica Vasicka - in silhouette 174. 999999999 - RAVE REWORKS 175. Azari - Gotasoul 176. Varg - Nordic Flora Series Pt. 5: Crush 177. Mount Eerie - Now Only 178. Rabit - Bricks in a Draught 179. Elad Magdasi - Liquid Dreams 180. Tomas Urquieta - Dueños de Nada 181. The Higher - The Core 182. Ross Birdwise - Drunk Formalism(s) 183. Alan Fitzpatrick - System Addict 184. H4L - Four Lights 185. John Maus - Addendum 186. L-Vis 1990 - 12 Thousand Nights: Club 187. BLD - For Rave Use Only 188. Various Artists - Don’t You Mess with Cupid, 'Cause Cupid Ain’t Stupid 189. Ksmisk - Mikrometeorittene 190. Mark Leckey - Exorcism Of The Bridge @ Eastham Rake 191. Ross from Friends - Squaz 192. Rae Sremmurd - SR3MM-Jxmtro-Swaecation 193. Ricardo Villalobos - Silent EP 194. Young Thug - Slime Language 195. Phobia NL & Blacksun - Crossfire EP 196. X-Coast - XTC 197. Asymptote - Belief System 198. Ambivalent & Alden Tyrell - Detente 199. Christine and the Queens - Chris 200. Big Miz - Build-Destroy 201. Locked Groove - From Beyond 202. A$AP Rocky - TESTING 203. Paranorman - FUD001 204. Subradeon - Walking Through Motown EP 205. LMajor - Dig the New Breed, Pt. 1 206. P.Leone - The My Lita Project 207. P€PA & Z$OLI - Pzs_Rave 208. Adryiano - Dreams With EP 209. Appleblim - Life in a Laser 210. Vril - Omniverse EP 211. Бassae - Untitled 212. Gabber Eleganza – Never Sleep #1 213. Senyawa - Sujud 214. Radial - Tympana 215. N1L - 山卂ㄒ乇尺爪乇爪ㄖ尺ㄚ 216. Dibek & Lodig - Lap.AM 217. Jonny Greenwood - Phantom Thread 218. Urulu - Foreign Depths 219. David Goldberg - EMO Serialism 220. DJ Different - Permission 2 Dance 221. Prg_m - Berytus Groan 222. Funeral Future - Hard Candy EP 223. Voiski - Sick Parrots 224. serpentwithfeet - soil 225. Company - Prosody 226. Stanislav Tolkachev - Champions Breakfast 227. Asquith - The Conditioning Track 228. Awdha - UNO 229. Dedekind Cut - Tahoe 230. Harrison BDP & Garth James - Vapour Trails EP 231. Sugar - No Sex Only Feelings 232. Duppy Gun Productions - Miro Tape 233. Mike Davis - Communique From an Absent Future 234. Cabasa - Uncle Sigmund's EP 235. Various Artists - Eel Behaviour: Sniper 236. Silicon Scally - Live at Scand 237. E-Talking & Laksa - Blue 04 238. Jacquees - 4275 239. Marcel Dettmann - Test-File 240. Acre - Hollow Body 241. #.4.26. - MDR 24 242. Blood Orange - Negro Swan 243. Various Artists - Bavarian Stallion Series 003 244. Developer - Off Grid EP 245. 90 Process - No Warehouse Needed 246. Sector Y - CS_TMS 247. Charli XCX - Focus & No Angel 248. Paula Temple & Eomac - ETXC001 249. Cassius Select - Fake Death 250. hekla - Á 251. UNIIQU3 - Phase 3 252. Sedvs & Peel - The Plf Sessions I 253. Yugen - Ineffable 254. Europa - Alpanya 255. LSDXOXO - BODY MODS 256. Roper Rider - Motion Profile 257. Forest Drive West - Un 258. Petar Dundov - Dalmatina & Once We Were Here 259. Desiigner - L.O.D. 260. Renick Bell - Wary 261. Nicki Minaj - Chun-Li 262. Locked Club - ЛОМАЙ EP 263. Dopplereffekt - Athanatos 264. Glaskin - Grey Lines 265. Beta Librae - Subspecies 266. Oisel - Entroterra EP 267. Conforce - Zero Point-Field 268. Raito - One Step Beyond 269. Hioll - Hioll 002 270. Various Artists - AEX005 271. Rune Bagge - Pink Dreams 272. Tensal - Industrialsociety EP 273. Mathias Schaffhaeuser - Love Idol 274. Notzing - 014 275. Michal Wolski - Still Life 276. Aphtc - When Grounds Shift 277. DJ Sneak - 3D Print 278. Bylly - Mouth Full of Sand 279. CUB - Seeing From Above 280. Farrago - Risin' 281. Amotik ‎– Amotik 009 282. D-Leria - Driving to Nowhere 283. The Cyclist - Alabaster Thrones 284. Roza Terenzi & DJ Zozi - Planet Euphorique

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sangcreole-archived · 6 years

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Tag Game!

Tagged by: the lovely @i-want-my-iwtv (thanks, girl!)

Rules: Answer the questions in a new post and tag 10 blogs(or whatever) you would like to know better.

(A)ge: 252

(B)irthplace: France

(C.)urrent Time: 11:08 PM

(D)rink you had last: Fraudulent attorney

(E)asiest person to talk to: Armand and David, and sometimes Lestat, depending on the subject.

(F.)avourite song: Have You Ever Seen the Rain - Creedence Clearwater Revival

(G)rossest memory: I’ve abundance that I would rather not share.

(H.)ogwarts house: Ravenclaw, of course. Though I cannot deny that I have many traits from Slytherin, my values have always aligned with a quest for knowledge and natural curiosity.

(I)n love?: Unfortunately.

(J)ealous of people?: No.

(K)illed someone: Countless.

(L)ove at first sight or walk by again?: Depends on the person...

(M)iddle name?: I don’t have any.

(O)ne wish: To be human.

(P)erson you last called: Lestat. He was nearly an hour late to our date, I wanted to know what happened.

(Q)uestions you are asked the most: Whether or not I’d consider marrying Lestat.

(R.)easons to smile: The world is full of beauty. Right now, the magnolias are in season and there are jazz singers in every club, pouring their hearts out into the microphone. There is a child about to try their first beignet, and a waiter that smells of coffee and sweat about to check out after a long day of work. Humanity is wonderful.

(S)ong you last sang: I don’t sing.

(T.)ime you woke up: A few hours after sunset. A little before ten.

(U)nderwear: What about it?

(V)acation destination: Someplace new. I’ve been thinking of Côte d’Ivoire recently...

(W)orst habit: I can be extremely stubborn and spiteful.

(X)-rays: What about them? I’ve never had one taken. I’m not even sure I’ve ever been to a doctor’s office.

(Y)our favourite food: Anything with blood

(Z)odiac sign: Libra

#tagging game #;out of blood #;headcanon #//thanks for the tag!#//this stuff is always fun

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compneuropapers · 3 years

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Interesting Papers for Week 28, 2021

Precisely timed dopamine signals establish distinct kinematic representations of skilled movements. Bova, A., Gaidica, M., Hurst, A., Iwai, Y., Hunter, J., & Leventhal, D. K. (2020). eLife, 9, e61591.

A gain-control disparity energy model for perceived depth from disparity. Chen, P.-Y., Chen, C.-C., & Tyler, C. W. (2021). Vision Research, 181, 38–46.

Uncertainty modulates value-driven attentional capture. Cho, S. A., & Cho, Y. S. (2021). Attention, Perception, & Psychophysics, 83(1), 142–155.

Mind Meets Machine: Towards a Cognitive Science of Human–Machine Interactions. Cross, E. S., & Ramsey, R. (2021). Trends in Cognitive Sciences, 25(3), 200–212.

Cortical Processing of Multimodal Sensory Learning in Human Neonates. Dall’Orso, S., Fifer, W. P., Balsam, P. D., Brandon, J., O’Keefe, C., Poppe, T., … Arichi, T. (2021). Cerebral Cortex, 31(3), 1827–1836.

Spatial modulation of visual responses arises in cortex with active navigation. Diamanti, E. M., Reddy, C. B., Schröder, S., Muzzu, T., Harris, K. D., Saleem, A. B., & Carandini, M. (2021). eLife, 10, e63705.

Modeling nucleus accumbens. Elibol, R., & Şengör, N. S. (2021). Journal of Computational Neuroscience, 49(1), 21–35.

Incentive value and spatial certainty combine additively to determine visual priorities. Garner, K. G., Bowman, H., & Raymond, J. E. (2021). Attention, Perception, & Psychophysics, 83(1), 173–186.

Dissociating implicit and explicit ensemble representations reveals the limits of visual perception and the richness of behavior. Hansmann-Roth, S., Kristjánsson, Á., Whitney, D., & Chetverikov, A. (2021). Scientific Reports, 11(1), 3899.

Theta, but Not Gamma Oscillations in Area V4 Depend on Input from Primary Visual Cortex. Kienitz, R., Cox, M. A., Dougherty, K., Saunders, R. C., Schmiedt, J. T., Leopold, D. A., … Schmid, M. C. (2021). Current Biology, 31(3), 635-642.e3.

Age differences in decision making under known risk: The role of working memory and impulsivity. Kray, J., Kreis, B. K., & Lorenz, C. (2021). Developmental Psychology, 57(2), 241–252.

Phasic modulation of hippocampal synaptic plasticity by theta rhythm. Leung, L. S., & Law, C. S. H. (2020). Behavioral Neuroscience, 134(6), 595–612.

Modeling the influence of working memory, reinforcement, and action uncertainty on reaction time and choice during instrumental learning. McDougle, S. D., & Collins, A. G. E. (2021). Psychonomic Bulletin & Review, 28(1), 20–39.

A new model of decision processing in instrumental learning tasks. Miletić, S., Boag, R. J., Trutti, A. C., Stevenson, N., Forstmann, B. U., & Heathcote, A. (2021). eLife, 10, e63055.

Stellate cell computational modeling predicts signal filtering in the molecular layer circuit of cerebellum. Rizza, M. F., Locatelli, F., Masoli, S., Sánchez-Ponce, D., Muñoz, A., Prestori, F., & D’Angelo, E. (2021). Scientific Reports, 11(1), 3873.

Transsynaptic mapping of Drosophila mushroom body output neurons. Scaplen, K. M., Talay, M., Fisher, J. D., Cohn, R., Sorkaç, A., Aso, Y., … Kaun, K. R. (2021). eLife, 10, e63379.

Learning to silence saccadic suppression. Scholes, C., McGraw, P. V, & Roach, N. W. (2021). Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 118(6).

An investigation into the nonlinear coupling between CA1 layers and the dentate gyrus. Sheremet, A., Zhou, Y., Qin, Y., Kennedy, J. P., Lovett, S. D., & Maurer, A. P. (2020). Behavioral Neuroscience, 134(6), 491–515.

Unmet expectations delay sensory processes. Urgen, B. M., & Boyaci, H. (2021). Vision Research, 181, 1–9.

Human visual motion perception shows hallmarks of Bayesian structural inference. Yang, S., Bill, J., Drugowitsch, J., & Gershman, S. J. (2021). Scientific Reports, 11(1), 3714.

#science #Neuroscience #computational neuroscience #Brain science #research #cognition #neurons #neural networks #neurobiology #cognitive science #psychophysics #scientific publications

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thisissparta789789 · 6 years

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A Joseph Agnello, Lad.118 Lt. Brian Ahearn, Bat.13 Eric Allen, Sqd.18 (D) Richard Allen, Lad.15 Cpt. James Amato, Sqd.1 Calixto Anaya Jr., Eng.4 Joseph Agnello, Lad.118 Lt. Brian Ahearn, Bat.13 Eric Allen, Sqd.18 (D) Richard Allen, Lad.15 Cpt. James Amato, Sqd.1 Calixto Anaya Jr., Eng.4 Joseph Angelini, Res.1 (D) Joseph Angelini Jr., Lad.4 Faustino Apostol Jr., Bat.2 David Arce, Eng.33 Louis Arena, Lad.5 (D) Carl Asaro, Bat.9 Lt. Gregg Atlas, Eng.10 Gerald Atwood, Lad.21

B Gerald Baptiste, Lad.9 A.C. Gerard Barbara, Cmd. Ctr. Matthew Barnes, Lad.25 Arthur Barry, Lad.15 Lt.Steven Bates, Eng.235 Carl Bedigian, Eng.214 Stephen Belson, Bat.7 John Bergin, Res.5 Paul Beyer, Eng.6 Peter Bielfeld, Lad.42 Brian Bilcher, Sqd.1 Carl Bini, Res.5 Christopher Blackwell, Res.3 Michael Bocchino, Bat.48 Frank Bonomo, Eng.230 Gary Box, Sqd.1 Michael Boyle, Eng.33 Kevin Bracken, Eng.40 Michael Brennan, Lad.4 Peter Brennan, Res.4 Cpt. Daniel Brethel, Lad.24 (D) Cpt. Patrick Brown, Lad.3 Andrew Brunn, Lad.5 (D) Cpt. Vincent Brunton, Lad.105 F.M. Ronald Bucca Greg Buck, Eng.201 Cpt. William Burke Jr., Eng.21 A.C. Donald Burns, Cmd. Ctr. John Burnside, Lad.20 Thomas Butler, Sqd.1 Patrick Byrne, Lad.101

C George Cain, Lad.7 Salvatore Calabro, Lad.101 Cpt. Frank Callahan, Lad.35 Michael Cammarata, Lad.11 Brian Cannizzaro, Lad.101 Dennis Carey, Hmc.1 Michael Carlo, Eng.230 Michael Carroll, Lad.3 Peter Carroll, Sqd.1 (D) Thomas Casoria, Eng.22 Michael Cawley, Lad.136 Vernon Cherry, Lad.118 Nicholas Chiofalo, Eng.235 John Chipura, Eng.219 Michael Clarke, Lad.2 Steven Coakley, Eng.217 Tarel Coleman, Sqd.252 John Collins, Lad.25 Robert Cordice, Sqd.1 Ruben Correa, Eng.74 James Coyle, Lad.3 Robert Crawford, Safety Lt. John Crisci, H.M. B.C. Dennis Cross, Bat.57 (D) Thomas Cullen III, Sqd. 41 Robert Curatolo, Lad.16 (D)

D Lt. Edward D'Atri, Sqd.1 Michael D'Auria, Eng.40 Scott Davidson, Lad.118 Edward Day, Lad.11 B.C. Thomas DeAngelis, Bat. 8 Manuel Delvalle, Eng.5 Martin DeMeo, H.M. 1 David DeRubbio, Eng.226 Lt. Andrew Desperito, Eng.1 (D) B.C. Dennis Devlin, Bat.9 Gerard Dewan, Lad.3 George DiPasquale, Lad.2 Lt. Kevin Donnelly, Lad.3 Lt. Kevin Dowdell, Res.4 B.C. Raymond Downey, Soc. Gerard Duffy, Lad.21

E Cpt. Martin Egan, Jr., Div.15 (D) Michael Elferis, Eng.22 Francis Esposito, Eng.235 Lt. Michael Esposito, Sqd.1 Robert Evans, Eng.33

F B.C. John Fanning, H.O. Cpt. Thomas Farino, Eng.26 Terrence Farrell, Res.4 Cpt. Joseph Farrelly, Div.1 Dep. Comm. William Feehan, (D) Lee Fehling, Eng.235 Alan Feinberg, Bat.9 Michael Fiore, Res.5 Lt. John Fischer, Lad.20 Andre Fletcher, Res.5 John Florio, Eng.214 Lt. Michael Fodor, Lad.21 Thomas Foley, Res.3 David Fontana, Sqd.1 Robert Foti, Lad.7 Andrew Fredericks, Sqd.18 Lt. Peter Freund, Eng.55

G Thomas Gambino Jr., Res.3 Chief of Dept. Peter Ganci, Jr. (D) Lt. Charles Garbarini, Bat.9 Thomas Gardner, Hmc.1 Matthew Garvey, Sqd.1 Bruce Gary, Eng.40 Gary Geidel, Res.1 B.C. Edward Geraghty, Bat.9 Dennis Germain, Lad.2 Lt. Vincent Giammona, Lad.5 James Giberson, Lad.35 Ronnie Gies, Sqd.288 Paul Gill, Eng.54 Lt. John Ginley, Eng.40 Jeffrey Giordano, Lad.3 John Giordano, Hmc.1 Keith Glascoe, Lad.21 James Gray, Lad.20 B.C. Joseph Grzelak, Bat.48 Jose Guadalupe, Eng.54 Lt. Geoffrey Guja, Bat.43 Lt. Joseph Gullickson, Lad.101

H David Halderman, Sqd.18 Lt. Vincent Halloran, Lad.8 Robert Hamilton, Sqd.41 Sean Hanley, Lad.20 (D) Thomas Hannafin, Lad.5 Dana Hannon, Eng.26 Daniel Harlin, Lad.2 Lt. Harvey Harrell, Res.5 Lt. Stephen Harrell, Bat.7 Cpt. Thomas Haskell, Jr., Div.15 Timothy Haskell, Sqd.18 (D) Cpt. Terence Hatton, Res.1 Michael Haub, Lad.4 Lt. Michael Healey, Sqd.41 John Hefferman, Lad.11 Ronnie Henderson, Eng.279 Joseph Henry, Lad.21 William Henry, Res.1 (D) Thomas Hetzel, Lad.13 Cpt. Brian Hickey, Res.4 Lt. Timothy Higgins, S.O.C. Jonathan Hohmann, Hmc.1 Thomas Holohan, Eng.6 Joseph Hunter, Sqd.288 Cpt. Walter Hynes, Lad.13 (D)

I Jonathan Ielpi, Sqd.288 Cpt. Frederick Ill Jr., Lad.2

J William Johnston, Eng.6 Andrew Jordan, Lad.132 Karl Joseph, Eng.207 Lt. Anthony Jovic, Bat.47 Angel Juarbe Jr., Lad.12 Mychal Judge, Chaplain (D)

K Vincent Kane, Eng.22 B.C. Charles Kasper, S.O.C. Paul Keating, Lad.5 Richard Kelly Jr., Lad.11 Thomas R. Kelly, Lad.15 Thomas W. Kelly, Lad.105 Thomas Kennedy, Lad.101 Lt. Ronald Kerwin, Sqd.288 Michael Kiefer, Lad.132 Robert King Jr., Eng.33 Scott Kopytko, Lad.15 William Krukowski, Lad.21 Kenneth Kumpel, Lad.25 Thomas Kuveikis, Sqd.252

L David LaForge, Lad.20 William Lake, Res.2 Robert Lane, Eng.55 Peter Langone, Sqd.252 Scott Larsen, Lad.15 Lt. Joseph Leavey, Lad.15 Neil Leavy, Eng.217 Daniel Libretti, Res.2 Carlos Lillo, Paramedic Robert Linnane, Lad.20 Michael Lynch, Eng.40 Michael Lynch, Lad.4 Michael Lyons, Sqd.41 Patrick Lyons, Sqd.252

M Joseph Maffeo, Lad.101 William Mahoney, Res 4 Joseph Maloney, Lad.3 (D) B.C. Joseph Marchbanks Jr, Bat.12 Lt. Charles Margiotta, Bat.22 Kenneth Marino, Res.1 John Marshall, Eng.23 Lt. Peter Martin, Res.2 Lt. Paul Martini, Eng.23 Joseph Mascali, T.S.U. 2 Keithroy Maynard, Eng.33 Brian McAleese, Eng.226 John McAvoy, Lad.3 Thomas McCann, Bat.8 Lt. William McGinn, Sqd.18 B.C. William McGovern, Bat.2 (D) Dennis McHugh, Lad.13 Robert McMahon, Lad.20 Robert McPadden, Eng.23 Terence McShane, Lad.101 Timothy McSweeney, Lad.3 Martin McWilliams, Eng.22 (D) Raymond Meisenheimer, Res.3 Charles Mendez, Lad.7 Steve Mercado, Eng.40 Douglas Miller, Res.5 Henry Miller Jr, Lad.105 Robert Minara, Lad.25 Thomas Mingione, Lad.132 Lt. Paul Mitchell, Bat.1 Capt. Louis Modafferi, Res.5 Lt. Dennis Mojica, Res.1 (D) Manuel Mojica, Sqd.18 (D) Carl Molinaro, Lad.2 Michael Montesi, Res.1 Capt. Thomas Moody, Div.1 B.C. John Moran, Bat.49 Vincent Morello, Lad.35 Christopher Mozzillo, Eng.55 Richard Muldowney Jr, Lad.07 Michael Mullan, Lad.12 Dennis Mulligan, Lad.2 Lt. Raymond Murphy, Lad.16

N Lt. Robert Nagel, Eng.58 John Napolitano, Res.2 Peter Nelson, Res.4 Gerard Nevins, Res.1

O Dennis O'Berg, Lad.105 Lt. Daniel O'Callaghan, Lad.4 Douglas Oelschlager, Lad.15 Joseph Ogren, Lad.3 Lt. Thomas O'Hagan, Bat.4 Samuel Oitice, Lad.4 Patrick O'Keefe, Res.1 Capt. William O'Keefe, Div.15 (D) Eric Olsen, Lad.15 Jeffery Olsen, Eng.10 Steven Olson, Lad.3 Kevin O'Rourke, Res.2 Michael Otten, Lad.35

P Jeffery Palazzo, Res.5 B.C. Orio Palmer, Bat.7 Frank Palombo, Lad.105 Paul Pansini, Eng.10 B.C. John Paolillo, Bat.11 James Pappageorge, Eng.23 Robert Parro, Eng.8 Durrell Pearsall, Res.4 Lt. Glenn Perry, Bat.12 Lt. Philip Petti, Bat.7 Lt. Kevin Pfeifer, Eng. 33 Lt. Kenneth Phelan, Bat.32 Christopher Pickford, Eng.201 Shawn Powell, Eng.207 Vincent Princiotta, Lad.7 Kevin Prior, Sqd.252 B.C. Richard Prunty, Bat.2 (D)

Q Lincoln Quappe, Res.2 Lt. Michael Quilty, Lad.11 Ricardo Quinn, Paramedic

R Leonard Ragaglia, Eng.54 Michael Ragusa, Eng.279 Edward Rall, Res.2 Adam Rand, Sqd.288 Donald Regan, Res.3 Lt. Robert Regan, Lad.118 Christian Regenhard, Lad.131 Kevin Reilly, Eng.207 Lt. Vernon Richard, Lad.7 James Riches, Eng.4 Joseph Rivelli, Lad.25 Michael Roberts, Eng.214 Michael E. Roberts, Lad.35 Anthony Rodriguez, Eng.279 Matthew Rogan, Lad.11 Nicholas Rossomando, Res.5 Paul Ruback, Lad.25 Stephen Russell, Eng.55 Lt. Michael Russo, S.O.C. B.C. Matthew Ryan, Bat.1

S Thomas Sabella, Lad.13 Christopher Santora, Eng.54 John Santore, Lad.5 (D) Gregory Saucedo, Lad.5 Dennis Scauso, H.M. 1 John Schardt, Eng.201 B.C. Fred Scheffold, Bat.12 Thomas Schoales, Eng.4 Gerard Schrang, Res.3 (D) Gregory Sikorsky, Sqd.41 Stephen Siller, Sqd.1 Stanley Smagala Jr, Eng.226 Kevin Smith, H.M. 1 Leon Smith Jr, Lad 118 Robert Spear Jr, Eng.26 Joseph Spor, Res.3 B.C. Lawrence Stack, Bat.50 Cpt. Timothy Stackpole, Div.11 (D) Gregory Stajk, Lad.13 Jeffery Stark, Eng.230 Benjamin Suarez, Lad.21 Daniel Suhr, Eng.216 (D) Lt. Christopher Sullivan, Lad.111 Brian Sweeney, Res.1

T Sean Tallon, Lad.10 Allan Tarasiewicz, Res.5 Paul Tegtmeier, Eng.4 John Tierney, Lad.9 John Tipping II, Lad.4 Hector Tirado Jr, Eng.23

V Richard Vanhine, Sqd.41 Peter Vega, Lad.118 Lawrence Veling, Eng.235 John Vigiano II, Lad.132 Sergio Villanueva, Lad.132 Lawrence Virgilio, Sqd.18 (D)

W Lt. Robert Wallace, Eng.205 Jeffery Walz, Lad. 9 Lt. Michael Warchola, Lad.5 (D) Capt. Patrick Waters, S.O.C. Kenneth Watson, Eng.214 Michael Weinberg, Eng.1 (D) David Weiss, Res.1 Timothy Welty, Sqd.288 Eugene Whelan, Eng.230 Edward White, Eng.230 Mark Whitford, Eng.23 Lt. Glenn Wilkinson, Eng.238 (D) B.C. John Williamson, Bat.6 (D) Capt. David Wooley, Lad.4

Y Raymond York, Eng.285 (D)

#fdny #343 #9-11 #never forget #firefighter #firefighting #new york

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chacha666666 · 3 years

Text

信息通信技术系统管理基础分析（三）

B 节

尝试B节的所有7个问题。本节中的每一个问题都值10分。此部分大约需要 70 分钟。

以下问题基于课程的 ICT 架构和操作系统部分

问题 16

在图表的帮助下，描述计算机内部的主要组件，以及它们如何相互连接。

[10标记]

1、计算机的中央处理器又称为CPU，它是计算机的核心部分。主要由运算器和控制器组成。运算器：实现算术运算和逻辑运算的部件。控制器：计算机的指挥系统。控制器通过地址��问存储器，从存储器中取出指令，经译码器分析后，根据指令分析结果产生相应的操作控制信号作用于其他部件，使得各部件在控制器控制下有条不紊地协调工作。 2、存储器：是计算机中用来存放所有数据和程序的记忆部件，它的基本功能是按指定的地址存（写）入或者取（读）出信息。计算机中的存储器可分成两大类：一类是内存储器，简称内存或主存；另一类是外存储器（辅助存储器），简称外存或辅存。存储器由若干个存储单元组成，每个存储单元都有一个地址，计算机通过地址对存储单元进行读写。一个存储器所包含的字节数称为存储容量，单位有B、KB、MB、GB、TB等。 3、输入设备：是向计算机中输入信息（程序、数据、声音、文字、图形、图像等）的设备。常见的输入设备有：键盘、鼠标、图形扫描仪、触摸屏、条形码输入器、光笔等。外存储器也是一种输入设备。 4、输出设备：主要有显示器、打印机和绘图仪等。外存储器也当作一种输出设备。

运算器连接着数据总线，通过数据总线向主存，I/O设备传输数据

I/O设备通过接口与总线相连接

主存、I/O设备从地址总线接收地址信息，从控制总线得到控制信号，通过数据总线与其他部件相连

控制部件从数据总线接收指令信息，一般是MAR–M–MDR–IR，从运算器部件接收指令转移地址，送出指令地址到地址总线，同时向其他部件提供控制信号。

问题 17

a）什么是设备驱动程序？描述它们在操作系统中的作用。

定义：驱动程序一般指的是设备驱动程序（Device Driver），是一种可以使计算机和设备进行相互通信的特殊程序。相当于硬件的接口，操作系统只有通过这个接口，才能控制硬件设备的工作，假如某设备的驱动程序未能正确安装，便不能正常工作。因此，驱动程序被比作“ 硬件的灵魂”、“硬件的主宰”、“硬件和系统之间的桥梁”等。

作用：驱动程序本质上是软件代码，主要作用是计算机系统与硬件设备之间完成数据传送的功能，只有借助驱动程序，两者才能通信并完成特定的功能。如果一个硬件设备没有驱动程序，只有操作系统是不能发挥特有功能的，也就是说驱动程序是介于操作系统与硬件之间的媒介，实现双向的传达，即将硬件设备本身具有的功能传达给操作系统，同时也将操作系统的标准指令传达给硬件设备，从而实现两者的无缝连接 [2] 。

随着电子技术的飞速发展，电脑硬件的性能越来越强大。驱动程序是直接工作在各种硬件设备上的软件，其“驱动”这个名称也十分形象的指明了它的功能。正是通过驱动程序，各种硬件设备才能正常运行，达到既定的工作效果。

硬件如果缺少了驱动程序的“驱动”，那么本来性能非常强大的硬件就无法根据软件发出的指令进行工作，硬件就是空有一身本领都无从发挥，毫无用武之地。这时候，电脑就正如古人所说的“万事俱备，只欠东风”，这“东风”的角色就落在了驱动程序身上。如此看来，驱动程序在电脑使用上还真起着举足轻重的作用。

从理论上讲，所有的硬件设备都需要安装相应的驱动程序才能正常工作。但像CPU、内存、主板、软驱、键盘、显示器等设备却并不需要安装驱动程序也可以正常工作，而显卡、声卡、网卡等却一定要安装驱动程序，否则便无法正常工作。这是为什么呢？

这主要是由于这些硬件对于一台个人电脑来说是必需的，所以早期的设计人员将这些硬件列为BIOS能直接支持的硬件。换句话说，上述硬件安装后就可以被BIOS和操作系统直接支持，不再需要安装驱动程序。从这个角度来说，BIOS也是一种驱动程序。但是对于其他的硬件，例如：网卡，声卡，显卡等等却必须要安装驱动程序，不然这些硬件就无法正常工作。

当然，也并非所有驱动程序都是对实际的硬件进行操作的，有的驱动程序只是辅助系统的运行，如android中的有些驱动程序提供辅助操作系统的功能，这些驱动不是linux系统的标准驱动，如ashmen，binder等。

[5标记]

b）在文件系统中，什么是链接？定义 UNIX 文件系统中支持的两个。

中文版参考答案：链接分硬链接和软链接（又叫符号链接）。

【硬链接】

硬链接的本质是：不同的文件名指向同样的inode，文件事实上只有一份。

建立硬链接：

shell命令：ln file1 file2

perl命令：link file1 file2

此时，file1和file2指向同一个inode（假定inode为12345）,文件事实上只有1份，修改file1的时候同时会修改file2(因为只有一个文件)。但是要注意用文本编辑器进行修改的时候，可能会导致变成两份文件，视文本编辑器的原理而定。

当删除file1的时候，inode 12345的链接数减一，file2并不会删除。只删除file2的时候，也是一样原理。

当该inode的链接数等于0的时候，数据就丢失了。

因为硬链接的性质，所以在某种程度上可以防止数据的流失（只要inode的链接数大于0，数据就还在）。

perl的rename函数可以将文件搬移到别的目录里，但是来源和目的地必须在同一个文件系统上（同一个磁盘上），因为rename的原理是基于文件的inode 列表。如果跨磁盘搬移文件，那inode里的数据就必须重新部署。

目录不能建立硬链接（从文件系统基于inode的原理很容易理解为什么。如果可以的话，文件系统那就乱套了，而且整个系统的性能不知道要低成什么样了）

【软链接】

软链接又叫符号链接。它是目录里的一种特殊项目，用来告诉系统到别的方向找找看。

建立软链接：

shell命令：ln -s fileA fileB

perl命令：symlink "fileA" "fileB"

假定fileA的inode为34567，inode的链接数为1.那么在建立软链接之后，inode的链接数仍然为1，保持不变。

符号链接只是告诉系统：如果你是来找fileB的，请到fileA那边去。仅此而已。

如果删除fileA，那么该inode的链接数就减到0，则文件内容永久丢失了。

目录可以建立软链接。

perl里面使用readlink可以取得软链接所指向的位置。

硬链接和软链接都非常有用。但unix之外的很多系统对此两者都不支持。

这两种链接都可以用unlink移除，unlink只是从目录里移除该文件名的链接项目，将它的链接数递减，如有需要再释放inode。这也是为什么perl和php中的文件删除函数取名为 unlink 的原因。

[5分]

问题 18

餐饮哲学家的问题说明了什么？对于这一根本问题，请描述解决方案的主要类别。

解决死锁问题:为了避免死锁，把哲学家分为三种状态，思考，饥饿，进食，并且一次拿到两只筷子，否则不拿.。仅当一个哲学家左右两边筷子都可用时，才允许他拿筷子。这样要么一次占有两只筷子在吃面，然后释放所有资源；要么不占用资源。这样就不会导致死锁了。

4.程序源码

#include

using namespacestd; //控制活动线程数目的信号量（保护线程共享资源）

bool tools[6]; //全局变量，用餐工具，true代表为空闲，flase代表为使用

CRITICAL_SECTION cs;//信号量, 在线程中使用，临界区

classPhilosopher //建立代表哲学家的类，拥有状态标记

{

private:

int number; //代表哲学家的标号1,2,3...

int status;

public:

Philosopher(int num=0): status(2),number(num) { } //构造函数，构造当前哲学家匹配的筷子序号和当前状态为思考

int find() const { return number; }

int getinfo() const { return status; }

void Change() ; //状态改变函数

};

voidPhilosopher::Change() //改变哲学家状态，思考->等待->进餐->思考

{

EnterCriticalSection (&cs) ; //进入临界区是多线程中用来确保同一时刻只有一个线程操作被保护的数据的操作函数

if(status==1) //正在进餐

{

tools[number%6]=true; //放下左手工具

tools[(number-1)%6]=true; //放下右手工具

status=2; //改变状态为思考

}

else if(status==2) //思考中

{

status=0; //改变状态为等待

}

else if(status==0) //等待中

{

if(tools[number%6]&&tools[(number-1)%6]) //左右手两边工具均为空闲状态

{

tools[number%6]=false; //拿起左手工具

tools[(number-1)%6]=false; //拿起右手工具

status=1;

}

LeaveCriticalSection (&cs) ;

}

stringprint(Philosopher *pA) //输出当前哲学的的状态

{

//pA->Change();

int i=pA->getinfo();

string str;

if(i==0)

str="等待";

else if(i==1)

str="就餐";

else str="思考";

return str;

}

stringtoolstatus(bool a) //输出筷子的状态

{

string state;

if(a==true)

state="闲";

if(a==false)

state="用";

return state;

}

int main()

{

char con = 'y'; //判断是否继续

for(int i=0;i<6;i++)

tools[i]=true; //3组刀叉都未使用，初始化

PhilosopherP1(1),P2(2),P3(3),P4(4),P5(5),P6(6); //建立6个哲学家，且状态均为思考

InitializeCriticalSection (&cs) ; //初始化初始化临界区

cout<<"-----------------------状态说明示意图：-----------------------"<<endl;

cout<<" "<<"哲学家0号的状态"<<" "<<endl;

cout<<"哲学家5号的状态"<<" "<<"叉3的状态"<<" "<<"刀1的状态"<<" "<<"哲学家1号的状态"<<endl;

cout<<" "<<"刀3的状态"<<" "<<"叉1的状态"<<endl;

cout<<"哲学家4号的状态"<<" "<<"叉2的状态"<<" "<<"刀2的状态"<<" "<<"哲学家2号的状态"<<endl;

cout<<" "<<"哲学家3号的状态"<<" "<<endl;

cout<<"餐具的状态，\"用\"表示使用中，\"闲\"表示空闲中。"<<endl;

cout<<"--------------------------"<<endl;

cout<<"哲学家们开始生活："<<endl;

cout<<endl;

while(con=='y') //如果输入y则再改变哲学��的状态

{

P1.Change();

P2.Change();

P3.Change();

P4.Change();

P5.Change();

P6.Change();

cout<<"当前状态为："<<endl;

cout<<" "<<P1.find()<<print(&P1)<<" "<<endl;

cout<<P6.find()<<print(&P6)<<" "<<toolstatus(tools[0])<<" "<<toolstatus(tools[1])<<" "<<P2.find()<<print(&P2)<<endl;

cout<<" "<<toolstatus(tools[5])<<" "<<toolstatus(tools[2])<<endl;

cout<<P5.find()<<print(&P5)<<" "<<toolstatus(tools[4])<<" "<<toolstatus(tools[3])<<" "<<P3.find()<<print(&P3)<<endl;

cout<<" "<<P4.find()<<print(&P4)<<" "<<endl;

cout<<"--------------------------"<<endl;

cout<<"若要继续下一状态，输入y；输入其他，结束程序：";

cin>>con;

Sleep(20);

}

DeleteCriticalSection (&cs) ; //退出资源区

return 0;

}

[10标记]

以下问题基于课程的数据网络和安全部分

问题 19

网络172.16.1.0/24 需要分为六个子网。第一个由80台计算机组成，另外三台拥有20多台，但主机少于30台，最后两个子网分别有8台和10台主机。说明可变长度子网遮蔽（VLSM）如何能够有效地使用此地址空间。

我个人觉得这道题应该是从子掩码下手，还是主机号的问题吧，然后分层

参考资料：

VLSM的介绍：

VLSM(VLSM(Variable Length Subnetwork Mask，可变长子网掩码) 是为了有效的使用CIDR(无类别域间路由)和路由汇总来控制路由表的大小，并可以对子网进行层次化编址，以便最有效的利用现有的地址空间。在使用VLSM时，所采用的路由协议必须能够支持它，这些路由协议包括RIPv2，OSPF，EIGRP，IS-IS和BGPv4；如果在一个运行RIPv1或IGRP的网络中混合使用不同长度的子网掩码即VLSM，那么这个网络将无法正常工作。

VLSM的优点：

1.IP地址的使用更加有效

2.应用路由汇总时，有更好的性能

3.与其他路由器的拓扑变化隔离

在设计一个内部网络时，有足够的私有地址空间为什么还要使用VLSM？

答：因为相邻的地址块可以更容易地实现网络的归纳，并使用一个路由选择协议保持路由更新最小化。节省了大量带宽，并缩减了路由器的处理时间。

VLSM的划分：

例1、某公司有两个主要部门：市场部和技术部。技术部又分为硬件部和软件部两个部门。该公司申请到了一个完整的C类IP地址段：210.31.233.0，子网掩码255.255.255.0。为了便于分级管理，该公司采用了VLSM技术，将原主网络划分称为两级子网(未考虑全0和全1子网)。

市场部分得了一级子网中的第1个子网，即210.31.233.64，子网掩码255.255.255.192，该一级子网共有62个IP地址可供分配。

技术部将所分得的一级子网中的第2个子网210.31.233.128，子网掩码255.255.255.192。又进一步划分成了两个二级子网。其中第1个二级子网210.31.233.128，子网掩码255.255.255.224划分给技术部的下属分部-硬件部，该二级子网共有30个IP地址可供分配。技术部的下属分部-软件部分得了第2个二级子网210.31.233.160，子网掩码255.255.255.224，该二级子网共有30个IP地址可供分配。

分配示意图：

根据以下拓扑图使用C类网络地址192.16.10.0合理规划网络：

方法一：

1、写出各网段需要的IP地址数量：

A区 30 B区 10 C区 12 G区 12 H区 60 I区 14 J区 60 K区 8 D、E、F区 2

2、将它们按照从大到小的顺序排列：

3、按照顺序进行VLSM子网划分(先分大地址块再分小地址块)

H 192.168.10.0/26

J 192.168.10.64/26

A 192.168.10.128/27

I 192.168.10.160/28

C 192.168.10.176/28

G 192.168.10.192/28

B 192.168.10.208/28

K 192.168.10.224/28

D 192.168.10.240/30

E 192.168.10.244/30

F 192.168.10.248/30

方法二： 1、写出各网段需要的IP地址数量：

A区 30 B区 10 C区 12 G区 12 H区 60 I区 14 J区 60 K区 8 D、E、F区 2

2、参照下表写出各区的网络前缀和最大主机数：

A/27 32 B/28 16 C/28 16 G/28 16 H/26 64 I/28 16

J/26 64 K/28 16 D/30 4 E/30 4 F/30 4

3、进行VLSM子网划分

A 0 - 31

B 32 - 47

C 48 - 63

G 64 - 79

H 80 - 143

I 144 - 159

J 160 - 223

K 224 - 239

D 240 - 243

E 244 - 247

F 248 - 252

===============

http://www.vlsm-calc.net/?lang=zh

==================================================

VLSM可变长子网掩码

VLSM(Variable Length Subnet Mask 可变长子网掩码)，这是一种产生不同大小子网的网络分配机制，指一个网络可以配置不同的掩码。开发可变长度子网掩码的想法就是在每个子网上保留足够的主机数的同时，把一个网分成多个子网时有更大的灵活性。如果没有VLSM，一个子网掩码只能提供给一个网络。这样就限制了要求的子网数上的主机数。

VLSM技术对高效分配IP地址(较少浪费)以及减少路由表大小都起到非常重要的作用。但是需要注意的是使用VLSM时，所采用的路由协议必须能够支持它，这些路由协议包括RIP2，OSPF，EIGRP和BGP。

CIDR无类别编址

1992年引入了CIDR，它意味着在路由表层次的网络地址“类”的概念已经被取消，代之以“网络前缀”的概念。Internet中的CIDR Classless Inter-Domain Routing 无类别域间路由的基本思想是取消地址的分类结构，取而代之的是允许以可变长分界的方式分配网络数。它支持路由聚合，可限制Internet主干路由器中必要路由信息的增长。IP地址中A类已经分配完毕，B类也已经差不多了剩下的C类地址已经成为大家瓜分的目标。显然对于一个国家、地区、组织来说分配到的地址最好是连续的那么如何来保证这一点呢？于是提出了CIDR的概念。CIDR是Classless Inter Domain Routing的缩写意为无类别的域间路由。“无类别”的意思是现在的选路决策是基于整个32位IP地址的掩码操作。而不管其IP地址是A类、B类或是C类，都没有什么区别。它的思想是：把许多C类地址合起来作B类地址分配。采用这种分配多个IP地址的方式，使其能够将路由表中的许多表项归并 summarization 成更少的数目。

二者区别与联系

wiki：

CIDR encompasses several concepts. It is based on the variable-length subnet masking(VLSM) technique with effective qualities of specifying arbitrary-length prefixes.

以前总以为没有区别，因为都是为节约IP地址而设计的，

其实他们是有很大区别的

CIDR是把几个标准网络合成一个大的网络

VLSM是把一个标准网络分成几个小型网络（子网）

CIDR是子网掩码往左边移了，VLSM是子网掩码往右边移了

CIDR（Classless Inter.Domain Routing 无类别域间路由）

VLSM（Variable Length Subnetwork Mask 可变长子网掩码）

[10 标记]

问题 20

定义并描述 OSI 模型的每个图层的目的。

分层的目的是利用层次结构可以把开放系统的信息交换问题分解到一系列容易控制的软硬件模块－层中，而各层可以根据需要独立进行修改或扩充功能，同时，有利于个不同制造厂家的设备互连，也有利于大家学习、理解数据通讯网络。 OSI参考模型中不同层完成不同的功能，各层相互配合通过标准的接口进行通信。　　第7层应用层：OSI中的最高层。为特定类型的网络应用提供了访问OSI环境的手段。应用层确定进程之间通信的性质，以满足用户的需要。应用层不仅要提供应用进程所需要的信息交换和远程操作，而且还要作为应用进程的用户代理，来完成一些为进行信息交换所必需的功能。它包括：文件传送访问和管理FTAM、虚拟终端VT、事务处理TP、远程数据库访问RDA、制造报文规范MMS、目录服务DS等协议；应用层能与应用程序界面沟通，以达到展示给用户的目的。在此常见的协议有:HTTP，HTTPS，FTP，TELNET，SSH，SMTP，POP3等。　　第6层表示层：主要用于处理两个通信系统中交换信息的表示方式。为上层用户解决用户信息的语法问题。它包括数据格式交换、数据加密与解密、数据压缩与终端类型的转换。　　第5层会话层：在两个节点之间建立端连接。为端系统的应用程序之间提供了对话控制机制。此服务包括建立连接是以全双工还是以半双工的方式进行设置，尽管可以在层4中处理双工方式；会话层管理登入和注销过程。它具体管理两个用户和进程之间的对话。如果在某一时刻只允许一个用户执行一项特定的操作，会话层协议就会管理这些操作，如阻止两个用户同时更新数据库中的同一组数据。　　第4层传输层：—常规数据递送－面向连接或无连接。为会话层用户提供一个端到端的可靠、透明和优化的数据传输服务机制。包括全双工或半双工、流控制和错误恢复服务；传输层把消息分成若干个分组，并在接收端对它们进行重组。不同的分组可以通过不同的连接传送到主机。这样既能获得较高的带宽，又不影响会话层。在建立连接时传输层可以请求服务质量，该服务质量指定可接受的误码率、延迟量、安全性等参数，还可以实现基于端到端的流量控制功能。　　第3层网络层：本层通过寻址来建立两个节点之间的连接，为源端的运输层送来的分组，选择合适的路由和交换节点，正确无误地按照地址传送给目的端的运输层。它包括通过互连网络来路由和中继数据；除了选择路由之外，网络层还负责建立和维护连接，控制网络上的拥塞以及在必要的时候生成计费信息。常用设备有交换机；　　第2层数据链路层：在此层将数据分帧，并处理流控制。屏蔽物理层，为网络层提供一个数据链路的连接，在一条有可能出差错的物理连接上，进行几乎无差错的数据传输（差错控制）。本层指定拓扑结构并提供硬件寻址。常用设备有网卡、网桥、交换机；　　第1层物理层：处于OSI参考模型的最底层。物理层的主要功能是利用物理传输介质为数据链路层提供物理连接，以便透明的传送比特流。常用设备有（各种物理设备）集线器、中继器、调制解调器、网线、双绞线、同轴电缆。　　数据发送时，从第七层传到第一层，接收数据则相反。　　上三层总称应用层，用来控制软件方面。下四层总称数据流层，用来管理硬件。除了物理层之外其他层都是用软件实现的。　　数据在发至数据流层的时候将被拆分。　　在传输层的数据叫段，网络层叫包，数据链路层叫帧，物理层叫比特流，这样的叫法叫PDU（协议数据单元）。

[10标记]

问题 21

说明地址解决协议（ARP）的运作方式及其实现情况。

地址解析协议，即 ARP（Address Resolution Protocol），是根据IP地址获取物理地址的一个TCP/IP协议。它是IPv4中网络层必不可少的协议，不过在IPv6中已不再适用，并被邻居发现协议（NDP）所替代。

主机发送信息时将包含目标IP地址的ARP请求广播到网络上的所有主机，并接收返回消息，以此确定目标的物理地址；收到返回消息后将该IP地址和物理地址存入本机ARP缓存中并保留一定时间，下次请求时直接查询ARP缓存以节约资源。地址解析协议是建立在网络中各个主机互相信任的基础上的，网络上的主机可以自主发送ARP应答消息，其他主机收到应答报文时不会检测该报文的真实性就会将其记入本机ARP缓存；由此攻击者就可以向某一主机发送伪ARP应答报文，使其发送的信息无法到达预期的主机或到达错误的主机，这就构成了一个ARP欺骗。ARP命令可用于查询本机ARP缓存中IP地址和MAC地址的对应关系、添加或删除静态对应关系等。相关协议有RARP、代理ARP。

网络层使用的是 IP 地址，但在实际网络的链路上传输数据帧时，最终还必须使用该网络的硬件地址。但 IP 地址和下面的网络的硬件地址由于格式不同而不存在简单的映射关系。此外，一个网络上可能会经常会有新主机加入进来，或撤走一些主机。更换网络适配器也会使主机的硬件地址改变。地址解析协议 ARP 解决的方法是：在主机ARP高速缓存中应存放一个从IP地址到硬件地址的映射表，并且这个映射表还经常动态更新（新增或超时删除）。

注意：ARP是解决同一局域网中主机或者路由器的IP地址和硬件地址的映射问题，在每一台主机中都有一个ARP高速缓存（ARP cache）,里面存储本主机所知道本局域网中其他主机的IP地址与硬件地址的映射表

2. ARP 协议工作原理

当主机 A 向本局域网上的某台主机 B 发送 IP 数据报时，就先在其 ARP 高速缓存中查看有无主机 B 的 IP 地址。如有，就在 ARP 高速缓存中查出其对应的硬件地址，再把这个硬件地址写入 MAC 帧，然后通过局域网把该 MAC 帧发往此硬件地址。也有可能查不到主机 B 的 IP 地址。这可能主机 B 才入网，或者主机 A 刚刚加电，其高速缓存还是空的。这种情况下，主机 A 自动运行 ARP，然后按照以下步骤找出主机 B 的硬件地址。

ARP进程在本局域网上广播一个ARP请求分组。ARP请求报文中的发送端IP地址和发送端MAC地址为主机A的IP地址和MAC地址，目标IP地址和目标MAC地址为主机B的IP地址和全0的MAC地址。

本局域网所有主机运行的ARP进程收到此ARP请求分组。

主机B的IP与请求分组里面的IP一致，将ARP请求报文中的发送端（即主机A）的IP地址和MAC地址存入自己的ARP表中。之后向A发送ARP响应分组（单播）；其他主机则不理睬

主机 A 收到从主机 B 发来的 ARP 响应分组时，就在其 ARP 高速缓存中写入主机 B 的 IP 地址到硬件地址的映射。本机缓存是有生存期的，生存期结束后，将再次重复上面的过程。主机B的MAC地址一旦确定，主机A就能向主机B发送IP通信了。

如果所要找的主机和源主机不在同一个局域网，则源主机发送 ARP 请求分组，找到本局域网上的一个路由器 R1 的硬件地址。剩下的工作由 R1 完成。

[10标记]

问题 22

(a) 描述 HMAC的目的和操作。

MAC算法结合了MD5和SHA算法的优势，并加入密钥的支持，是一种更为安全的消息摘要算法。

MAC（Message Authentication Code，消息认证码算法）是含有密钥的散列函数算法，兼容了MD和SHA算法的特性，并在此基础上加入了密钥。

我们也常把MAC称为HMAC（keyed-Hash Message Authentication Code）。

MAC算法主要集合了MD和SHA两大系列消息摘要算法。

MD系列的算法有HmacMD2、HmacMD4、HmacMD5三种算法；

SHA系列的算法有HmacSHA1、HmacSHA224、HmacSHA256、HmacSHA384、HmacSHA512五种算法。

以上是网上最流传最便于理解的HMAC的说法，可以简单的理解为就MD5或者SHA提取摘要，然后用MAC进行秘钥加密

这么说是没有错的，而我要补充说明的是这里的秘钥问题，因为HMAC的本意秘钥是要随机生成的，而不是客户端与服务器之前约定好的。

HMAC在实践中它应该是这么用的:

(1)客户端向服务器发起请求,访问登录页面.这时服务器生成一个密钥,把这个密钥存储在session之中,然后将密钥返回给客户端.

(2)客户端填写登录表单,点击提交后,运行HMAC算法,根据密钥将用户信息加密后post到服务器.

(3)服务器读取数据库中的密码,用HMAC将密码和session中的密钥进行加密产生密码的密文,将密文与用户提交的进行比较.

但是我看到大多数的实现都没有随机生成秘钥，而是实现约定好秘钥，在客户端与服务端使用，这样做把HMAC的安全性打了折扣。

这里给出以下HMAC的核心实现，不管秘钥是约定好的，还是随机生成的，都使用到了如下的核心方法

具体的使用还是要看具体情况

public static String encodeHmacSHA1(byte[] data, byte[] key) throws Exception {

SecretKey secretKey = new SecretKeySpec(key, "HmacSHA1");

Mac mac = Mac.getInstance(secretKey.getAlgorithm());

mac.init(secretKey);

byte[] digest = mac.doFinal(data);

return new HexBinaryAdapter().marshal(digest);

//转为十六进制的字符串输出

}

//生成秘钥

public static byte[] initHmacSHA1Key() throws NoSuchAlgorithmException {

KeyGenerator generator = KeyGenerator.getInstance("HmacSHA1"); //假设使用到的是HmacSHA1方法

SecretKey secretKey = generator.generateKey();

byte[] key = secretKey.getEncoded();

return key;

}

[5 标记]

(b) 描述数字签名协议的目的和操作。

数字签名（又称公钥数字签名）是只有信息的发送者才能产生的别人无法伪造的一段数字串，这段数字串同时也是对信息的发送者发送信息真实性的一个有效证明。它是一种类似写在纸上的普通的物理签名，但是使用了公钥加密领域的技术来实现的，用于鉴别数字信息的方法。一套数字签名通常定义两种互补的运算，一个用于签名，另一个用于验证。数字签名是非对称密钥加密技术与数字摘要技术的应用。

发送报文时，发送方用一个哈希函数从报文文本中生成报文摘要，然后用发送方的私钥对这个摘要进行加密，这个加密后的摘要将作为报文的数字签名和报文一起发送给接收方，接收方首先用与发送方一样的哈希函数从接收到的原始报文中计算出报文摘要，接着再公钥来对报文附加的数字签名进行解密，如果这两个摘要相同、那么接收方就能确认该报文是发送方的。 [5]

数字签名有两种功效：一是能确定消息确实是由发送方签名并发出来的，因为别人假冒不了发送方的签名。二是数字签名能确定消息的完整性。因为数字签名的特点是它代表了文件的特征，文件如果发生改变，数字摘要的值也将发生变化。不同的文件将得到不同的数字摘要。一次数字签名涉及到一个哈希函数、接收者的公钥、发送方的私钥。

标记]

0 notes

bigfiveinternet · 4 years

Text

Extraversion

General Internet Use

Extraverts are more likely to:

Use the Internet overall [1]

Overlook typos and grammatical errors in emails [2]

Believe the false rumors they see online [3]

Use these emojis to describe themselves: 😎 😉 😄 [4]

Seek stimulation online through purchasing items, listening to music, video, or games, or learning online [5]

Use the Internet for increasing their offline social networks [5-7]

Text frequently [8-9]

Engage in sexting [10-11]

Use texting for nurturing (e.g., telling someone “good morning” or “I love you”) [12]

Text while in a moving vehicle, whether as the driver or a passenger [12]

Introverts are more likely to:

Use the Internet to escape their offline personas [5]

Spend time on the Internet engaging in entertainment activities [13]

Use the Internet to watch TV [14]

Social Media Use

Extraverts are more likely to:

Use social media overall [15-16]

Be a part of more Facebook groups [16]

Give product recommendations on social media [17]

Share both positive and negative emotions on social media [18-19]

Use Facebook overall [19]

Use Facebook for meeting new people and socializing, storing, and organizing [20]

Interact with and have more friends on Facebook [21-22]

Be a Twitter user for the purpose of career promotion [23]

Be proactively aggressive on social media [24]

Introverts are more likely to:

Post about cats [25]

Problematic Internet Use

Extraverts are more likely to:

Engage in problematic Internet use overall [26-27]

Engage in cyberbullying [28]

Introverts are more likely to:

Have Internet Use Disorder and related disorders (i.e. Internet Gaming Disorder) [29-31]

Have an Internet addiction [32-33]

Openness (x)

Conscientiousness (x)

Agreeableness (x)

Neuroticism (x)

Overview of Big Five traits (x)

Masterpost (x)

References

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[2] Boland, J. E., & Queen, R. (2016). If you’re house is still available, send me an email: Personality influences reactions to written errors in email messages. PLoS ONE, 11(3). https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0149885

[3] Lai, K., Xiong, X., Jiang, X., Sun, M., & He, L. (2020). Who falls for rumor? Influence of personality traits on false rumor belief. Personality and Individual Differences, 152. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.paid.2019.109520

[4] Marengo, D., Giannotta, F., & Settanni, M. (2017). Assessing personality using emoji: An exploratory study. Personality and Individual Differences, 112, 74–78. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.paid.2017.02.037

[5] Mark, G., & Ganzach, Y. (2014). Personality and Internet usage: A large-scale representative study of young adults. Computers in Human Behavior, 36, 274–281. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2014.03.060

[6] Tsiolka, E., Bergiannaki, I. D., Margariti, M., Malliori, M., & Papageorgiou, Ch. (2017). Dysfunctional Internet behaviour symptoms in association with personality traits. Psychiatriki, 28(3), 211–218. https://doi.org/10.22365/jpsych.2017.283.211

[7] Weiqin, E. L., Campbell, M., Kimpton, M., Wozencroft, K., & Orel, A. (2016). Social capital on facebook: The impact of personality and online communication behaviors. Journal of Educational Computing Research, 54(6), 747–786.

[8] Annisette, L. E., & Lafreniere, K. D. (2017). Social media, texting, and personality: A test of the shallowing hypothesis. Personality and Individual Differences, 115, 154–158. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.paid.2016.02.043

[9] Assunção, R., & Matos, P. M. (2017). Adolescents’ profiles of problematic Facebook use and associations with developmental variables. Computers in Human Behavior, 75, 396–403. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2017.05.034

[10] Gámez-Guadix, M., & de Santisteban, P. (2018). “Sex pics?”: Longitudinal predictors of sexting among adolescents. Journal of Adolescent Health, 63(5), 608–614. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jadohealth.2018.05.032

[11] Gámez-Guadix, M., de Santisteban, P., & Resett, S. (2017). Sexting among Spanish adolescents: Prevalence and personality profiles. Psicothema, 29(1), 29–34.

[12] Schroeder, B. L., & Sims, V. K. (2018). Texting as a multidimensional behavior: Individual differences and measurement of texting behaviors. Psychology of Popular Media Culture, 7(3), 361–383. https://doi.org/10.1037/ppm0000148

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[15] Annisette, L. E., & Lafreniere, K. D. (2017). Social media, texting, and personality: A test of the shallowing hypothesis. Personality and Individual Differences, 115, 154–158. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.paid.2016.02.043

[16] Assunção, R., & Matos, P. M. (2017). Adolescents’ profiles of problematic Facebook use and associations with developmental variables. Computers in Human Behavior, 75, 396–403. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2017.05.034

[17] Anastasiei, B., & Dospinescu, N. (2018). A model of the relationships between the Big Five personality traits and the motivations to deliver word-of-mouth online. Psihologija, 51(2), 215–227. https://doi.org/10.2298/PSI161114006A

[18] Cho, V. (2017). A study of negative emotional disclosure behavior in social network media: Will an unexpected negative event and personality matter? Computers in Human Behavior, 73, 172–180. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2017.03.026

[19] Pentina, I., & Zhang, L. (2017). Effects of social support and personality on emotional disclosure on Facebook and in real life. Behaviour & Information Technology, 36(5), 484–492. https://doi.org/10.1080/0144929X.2016.1258086

[20] Horzum, M. B. (2016). Examining the relationship to gender and personality on the purpose of Facebook usage of Turkish university students. Computers in Human Behavior, 64, 319–328. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2016.06.010

[21] Kosinski, M., Bachrach, Y., Kohli, P., Stillwell, D., & Graepel, T. (2014). Manifestations of user personality in website choice and behaviour on online social networks. Machine Learning, 95(3), 357–380. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10994-013-5415-y

[22] Weiqin, E. L., Campbell, M., Kimpton, M., Wozencroft, K., & Orel, A. (2016). Social capital on facebook: The impact of personality and online communication behaviors. Journal of Educational Computing Research, 54(6), 747–786.

[23] Marshall, T. C., Ferenczi, N., Lefringhausen, K., Hill, S., & Deng, J. (2020). Intellectual, narcissistic, or Machiavellian? How Twitter users differ from Facebook-only users, why they use Twitter, and what they tweet about. Psychology of Popular Media, 9(1), 14–30. https://doi.org/10.1037/ppm0000209

[24] McCreery, M. P., & Kathleen Krach, S. (2018). How the human is the catalyst: Personality, aggressive fantasy, and proactive-reactive aggression among users of social media. Personality and Individual Differences, 133, 91–95. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.paid.2017.06.037

[25] Hagan, C., Carpenter, J., Ungar, L., & Preotiuc-Pietro, D. (2017). Personality profiles of users sharing animal-related content on social media. Anthrozoös, 30(4), 671–680. https://doi.org/10.1080/08927936.2017.1370235

[26] Alonso, C., & Romero, E. (2018). Study of the domains and facets of the five-factor model of personality in problematic internet use in adolescents. International Journal of Mental Health and Addiction. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11469-018-9960-2

[27] Alt, D., & Boniel-Nissim, M. (2018). Using multidimensional scaling and PLS-SEM to assess the relationships between personality traits, problematic internet use, and fear of missing out. Behaviour & Information Technology, 37(12), 1264–1276. https://doi.org/10.1080/0144929X.2018.1502353

[28] Balakrishnan, V., Khan, S., Fernandez, T., & Arabnia, H. R. (2019). Cyberbullying detection on twitter using Big Five and Dark Triad features. Personality and Individual Differences, 141, 252–257. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.paid.2019.01.024

[29] Bouna-Pyrrou, P., Aufleger, B., Braun, S., Gattnar, M., Kallmayer, S., Wagner, H., Kornhuber, J., Mühle, C., & Lenz, B. (2018). Cross-sectional and longitudinal evaluation of the social network use disorder and internet gaming disorder criteria. Frontiers in Psychiatry, 9. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyt.2018.00692

[30] Dieris-Hirche, J., Pape, M., te Wildt, B. T., Kehyayan, A., Esch, M., Aicha, S., Herpertz, S., & Bottel, L. (2020). Problematic gaming behavior and the personality traits of video gamers: A cross-sectional survey. Computers in Human Behavior, 106. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2020.106272

[31] Peterka-Bonetta, J., Sindermann, C., Elhai, J. D., & Montag, C. (2019). Personality Associations With Smartphone and Internet Use Disorder: A Comparison Study Including Links to Impulsivity and Social Anxiety. Frontiers in Public Health, 7. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpubh.2019.00127

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