#japanese embassy to europe

[talesofedo]

History things you learn by looking closely at a lot of old photos, haori himo edition: big fluffy haori himo, like the one in the modern photo below (source), were not a thing in the Bakumatsu period.

Here's a group photo of the mission to Europe, taken in 1862 in Nadar's Paris photo studio, and there's not a single fluffy haori himo in sight, despite everyone wearing their best (as one would on official business in a foreign country).

If you're wondering who they are, left to right: Mori Hachitaro, Hidaka Keisaburo (accountant, previously part of the mission to the United States), Ueda Yusuke (chief executive), Shibata Sadataro (sitting, chief of staff), Ota Genzaburo (interpreter), Fukuchi Genichiro (interpreter), Kawasaki Domin (doctor), Tachi Hirosaku (interpreter, not 100% on the name).

#history notes #historical notes #history research #historical research #history reference #historical reference #haori himo #japanese embassy to europe #bakumatsu era

[girlactionfigure]

Chiune Sugihara was a Japanese diplomat in Lithuania who put his family and career at risk by issuing thousands of hand-written transit visas to Jewish refugees fleeing Eastern Europe.

Chiune was born to a middle class family in Mino, Japan on the first day of the 20th century – 1/1/00. In elementary and high school he was a top student, and his father wanted him to become a doctor. Chiune’s own dream was to enter the foreign service, and he deliberately failed the medical school entrance exam by writing only his name on the test. Instead Chiune attended Waseda University and majored in English. He also joined a Christian fraternity to practice his English.

In 1919, Chiune passed the Foreign Ministry Scholarship exam, and served in the Japanese Imperial Army as a 2nd Lieutenant stationed in Korea. He resigned his commission in 1922 and trained for the Foreign Ministry, learning Russian and German in addition to English. He aced the qualifying exam and was sent to work in the foreign office in Harbin, China.

Chiune’s strong moral compass led him to resign his post as Deputy Foreign Minister in Manchuria because of rising Japanese violence against the Chinese (just two years later was the horrific Rape of Nanking by the Japanese Imperial Army.) Chiune returned to Japan, where he married Yukiko Kikuchi. They later had four sons.

Next Chiune went to Helsinki, Finland, where he worked as a translator for the Japanese delegation. In 1939, Chiune became vice-consul of the Japanese embassy in Kauna, Lithuania. Part of his job was to find out if Germany planned to attack the Soviet Union, and to relay any information about this to his bosses in Berlin and Tokyo.

In 1940, the Soviet Union occupied Lithuania. At that time, approximately 1/3 of Lithuanians were Jewish, many of them Torah scholars. The USSR viciously persecuted Jews, especially religious ones, and the Jews of Lithuania were desperate to escape the country – especially because Nazi Germany was occupying more and more of Eastern Europe and would soon be in Lithuania. Hundreds of them, mostly Orthodox, visited the Japanese consulate to beg for exit visas to Japan. The official Japanese policy was that candidates for visas must go through elaborate bureaucratic procedures and pay significant sums of money. Chiune contacted his superiors at the Japanese Foreign minister to ask if the rules could be relaxed to help Jewish refugees. His request was denied, as were his next two requests.

Chiune could have thrown up his hands and told the Jews there was nothing he could do for them, but instead, as he did in China, he was governed by his strong sense of right and wrong, rather than soulless bureaucrats. He ignored his orders and started issuing ten-day visas for Jews to travel through Japan on their way to safe havens like Shanghai, China, where 20,000 Jews rode out the war safely.

As word got out about the Japanese visas, Jews from all over Lithuania as well as Poland began to swarm Chiune’s office. He simply wouldn’t say no to anybody, and spent 18-20 hours a day (!) painstakingly writing visas by hand. He created a month’s supply of visas every single day from August to early September 1940, providing an escape route for thousands of Jews. On September 4, the Japanese consulate in Kauna was closed and Chiune had to leave the country. He was determined to create as many transit visas as possible, and continued doing so up until the last minute. At Kanuas Railway Station, a crowd of Jews gathered to say goodbye. Right before boarding the train, Chiune bowed deeply and cried out, “Please forgive me! I cannot write anymore. I wish you the best!” Someone in the crowd shouted, “Sugihara! We’ll never forget you! I’ll surely see you again!”

Chiune was reassigned to East Prussia, then Prague, and then Bucharest, Romania. When the Soviet Union occupied Lithuania in 1944, Chiune and his family were imprisoned in a POW camp for a year and a half. Finally they were released in 1946 and returned to Japan, but the foreign office had heard about his unauthorized visas, and he was forced to resign. At about this time, the Sugihara’s youngest son died of leukemia at age seven.

Unemployable in Japan, Chiune made use of his excellent Russian language skills and spent the next 16 years working in the Soviet Union while his wife and sons stayed in Japan. Chiune’s exceptional heroism was unknown for many years, until 1968, when he was contacted by Yehoshua Nishri, an attache working at the Israeli consulate in Tokyo. Nishri spent his youth in Poland, and heard stories of the legendary Japanese hero. Nishri made it his mission to publicize Chiune’s heroic acts, and the next year, 1969, Chiune traveled to Israel as an honored guest of the Israeli government. Jews he’d saved lobbied for him to be recognized as Righteous Among the Nations by Israeli Holocaust Memorial Yad Vashem, and in 1984 he received the honor. At that time he was too sick to travel, so his wife and son Nobuki accepted the award on his behalf.

Chiune was asked why he risked everything to help thousands of strangers. He answered, “You want to know about my motivation, don’t you? Well. It is the kind of sentiments anyone would have when he actually sees refugees face to face, begging with tears in their eyes. He just cannot help but sympathize with them. Among the refugees were the elderly and women. They were so desperate that they went so far as to kiss my shoes. Yes, I actually witnessed such scenes with my own eyes. Also, I felt at that time, that the Japanese government did not have any uniform opinion in Tokyo. Some Japanese military leaders were just scared because of the pressure from the Nazis; while other officials in the Home Ministry were simply ambivalent. People in Tokyo were not united. I felt it silly to deal with them. So, I made up my mind not to wait for their reply. I knew that somebody would surely complain about me in the future. But, I myself thought this would be the right thing to do. There is nothing wrong in saving many people’s lives… The spirit of humanity, philanthropy… neighborly friendship… with this spirit, I ventured to do what I did, confronting this most difficult situation – and because of this reason, I went ahead with redoubled courage.”

Chiune Sugihara died in Japan on July 31, 1986. Despite being a hero in Israel, and among Jews worldwide, he was completely unknown in his own country. Even his own children didn’t know what he had done. A huge delegation from around the world attended Chiune’s funeral, and only then did he become known in Japan.

Chiune received many awards and accolades, most of them posthumous. Among them are Sugihara Streets in Vilna, Lithuania, and Jaffa and Netanya in Israel. There is a Sugihara House Museum in Kaunas, and a park in Vilna where 200 trees were planted on his 100th birthday. There is a life-sized statue of him in Little Tokyo in Los Angeles, featuring a plaque with a quotation from the Talmud, “He who saves one life, saves an entire world.” In 1998, Chiune’s widow Yukiko traveled to Israel and was warmly received by survivors who’d been saved by her husband. There is a Sugihara park in Jerusalem, and he was featured on an Israeli postage stamp in 1998. The Lithuanian government declared 2020 “The Year of Chiune Sugihara.” He has been the subject of multiple works of art, including books, films and a play.

It’s estimated that over 100,000 people are alive today because of the brave actions of Chiune Sugihara.

#Thursday Hero

[stirringwinds]

friendship ended with 'kiku was a shy and lonely hermit for most of his life only until the meiji era', 'kiku was reasonably well-travelled regionally and a seasoned mariner who culturally has a deep relationship with the sea and who, centuries ago, learned advanced shipbuilding and navigation from yong-soo (who is also the old korean kingdom of silla and another reason the whole student backstabbing his teacher theme is a recurrent thing for kiku.) isolationist at times when domestic political turmoil constrained things, but also adventurous and ambitious, yearning to see what is further beyond. many facets of the same whole. he's an old mariner, and that's why when alfred forces the end of isolationism at the point of a gun(boat), for kiku it was like picking up a sword that he hasn't used in a while, but which he's very familiar with' is my best friend now:

5th century: Goguryeo–Wa conflicts (Korea and Japan)

6th century: Japanese embassies to Sui China

7th century: Baekje-Tang War (Korea, Japan and China)

9th century: Japanese embassies to Tang China

13th century: Mongol invasions of Japan (self-explanatory)

14th—16th century: Japanese wokou piracy

1565: Battle of Fukuda Bay (Portugal and Japan)

1582 Cagayan battles (Japan, China, Korea (pirates) vs. Spain)

1590s CE: Imjin War (Japanese invasion of Korea with the intention to also conquer China)

1609: Invasion of the Ryukyu Kingdom

1613: Hasekura Mission to Mexico and Europe

#hetalia #hetalia headcanons #hws china #hws japan #hws south korea #more complexity than he is a Shy Hermit please it's ludicrous as someone whose folks got invaded by japan so many times lol #he is not shy he is a right pain in the arse and regional hothead when he wants to be lmao

[odaclan]

Did Honnouji happen today or 10 days ago?

Many history enthusiasts have been made aware that the Western calendar date for the Honnouji Incident is 21 June. The problem is, is this date written under the Julian calendar, and so we would need to add 10 days to it, or is it already written under the Gregorian calendar that we use today?

We know the Western date thanks to the writings of Luis Frois, who specified that the incident happened on “20th of June, at midnight” and then continued on to the morning. 

It becomes muddy because Frois reported this in “the annual letter of 1583″, whereas the Catholic church adopted the Gregorian calendar in October of 1582. However, considering travel distance and other factors, would Frois have already been aware of the change in calendar at the time of his writing? 

For example, based on the accounts of the Tenshou Embassy, the travel between Europe and Japan takes approximately 1-2 years. It’s possible that they missionaries in Japan were not aware of the change until 1583 or 1584. 

The Japanese contend that “21 June” was written still under the Julian calendar, and that by Gregorian calendar it’s the 1st of July. Even so, the 21 June date is still what’s commonly used in Nobunaga-related events and discussions in Japan. 

#Honnoji #Honnouji #honnoji incident #honnouji incident #japanese history

[shinsengumi-archives]

I discovered recently that the 2 photos that were posted by people claiming that it's Yamanami Keisuke were not real photos of him. (Someone pointed out the family crest on the haori of the two men in the photos and they weren't Yamanami's). I've been looking for a portrait or photo of him but couldn't find any. The only description I found was Yagi Tamesaburo's: "he was not so tall, had fair-skinned lovable face"

Do you have any information about that? Anything about his appearance or personality would be greatly appreciated🙏

Is this the photo that people claimed was him?

This is actually a photo of Yamada Hachiro who was part of the First Japanese Embassy to Europe, but people often mistake it for Yamanami Keisuke and it was even used on his Wikipedia page at one point.

From the blurry photo, we can still see that the family crest (kamon) on his sleeve is different from Yamanami's family crest:

There are many fake photos of Yamanami Keisuke, but unfortunately, no confirmed photos of him exist.

According to shinsengumi-no-makoto:

Yamanami was “slightly tall” and had a pale complexion. His face was supposed to be somewhat round. He is described as a gentle, amiable man and was very intelligent. He enjoyed reading Chinese poetry. Yamanami was loved by the people of the Mibu neighborhood. Yet despite all of this he could be very severe when he needed to be. Aside from Kondo, it is said that he got along well with Okita, Todo, and Ito. His exact relationship with Hijikata is the subject of debate.

I'm not sure what was the original source for this description and it contradicts Yagi's statement that "he was not so tall". Yagi's quote is probably more accurate since it's first-hand.

The full quote from Japanese Wiki Corpus is: "he was not so tall, had fair-skinned lovable face, liked kids and talked to them wherever he met them (丈はあまり高くなく、色白の愛嬌のある顔。子どもが好きで、どこで逢ってもきっと何か声をかけた)" (from Rojin Mibu Banashi (八木為三郎老人壬生話) by Yagi Tamesaburo).

That page also describes his personality and reputation:

Sannan was a kind-hearted person and was adored by women and children in Mibu area. There was a saying "kind persons are Sannan and Matsubara Chuji" which was popular in the Mibu until the early Meiji period. According to Shinsengumi Ibun (exceptional matters), he had a good reputation among troops and in the Mibu area, unlike Serizawa Kamo. Kojima Shikanosuke, a sponsor of Shinsengumi, described Sannan as a "warrior but literate". Even Nishimura Kanefumi, who was known for his severe criticism of Shinsengumi, called him "a person who understands method of matters in some degree" in Mibu Roshi Shimatsuki.

We can see his personality first-hand through a letter and a Chinese poem that was written by him right before going to Kyoto:

The bounds of my aspirations lie beyond the edge of the heavens,  My endless loyalty is contained within one sword. Whatever steep and perilous roads lie in the ten thousand ri ahead, I make haste for the Imperial Capital to serve with honor and merit.

From this poem, it seems he was a person with a lot of ideals and high aspirations. While there are many theories about why he died, I think he died from depression caused by disillusionment towards the Shinsengumi.

From the letter and the poem, we can see that he was interested in the Chinese language.

Also, his name was likely pronounced Sannan (on'yomi pronounciation) instead of Yamanami (kun'yomi pronounciation).

#yamanami #appearance #personality #recommended

[notesoncrocs]

ms. worldwide 1: the passport

passport appreciation post!!

y'all have definitely overheard me being stressed over not having a valid passport one week out from my flight to cdmx. during finals week, not only did i become a (debatable and mediocre) expert on machines and how they learn, but i also became intimately familiar with mozart's violin concerto no. 3 because i was on hold with the number of the national passport center for hours. this was on me for not planning ahead and renewing it in time, but it came last thursday! hooray!

now i have a lot (like three) passports on hand. here's the story:

Passport #1

newest passport! 2023-2033.

wow, classic and timeless front cover. they switched things up with the design inside though: the first page with your id is thicker and like the card of a license, and the color scheme of the background of the rest of the pages is greener.

since i got this as an adult, this will last me 10 years, thank god. all the visa pages are blank; 0 countries visited with this one. i'll change this soon!

Passport #2

second passport! 2018-2023.

stunning cover, i feel like a real american when i hold this in my hands. i remember getting this summer after freshman year of high school (2018). i expected to use this more and go back to visit family in china more often, but the pandemic happened, so i'm going back to see them this summer on the new passport.

here are the stamps:

i used this passport for one trip to china in high school (2019) and my iap trip to europe (2023).

the french didn't stamp my passport as i went through the paris-cdg airport (maybe because i was coming from madrid and leaving for milan, which is considered "domestic" for eu reasons?). the shanghai-pudong airport gave me a stamp both for the date i entered (入) and the date i exited (出), while madrid-barajas gave me a stamp the day i entered and milan-malpensa gave me one the day i left (likely because they're both in the eu and traveling around the eu is simpler this way, and maybe the dates correspond to the day i need to leave the eu / the day i am allowed back in the eu?).

STATS:

3 visa pages used

3 countries gave me stamps

4 countries visited

2 trips from the us

Passport #3

third passport! 2014-2019.

graphic design is their passion. this passport has some cool and important features. first, my picture. say hello to renee from fifth grade:

i still remember taking this picture — it was at costco, because we went there to get photos printed, and i was so, so angry at my dad, to the point where it was difficult to get a decent picture of me. i don't remember why, but my mother says as a kid i would only get upset for good reasons, so i was probably right for it.

this passport is also important because it has my chinese visa, which i need to enter and stay in the country for a max of 90 days. i think generally, anyone from the u.s. going to china needs a visa from an embassy with very few exceptions (something like if you enter through hong kong or macau and stay only for a week or so), but they're good for 10 years. mine expires in 2027 so we're all good.

here are the stamps:

i used this passport for one trip to japan (2015) and maybe three trips to china? this is where things get confusing.

it seems like i entered shanghai-pvg 6/13/2014 and left 6/16/2014, but then reentered the country two days later on 6/18...? and then left for good 7/12/2014? there's no stamps anywhere to explain where i was 6/16-18, but for sure i was outside of china. i'm so confused. i have an aunt and uncle in the hong kong/shenzhen area, so maybe i went there for a couple days? does hong kong not have a stamp? (the political implications...jkjk)

i also think the japanese stamps are funny. they used stickers as well as stamps and have a qr code and extra slip of paper and everything. also cool that i can read and understand the kanji (which reads like traditional chinese to me) they use.

STATS:

3 visa pages used

2 countries gave me stamps

2 countries visited (+/- hong kong...?)

3 trips from the us

BONUS: Boston Public Library Passport

everyone should get this! it's so cute! saw it on @tumblasha's desk while they were packing and the next day, after missing the movie blackberry (don't worry we watched it the next day) @anas-bizarre-adventure and i walked into the public library in chinatown and got these passports and also a boston library card.

when you open it, this is what you see:

there's a table of contents of all the locations of the boston public library.

between each branch, they recommend a route for you via walking/T.

when you get there, they have a space for you to get a stamp (by going up to the desk and asking, they're really nice). also a place to sit down and take notes / doodle!

now when i go out into boston i have to carry this with me everywhere just in case we end up near a library location. me and ana were thinking of going through all the locations in a day! we'd learn a lot about the different neighborhoods and communities in boston and how the libraries help to serve each one.

passports — of all shapes, sizes, and kinds — are important. they help you prove that you are a person of some age who is allowed to be here, help you make it to your misti internship (in less than a week), your mother's apartment, and your grandparents' place, and help you travel the world. but some of them also encourage you to explore your own home and city. i'm excited to see the world this summer, both the world far away and the world very close to me. go passports!

#ms worldwide #love letter to passports #time to travel! #the boston library passport is my favorite one by far kjsdfkjfsd #so thankful to my parents for dealing with passport stuff all my life #anamp #dashac #actual ihouse

[diarrheaworldstarhiphop]

Samurai of the The Second Japanese Embassy to Europe pose infront of the Sphinx, 1864

>The objective of the mission was to obtain French agreement to the closure of the harbour of Yokohama to foreign trade. The mission was sent following the Tokugawa Shogunate’s 1863 "Order to expel barbarians" to end western influence in Japan.

[korbeedon]

flower symbolism makes me very very happy. i have no idea why but it makes something in my brain work.

Started in Europe

Conflicting accounts for who was first to write

1. Catherine H. in 1839 “The Language of Flowers” found in her book on the language of flowers, Flora’s Lexicon

Based on the LOF in Victorian England, France, and America

2. Mme. Louise Cortambert (pseudonym “Charlotte de Latour”) in her book “Le 8Langage des fleurs” which translates to The Language of flowers. 

LOF is based on folklore, literature, mythology, religion, and the plant's physical characteristics. 

Symbolic association from Chinese, Japanese, Middle Eastern, Greek, and Roman cultures/mythology/religion

Literature from Shakespear

Turkish language of flowers and objects (Selam)

Taking Turkish words for different flowers and finding which other words they can rhyme with and making a sentence out of it. (Armonde (Pear) rhymes with omonde (hope) so a rhyme for these two words can be Armonde - Wer banna bir omonde (Pear - Let me not despair)

The Turkish language came to Europe through two people, Seigneur Aubry de la Mattraye and Lady Mary Wortley Montagu. Husband and wife. They were Turkish embassies that went before the court of Charles XII of Sweden and shared the language of objects and in this case flowers. 

Physical characteristics (root, stem, leaf, bloom?, and seed

Chrysanthemum/mums: A symbol of death and mourning, but also support and encouragement

Found in east Asia in grasslands, mountain slopes, riversides, fields, and seashores

In Europe, it means death because it was a commonly used flower to decorate graves in the 1700s. Asian Countries have a more positive meaning, used for family seals and pottery. (represents the turning of the seasons) November birth flower

Forget-me-nots: It can be used to symbolize remembrance – both during a parting or after death (bright blue flowers)

Europe, Asia, and Australia in wood/boggy areas

German folktale, where a dying knight threw flowers at his lady and said forget-me-not, the lady wore the flowers forever. 

Hyacinth: Sorrow, I am sorry. Please forgive me.

The Mediterranean and tropical Africa and woodlands

From greek mythology, where apollo and zephyrs killed Hyacinth and his remains were turned into purple hyacinth in the sorrow of his death. (slightly toxic)

Yellow Roses: Said to symbolize friendship

Mostly in Asia but in other places to

Yellow is a very positive and happy color, In Korean and Japanese culture, it was used as a symbol of jealousy. 

Daffodils: Symbols of rebirth and hope

Europe, Asia, Mediterranean meadows/woodland edges

The first flowers bloom in the spring, so it represents the new life after the winter months. March birth flower cause it usually blooms in march

Foxglove: Symbols of insecurity + many other things

Europe, the Mediterranean, and in woodlands

From Folk’s gloves (the fae folk), cautious tale to scare children from picking them. (Poisonous) also grown for the Virgin Mary (our lady’s gloves/gloves of the virgin)

Lily of the valley: Means the return of happiness

Eurasia, eastern North America, and in mountain forests

Used in religious ceremonies, it Represents Eve’s tears after she left the garden, the national flower of Finland, the May birth flower, is associated with Ostara, known for her humility (germanic mythology)

Baptisia (False/Wild Indigo): Symbolizes protection

Central and eastern north America near wood, meadows, stream

Associated with Venus (the Roman version of Aphrodite), (toxic but can be used as a noninflammatory, indigenous people use it for blue dye)

White orchids: symbolizes apology

Asia and in tropical forests

over 35,000 different varieties, based on the word orchis (which means testicles in greek because a writer said orchids looked like them) sign of wealth in the victorian era and in japan

Yarrow: symbolizes a wish for better health

Grasslands and forests, Eurasia

comes from the greek word here which means holy herb, neanderthals though they were a holy flower, druids used them in ceremonies, medieval Europe used them to exercise ghosts, dreaming means you'll receive good news, good for clotting blood

iris, arborvitae, and bluebell- are supposed to convey trust, friendship, and gratitude.

Carnations- innocence, remembrance

Hyacinths- deep sorrow, forgiveness, regret

White lilac- youthful innocence, new beginnings

Peonies- Family

Red roses- love, respect

Yellow rose- friendship

Blue tulip- peace and tranquility

Blue gladiolus- loyalty

Iris- hope

White tulip- I’m sorry

Lily- sympathy, innocence

Purple hyacinth- deep sorrow

[if-you-fan-a-fire]

“On 25 September the Politburo called on its embassies in the region for an accurate update. They were firmly told:

“[D]o not undertake any steps and do not give any explanations without instruction from Moscow.” 

Two months later Stalin wrote to Commissar for Military and Naval Affairs Kliment Voroshilov reminding him that the Japanese issue was both “complicated” and “serious”. The outlook was bleak. Tokyo was evidently in pursuit of not only Manchuria “but also Beijing”, intent on forming a government to counterpose to Nanjing. “Moreover”, Stalin continued, “it is not to be excluded and is even likely that it will reach out to our Far East and possibly also to Mongolia.” Japan might not move against the Soviet Union that winter, but in the future 

“it could make such an attempt. The wish to reinforce its position in Manchuria would push it in that direction. But it will only be able to reinforce its position in Manchuria if it succeeds in fostering hatred between China and the USSR.” 

That would require it to help Chinese warlords seize the CER, Outer Mongolia and Russia’s maritime province, putting in place puppets totally dependent upon Japan. Stalin defined Japanese aims as fourfold: 

(a) to safeguard Japan against “the Bolshevik infection”;

(b) to render a rapprochement between the USSR and China impossible;

(c) to create for itself an extensive economic and military base on the mainland; and

(d) to make this base self-sufficient for war with America.

Without such a plan Japan would find itself “face to face with American militarisation, China in revolution, and a rapidly growing USSR pushing towards the open sea”. The Japanese believed that waiting a couple of years inevitably meant that they would leave it too late to pre-empt disaster. Only the failure of the United States to act (which Stalin thought unlikely), the failure of the Chinese to mobilise against Japan (which he also thought unlikely), the failure of a powerful revolutionary movement to emerge in Japan (no sign of this so far) and the failure of the Soviet Union itself to take preemptive military and other measures would make it possible to carry out their plans.

At the end of March 1932 the Soviet ambassador in Tokyo, Alexander Troyanovsky, advised Moscow that Japan’s general staff were convinced that neither the United States nor the USSR was willing or able to fight, but that in due course they might become so. Hence Japan had to move quickly. He warned Moscow that the “slightest change in the international situation” might easily result in “dragging us into a war”. Apparently it was only the intervention of Japan’s navy—which had the Americans always in its gunsights—in the form of Admiral Kato that forestalled precipitate military action against the Soviet Union. Looking back years later Molotov recalled how at that time in the Far East security was “neglected and the Soviet Union could undoubtedly expect many surprises”.

In response to the threat, and with the first fruits of industrialisation to hand, the build-up of Soviet forces in the region was intensive. Within four months, as of January 1932, the number of men stationed in the Soviet Far East had risen from 42,000 to 108,610; of planes, from 88 to 276; and of tanks, from 16 to 376. But much more would be needed in the event of war. Late in April 1932 Comintern Secretary Karl Radek let it be known 

“that the Soviet Government were getting extremely anxious about the position in Manchuria and feared war with Japan in the near future … He was convinced that if hostilities did break out Poland and Roumania would come in on the side of Japan. This would lead to complications in Europe to which it was impossible to forsee any limit.” 

This was clearly an oblique reference to the Rapallo relationship and what Germany might do if the Russians were at war with Poland. 

Radek added that Moscow 

“had spent milliards of roubles in the last seven months to prepare against a danger it foresaw from the outset of the conflict. These preparations had strained the country’s resources, and compelled the government to alter its five-year plan. The whole programme for the metallurgical industry had been changed owing to production for war purposes. They had stored enough stocks of corn to feed the army for a year, and this and the necessity for transporting supplies to the Far Eastern army accounted for the present food shortage [famine] and general tightening of conditions.” 

Radek insisted that they would “remain strongly on the defensive” as the five-year plan’s completion was the highest priority “and would not shed the blood of the workers for any material interests in Manchuria. If there were a genuine revolutionary movement there, that of course would be a different matter.” Japan’s refusal on 13 December 1931 to accept the Soviet offer of a non-aggression pact confirmed existing fears.

Worried as they all undoubtedly were, Stalin none the less had a problem restraining subordinates in the Far East, whose escapades held dangerous implications for Soviet security. In the summer of 1932 a sabotage unit of the OGPU made up of ethnic Koreans was sent into Korea to blow up railway bridges. Hearing of the operation, Stalin called on Lazar Kaganovich for the punishment of those concerned:

“Speak to Molotov and take draconian measures against offenders from OGPU and the Fourth Directorate (it is entirely possible that these people are agents of our enemies in our midst.) Demonstrate that there [in the Far East] Moscow still has the power to punish offenders.” 

Other such provocations also prompted outbursts from Stalin: 

“It is clear that such issues and ‘incidents’, which carry the risk of ‘suddenly’ unleashing a war, must be handled, down to the tiniest details, by Moscow alone.”

Japanese expansion into Inner Mongolia in January–February 1933 certainly kept the Russians on their toes. In April 1933 Lieutenant Colonel Suzuki of the Japanese Bureau of Military Affairs told the Marquis Kido Kōichi, the emperor’s closest advisor, that 

“there are two kinds of enemies, an absolute enemy and a relative enemy. Since Russia aimed to destroy the national structure of Japan, he cited Russia as the absolute enemy.” 

The Russians were both an old geopolitical rival and a new revolutionary interloper. The Comintern was, of course, trying its best to destroy the monarchy and empire, though in Japan itself it never had any chance of success. In 1931 more than 280 members of the party (including the leadership and the Tokyo district chiefs) had been arrested in two waves, on 15 March and 16 April.”

- Jonathan Haslam, The Spectre of War: International Communism and the Origins of World War II. Princeton & Oxford: Princeton University Press, 2021. p. 98-101.

#manchurian incident #invasion of manchuria #manchurian crisis #international relations #comintern #soviet union #stalinism #empire of japan #non-aggression pact #anti-communism #ogpu #interwar period #league of nations #japanese imperialism #mukden crisis #politburo #karl radek #josef stalin #road to world war ii

[irishfederalreconnaissance]

A Brief Explanation of Jewish Cultural Epochs (Slave Labor)

Kazakh: The Japanese Hanjo, Neanderthals, have taken Tengri, their language for currency and hotel, and reversed it, so it merges; hence, the speaking of Tengri backwards, Hebrew, is entrapment in a hostel.

Babylon: The concept of the deity, the cuneiform picture, and the cuneiform drawing of letters, available if refusing swine, is the empathy removed from the enemy, the refusal to regard enemy force as son or daughter; the mating game, without raising the past paramour.

Titus: The Jew, is the common stage, the cavorting with children and animals, as gay men, the stage as beyond war, and instead, play; the literature, as the improper ideal, that being beyond nature, as viewed through ideal to nature instead; the platonic.

Jesus: The blues and rhythm, as the band of those destroying a culture, through traveling nomad, the institute; the teaching of children, to dance and play, instead of bear war and tidings, the unserious objective of the Israelite.

Lodge: The poor man, as the militia, outnumbering the rich man, the gladiator; the print of the head of the coin, as the leader, with the back marked in currency of the past leader; a Celtic culture, however with coin upon bust, as the authorization to provoke an act, considered criminal unless in bearing of heraldry.

China: The countries of the world, as in prefecture, the university; therefore the clergy, as the leaders, through the Rabbinical, the Muhammadan, the homosexual; the netting and knighting of the world, as having luxury, without pay; the option removed, to the common feed, without pork, the aphrodesiac, hence been born slave, the tithe.

Renaissance: The shaved head, as slave soldier, having been born to act by labor of common mirth, the cooperative, a commune upon insured debt; the others, as having supported the self, the colony of state, from Europe to Asia, and inside Africa and up into Russia, the engineered project; the Hebrew tongue, as out of Latin, with a proper script of Kiev, the engineered project upon labor.

Colony: The New World, as having those implacing and implicit in creative, as slave, having held such as Protestant, hence the individual insisting upon compliance to medicine, as the slave, and those otherwise, having imbibed liquor and marijuana outside of care of common facility; the creation of paperwork, to bind the slave, and the common police, as differentiating prison and hospice, the combination to be the corrections, the separation upon statement to be the clearing of suit.

Holocaust: The calculation of wages labor, outside of performed family of difference of workshop; hence any of those performing wage to pay police in product, to acquire trade, and any of those otherwise, to be the Catechism; therefore the Jew, be working in common labor, to become the police officer, the minister of government.

Progressivism: The state of speech, as the spy, hence any raised by grooming, selected by felony, placed by patriotism, or otherwise bred by union, or any combination thereof, having found embassy, in the community, the more laws the poorer production, but the more powerful the leader; the dominance of America, under African laws imposed, the taken blacks as the heralds of the United States imperium and its resulting dominance over the voice of the people.   

#megaman mush

[talesofedo]

Edo period problems: food.

At the living history event this past weekend was a display of historical food rations issued to European and American soldiers, as well as groups cooking historical recipes for their meals.

Comparing the availability of foodstuffs Europeans and Americans had with what a 19th Century samurai would have been familiar with was interesting to me (and hopefully to the people I was talking to as well 😅).

For example, a group portraying the War of 1812 was making pies. Some of the ingredients on their table included strawberries, rhubarb, apples, eggs, and wheat flour. Most of these would have been unfamiliar to a samurai, even at the very end of the Edo period.

Strawberries were introduced to Japan during the late Edo era but not cultivated widely until the Meiji period.

Same with apples; even Isaac Newton appears to have had his epiphany about gravity with peaches in this 1873 print because apples would have been foreign to most of the print's Japanese audience.

The jury is still out on rhubarb until I can find a definitive reference but it seems that while a type of rhubarb was widely grown in China (used primarily as an ingredient in medicines) and could have made it to Japan through trade, that doesn't seem to be the case. As far as I can tell, rhubarb is still not widely grown, uncommonly eaten, and comparatively expensive in Japan.

Wheat and barley were grown in Japan, of course, generally in areas that either didn't allow for rice fields or in the spaces between or around rice fields. They were used both as animal feed and for personal consumption.

Buckwheat was used to make noodles (soba), barley and millet were widely eaten in rural areas and by people who couldn't afford rice or mixed it with rice to stretch their supply. Unlike in Europe or the United States, grains are not seen in baked form, such as bread or pies.

Lastly, eggs would have been expensive, something many people, including lower ranking samurai, would have considered a special treat or bought only for a sick family member. (Fukuroijuku fluffy eggs are apparently the oldest true egg dish found in Japan.)

On a side note, food was a major problem for the first Japanese embassy to the United States in 1860 because many of the dishes served were just not things found in the Japanese diet. Thankfully, their 50 tons of baggage included, aside from gifts for their hosts, large amounts of Japanese foodstuffs.

#random things #history notes #historical notes #history reference #historical reference #history research #historical research #food in history #historical foods

[12asdsadjordanembassy]

A Gastronomic Journey through Authentic Flavors with Jordan Embassy

Jordan, a country steeped in history and culture, is known for its ancient ruins, desert landscapes, and warm hospitality. But beyond these well-known attractions, there lies a hidden gem in this Middle Eastern country – its cuisine. Jordanian cuisine is a reflection of its diverse cultural influences, making it a must-try for any food lover. And what better way to experience it than through the Jordan Embassy, where you can indulge in a gastronomic journey through authentic flavors.

The Jordanian cuisine is a fusion of Arabic, Mediterranean, and Levantine influences, resulting in a unique and flavorful experience. The country's strategic location, at the crossroads of Asia, Europe, and Africa, has made it a melting pot of different cultures and culinary traditions. This diversity is reflected in the country's cuisine, which is a blend of traditional Bedouin dishes, Levantine specialties, and modern twists.

One of the signature dishes of Jordan is mansaf, a traditional Bedouin dish made with tender lamb cooked in a sauce of fermented dried yogurt called jameed, served on a bed of rice and topped with almonds and herbs. This dish is often served at special occasions and is a symbol of generosity and hospitality in Jordanian culture. Another must-try dish is falafel, a deep-fried chickpea patty served with pita bread, pickled vegetables, and tahini sauce. It is a popular street food in Jordan and can be found on almost every corner.

If you are a fan of grilled meats, then you must try shish tawook, marinated chicken skewers served with a flavorful garlic sauce. This dish is a staple in Jordanian cuisine and is often served with rice or a salad. For seafood lovers, there is sayadieh, a dish of fish cooked in a tangy tomato sauce and served with rice. It is a favorite among locals and is a must-try for anyone visiting Jordan.

No meal in Jordan is complete without a cup of traditional Arabic coffee or tea. The Jordanian coffee, known as qahwa, is strong and flavorful and is often served with cardamom and other spices. Tea, on the other hand, is typically served with fresh herbs like mint or sage, making it a refreshing and aromatic drink.

Apart from its traditional dishes, Jordan also offers a variety of modern and fusion cuisine. The country's capital, Amman, is home to a vibrant food scene, with restaurants serving dishes from all over the world. You can find anything from Italian to Japanese cuisine in Amman, but with a Jordanian twist. The Jordan Embassy is the perfect place to experience this fusion cuisine, with its diverse menu offering a mix of traditional and modern dishes.

But it's not just the food that makes the Jordanian cuisine special; it is also the dining experience. The Jordanian culture places a strong emphasis on hospitality and generosity, and this is evident in their dining customs. Meals are often shared, and it is common for hosts to offer more food than their guests can eat. This is a reflection of their warm and welcoming nature.

The Jordan Embassy offers a truly authentic dining experience, with its traditional decor, warm ambiance, and attentive staff. The embassy's restaurant serves a variety of dishes from the country's different regions, giving visitors a taste of the diverse flavors of Jordan. The embassy also hosts cultural events and food festivals, allowing visitors to experience the country's rich heritage and cuisine.

In conclusion, Jordanian cuisine is a journey through the country's history, culture, and diverse influences. The Jordan Embassy provides a gateway to this gastronomic adventure, offering visitors an opportunity to indulge in authentic flavors and experience the warm hospitality of the Jordanian people. So, the next time you visit the embassy, don't miss the chance to embark on a culinary journey through Jordan's rich and flavorful cuisine.

[brookstonalmanac]

Events 8.24 (after 1900)

1909 – Workers start pouring concrete for the Panama Canal. 1911 – Manuel de Arriaga is elected and sworn in as the first President of Portugal. 1914 – World War I: German troops capture Namur. 1914 – World War I: The Battle of Cer ends as the first Allied victory in the war. 1929 – Second day of two-day Hebron massacre during the 1929 Palestine riots: Arab attacks on the Jewish community in Hebron in the British Mandate of Palestine, result in the death of 65–68 Jews; the remaining Jews are forced to flee the city. 1931 – Resignation of the United Kingdom's Second Labour Government. Formation of the UK National Government. 1932 – Amelia Earhart becomes the first woman to fly across the United States non-stop (from Los Angeles to Newark, New Jersey). 1933 – The Crescent Limited train derails in Washington, D.C., after the bridge it is crossing is washed out by the 1933 Chesapeake–Potomac hurricane. 1936 – The Australian Antarctic Territory is created. 1937 – Spanish Civil War: the Basque Army surrenders to the Italian Corpo Truppe Volontarie following the Santoña Agreement. 1937 – Spanish Civil War: Sovereign Council of Asturias and León is proclaimed in Gijón. 1938 – Kweilin incident: A Japanese warplane shoots down the Kweilin, a Chinese civilian airliner, killing 14. It is the first recorded instance of a civilian airliner being shot down. 1941 – The Holocaust: Adolf Hitler orders the cessation of Nazi Germany's systematic T4 euthanasia program of the mentally ill and the handicapped due to protests, although killings continue for the remainder of the war. 1942 – World War II: The Battle of the Eastern Solomons. Japanese aircraft carrier Ryūjō is sunk, with the loss of seven officers and 113 crewmen. The US carrier USS Enterprise is heavily damaged. 1944 – World War II: Allied troops begin the attack on Paris. 1949 – The treaty creating the North Atlantic Treaty Organization goes into effect. 1950 – Edith Sampson becomes the first black U.S. delegate to the United Nations. 1951 – United Air Lines Flight 615 crashes near Decoto, California, killing 50 people. 1954 – The Communist Control Act goes into effect, outlawing the American Communist Party. 1954 – Vice president João Café Filho takes office as president of Brazil, following the suicide of Getúlio Vargas. 1963 – Buddhist crisis: As a result of the Xá Lợi Pagoda raids, the US State Department cables the United States Embassy, Saigon to encourage Army of the Republic of Vietnam generals to launch a coup against President Ngô Đình Diệm if he did not remove his brother Ngô Đình Nhu. 1967 – Led by Abbie Hoffman, the Youth International Party temporarily disrupts trading at the New York Stock Exchange by throwing dollar bills from the viewing gallery, causing trading to cease as brokers scramble to grab them. 1970 – Vietnam War protesters bomb Sterling Hall at the University of Wisconsin–Madison, leading to an international manhunt for the perpetrators. 1981 – Mark David Chapman is sentenced to 20 years to life in prison for murdering John Lennon. 1989 – Colombian drug barons declare "total war" on the Colombian government. 1989 – Tadeusz Mazowiecki is chosen as the first non-communist prime minister in Central and Eastern Europe. 1991 – Mikhail Gorbachev resigns as head of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union. 1991 – Ukraine declares itself independent from the Soviet Union. 1995 – Microsoft Windows 95 was released to the public in North America. 1998 – First radio-frequency identification (RFID) human implantation tested in the United Kingdom. 2006 – The International Astronomical Union (IAU) redefines the term "planet" such that Pluto is now considered a dwarf planet. 2012 – Anders Behring Breivik, perpetrator of the 2011 Norway attacks, is sentenced to 21 years of preventive detention. 2014 – A magnitude 6.0 earthquake strikes the San Francisco Bay Area; it is the largest in that area since 1989. 2017 – The National Space Agency of Taiwan successfully launches the observation satellite Formosat-5 into space.

#Events

[odaclan]

A description of Nobunaga visiting the Christian seminario in Azuchi. Translation is from the book “They Came to Japan: An Anthology of European Reports on Japan, 1543-1640″.

The boy who played the harpsichord is identified as Itō Mancio 伊東マンショ, the young man who later took part in the Tenshō Embassy (the first Japanese visit to Europe). His grandfather Itō Yoshisuke was the lord of Hyūga Province, hence his identification as “the son of the King of Hyūga".

There was a movie about the aforementioned Embassy, and when I saw the trailer I thought the random Nobunaga cameo was only because among the gifts to be presented to Vatican was a painting of Azuchi Castle. However, if Mancio had also been living in Azuchi this whole time before his trip, then Nobunaga being around makes whole lot more sense. 

As an aside, I wondered if this was what inspired the “Mitsuhide plays the piano/harpsichord” scene in Onna Nobunaga movie. As he advanced in his career, Mitsuhide was eventually awarded the title of “Hyūga no Kami”. This is a meaningless title, different from the Itō family who really did hail from Hyūga, but it does ostensibly mean “Governor of Hyūga”. 

#oda nobunaga #itou mancio #ito mancio #Christianity #Gnecchi Soldo Organtino #Jesuit #jesuit missionary #azuchi castle

[warningsine]

Chinese Foreign Minister Qin Gang has been removed from his post four weeks after his last public appearance.

State media said on Tuesday that Qin, who held the role for just seven months, will be replaced by his predecessor, Wang Yi. No reason was given for the move.

The mysterious absence of 57-year-old Qin, once seen as close to President Xi Jinping, had sparked widespread speculation. Officials had previously cited “health reasons”, without elaborating.

Here is what to know.

Who is Qin Gang?

Born in the northern city of Tianjin in 1966, Qin studied international politics at China’s prestigious University of International Relations in Beijing and entered the diplomatic service. He worked in several jobs at the foreign ministry as well as at the Chinese Embassy in Britain.

Qin was twice foreign ministry spokesman, between 2006 and 2014, and chief protocol officer between 2014 and 2018, overseeing many of Xi’s interactions with foreign leaders.

According to Al Jazeera’s Katrina Yu, Qin’s rise in the Chinese Communist Party (CCP) was “rapid and meteoric”.

At the age of 57, he became in December 2022 one of the youngest officials to be named foreign minister, after serving as ambassador to the United States for two years.

“Qin managed to achieve in years what would have taken other officials decades,” Yu said from Beijing.

As ministry spokesman, he stood out for being one of the first diplomats to speak aggressively in defence of China’s increasingly assertive foreign policy, a style that became known as “wolf warrior” diplomacy.

But he also displayed willingness to work with the United States, declaring upon his arrival in Washington as ambassador in July 2021 that relations held “great opportunities and potential” although they did not markedly improve during his time as ambassador.

Qin, who is married with one son, visited various countries after becoming foreign minister, including several in Africa and in Europe, where he pushed China’s call for a ceasefire in Ukraine.

In his first comments as foreign minister, Qin said in solving challenges common to all mankind, China’s diplomacy would offer “Chinese wisdom, Chinese initiatives and Chinese strength”.

One of China’s youngest-ever foreign ministers, Qin also ended his term as the country’s shortest-serving official to hold the post.

Who is Wang Yi?

Wang is the country’s top diplomat, outranking Qin in the government hierarchy as the head of China’s top foreign policy decision-making body.

The 69-year-old held the post of foreign minister for almost a decade from 2013 onward and also filled in for Qin during his absence over the past month.

Yu said Wang’s dual role is leading some analysts to believe that his appointment could be temporary until a new foreign minister is named.

“Wang is experienced, a familiar face and [someone who is seen as] a stabilising force at a time marked by a lot of upheaval,” she noted.

A fluent Japanese speaker, Wang previously served as China’s ambassador in Tokyo and head of China’s policy-making Taiwan Affairs Office.

As head of the CCP Foreign Affairs Commission, Wang was seen as instrumental in brokering a surprise peace deal between Iran and Saudi Arabia in March this year.Play Video

Video Duration 02 minutes 38 seconds02:38China’s Xi welcomes ‘old friend’ Henry Kissinger in Beijing

What has happened in recent weeks?

Qin was last seen in public on June 25, when he held talks with counterparts from Russia, Vietnam and Sri Lanka.

Since then, he has been conspicuously absent from his duties at a time of intense diplomatic activity for Beijing, including efforts to stabilise relations with Washington.

Qin had been scheduled to meet European Union foreign policy chief Josep Borrell on July 4, but EU officials announced that China cancelled the talks without explanation with only a few days’ warning.

Qin then failed to attend closely-watched meetings with US Treasury Secretary Janet Yellen and US climate envoy John Kerry.

His ministry said on July 11 that he was unable to attend a meeting in Indonesia for unspecified “health reasons”. It declined any further comment on his status, creating an information vacuum in which rumours swirled.

During a meeting of foreign ministers at an Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN) summit in Jakarta last week, China was represented by Wang.

What happened to Qin Gang?

No reason has been given for Qin’s dismissal, while his whereabouts remain unknown.

His removal was announced by state media saying that “China’s top legislature voted to appoint Wang Yi as foreign minister … as it convened a session on Tuesday. Qin Gang was removed from the post of foreign minister.”

Al Jazeera’s Yu said the mystery surrounding Qin’s whereabouts highlights the secretive nature of the Chinese government.

“It’s not uncommon for well-known personalities such as businesspeople or celebrities to temporarily disappear from the public eye after falling foul of authorities,” she said. “But for it to happen to such a powerful government figure is rare indeed.”Play Video

Video Duration 28 minutes 30 seconds28:30Is ASEAN at risk of being used by more powerful countries?

Why does the change matter?

Analysts say the sudden leadership shift at the foreign ministry is expected to cause disturbance in Beijing’s diplomatic ranks.

“This is a huge embarrassment for China,” Nicholas Bequelin, a senior fellow at Yale University’s Paul Tsai China Center, told Al Jazeera.

“Qin Gang, the foreign minister, is the public face of China with the world on the international stage and it’s hard to overstate the negative impact that this is having among diplomats around the world,” he said.

Qin was also known as one of Xi’s most trusted advisers.

“Qin Gang was very much handpicked by Xi himself to leapfrog many more established candidates to become the foreign minister last year,” Neil Thomas, from the Asia Society Policy Institute, told Al Jazeera.

“So he really is a captain’s pick, even more so than many other Xi allies in terms of the speed of their rise through the Communist Party ranks.”

Bequelin noted that it is Xi himself who has been driving the direction of China’s foreign policy, with Wang tasked with implementing the strategy.

“Qin Gang, as the foreign minister, is the one who sort of runs the day-to-day machinery. But that is nonetheless very important because diplomats rely on trust, on knowing each other, on the ability to reach out to each other. So it’s highly concerning when you have the foreign minister disappear for a month without a proper explanation,” he said.

Bequelin argued that the development “puts back in the mind of people that China is unpredictable – that at any point people can disappear, that you have no guarantee what comes on the next day”.

“I think that is the reminder that China is trying to avoid as it casts itself as a sort of very stable, trustworthy and reliable architect of the new world order that is supposed to come after the US-led one,” he said.

#Qin Gang #politics #Wang Yi #china

[hauntedsharkstrawberry]

source material of the Japanese mission was scattered internationally; and the other was that the documents in Japan had been lost or destroyed during the three-century proscription of the Christian faith. The initial task of historians was thus to find fragments of evidence and to compile them into a manageable form. While the source study of the Japanese missions was pursued by ecclesiastical historians in Europe, Murakami Naojirô (1868–1966), Okamoto Yoshitomo (1900–1972) and Matsuda Kiichi (1921–1997) contributed to the discovery of remaining Japanese sources as well as to the introduction of European material to Japanese readers. To begin with, Murakami edited or translated Jesuit correspondence, the journals of the Dutch commercial factory in Japan and other western documents.17 He compiled the correspondence between Japanese authorities and representatives of other nations.18 Also, he edited the documents written by Englishmen in feudal Japan, as well as the journals of the English commercial factory in Japan.19 Murakami was followed by Okamoto Yoshitomo, who edited and published several missionary manuscript sources.20 More recently, since the 1990s, the Historical Source Institute of the University of Tokyo has undertaken an on-going compilation of the Jesuit correspondence, in the original European language and in Japanese translation.21 17 Murakami published the following edited monographs: Ikoku nisshishô (Tokyo: Sanshûsha, 1911); Yasokai nenpô (Nagasaki: Nagasaki shiyakusho, 1926); Yasokai Nippon tsûshin: Keikihen (Tokyo: Sunnansha, 1927–28); Ikoku nikkishô (Tokyo: Sunnansha, 1929); Yasokai Nippon tsûshin: Bungo hen (Tokyo: Teikoku kyoikukai, 1936); Deshima rankan nisshi (3 vols., Tokyo: Bunmei kyokai, 1938–39); Yasokai no Nippon nenpô (2 vols., Tokyo: Takubundô, 1943); Nagasaki Oranda shôkan no nikki (3 vols. Tokyo: Iwanami shoten, 1956–58). 18 Murakami Naojirô (trans.), Ikoku ôfuku shokanshû (Tokyo: Sunnansha, 1929). 19 Murakami Naojirô & Murakawa Kengo (eds.), Letters Written by English Residents in Japan, 1611–1623 (Tokyo, 1900); Murakami Naojirô (ed.), Diary of Richard Cocks, Cape-Merchant in the English Factory in Japan, 1615–1622, with Correspondence (Tokyo, 1899). 20 He edited and translated Frois’s report on the First Japanese embassy to Europe under Valignano: Okamoto Yoshitomo et al (eds.), La première Ambassade du Japon en Europe, 1582–1592 (Tokyo: Université Sophia, 1942) and Okamoto Yoshitomo (trans.), Kyushu sankô ken’ô shisetsu kôki (Tokyo: Tôyôdô, 1942). He co-edited Segunda parte da Historia de Japam que trata das couzas, que socedarão nesta V. Provincia da Hera de 1578 por diante, começãdo pela conversão del rey de Bungo (1578–1582) (Tokyo: Edição da Sociedade Luso-Japonesa, 1938). He was also the editor of El Nippon y Philipinas sus Relaciones Historicos (Tokyo: Japan Times, 1945). As for Japanese material, he was the editor of Gyosonki (Tokyo: Tôyôdô, 1946). 21 Tokyo daigaku shiryô hensanjo, Nippon kankei kaigai shiryô: Iezusukai Nippon shokanshû (6 vols. as of 2007, Tokyo: Tokyo daigaku shiryô hensanjo, 1990–).