#karoon river

[parsabad]

Karoon river/ khoozestan/ Iran

Photography: Mehrdad misaghian

#iran #middle east #iranian #persian #persia #farsi #art #culture #nature #river #fog #khoozestan

[presstvplus]

Iran's Mandaeans, coming right from the heart of history!Living in southern Iran, Mandaeans are an ancient group of people who introduce themselves as the followers of Prophet John the Baptist! They are known to be the oldest group of people practicing baptism.

Iran is truly the land of peaceful coexistence! @ Karoon River

#iran #karoon river #mandaeans #baptism

[srbachchan]

DAY 4837

Jalsa, Mumbai                  May 26,  2021                 Wed  6:01 PM

“ जीवन है एक चुभा हुआ तीर , छटपटाता मन , तड़फड़ाता शरीर  ।

सच्चाई है  - सिद्ध करने की ज़रूरत है   ?

पीर , पीर, पीर  ।

तीर को दो पहले निकाल ,

किसने किया शर का सन्धान  ?

क्यूँ किया शर का सन्धान   ?

ये हैं बाद के सवाल  ।

तीर को दो पहले निकाल   ।”

.. and as the rivers of life flow by , and the idleness strikes a note .. I sit in the prayer and wisdom of Gautam Buddha, Siddharth, Amitabh .. and ponder over the lines from Babuji from his satire , written in Cambridge on ‘Buddha aur Naachghar’ .. Buddha and the Dancing Hall  .. with the pertinent lines of his teachings and thoughts .. 

Of course I have mentioned this earlier and referred to this poem and its words in several references, but just felt like getting them back in remembrance .. and to be enlightened, on this day of the achievement of the form by the Buddha, in the state of enlightenment in Babuji himself and his wisdom and his far sightedness .. 

He was in Cambridge to do his thesis on WB Yeats and Occultism , but during his academic work and the kind of scheduling it required, he also wrote 200 poems and a prose compilation in the form of a diary , called ‘Pravaas ki Diary’ - प्रवास की डाइअरी - , which became an entire volume in his Autobiography of 4 volumes . The Power and intensity of his prose ; a classic in the genre of autobiographical writing in India -

‘क्या भूलूँ क्या याद करूँ 1 ; नीढ़ का निर्माण 2 ; बसेरे से दूर (प्रवास की डाइअरी )3 ; दशद्वार से सोपान तक 4  ..

kya bhuloon ky yaad karoon ; needh ka nirmaan ;  basere se door ( pravaas ki diary) ; dashadwaar se sopaan tak ..

1 .. ‘kya bhoolun .. are the opening lines of his poem .. ‘what to remember and what to forget’ .. his early life its tragedies and the pain of existence then  ..

2 .. ‘needh ka .. is another opening line of his poem .. ‘the building of the  nest again’ .. the meeting with my Mother after the sad passing of his first wife, and the, building of the nest of his life again .. 

3 .. ‘basere .. (‘pravaas) .. his years in England when he was studying to do his thesis, and the diary that he kept ..  the diary of my travel .. the word ‘pravaas’ is in meaning the migrant  .. basere .. the place of your home .. your living place your home , where you are established in home .. se door .. away from home .. so England ..

and ..

4 .. ‘dashadwaar .. from Dashadwar to Sopaan .. Dashadwaar, is 10 doors , or openings .. dash is 10 , dwaar is doors or openings .. it came from the observation in his study in Allahabad, when we were staying at 17, Clive Road .. his study had 4 doors and 6 windows which include the ‘roshandaans’ .. the openings on the wall almost near the celing, for light and ventilation .. in those days they were called ‘roshandaans’ .. I doubt if modern day architects build them anymore .. its all false ceilings and air conditioned ducts and corridors .. it is also symbolic of the 10 openings in the human body .. 9 as we all know .. and the 10th is the third eye of Shiv at the centre of the forehead, just above the meeting place of the two eyebrows  .. and Sopaan was the name of his house in Delhi .. Sopaan meaning stairs - for when we built it for him and Ma and he saw it he found that this 3 storied building had an entire staircase of steps to go up , hence Sopaan ..

But we were with Babuji and Buddha and his teachings and philosophy and wisdom that He attained during his enlightenment .. 

‘life is like a arrow pierced in your body - a restless mind , a quivering body  ... it never does require justification of this to prove it right does it  ? .. it is , it is , it is .. pain pain pain .. who did pierce the arrow .. why was it pierced .. are all questions that can be answered later .. first just remove the pierced arrow ..’

the 👆🏾 was in the middle of the day .. but then distractions appeared and the finishing be done now .. 10:45 PM .. 

.. and there is a quiet about .. of peace perhaps .. of stillness and humility to bear and live in the flowing river , which we all attempt to cross .. EVER 

GN and my love ..

Amitabh Bachchan

[aftaabmahtab]

Zayandehrood!!!!! My heart. I’m so happy.

#once again a flowing river #cant wait to see my karoon

[voldemorthatesnose96]

Thanks for tagging me, lovelies @bloggideon @thedeth ❤️❤️❤️

Rules : put your playlist on shuffle and write your favourite lyrics from the first 10 songs

1. Enya - Only Time

Who can say where the road goes, where the day flows, only time

2. One Republic - All The Right Moves

They’ll be the King of Hearts, and you’re the Queen of Spades, and we’ll fight for you like we were your soldiers

3. Matt Nathanson - All We Are

In the end words won’t matter cause in the end nothing’s stay the same, and in the end dreams just scatter and fall like rain

4. The Parachute - When You Move

I’ve never been so in love

5. Red Velvet - Psycho

We're in a beautiful and sad relationship, we make each other shine, like the moon and the river

6. Lauv feat. Sofia Reyes - El Tejano

I said “I’m from wherever you’re going tonight”

7. Roxette - It Must Have Been Love

Make believin’ that we’re together, that I’m sheltered by your heart

8. Death Cab For Cutie - Transatlanticism

The distance is quite simply much to far for me to row, it seems farther than ever before

9. Jimin BTS - Serendipity

The universe has moved for us without missing a single thing. Because our happiness is planned

10. Nikhil Paul George - Main Kya Karoon (what do I do?)

My heart is no longer mine alone, and I never felt anything like this before

Tagging : @thenerd10 @gele-gordijnen @gleamoflove @jusdekiwi @sobbe-elu @superskamtrash @tarlos-nicotino @ravenbrenna09 @dreamy-slytherin @summergl0w @majorsander @pduwd @silverscreenbabushka and etc etc💕💕feel free to ignore

#personal #ask game

[hardsadness]

Karoon River, Ahvaz, Iran Photo by Ashkan Forouzani Karoon River, Ahvaz, Iran Photo by Ashkan Forouzani 

[innspubnet]

Length-weight relationships Carsobarbus luteus (Heckel 1843) from Karoon River, Iran - JBES

Length-weight relationships Carsobarbus luteus (Heckel 1843) from Karoon River, Iran – JBES

Mehdi Biria, Narges Javadzadeh-Poorshalkoohi, Seyed Ahmad Hosseini

Department Fisheries, Khuzestan Science and Research Branch, Islamic Azad University, Iran

Department Fisheries, Kermanshah Branch, Islamic Azad University, Iran

Key words: Himrri barbel, Karoon River, Length-weight relationship.

Abstract

Length-weight relationships were estimated for Carasobarbus luteus wild population from the…

View On WordPress

#Himrri barbel #Karoon River #Length-weight relationship

[francemarcaida-blog]

Welcome to Barangay Rosario!

Ang seguridad ay isa sa mga pangunahing pangangailangan ng mga tao ayon kay Abraham Maslow. Sa araw-araw nating pamumuhay lagi nating sinisiguro ang seguridad ng ating sarili at ng ating buong pamilya. Kaakibat ng seguridad na ating inaasam sa araw-araw ay ang kaligtasan. Kaligtasan sa labas at loob ng ating mga tahanan sa lahat ng oras. Ngunit gaano nga ba kaligtas at kahanda ang ating barangay sa mga sakuna na maaaring maganap anumang oras?

Ilang linggo pa lang ang nakakaraan ay nag-tungo ako sa aming barangay hall upang mag-sagawa ng panayam sa taong namumuno at nangangasiwa sa Barangay Disaster Risk Reduction o BDRR. Ngunit sa pag-bibigay ko ng liham na galing sa aking NSTP instructor, sinabi ni Gng. Julie, ang Kalihim ng aming barangay na balikan ko na lamang ang papel na ito dahil kakausapin niya muna ang taong namumuno para sa BDRRM. Hindi ako nakapag-pakuha ng litrato kasama si Gng. Julie dahil may mga bagay pa siyang inaayos.

Makalipas ang ilang araw ay bumalik ako sa aming barangay at nagkaroon ako ng pagkakataon na makita at makilala ang taong tumugon sa aking mga katanungan at ito ay si Ginoong Rosano “Sano” Rivera. Ayon sa kaniya mas kumportable siya na ibigay na lamang sa akin ang mismong papel na may sagot kaysa sa panayam. Pagkatapos nito ay nanghingi ako ng permiso na mag-karoon ng litrato sa kaniya kasama ang Ingat-yaman ng aming barangay na si Gng. Maria Nieves Mateo.

Ito ang mga nakuha kong sagot galing kay Ginoong Sano: Ang mga hindi inaasahang pangyayari na madalas na nararanasan sa aming barangay ay ang mga sumusunod: 1.) Sunog. Hindi maiiwasan na mag-karoon ng malaking sunog sapagkat dikit-dikit ang mga kabahayan na gawa lamang sa hindi katibayan na mga materyales at hindi rin nawawala ang ilegal na koneksyon ng kuryente o “jumper”. 2.)Baha. Ayon kay Ginoong Sano, kung pagbabasehan ang topograpiya ng Barangay Rosario, labing-walong porsyento (18%) nito ay below sea level at tatlong porsyento (3%) lamang ang above normal plane. Hindi ito maganda lalo na at malapit ang aming barangay sa Marikina River at ang ilan sa mga lugar, gayun na rin ang kinatitirikan ng aming bahay ay malapit sa Flood Way na nagsisilbing daanan ng tubig galing sa iba’t-ibang lugar papunta sa Laguna de Bay. 3.) Bagyo. Ito ay pang-huli dahil ito ay nararanasan sa buong bansa.

Isa sa mga panganib na kinakaharap ng aming barangay ay ang pagkakaroon ng Adobe na klase ng lupa. Kung magkakaroon ng lindol ay maaaring makaranas ng liquefaction, ground rupture at building collapse.

Ang kaalaman tungkol sa pag-dating ng sakuna ay naka depende pa rin sa kung ano ang sasabihin ng National Disaster Risk Reduction Management Council o NDRRMC at iba pang ahensya ng gobyerno. Ang mga kalamidad at sakunang ito ay madalas na nangyayari sa aming barangay.

Ang West Bank Road Flood Way, Rodriguez Compound at ROTC ay ilan lamang sa mga lugar na lubhang maaapektuhan kapag nag-karoon ng sunog. Ayon kay Ginoong Sano, ang mga bahay sa mga lugar na ito ay dikit- dikit at marami rin ang mayroong ilegal na koneksyon ng kuryente. Ngunit karamihan sa mga tao ay hindi siniseryoso ang epekto ng sunog sa kanilang pamilya maging sa kanilang mga kapit-bahay. Kapag naman nag-karoon ng bagyo at baha isa pa rin ang West Bank Road Flood Way sa mga lubhang maaapektuhan kasama na rin ang Dabba dahil ang mga lugar na ito ay mababa at hindi rin nila sineseryoso ang panganib na dala ng mga pangyayari na ito.

Lahat ng kalamidad na tatama sa bawat barangay hindi lamang sa amin ay tiyak na makakaapekto sa bawat mamamayan lalo na pisikal, pinansyal at pati na rin sa pakikitungo sa kanilang kapwa tao.

Sa bawat pag-tama ng mga kalamidad, kasunod nito ang pagbangon ng bawat taong nasalanta nito. Ngunit ano nga ba ang mga suliranin na  pumipigil sa pag-bangon ng pamayanan? Sa sagot na nakuha ko, unang-una rito ang paglalabas ng badyet mula sa lokal na pamahalaan. Kung nag-karoon ng “damage value” na hindi naman kasama sa pondo para sa kalamidad ng siyudad ay hindi basta-basta ang magiging madali ang paglalabas ng pondo.

Sa mga kalamidad na ating nararanasan  ay natututo tayo na mas maging handa upang hindi na magkaroon pa ng malaking pinsala sa ating pamayanan. Ayon sa mga sagot ni Ginoong Sano, ito ang mga programa o hakbang na isinasagawa hindi lamang sa aming barangay kundi pati rin sa buong siyudad ng Pasig.  

·         Engineering solutions and preventive measures

·         Disaster preparedness and awareness seminar

·         Earthquake and Fire drills

·         Skills enhancement seminars and trainings

·         EMS (ambulance) skills update

·         Recruitment of additional manpower

·         Inter Brigade and Organizational Bond

Ang aming baranagay ay gumagamit ng Sendai Framework  na naglalayon na pataasin ang kaalaman ng mga mamamayan sa kung ano man ang mga programa at patakaran na ipinapatupad tuwing may kalamidad kasama na rito ang pag-likas at ang tamang pagsasagawa nito upang matiyak at mapanatili ang kaayusan at maiwasan ang kaguluhan at mas lalong pag-lala ng epekto ng mga kalamidad.

Ang mga taong nangunguna sa pag-hahanda, pag-harap at pag-tugon sa mga kalamidad ay ang mga opisyal sa barangay (Kapitan ng Barangay, Kalihim ng Barangay at iba pa kasama na rin ang mga volunteer).

Sumasangayon ako sa mga naging tugon ni Ginoong Sano. Marami sa barangay namin ang may mga kabahayaan na gawa sa hindi katibayang materyales at dikit-dikti pa ang pagkakatayo nito kaya naman hindi maiiwasan na kapag nag-karoon ng sunog ay marami ang maaapektuhan dito, idagdag pa na mas mataas ang panganib  na kanilang kinakaharap kapag mayroong bagyo dahil nakatirik ang kanilang mga kabahayan kung hindi sa tabi ng ilog ay nasa mga mababang lugar. Naaalala ko noong Bagyong Ondoy, may mga kabahayan na natangay sa West Bank Road dahil na rin mataas ang tubig at malakas ang agos nito. Pinipilit ng Barangay Rosario at ng lokal na pamahalaan na tanggalin sila sa mga lugar na ito para na rin sa kanilang kaligtasan ngunit hindi nila alintana ang pag-sisikap na ito mga pamahalaan sa hindi ko maipaliwanag na dahilan. Lubos akong nalulungkot na mas iniisip nila na mas maayos kung mananatili sila roon dahil sa kabuhayan kaysa ang lumipat sa mas ligtas na lugar at doon mag-simula ulit ng panibagong buhay.

Masasabi kong isa sa mga issue na kinakaharap ng aming barangay ay ang kakulangan sa kooperasyon lalo na sa mga taong higit na nangangailangan nito. Marahil ay iniisip nila na kaya sila pinapaalis sa kanilang mga tahanan ay dahil sagabal sila sa mga plano ng pamahalaan ngunit ang katotohanan naman ay nais lang ng mga opisyal na masiguro ang kanilang kaligtasan kapag nagkaroon ng mga kalamidad. Sa tingin ko ay kailangan na ipaintindi sa mga  residente ang panganib na kanilang kinakaharap at kakaharapin kung sakaling patuloy pa din ang paninirahan nila sa lugar na ito.

Kaya hindi kataka-taka na ganito rin ang sitwasyon sa ating bansa. Hindi lubos na naiintindihan ng mga residente ang panganib na kanilang kinakaharap sa tuwing sinasabi sa kanila ito. Hindi lubos na sineseryoso ang mga babala ng mga lokal na opisyal maging ng ating gobyerno. Kung tama ang aking naaalala ganito rin ang pag-tuturing ng mga kababayan natin na lubhang naapektuhan ng bagyong Yolanda. Noong sinabing magkakaroon ng daluyong ang naging katwiran at pag-iisip ng mga tao roon ay normal na taas lamang ng daluyong ang kanilang mararanasan ngunit ang pag-iisip na ito ang naging dahilan ng pag-kawala ng maraming buhay.

Ang mga naging realisasyon ko habang binabasa ang mga sagot ni Ginoong Sano at habang nag-babalik tanaw din ako sa mga naranasan na kalamidad at sakuna ng aming barangay ay una, kahit ba nagiging matigas ang ulo ng iilan pag-dating sa pag-sunod sa mga opisyal ay may ilan pa rin na natututo at sumusunod  na sa tuwing may mga babala na sinasabi ang pamahalaan dahil naranasan nila ito at nalaman nila na seryoso at malaki ang epekto nito hindi lamang sa kanilang buhay pati na rin sa buhay ng kanilang buong pamilya. Napagtanto ko rin na ang pagsisikap ng pamahalaan ay mababalewala kung hindi tutulong ang mga nasasakupan nito. Maaaring maganda at maraming programa ang ipinapatupad ng bawat barangay upang maiwasan ang pagkakaroon ng mas matinding epekto ang bawat kalamidad ngunit kung hindi naman sapat ang kaalaman ng mga residente ukol dito ay lubos na mababalewa ang pagod at hirap sa pagsusulong ng mga ganitong programa.

Sa mga nag-daaang panahon ay unti-unting nababawasan ang laki ng epekto ng bawat kalamidad at sakuna na ating nararanasan. Ngunit hindi pa rin maiiwasan ang pagusbong ng mga suliranin ukol sa pag-tugon at pag-harap sa mga ito. Sa tingin ko ay mas lalo dapat na pag-tibayin ang pag-papatupad ng mga batas na mayroon tayo sa tamang pag-tatapon ng basura upang maiwasan ang malawakang pagbaha. Sa tingin ko rin ay dapat na mas dumalas ang pag-kakaroon ng mga seminar tungkol sa Risk Reduction Manangement mula sa mga bata, kabataan at sa mga magulang. Hindi sa lahat ng pag-kakataon ay magkakasama ang buong pamilya kaya mahalaga na kahit ang bata ay alam ang gagawin sa gitna ng sakuna at kalamidad. Kailangan na makasama sa bawat pag-hahanda ang bawat isa nang sa gayon ay maiiwasan natin ang mataas na bilang ng mga nasawi o napahamak. Sa tingin ko rin kung magkakaroon ng tulong pinansiyal mula sa iabng bansa ay mahigpit na i-monitor ito at siguraduhin na makakarating ito sa mga taong nangangailangan. 

Panghuli, bilang isang mag-aaral sa tingin ko ay makakatulong ako sa pamamagitan ng paghikayat una sa aking pamilya na maki-isa sa mga programang ipinapatupad ng aming barangay tungkol sa pag-iwas sa mga sakuna at kalamidad at kung paano magiging handa rito. Sa isang maliit na hakbang na ito ay maaaring makahikayat din kami ng iba pang mga kapitbahay na sumama at maki-bahagi sa bawat pag-hahanda sakaling tumama ang mga kalamidad. Kung lahat ng tao sa bawat barangay ay magkakaroon ng kusa sa pagiging bahagi ng pag-hahanda ay malaking tulong na ito upang makabawas na sa mga pinsala na kakaharapin ng aming barangay.

Sa litratong ito ay kasama ko si Gng.Maria Nieves Mateo ang Ingat-Yaman ng aming barangay (kaliwa). Si Ginoong Rosano “Sano” Rivera, isa sa mga namumuno ng BDRRM sa aming barangay (kanan).

Sa akin namang pagsasagawa ng community walk aking kinuhanan ng litrato ang mga sumusunod. 1.) Ang delikadong lugar at hindi ligtas na gawain sa aming lugar. 2.) Ang ligtas na lugar at ang ligtas na gawain sa aming lugar. Panghuli ay ang maipagmamalaking gawain sa aming komunidad.

Sa mga larawan na ito ay makikita ang mga sala-salabid na kawad ng kuryente. Kung mag-kakaroon ng aberya at mag-karoon ng short circuit ay maaaari itong pag-mulan ng sunog at maaaninag naman ang mga sitwayon ng bawat kabahayan na dikit-dikit na magiging dahilan ng mabilis na pag-kalat ng apoy. Isa pa ay marami rin ang nagja-jumper o may mga  ilegal na koneksyon ng kuryente.

Sa larawang ito ay makikita naman ang isang basketball court na sa tingin ko ay ang pinaka-malapit na pinaka-ligtas na lugar sa aming komunidad. Para sa akin kung mag-kakaroon man ng sunog o lindol maaaring dito magkita kita ang mga pamilya bago magtungo sa evacuation center na nakalaan para sa aming barangay.Tinuruan ako ng aking magulang na ano’t-ano man ang mangyari at wala ako sa bahay o wala sila sa bahay ay dito kami magkikita-kita upang masiguro na lahat kami ay ligtas.  

Sa larawan na ito ay makikita ang Flood Way. Ito ay isang artipisyal na daanan ng tubig. Kapag mayroong bagyo at tumataas na ang tubig sa Marikina River, binubuksan ang mga gate ng Flood Way upang maiwasan ang pag-taas ng tubig sa mga kalapit lugar nito. Mag-mula rito ay dadaloy ang tubig hanggang sa makarating ito sa Laguna de Bay. Isa ito sa mga dahilan kaya hindi kami nakakaranas ng pagbaha sa aming lugar. Kaya masasabi kong isa ito sa pinaka-maganda at epektibong gawain sa aming komunidad bukod sa nakakatulong ito hindi lamang sa pag-bawas ng banta ng pag-baha sa aming lugar at karatig lugar, nag-sisilbi din itong babala sa amin upang malaman kung kinakailangan na ba naming lumikas sa mas ligtas at mas mataas na lugar kung sakali.

#BarangayRosario BDRRMKwentuhan CommunityWalk NSTP LAB3

[juniperpublisherswb]

Juniper publishers-The Root Results of Oak Sudden Death in Plain Barm, Zagros Forest, Fars, Iran

Abstract

Quercus is a dominant genus throughout Zagros mountain forest and has been for the past 5,000 years or more. Oak distribution has shifted in response to changes in climate, disturbance regime, and human population and culture. Oak dominance has decreased throughout the 10 years of since 1998. In the recent decades the Mediterranean and semi-Mediterranean forests have been faced with climate changes. Zagros forest is 5milion ha of Iran forest that located in west of Iran. Most of species is oak involve Persian oak (Quercus. Brantii Lindl). During of 1998-2014 several reported of sudden oak dead with charcoal disease (fungi disease). The disease was spread of all Territory of Zagros Mountain that caused to dead of 1miliom hectare of oak. In the Zagros Mountains we would attitude ‘integration’ through a strong focus on local participation. Aims to conserve the biodiversity by using participatory approaches that ensure the active involvement of local people. Iran loss 1.5milion ha of its forests through spread of disease and pest in Zagros Forest. These include the charcoal disease and Chrysobothris Parvipunctata beetle of Buprestidae family that become aggressive on stressed trees, and several root and stem decay fungi. In its study we were surveyed the root results of oak sudden death in plain Barm, Zagros forest, Fars, Iran.

Keywords: Oak Sudden Death; Charcoal Disease; Beetle of Buprestidae; Zagros Forest; Fars; Iran

Go to

Introduction

Iran is positioned on the southwest of Asia forming a bridge connecting three continents of Asia, Europe, and Africa. It is bordered by Azerbaijan, Armenia, Turkmenistan, and the Caspian Sea on the north, Afghanistan and Pakistan on the east, Oman Sea and Persian Gulf on the south, and Turkey and Iraq on the west (Road Atlas of Iran 2004). The country is part of the Iranian Plateau that constitutes a vast and high terrane, which is bordered by the Caspian Sea on the north, Amu Darya, Syr Darya, and Kora River plains on the northeast, Sindh and Punjab Rivers plain on the southeast, the Oman Sea and the Persian Gulf on the south, and the Tigris river plain on the southwest. The total areal extent of the plateau is about 2,600,000 km2, of which 1,648,195 km2 is accounted for by Iran, and the rest covers Afghanistan, Pakistan, and former Soviet republics. The area of Iran is 3.7% of Asia and 1.09% of the total land on the Earth’s surface [1].

The Iranian Plateau is a triangular-shaped piece of land between the Persian Gulf and the Oman Sea on the south and the Caspian Sea on the north and plays the role of a bridge between Central Asia and other plateaus in western Asia and Europe [2]. The longest stretch of Iran runs from the Ararat Mountains northwest to the Goater Port on southwest and measures 2,210km, while the widest stretch is between Sarakhs on the northeast and the Arvand River on the southwest, measuring about 1,400km [1]. Half of Iran’s land surface is mountainous, 1/4 covered by fertile and productive plains and the other 1/4 covered with salty arid deserts [2].

The southernmost point of Iran is the Goater Port located on 25° N latitude, and the northernmost point is the Ararat foothills 40°N. The easternmost point is Kuhak on the border with Pakistan, while the westernmost point is Bazargan on the border with Turkey. Iran’s geographic coordinates are between 44° and 63° 5¢ 30″ E longitude and 25–40° N latitude [1].

The time difference between the easternmost and westernmost points is about 1h and 18min. The perimeter of Iran is about 8,700km of which 2,700km (or nearly one-third) is marine (Persian Gulf, Oman or Makran Sea and Caspian Sea) and the rest is terrestrial. The marine border line from the Arvand River estuary to the Goater Port stretches about 2,000km [1]. Based on the latest administrative division system provided by the Interior Ministry of Iran Website, Iran consists of 31 provinces, 385 counties, 961 districts, 1,120 cities, and 2,473 rural districts (Figure 1).

Zagros Mountains

These mountains begin in Kordestan and extend to Khouzestan, Fars, and the southern coast. The length of this mountain range is about 1,000km and its width around 200km. These mountains are much more expanded, well ordered, and simpler (from stratigraphically standpoint) than Alborz. Most geographers call Zagros as “Great Jura” because there are well-ordered and compressed anticlines and synclines than those seen in Alborz and look like what is seen in the Jura Mountains of Europe [1].

Western and Southwestern Mountain Ranges

The highest mountains in Lorestan are Oshtoran-kuh (4,050 m) and Garin (3,645 m). In middle Zagros, the highest peak is Dena (5,200m), which is the highest in all Zagros Mountain range. In northern Zagros (Kordestan and Kermanshahan), the highest mountains are Chehel-cheshmeh (3,173m), Shahou (3,390m), and Parou (3,357m). The Alvand Peak in Hamedan Province with a height of 3,580m is one of most beautiful mountains in Iran.

The Zagros Mountain blocks the moisture coming from the Mediterranean and Atlantic Ocean on their western flanks, resulting in the formation of huge reserves of snow and ice. The water produced due to melting of these reserves runs down through numerous valleys, such as Karoon, Karkheh, and Zayandeh-rud. The rivers originating from Zagros erode the mountains, especially in the northern and central parts. In some places, rivers like Zab and Sirvan cut the mountains sharply, while in the southern part, due to orderly folding of Zagros, rivers carve their valley parallel to the axis of the mountains (Orohydrography Map of Iran 1994) (Figure 2).

Oak Forests in Iran

Zagros forests, in the west, cover about 5 million hectares, comprising the semiarid forests important for protecting water supplies, regulating climate, and providing nonwood forest products. Tree Species in Zagros forest are mostly oak that involve: Q. persica،Q.infectoria، Q.libani، Q.magnosqumata. Other species mostly involve: celtis caucasica, Amygdalus scoparia, A.lycioides, Daphne mucronata, Pistacia atlantica. Zagros forest mostly sever numerous other environmental, social and rare economical functions. They are vitally important for preserving watershed for adequate water supply in Zagros mountain, Zagros forest provide shelter for wildlife, recreation and aesthetic renewal for people, Zagros forest is providing fodder for grazing of animal husbandry that is tools of livelihood of local people involve tribes and villages. Oak is very important in Zagros mountain Due to benefits of Quercus brantii. and its important role in soil and water protection.

Oak Decline

Oak forests in the Zagros Mountain are affected by declines. Characteristics of the site including both poorly and are predisposing factors. Inciting factors that have been important in the past include drought, fungi, dust, and defoliating insects and diseases. Many contributing factors have been associated with oak decline. These include the charcoal disease and Chrysobothris Parvipunctata of Buprestidae family that become aggressive on stressed trees, and several root and stem decay fungi.

Sudden Oak Death

The symptoms that define Sudden Oak Death were first recognized in 1998-2014. Over the next few years, SOD reached epidemic proportions in oak forests along approximately 1milion ha of the central Zagros coast. The main hosts included fungi disease in Persian oak. The rooting result of oak death was Outbreak of charcoal disease caused of fungi of B. Mediterranean on Quercus SPP Trees in forest of Zagros Mountains in Iran. Ascospores of Biscogniauxia mediterranea on Quercus brantii was find in 2010 in Zagros forest (Figures 3 & 4).

Recent oak decline, which covers a relatively vast area of Fars province, the oak forests of Plain-Barm which were most exposed to drying. Infected factors on dead oak including human factors (branch and/or clear Cutting and pruning, rain-fed farming under the trees in the forest floor, etc.), climatic factors (rainfall and temperature), and disturbing factors (pests and diseases) were assessed. Oak forest which dominates between 1,000 and 2,000 m elevation of Zagros Mountain that almost 40 % of the country’s forests.

Losses or dramatic declines of forest species, populations, or age classes due to pests and pathogens can have major impacts on ecosystems. These impacts include changes in ecosystem structure, decreased biodiversity, changes in hydrology and nutrient cycling, and cascading impacts throughout the food web [3,4]. The potential for forest pests and pathogens to interact with other ecological perturbations and yield unexpected or nonlinear responses is of concern [5,6].

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Insect

The knowledge of the interaction between insects and oaks in Zagros forest is still very poor. Although often unnoticed, ignored, or unappreciated, insects can be the most numerous, diverse, and damaging animals inhabiting forests. Insect damage to forest trees results directly from ingestion or destruction of plant parts that are fed upon, from colonization (such as tunneling or boring) of trees during feeding and reproduction, or from toxins they egest. The degree of damage that results from these activities vary widely among insect species, their various immature and mature stages, and the tree species and its stage of development from seedling to mature tree. The size of the insect population often strongly influences the degree of damage that results. Because the part of the tree that is damaged also influences whether the damage is merely cosmetic or serious, the different locations of feeding and breeding on and in trees is a convenient way to categorize groups of insects that damage forest trees.

Chrysobothris parvipunctata beetles (Figures 5 & 6) infest their galleries with fungi that serve as food for their larvae. Bark beetle adults bore through the bark and produce tunnels called “galleries” in the relatively thin area composed of the vascular cambium and adjacent phloem and xylem. After mating, females lay their eggs between the bark and the wood, either along their galleries or in special niches.

Two species of insects of Buprestidae family that have spreading in the Zagros forest through decrease of rain involve: Agrilus biguttatus, Fabricius (1776) and Anthaxia hungarica, Scopoli (1772). Other Disease Insect in Zagros Oak Forest Involve: Leucoma wiltshire, Tortrix viridana, Porthesia melania(Strand), Laspeyresia fagiglandana(Zeller), Marsham Curculio glandium, lymanteria dispar(Linnaeus), Malacosoma nustralia, Tortrix viridana (Lep.: Tortricidae) and Cynipidae. Tortrix viridana is a serious pest of oaks in the Fars oak forests. Oak bud tortricid (Tortrix viridana) has five larval instars in Fars oak forests. The pest overwinters as diaposed eggs. The first larval instar emergence coincides with tree budburst when they enter bud scales. Porthesia melania Stgr. (Lep., Lymantriidae) is the most important pest of oak trees in Zagros Forest, either and its larvae feed on upper surface of oak leaves. The highest and lowest densities of larvae were observed in the late March and mid-May, respectively. During summer and winter, no larvae were observed on oak leaves. The third larval stage which lasted eight months from the late July until mid-March in diapauses form, was the longest life stage of the oak moth. The pupae were formed in the soil.

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Forest Pest Management Principles and Practices

Knowledge of the biology of tree and insect or pathogen interactions may suggest one or more appropriate pest management principles. These principles can be considered “strategies,” or general approaches to minimizing the effects of damaging agents on trees and forests. Six strategies that are employed in forest pest management, including attempts to control pests of nursery seedlings and landscape trees, are:

i. Resistance: Utilization of trees with inherent, genetically controlled characteristics that minimize pest impacts, or use of practices to increase the ability of trees to defend themselves;

ii. Exclusion: Prevention of the introduction of a pathogen or insect to an area where it is not already present;

iii. Protection: Placement of a barrier or other material (usually chemical) that interferes with interaction of the pest and the tree;

iv. Eradication: Removal or destruction of pathogen or insect life stages to reduce or eliminate pest populations;

v. Avoidance: Utilization of locations, conditions, or practices that do not favor, or even suppress, development of disease and/or insect infestations;

vi. Therapy: Treatment to cure already diseased or infested trees (may involve employment of one or more of the other strategies listed above).

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Clearcutting, Regeneration and Burning

Clearcutting and burning results in the immediate loss of pest and fungi, and selective logging will modify forest structure and microclimate. After secondary forest regeneration in clear cut areas or on plantations (and agroforest ecosystems), at least part of the species may reestablish. The resulting distribution patterns of fungi and their communities are diverse, reflecting the microclimatic and substrate conditions in their secondary microhabitat, and the progress and speed of succession. This involves cutting in three phases:

In the first phase, the patient trees, or those with unwanted characteristics, are removed to create space for more highly preferred trees, thereby also halting the development of undesirable specimens or entire species. In the second phase, favourable conditions allowing oak regeneration (basically controlling canopy opening) are promoted. In the third phase, the remaining mature trees are harvested, once the new crop has been established, thus removed tree would burning that pest was not spread in all country.

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Felling of Diseases Trees

Diseases trees were clear in autumn seasonal by saw. In spring some of its tree have regenerated (Figures 7 & 8).

Pruning

Dead branch of oak tree in pilot forest of Plain-Barm, Kazerun in 30ha was cut by saw. In spring seasonal (after 3 month), the trees blossomed (Figure 9).

Burning

Thus, gather to cleared wood, burning pest tree to fungi was final phase in treatment and improvement of polluted forest (Figure 10). The evaluation of oak decline in Missouri (America) showed that oak decline was as a result of interacting factors of tree stress (insects, drought, and freezing) secondary diseases and pests (root fungi and insect holes). Subsequently, the tensions cause to weaken trees, reduce growth, and eventually lead to die [7]. Trees faced to long-term stress (pollution and competition) are susceptible to die in the short-term effects of environmental stresses (drought, insects and diseases) [8].

The study conducted in the Netherlands showed oak decline is associated with fluctuations in groundwater [9]. Ogaya [10] in Spain concluded that drought phenomena caused to decrease biomass and tree growth and eventually led to tree growth. The research was conducted in the South-East Sweden indicated that reduction the size of the trees, Sunny habitants, non-clay soils and pests are the obvious features of habitants with decline trees [11].There are many factors that cause to make decline so that various studies in different areas prove this value. Adverse condition of climate makes vulnerable habitants for investing pests [12] and growing fungi [13], increasing air pollution and decreasing soil nutrients [14,15]. Increasing the temperature had a significant effect on tree growth in south of Europe [16].

Drought can have in fact a strong impact on carbon fluxes and thus on the carbon sequestration potential of ecosystems. Experimental drought and warming resulted in a trend to reduce 33% the biomass of a Mediterranean shrubland [17]. Stem diameter increment of Quercus ilex and Arbutus unedo, two typical Mediterranean species, were reduced by 41 and 63%, respectively, in an experimental 5-year drought treatment, as well as the increment of live aboveground biomass (by 83%), together with increased mortality rates [18]. Quercus ilex showed strongly decreased net photosynthesis rates (44%) and stomatal conductance (53%) in autumn after a drought treatment [10].

During the last four years (2009- 2012) several reports of forest tree decline were received, complaining about serious damage and death of many trees. The disease has been spread throughout forests of Zagross mountains which extend from north west to south west of Iran covering approximately 4,000,000 ha. Also, the disease has been spread throughout forests of Alborz mountains in the north of Iran. The infected tree species included Q. brantii, Q. castaneifolia and Zelkova carpinifolia. Q. brantii Lindl. (Persian oak) has dominated in all parts of Zagros mountains from north to south, especially on the southern side of mountain in Ilam, Lorestan, Kohgilouyeh va Boyer-Ahmad, Fars and Kermanshah provinces. Zelkova carpinifolia (Pall.) Dippel, and Quercus castaneifolia C.A. Mey are native to the Caucasus and Alborz mountains in northern parts of Iran. The decline began with browning of the leaves, viscous liquid exudation on the branches and trunks resulting in a brownblack discoloration of bark and woody tissues. In the winter of the next year fungal growth induces a typical charcoal-black surface on diseased branches and trunks. The perithecia of B. mediterranea were observed in a black carbonaceous layer on the stem surface erupting from the declined trees and the ascospores were visible under light microscope. Perithecia were obovoid, containing, amyloid asci, with dark brown ellipsoid ascospores, with straight germ slits along the spore-length. Based on these morphological characteristics, the fungus was identified as Biscogniauxia mediterranea. Pathogenicity tests were conducted using an isolate of B. mediterranea on six-month-old Q. brantii seedlings using a mycelial plug of B. mediterranea colonized potato-dextrose agar and the symptoms were observed after two months and the same fungus was re-isolated. Based on previous studies infections occur in healthy living trees as endophyte and then become invasive under water stress conditions in most reports. B. mediterranea has been reported to be aggressive on drought stressed hosts. During the last ten years climate changes has occurred in Zagros forests and resulting drought stress extending desert areas followed by occurrence of the fine dust phenomenon has reduced the photosynthesis of the forest trees and making them more vulnerable to the disease. Despite tolerance of Persian oak species to the range of temperatures from -31°C until +45, the incidence of charcoal disease has been increased dramatically on Q. brantii forests. Based on our current knowledge, Q. brantii represents a new host of B. mediterranea and this is the first report of Persian oak charcoal disease outbreaks throughout Zagros mountain forests of Lorestan, Ilam, Fars, Kohgiloye va Boyer -- Ahmad and on Zelkova carpinfolia in Daland forests of Gorgan area.

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Other Influence Factors on Decline Oak

The Iranian Water Crisis

Located in one of the most arid regions in the world, Iran has an annual average precipitation rate of 252 millimeters, approximately one third of the global average. Exacerbating the severity of water shortages, as much as 70 per cent of precipitation is lost to evaporation. Estimates suggest that lower-than-average precipitation in 2013 caused a 30 per cent reduction in the volume of water in dams across the country, with only five exceeding 90 per cent capacity. According to the Institute for Forest and Pasture Research, groundwater levels have dropped two meters in recent years across 70 plains, affecting as much as 100 million hectares. According to the UN Development Program, the level of Iran’s per capita water resources is predicted to fall to as little as 816m³ in 2025, down from2,025m³ in 1990.

Iran is divided into six key and 31 secondary catchment areas. Besides the Persian Gulf and Gulf of Oman Basins, all of Iran’s basins are in the interior, where renewable freshwater sources are limited. Close to half of Iran’s total renewable water is in the Persian Gulf and Gulf of Oman Basins, representing one quarter of its land mass. Conversely, the Markazi Basin covers more than half of Iran’s land mass but holds less than one-third of the available freshwater.

Climate Change

Forest development is expected to be affected by the expected change in climate in response to the rapid increase of greenhouse gases in the atmosphere, particularly carbon dioxide (IPCC, CO2) (2001). Climate change will alter the abiotic conditions under which plant species can establish, survive, reproduce, and spread. These effects are expected to increase plant stress and decrease survival in the drier, warmer, and lower elevation portions of species ranges [16]. Abiotic factors probably constrain the range of many invasive plants and limit their successful establishment [13,19]. With climate change, however, new habitat, once too cold or wet, may become available, enabling plants to survive outside their historical ranges and expand beyond their current ranges.

Climate change impacts, while not a direct cause of Iran’s current water scarcity, will exacerbate water shortages and reduce already limited rainfall. According to Massoumeh Ebtekar, head of Iran’s Environmental Protection Organization, Iran’s climate has already warmed by 1.5 to 3 degrees due to greenhouse gas emissions. The seventh biggest greenhouse gas producer in the world, Iran is ranked 114th of 132 countries in the 2012 Environmental Performance Index produced by Yale and Columbia Universities. Of concern are Iran’s water resources and air pollution.

Climate change induced temperature and precipitation variability will reduce available freshwater and increase the incidence of drought conditions. Traditional Qanat systems are better equipped to store water and prevent evaporation; while reliance on dams and reservoirs for water supply will lead to greater surface water loss through evaporation and lack of storage capacity. Estimates suggest available water could halve between now and2050 due to climate change [20]. If this occurs Iran will face severe water insecurity and current tensions are likely to intensify, leading to internal conflict, mass internal displacement and urban migration, and a severely degraded agricultural system. The impacts of such events on Iran’s economy, environment, citizens and governance would lead to considerable instability in an already unstable region [21].

Water Scarcity

Food security is closely linked to water availability, which is claimed to be increasingly insufficient for agriculture, livestock, and household use in the villages. Extended dry seasons and deforestation have affected the water supply. Farmers now need to carry water from sources one to three kilometers away, further exacerbating the burden of food production (Figure 11).

Dust

Dust storms import up to 200 to 500-million-ton mineral dust particles into earth atmosphere in all over the middle east, Asia and Sahara [22] they affect directly visibility and have daily influence on military and economical operations in dust storms susceptible regions. Hence to identify this phenomenon aspect is necessary in respect to its enormous outcomes. Dust is one rooting cause of oak decline in Zagros forest. Recently, the occurrence of dust storms has taken on new dimensions and this issue has become a serious regional crisis. Fars province is one of the areas that is affected by this phenomenon. The deterioration of surface vegetation cover may strongly influence the occurrence of dust storms in Zagros Mountain [22].

Stress Complexes

In the context of the effects of climate change on ecosystems, sensitivity to disturbance interactions is extended to environmental drivers not usually identified as disturbances. For example, extreme temperatures, drought, and air pollution put forest ecosystems under stress, which may increase their vulnerability to “true” disturbances such as fire, insect outbreaks, and pathogens. Air pollution exacerbates drought stress from warmer temperatures, which amplifies biotic stresses such as insects and pathogens [23]. The stress complex for California forests is represented in (Figure 12); interacting disturbances form the core of drivers of ecosystem change, modified by climate, management, and air pollution.

Drought

Projections of drought extent over the next 75 years show that the proportion of global land mass experiencing drought will double from 15 to 30 % [24], and on most land masses, dry season precipitation is expected to decline by 15 % [25]. The oaks as a group are quite tolerant of drought, primarily because they have large root systems, leaf morphological characteristics that reduce transpiration, and the ability to maintain gas exchange and net photosynthesis to comparatively low levels of leaf water. The development of a strong taproot system in oaks provides them access to moisture from deep soil layers, a source less available to their more shallow-rooted competitors. The oaks are better adapted to xeric environments than many of their common mesophotic competitors. Impacts associated with extreme events such as heat waves, extreme precipitation or storms, may strongly affect the carbon cycling in agriculture, forestry and natural ecosystems (Figure 13).

Wood Production

Turkey and Iran are the main producers of wood products in Middle East and have established considerable plantations in areas with higher wood productivity for production purposes.

Wood Production

There has not industry wood in Zagros Forest, except to woods that will acquired of agroforestry of farmers in agriculture land that is mostly poplar tree (trembling poplar tree, populous alba and populous nigra).

Wood fuel

Firewood is a byproduct of forest management operations that comes from maintenance pruning, sanitary felling, and thinning (Figures 14 & 15). The linear function estimates published by Montero et al. [26] relate firewood yield to oak tree diameter, both for firewood resulting from pruning and from tree felling treatments. Thinned trees are assumed to have a diameter 35–40 % lower than the average diameter of the holm oak stand, with a 75 % firewood yield, based on lower intensity management than the empirical data used by Montero et al. [26].

Charcoal

Three wood properties appear to be important when considering the effectiveness and efficiency of charcoal production methods: woody species traits, wood dimension, and wood moisture content (FAO 1985). Broad-leaved species deliver the best charcoal due to their high wood density and high lignin content. For example, oak (Quercus) meets processing requirements quite well.

The method known as the ‘traditional earth pit’ is the most common processing tool applied in the Talamanca Mountains. This is probably the oldest method to produce charcoal in the world [27]. Normally, a large pit is dug in the forest ground (often in pastures) and properly sealed with soil material. The size of the pit differs from place to place, depending on the availability of raw material and the practices of the villagers. For the purpose of the current study, the cavity (earth pit) assessed was designed to fit the same amount of wood (4m3 wood) as that consumed by the transportable metal kiln (Figure 16).

Even higher, at elevations of 2,700–3,000m, oak forest has been cleared for charcoal production. This was still a major source of income for farmers. Charcoal is produced mainly based on oak (Quercus branti) and to a lesser extent, orange spp. Today, the production of charcoal from living trees is prohibited by national legislation. Therefore, charcoal producers currently uncover decaying oak logs still scattered around in pastures.

Non-Wood Forest Product (NWFP)

In the Zagros forest and Zagros paramour grassland environments, poor peasants gather cloves and damask rose for ornamental arrangements, especially in the period before the spring season. These non-vascular plants are locally important as non-timber forest products (NTFPs) of considerable commercial value. They are sold to truck drivers who take them to urban markets (‘ferias’) in plain-Barm, Fars. Although all landscape units provide some medicinal value, the forest was by far the most important, contributing over one third of all value. More than 15 per cent of medicinal products derive from gardens or the village itself. The tragacanth gum is an important commercial gum produced by several shrubby plants of the genus Astragalus, particularly in Zagros Forest, Iran. About 70% of the supplies of tragacanth gum originate from Iran, but small quantities are also produced in Afghanistan. Iran’s average annual production potential is estimated at 400tonnes and in 1988 export was 142tonnes which increased to 257tonnes in 1990. Tragacanth gum is mainly exported to the EU, US, Japan and the countries of the former Soviet Union [28]

Firewood and Acorn Yields Other of Damage Factors

Silvopastoral management of oak woodlands provides fuelwood from oak and shrub clearing or tree pruning, fodder (acorns, grass and browses), cereal fodder in long rotations, wild game, honey, and other diverse private goods and services [29].

Economy Zagros

Enough annual rainfall allowed agriculture without irrigation in much of Persia. Agriculture within Zagros forest is not a recent occurrence and has been well established for centuries. The economic crisis in many developing countries has reduced the purchasing power of low-income families and limited even further their ability to pay for formal sector housing or services. Many households in peri-urban areas do not enjoy a regular income. As noted above, families settle in peri-urban areas for rational reasons, primarily because land prices or rents are low

Climate change in Zagros Mountain, Iran will have social, political, and economic implications, which will be determined in large part by existing structural conditions and long- term trends. Although there has been significant diversification of the economy in recent years, Zagros people still depends heavily on agriculture. Unfortunately, in one decade soaring drought and change climate sent Zagros’s economy into a tailspin, severely constraining public- sector spending. Rising average temperatures in and of themselves will not significantly affect the Zagros forest states: the region is already one of the moderate, cold places on the planet.

Iranian Livestock

The Zagros of western and southwestern Iran is a mix of agronomic, social, and economic traits that forms a time-tested agrosilvopastoral system involving about less half the Iranian free-ranging livestock. Forests play an important role in the livelihoods and welfare of a vast number of people in both developed and developing countries; from urban citizens taking a recreational stroll in a nearby forest to isolated hunter gatherers who live in and off the forest. Livestock population numbers are high, and the domestic production of feed is limited. Livestock production in the Zagros Forest is an important part of the forestry production system. Livestock provides a major source of income in the drier areas where agricultural production is limited, and a supplementary source of income in areas where rainfall is better but erratic. For example, in Iran, livestock population is estimated at three times the feed production capacity of the rangelands. The result is that the traditionally organized forest grazing, with low livestock numbers on agreed rotations, is now breaking down as the pressure on the forests has significantly increased.

Population Growth

Population growth and its consequences on land use, in addition to land degradation and price shocks, are already a major concern for sustained forest and agricultural productivity in the region. The trend of changes in temperature, precipitation and climatic extremes will add to this stress. The agriculture of the region is potentially vulnerable to environmental and climate changes, and this threat can severely affect food security. The predicted temperature increase beyond 3؛C in most regions [29] is likely to have very adverse impacts on agriculture, water resources, ecosystem production and human health [30]. In Iran population has doubled since 1979, and the demand for more agricultural and pastoral products has forced people to convert forest and rangelands into cultivated land, and to overuse wood and plants as fuel for household cooking and heating [31].

Agriculture

The most obvious reason for deforestation is the conversion of forest lands for cattle ranching and agricultural crops, industrial activities and logging for timber. Transportation infrastructure has been linked to aggressive and rapid change in land use, with new roads making previously remote areas of forest accessible to farmers and ranchers, thus facilitating conversion of forest land to agricultural crops and use as pasture. Deforestation rates in Zagros forest have again been rising encouraged by record world prices for agriculture products, pushing the agricultural frontier ever further into Zagros forest. Global climate change has already contributed to rising temperatures in the Zagros forest which, when combined with deforestation, have led to a cycle of lower precipitation and a greater frequency of droughts. Conversion of oak forests to pomegranate gardens are rooting causes of destroy of its forests.

Tribes

Tribe living along Zagros forest (Figure 9). Tribes are people that migrate in ever seasonal for providing of diet for livestock. In autumn and summer, they are in plain –Barm forest, kazerun, thus they will migrate to colder some Abadeh and Eghlid city. During the pre-contact era oak trees were plentiful and served as a staple food source for most tribes. Tribes of the Barm Plains lived similar than those of the other Zagros mountain forest Basin did. Tribes of the same language Family lived in the same environment. Many tribes were organized into clans, clusters of related families traced back to a common ancestor. Ghashghae tribe live in Zagros forest with members from other area tribes. Ghashghae is largest and most populous in Iran. Inhabitant’s farm, raise livestock, cut lumber, and are generally self-sufficient. They still practice traditional customs, such as hunting, fishing, acorn-gathering, basket making, beadwork, and the White Deerskin and Jumping dances. Other tribal members earn a living through farming, raising livestock, and leasing oil rights to their lands. Livestock, especially sheepherding, soon became essential to Zagros tribe economy. Keep in mind that each tribe has a detailed history and culture to be further explored.

Each has individuals who have made or who are contributing to their own people or to the general society through leadership and in art and literature. Also keep in mind that each tribe has its own worldview and ceremonials.

Grazing

The effects of livestock grazing on the oak woodland community vary widely according to timing, intensity, and livestock type. Not surprising, responses to grazing are highly variable among plant and animal species.

Vegetative elements important to wildlife (e.g., grass, woodland shrub cover, and litter biomass) may be reduced, changed structurally, or otherwise altered by livestock grazing [32]. Grazing can reduce small mammal abundance [33]. And can alter the foraging behavior of wild herbivores such as deer [34]. Several studies conducted in the Southwestern US and in California oak woodland suggest that well-managed grazing systems can benefit native plant and wildlife species. For example, native perennial grasses were found to benefit from being grazed by cattle and sheep [35], and Marty [36] reported higher richness of aquatic invertebrates and native plants in continuously grazed vernal pool grasslands than at ungrazed sites in Central California oak woodland. Several endangered species are known to benefit from grazing, including San Joaquin kit foxes (Vulpes macrotis mutica) [37], and Stephen’s kangaroo rats (Dipodomys stephensi) [38]. Weiss [39] found that grazing was necessary to maintain habitat suitability for the endangered Bay checkerspot butterflies (Euphydryas editha bayensis). It has been argued that if livestock are properly managed, desired goals of animal production, economic sustainability, and wildlife conservation can usually be achieved [40].

Goats, Sheep and Cattle

In Zagros the forest and scrubland grazed is estimated at 5 million ha. Livestock production is a main economic activity, both in high rainfall areas where it represents a secondary production system, but more so in areas of limited rainfall where, in many cases, it represents the primary source of revenue. Livestock production provides insurance when crops fail. In addition, goats are a preferred source of protein as they are more readily transportable (Figure 17).

Fire

The use of fire as a management tool in agriculture and rangeland, combined with public apathy, neglect in fire management, arson, the irresponsible behavior of tourists and picnickers, and social conflicts are the main causes of uncontrolled fires, which burn significant areas of forest every year [41]. Although direct mortality from exposure to heat or smoke is quite rare, fire indirectly affects animals by its effects on habitat. As Wirtz et al. [42] documented for small mammals, longer-term response to fire varies among species and is proportional to the alteration of the habitat. In the post-burn years, wildlife composition moves toward species adapted to the level of complexity of the habitat created by the fire. Careful use of prescribed fire in oak woodland to mimic historical fire intensity and fire regimes can promote biodiversity at the landscape level [43]. Possible similarity between the effects of fire and of livestock grazing on habitat was proposed recently as a research hypothesis by Purcell and Stephens [44-47]. Much will be gained by a more thorough understanding of how grazing can be managed to influence woodland habitat structure in a manner like that of prescribed burning. Air quality regulations, risks to property, and cost are making prescribed burning more difficult to implement. In summary, prescribed fires of low intensity can help to maintain woodland habitat mixes and their associated diversity, either alone or in combination with low intensity grazing. More research on this topic is clearly needed, however (Figure 18).

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[irancumentary-blog]

: #Khuzestan, #Ahwaz, Karoon River.   Old men waiting for tourists. Due to the shortage of rainfall in recent years, the volume of the Karoon #River has been reduced, which, on days when the rain falls, results in the mud staining of the water color. . Photo by : Niloufar Kavousi @niloofar.kavousii . پیرمردها در انتظار گردشگران. به علت کمبود بارندگی در سالهای اخیر ،از حجم رود کارون کاسته شده است که در روزهایی که باران میبارد منجر به گل‌آلود شدن رنگ آب می‌شود. عکس از : نیلوفر کاووسی #ایران #خوزستان #اهواز . #irancumentary . #everydayeverywhere #everydayiran #everydayworld #mustseeiran #tourist #travel #trip #society #iranissafe #iran #society #documentaryphotography #exploreiran #instagram #photography #gettyimages (at Ahwaz, Khuzestan, Iran) https://www.instagram.com/p/BueZqn4AdaC/?utm_source=ig_tumblr_share&igshid=1td1roazzg8s

#khuzestan #ahwaz #river #ایران #خوزستان #اهواز #irancumentary #everydayeverywhere #everydayiran #everydayworld #mustseeiran #tourist #travel #trip #society #iranissafe #iran #documentaryphotography #exploreiran #instagram #photography #gettyimages

[romaparvaztourandtravel-blog]

Karoon River

 📌 #Kuzestan

💥 Travel to Iran

✔️ Romaparvaz, Iran tour & travel agency

☎️[phone]

✉️[email protected]

#travel mustseeiran persia persian ski snowboard letsgoiran traveler traveliran trip cometoiran mustsee iranissafe journey summervacation lif

[srbachchan]

DAY 3844

Jalsa, Mumbai             Sept 26/27,  2018               Wed/Thu  12:54 AM

“ .... जीवन एक बहती हुई नदी है  । प्रयाग ( इलाहबाद , गंगा जमुना का संगम ), में गंगा-स्नान का आनंद लेने के लिए यह आवश्यक नहीं की पहले गंगोत्री , या हरिद्वार में डुबकी लगा ली जाए  । कहीं कहीं आपको पूर्वापर सम्बंध का अभाव खटक सकता है  ; पर इस कमी को आप अपनी थोड़ी-सी कल्पना से पूरा कर सकते हैं  ।”

“ मेरे बहुत से मित्रों ने  ‘ क्या भूलूँ क्या याद करूँ ‘ की प्रशंसा अतिशयोक्तियों  में की है । उनके प्रति आभार प्रकट करता हूँ । साथ ही मैं ये भी जानता हूँ , की जो कलाकार मित्रों की प्रशंसा का विश्वास करता है , वो विनाश के पथ पर है  । इसी लिए बाबा तुलसीदास ने उत्तम कृति का मापदण्ड ये रखा है कि  ‘ सहज बयर बिसराई रिपु , जो सुनि करहिं बखान ‘ । पर ये तो उस ज़माने में लिखा गया था जब लोग दुश्मन और दुश्मन के सृजन में अंतर कर सकते थे । दृष्टि - संकीर्णता के इस युग में उनके अविरोध अथवा मौन को उनका ‘बयान ‘ मान लेना होगा । शायद कुछ ग़लती कर रहा हूँ । विरोध का स्वर अभी मैंने नहीं सुना तो क्या ; मौन अवज्ञा का भी हो सकता है । उपेक्षा से बढ़कर अपमान भी कोई होता है ? “

Life is a flowing river  .. to enjoy the bathing in the Ganga at  Prayag, Allahabad, the city at the confluence of Ganga and Jamuna rivers, Sangam , it is not necessary to have bathed first at Gangotri, the mouth of the Ganga or Haridwaar, a religious city by the Ganga river considered sacred .. at times the  lack of the connect of what precedes and the following , can be disturbing .. but one can overcome this want or lack of, through a little bit of imagination ..

Many of my friends have praised in most exaggerated manner, the first volume of my Autobiography  ‘kya bhoolun kya yaad karoon ‘ .. ( what to forget and what to remember - the opening lines of one of his famous poems ) I am grateful to them .. at the same time I also know that the artist that has faith in the praise from his friends, is on the path of destruction .. that is why the poet Tulsidas, the writer of Ramayan has given the measure of great writing or good creative effort as .. 

  ‘ सहज बयर बिसराई रिपु , जो सुनि करहिं बखान ‘ .. 

But this was written in those times when people were able to distinguish between an enemy and the enemy’s ‘srijan’, its creation , a created enemy , to be able to note a difference .. in todays world of myopic visions , one would have to accept the lack of disagreement, or its silence as their ‘bayan’, as there saying or statement, and believe it .. .. maybe I am making a mistake .. if I have not heard the voice of disagreement or an anti voice , silence can also mean a defiance ..  can not ignoring something, also be the biggest disrespect ..?

The words of my Father come from the foreword of his second volume of his Autobiography ‘needh ka nirmaan phir’ , the building of my nest again .. and one cannot but relish the observations of human meaning, feeling and psychological structures .. the theosophical studies that my Father undertook which led him to work on his PhD on WB Yeats, the Irish poet, a strong study of his in his writings on theosophic manners .. 

The strength of a writer and his vision are ever incomparable .. they see and sense much beyond most normal beings, which is why they are gifted specials .. to be able to spend time in their shadows, is learnings enough .. and it is never too late for learnings .. no matter its absence earlier ; no matter its presence in the present now ..

Of this I am certain .. those times spent with his, my Father’s, mind, shall ever remain an incomplete education .. there is so much, so much immensely more .. that, then, is inspirational enough to pursue his works and his writings .. it would be a dishonour not to do so ..

Its been a day of rest after long .. but the discomfort of excess, the monotony of idle ware , and the uncertainty of the next , pulsates within .. hopefully it shall be evaded by the morrow .. 

For then shall there be uniformity in form ..

Amitabh Bachchan 

[akhila-aa]

Daytripper Soundtrack

Track # 1: “Where Are Ü Now” by Jack U featuring Justin Bieber

I need you, I need you, I need you, I need you, I need you, I need you, I need you, I need you, I need you, I need you, I need you the mostI gave you the key when the door wasn't open Just admit it See, I gave you faith, turned your doubt into hoping, can’t deny it Now I'm all alone and my joys turned to moping Tell me here, where are you now that I need ya? Where are you now? (where are you now?) Where are you now that I need ya? Couldn't find you anywhere When you broke down I didn't leave ya I was by your side So where are you now that I need ya?Where are you now that I need ya? Where are you now that I need ya? Where are you now that I need ya? Where are you now that I need ya?I gave you attention when nobody else was payin', hm I gave you the shirt off my back whatchu sayin' To keep you warm I showed you the game everybody else was playin', that's for sure And I was on my knees when nobody else was prayin', oh LordWhere are you now that I need ya? Where are you now that I need ya? I need you, I need you, I need you, I need you, I need you, (Where are you now that I need ya?) I need you, I need you, I need you, I need you, I need you, I need you the mostWhere are you now that I need ya? Where are you now that I need ya? Where are you now that I need ya?I need you the most I need you the most I need you the most

Theme: Neglect- Bras from his family

Track 2:  Mr. Probz - Waves (Robin Schulz Remix Radio Edit)

[Verse 1]

My face above the water My feet can't touch the ground Touch the ground, and it feels like I can see the sands on the horizon Everytime you are not around [Chorus] I'm slowly drifting away (drifting away) Wave after wave, wave after wave I'm slowly drifting (drifting away) And it feels like I'm drowning Pulling against the stream Pulling against the wave (drifting away) Wave after wave, wave after wave I'm slowly drifting (drifting away, drifting, drifting away) [Verse 1] My face above the water My feet can't touch the ground Touch the ground, and it feels like I can see the sands on the horizon Everytime you are not around [Chorus] I'm slowly drifting away (drifting away) Wave after wave, wave after wave I'm slowly drifting (drifting away) Wave after wave, wave after wave I'm slowly drifting (drifting away, drifting, drifting away)

[Verse 2]

I wish I could make it easy

Easy to love me, love me

But still I reach, to find a way

I'm stuck here in between

I'm looking for the right words to say

[Chorus]

I'm slowly drifting, drifting away

Wave after wave, wave after wave

I'm slowly drifting (drifting away)

And it feels like I'm drowning

Pulling against the stream

Pulling against the wave

Theme: Sacrifice- Bras in the ocean

Track 3: Wasted Times by The Weeknd

[Verse 1] Wasted times I spent with someone else She wasn't even half of you Reminiscin' how you felt Reminiscin' how you felt And even though you put my life through hell I can't seem to forget 'bout you, 'bout you I want you to myself [Chorus] And now I'm askin', who do you belong to now? Who you give that love to now? Who you pullin' up on? Who you gettin' sprung for now? And what they got that I ain't got? 'Cause I got a lot Don't make me run up on 'em, got me blowin' up their spot 'Cause I ain't got no business catchin' feelings anyway I ain't got no business catchin' feelings [Verse 2] Catchin' feelings These girls only want you when you're winnin' (winnin') But you've been with me from the beginnin' (ooh, yeah, yeah) And I know right now that we're not talkin' (not talkin') I hope you know this dick is still an option 'Cause I'll beat it up (I'll beat it up, yeah) I'll take my time to learn the way your body functions You were equestrian, so ride it like a champion (I'll beat it) This sex will get you high without no other substance

Theme: Lost- Bras losing Olinda

Track #4: Coldest Winter by Kanye West

[Verse 1] On lonely nights, I start to fade On lonely nights, I start to fade Her love's a thousand miles away Her love's a thousand miles away [Hook] Memories made in the coldest winter Goodbye my friend, will I ever love again? Memories made in the coldest winter [Verse 2] It's 4 a.m. and I can't sleep It's 4 a.m. and I can't sleep Her love is all that I can see Her love is all that I can see [Hook] Memories made in the coldest winter Goodbye my friend, will I ever love again? Memories made in the coldest winter, winter, winter Goodbye my friend, will I ever love again? Goodbye my friend, will I ever love again? Goodbye my friend, will I ever love again?

[Verse 3]

If spring can take the snow away If spring can take the snow away Can it melt away all of our mistakes Can it melt away all of our mistakes

[Hook 2]

Memories made in the coldest winter

Goodbye my friend,

I won't ever love again Never again

Theme: Death- Bras losing his dad

Track #5: Let It Shine

Theme: Freedom: Bras childhood

Track 6: Oath by Cher Lloyd featuring Becky G

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=bZ8ho6Gt1EQ

Theme: Friendship: Bras and Jorge

Track 7: No Doubt- Don’t Speak

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ONg4SK39-Kg

Theme: Betrayal- Jorge killing Bras

Track 8: Agar Tum Saath Ho - ALKA YAGNIK and ARIJIT SINGH

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=OGI0fNvr4fo

stop for a moment, let this heart get stable how should I stop you.. every sorrow coming towards me would slip away.. I’ll fill you in my eyes I’ll talk to you without speaking, if you are with me if you are with me.. behti rehti neher nadiyaan si teri duniya mein meri duniya hai teri chaahaton mein main Dhal jaati hoon teri aadaton mein gar tum saath ho.. in your world, canals and rivers seem to be flowing my world is in your love I mould according to your habits if you are with me.. teri nazron mein hai tere sapne, tere sapnon mein hai naraazi, mujhe lagta hai ki baatein dil ki hoti lafzon ki dhokhebaazi tum saath ho ya na ho kya fark hai bedard thi zindagi bedard hai your dreams are there in your eyes, and because of your dreams there is anger (in you).. I feel the talks of heart are all deception.. whether you are there with me or not, what is the difference, the life was merciless, and is merciless. agar tum saath ho agar tum saath ho.. if you are with me if you are with me.. palken jhapakte hi din ye nikal jaaye baiThi baiThi bhaagi phiroon meri taraf aata har gham phisal jaaye aankhon mein tumko bharoon, bin bole baatein tumse karoon, gar tum saath ho, agar tum saath ho.. as soon as the I blink, the day comes out. I keep running around while sitting only.. every sorrow coming towards me would slip away.. I’ll fill you in my eyes I’ll talk to you without speaking, if you are with me if you are with me.. teri nazron mein hai tere sapne, tere sapnon mein hai naaraazi, mujhe lagta hai ki baatein dil ki hoti lafzon ki dhokhebaazi tum saath ho ya na ho kya fark hai bedard thi zindagi bedard hai agar tum saath ho dil ye sambhal jaaye agar tum saath ho.. har gham phisal jaaye agar tum saath ho.. din ye nikal jaaye. agar tum saath ho.. har gham phisal jaaye

Theme: Death- Bras presence within his wife

Track #9: Blue Dream by Jhene Aiko

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=r4OfvWT5pgE

Theme: Dreams- Bras’s ultimate dream

Track #10: Ready, Set, Don’t Go by Billy Ray Cyrus featuring Miley Cyrus

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=luIRLVj7LtA

Theme: Acceptance: Bras father letting Bras go

[hardsadness]

Karoon River, Ahvaz, Iran Photo by Ashkan Forouzani

[mynuttycollectorenthusiast-blog]

Ambisyon

Magandang tanawin at malamig ang simoy ng hangin at napakagandang panahon na pwedeng mag pahinga sa ilalim ng punong mangga habang pina pakinggan ang himig ng sariwang hangin  na may humahalong tinig ng masasayang ibon na tinatamasa ang magandang panahon at si lino ay gimisng at nakita niya ang kanyang kapaligiran at agad siyang nagpasalamat sa may kapal at bigla niyang binuksan ang kanilang pintuan upang lumabas upang mapakain na niya ang kanyang mga alagang manok,kambing at kalabaw at iba pa habang pinapakain niya ito nakita niya ang kanyang kaibigan na naglalakad na sina lory at si lando na papuntang sapa agad ko silang tinawag upang magluto ng pagkain upang maging baon para maligo ng sapa habang niluluto ng kaibigan ko ang saging at kamoting kahoy at ang kalabaw ay nilagay ko muna sa lunangan upang magpahinga sa araw ng sabado at habang nag papahinga ako sa ilalim ng punong mangga kinuha ko ang aking guitara upang mag practice sa mga hindi ko pa kayang itugtog  at nakapag isip-isip ako kung    magtayo  ako ng isang sarilng banda kaya ko kaya ito pero tinawag ako ng aking  kaibigan na mag handa na upang mailgo ng sapa habang kami ay nag lalakad may nakita kaming malaking ahas sa daanan at agad kaming nag takbuhan palayo sa isang malaking ahas at aming baon ay nahulog pa puntang potek at nagsisihan kami na bakit mo itinapon ang ating pagkain kaya naglakad na lang kami papuntang sapa ngunit sa ibang daan na lang kami dumaan para maiwasan namin ang malaking ahas na nasa daanan at nang nakarating na kami naka ramdam kami ng gutom at agad kaming naka isip na mamengwit ngunit wala kaming kagamitang pamengwit at nakakita kami ng isang cellphane na may laman na gamit at kayat nakapag isip kami kong ano ang amiong gagawin dito pero may naramdaman kaming takot at kihuha ko agad ito wala naman itong nag-mamay-ari at pagkatapos na ming mag hanap ng kagamitang pamengwit at agad kaming nag hanap ng pwesto at namingwet kami at habang kami ay namimiwit pinakinggan namion ang musikang malamig sa tainga na mat titolong  river flow  at nakita ko ang tali ng pamengwit ng kaibigan ko na parang gumagalaw agd ko siyang tinawag at nakakuha kami ng isang isda na kadalasan na tinatawag na tilapia  at amin itong niluto sa pamamagitan ng apoy  at meron kaming kaunting dala na kanin na mais at amin itong niluto sa isang kawayan habang niluluto namin ito ipinag patuloy na min ang pamemengwit para may maiuwi kami sa bahay at masayang masaya kaming kumakain sa pagkain na ibinigay ng Dios sa amin at kami ay nag usap-usap kung ano ang aming mga pangarap balang araw at pagkatpos naming kumain kinuha ko ang aking guitara upang tumogtug ng isang musika na nag papaalala na mas masarap mauhay ng simple at masayang masaya kami na pinag sasaluhan namin ang pagkain na nasa aming harapan at nakapag isip kami na bumuo kami ng isang banda at habang hindi pa namin ito na sisimulan ay araw-araw kaming nag e-ensayo para sa aming banda at palagi kaming nasa sapa upang makapag isip ng mgagandang plano at nang  lumipas ang mga ilang taon  kami ay magkaklase na kami sa isang paaralan at meron na kaming mga kanta na kayang tugtugin pero nahihiya lang kami pero ng mag karoon ng battle of the band sa paaralan sumali kami pero hindi kami pinalad pero nag susumikap kami para makapag tugtog ulit pero habang hindi pa kami nagtutug tog araw kami ng e-ensayo para meron kaming mapaglipsan ng oras kaysa ito ay sayangin  lamang wala kaming mararating at ngayon ay nakapag isp-isp kami  ng isang negosyo na may pangalang Golden Ratio at aming napag isip isipan  na itayo ito  at gusto  namin tulad ng pagpipinta ng damit at pag piprinta ng ibat-ibang uri ng serbisyo at ito ay napag simulan na namin pero hindi namin kinaya.