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Lion's Mane Jellyfish (Cyanea capillata)

Family: Cyaneid Jellyfish Family (Cyaneidae)

IUCN Conservation Status: Unassessed

Named for its frilly "mane" made up of over 1,200 long, stinging tentacles, the Lion's Mane Jellyfish is among the largest known jellyfish species; while this viral image showing a diver next to a Lion's Mane Jellyfish has been edited to make the jellyfish appear far larger than it actually is, members of this species still dwarf most of their relatives, with a bell ("main body") diameter of over 2.4 meters (7.89 feet) and a tentacle length of as much as 30 meters (98.4 feet), making it one the longest animals on earth. Typically found near the surface in the Arctic, northern Atlantic and northern Pacific Ocean regions, Lion's Mane Jellyfishes, like all jellyfishes, lack brains, eyes, hearts or respiratory organs (instead exchanging gasses directly between the water around them and their extremely thin tissues,) and rely heavily on waves and ocean tides to travel, but are able to slowly propel themselves in a given direction by expanding the 8 bag-like lobes of their bodies to take in water and then forcing it out again to push themselves along (although they can also to some extent detect and react to their orientation and surroundings owing to a series of frilly sensory structures located around their body's rim, know as rhopalia.) Like most jellyfishes the long, trailing tentacles of a Lion's Mane Jellyfish are lined with touch-sensitive, harpoon-like cells called cnidocytes that fire venomous barbs into any animal that touches them, and after a tentacle has stung and ensnared suitable prey (mainly fish, large plankton and smaller jellyfishes) it is pulled back towards the body where the prey is passed through a mouth-like opening on the jellyfish's underside and into a simple body cavity where it is digested, with any indigestible matter, such as shells or bones, later being ejected from the body through the same opening it entered through. The life cycle of the Lion's Mane Jellyfish, like that of most jellyfishes, takes place in 4 distinct stages and seems highly elaborate compared to that of most animals; the bag-like adults that we typically think of as jellyfishes, known as medusas, are either male or female and reproduce sexually by releasing gametes into the water around them, and should these gametes meet they fuse and develop into tiny larvae. The larvae then settle onto a solid surface and develop into polyps (a second, immobile life stage resembling a sea anemone,) and each polyp then asexually reproduces several times, with genetically identical, slow-swimming young splitting off of its body as buds. Each of these asexually-produced individuals will then develop into a medusa, continuing the cycle and meaning that each single instance of sexual reproduction in Lion's Mane Jellyfishes produces multiple asexually-produced offspring. Despite their massive size medusas of this species only live for around a year, although their polyps, which only reproduce under ideal environmental conditions, may remain dormant for longer than this.

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Magnificent Sea Anemone (Heteractis magnifica)

Family: Stichodactylid Anemone Family (Stichodactylidae)

IUCN Conservation Status: Unassessed

Although sea anemones like the Magnificent Sea Anemone are sometimes mistaken for marine plants, they are actually animals (more specifically Anthozoans or “flower animals”, making them close relatives of corals and more distant cousins of jellyfishes.) Native to shallow tropical and subtropical regions of the Indo-Pacific ocean region, the Magnificent Sea Anemone spends its entire adult life attached to rocky surfaces using a suction-cup like structure called a basal disk located on its underside. It gains nutrients both through photosynthesis (with photosynthetic single-celled organisms living inside its tissues, called zooxanthellae, providing it with nutrients in exchange for protection from predators and environmental conditions) and by catching small fishes using its many rings of venomous stinging tentacles (with prey that has been stung being grabbed by the tentacles and passed into a mouth at the center of the tentacle rings through which prey is taken into a stomach-like cavity to be digested; after digestion has occurred, any indigestible material such as bones then leave the body through the same opening they entered through. At least 14 species of anemonefishes (small fishes with a protective layer of mucus on their scales that protect them from the stings of anemones, of which clownfishes are the most famous example) make their homes among the tentacles of Magnificent Sea Anemones (with one species, the Pacific Anemonefish, being found exclusively alongside members of this species,) and this relationship is mutually beneficial for both parties – the anemonefishes are protected from predators by the anemone’s stinging tentacles, and in return they provide the anemone with additional nutrients in the form of their droppings, keep its tentacles clean by eating parasites that infest them and may also serve a role in drawing in prey, with their striking colours making them highly visible and encouraging larger fishes that may try to eat them to come within their host’s reach. Magnificent Sea Anemones can reproduce both asexually (splitting down the middle into two separate but genetically identical individuals) and sexually (releasing gametes freely into the water, with gametes that meet fusing and developing into genetically distinct, free-swimming larvae that spend a period of time drifting through the water as plankton before eventually settling on a suitable area on the seabed and beginning their development into immobile adults,) and upon reaching adulthood they are among the largest of all sea anemones.

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Image Source: https://www.inaturalist.org/taxa/143047-Heteractis-magnifica

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