Empleo y diseño institucional
La condición dispar entre hombres y mujeres en el área laboral también se puede explicar a partir del sistema institucional japonés y las políticas creadas desde el Ministerio de Salud, Trabajo y Bienestar, así como de la Agencia Nacional de Impuestos, que han promovido que las mujeres se dediquen principalmente a labores domésticas y de cuidado, y de que en caso de trabajar fuera de sus hogares, lo hagan de tiempo parcial. A continuación se presentan algunas de las políticas que dan sustento a lo anteriormente expuesto.
En materia fiscal, desde 1961 se crearon las “deducciones familiares” con el supuesto propósito de ayudar a familias donde ambos esposos trabajan, al establecer la reducción proporcional del impuesto al salario por unidad familiar y no individualmente. Por ejemplo, si uno de los esposos gana menos de ¥700,000 anuales hay una excepción para el total de ingresos por salario por familia de hasta 38%. Sin embargo, si se presenta un aumento en el salario de alguno de los esposos, la deducción disminuye en proporción a este, por lo que se desincentivan salarios mayores a millón de yenes, especialmente para las mujeres (Yokoyama, 2018), pues si la cantidad de salario es alta, la deducción ya no es aplicable.
Lo anterior ha producido que, como al ser mayormente los hombres los de mayor ingreso, se busque la mayor deducción fiscal por medio de la reducción o eliminación del salario de la mujer, lo que explica la decisión de muchas japonesas de no reinventarse en el mercado laboral tras contraer matrimonio (Villaseñor, 2022, p. 11). Ante este panorama, en 2004 y 2018 se hicieron reformas a las deducciones familiares con el fin de volver a incentivar la participación femenina en el sector laboral, sin embargo, la situación no cambió mucho (Akabayashi, 2006; Takahashi, 2010; Bessho y Hayashi, 2014).
Por otra parte, el “sistema de pensiones” 国民年金 (kokumin nenkin) exime, desde su reforma en 1985, a todas las mujeres casadas de pagar contribuciones para el fondo nacional de pensión. Esto implica que, las mujeres casadas, tanto aquellas que hayan desempeñado o no un trabajo fuera del hogar, al momento de llegar a la edad de jubilación reciben la totalidad del monto pensionable (Villaseñor, 2022). No obstante, existe una excepción: esto no es aplicable a mujeres solteras, y hasta hace poco, tampoco lo era para mujeres divorciadas (Osawa, 2013).
Es así que el sistema japonés, por medio de las políticas fiscales, de pensiones y laborales, ha favorecido significativamente a las mujeres que no trabajan fuera del hogar, pero importante resaltar que sólo a aquellas que forman parte de familias con ingresos medios y altos, puesto que en los hogares que perciben un salario por debajo de la línea de pobreza, la participación de al menos dos miembros de la familia en el mercado laboral se vuelve una necesidad (Osawa, 2000). De esta forma, debido a que los incentivos están pensados en beneficio de una clase de familia, existen efectos negativos para la contratación de mujeres casadas para quienes no es una opción decidir formar parte o no del campo laboral.
De esta misma forma, el sistema institucional ha favorecido la reproducción de un modelo residual familista bajo el argumento de proteger a la “familia tradicional” japonesa, lo cual no sólo afecta a las mujeres en general, sino particularmente a las que forman parte de una familia con bajos ingresos (Villaseñor, 2022); además de que, en realidad, lo que se pretende con estas políticas es la reducción del gasto público en cuidado de niños y ancianos, tarea que ha sido encomendada a las mujeres, así como contar con amortiguadores en el mercado laboral garantizando la estabilidad en el empleo de los hombres asalariados por medio de la subcontratación de mujeres.
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Notes From the 2021 Myanimelist.net Challenges - Part 2: Manga
The manga side of the challenge has always been a little harder for me to accomplish. Some days, I don’t feel like reading. This particular challenge required me to read one manga at a time before moving on to another one, which kinda tripped me up at points. However, I did read some pretty good manga that made me feel things.
Like the anime post, I will talk about some honorable mentions/manga that were notable for other reasons, then I’ll mention my favorites from this challenge.
Let’s do this.
Honorable Mentions/Other Notables:
Ludwig Revolution - completed for the task “Read a manga tagged under European Ambiance”
Prince Ludwig (aka Lui) is a collector of corpses who also has a fetish for big tits. When his father, the king, sends him away to find a normal wife, Lui and his servant, Wilhelm, travel the land and run into several women from classic fairy tales. Meanwhile, trouble starts brewing in the kingdom while they are away.
I discovered Yuki Kaori (the mangaka) when I read The Cain Saga and its sequel, Godchild, after I picked the former up on a whim at a local anime convention a few years ago. Ever since then, I liked her aesthetic. Very pretty, fancy, gothic style. The art is probably my favorite part of this manga. There is some occasional comedy in there as well, sometimes relating to Lui being a bit of a perv and not having his priorities straight.
An interesting take on the Grimm Fairy Tales (mention goes to Little Red Riding Hood being an assassin after her family gets killed, she becomes a frenemy of sorts to Lui and Wilhelm).
We all know the Fractured Fairy Tales concept is a bit old-hat at this point, but I had fun with this manga.
Planetes - completed for the task “Read a manga tagged Sci-Fi or Space”
A manga about a group of debris cleaners on a space station. Yuri is haunted by the death of his wife several years before the story takes place. Fee is a Faye Valentine-type tomboy with a husband and kid back at home. Hachi is a younger team member with big dreams of going further into space.
A lot of my feelings about this manga can be summed up by a comment on the scanlation page I read this manga on:
“It’s only Chapter 1...and I’m already crying.”
This manga brought out the feels for sure. Introspective, psychological, some action in there too. It’s nice to see the characters grow throughout their time in space. Some good lessons taught by one of the characters in the end.
Kokumin Quiz - completed for the task “Read a manga from the ones listed under manga relations in the Hidden Gems of Manga club”
[Don Lafontaine voice] In a world... [/Don Lafontaine voice] where Japan is the lone world superpower, there is a game show called the National Quiz. This game show essentially rules the world. Winners get whatever they wish for, no matter the cost or size, while the losers suffer a living hell, whether they are sentenced to slave labor, or something much worse. A former contestant, Kei-i Keiichi, has been sentenced to be the host of the National Quiz as his punishment. However, he secretly wants to destroy the system, as do a few rebels who cross his path.
This manga was quite the trip. The art gave me huge Mob Psycho 100 vibes, which was a point in its favor. Very enjoyable, despite and because of its zaniness and good story. This was the first manga I read for the Challenge in 2021, and it got the year off to a good start.
Tamashii no Futago (aka The Twin Souls) - completed for the task “Read a manga about spirits / life after death / souls”
One day, in America, a little boy named Alex is killed on Halloween. On the other side of the world in Germany, another child, Rite, also dies. Their souls latch on to people that can see them, and try to get them to meet (and to meet each other) while also trying to remember their past lives and circumstances behind their deaths.
Short and sweet at 2 volumes. This honestly made me tear up a couple times. The story was really interesting.
Yuureitou - completed for the task “Read a manga of your choosing”
In the 1950s, a woman is killed by being tied to the hands of a clock tower and being twisted by the hands until her back breaks. Rika, the woman’s adopted daughter, is said to have done the deed. A few years later, the clock tower is said to be haunted and is called the Ghost Tower. Taichi, a NEET, goes to the clock tower one night to investigate and is attacked and nearly killed the same way, but is saved by a mysterious man named Tetsuo.
A very interesting mystery, good pacing, and the art is pretty good too. I liked the two main characters a lot. Good character development all around, especially Tetsuo and Taichi.
The main critique I have about this manga is a bit of a spoiler, so skip to the next entry if you want to read this manga for yourself (which I honestly recommend despite this upcoming gripe).
Tetsuo is revealed to be a trans man not too long into the story. Great, trans rep, let’s go!!! But I feel at times they go back and forth like a seesaw between fetishization of Tetsuo’s body (there are a few times where his naked body is shown, and his body looks like that of a typical attractive cis woman, and I feel like it’s used for sex appeal and/or to seduce characters) and actually great LGBT representation (Tetsuo’s past before he realized he was a boy is shown, with some commenters on the scanlation page even commenting they related at some points; Tetsuo gets a happy ending; Taichi still refers to Tetsuo with correct pronouns; and there’s a closeted gay character too, a detective who joins in on solving the mystery of the Ghost Tower, though one point of his sexual awakening made me think of Yoshikage Kira’s origin story of his hand fetish from Jojo’s Bizarre Adventure). I honestly didn’t know what to think at times.
I would still recommend this one overall, despite the criticisms I had.
Favorites from the Challenge:
A Cruel God Reigns - completed for the task “Read a manga that started publishing in the 90s”
Trigger warnings: abuse, rape, drug use, sex, incest
Jeremy is a sensitive kid from Boston who is happy that his mom, Sandra, is getting remarried to Greg, a rich guy from England. Unfortunately, Greg is not who he presents himself to be. He abuses Jeremy when they are alone; physically, mentally, and especially sexually. Jeremy keeps this a secret because he is afraid of Sandra doing something drastic, as she is shown to not be the most stable. Jeremy’s behavior starts changing, and it changes even more when he sets Greg up to be killed in a car accident, but accidentally takes Sandra with him. Ian, Jeremy’s step-brother, starts to investigate and finds what he has known about his father to be a lie. Ian also develops some complicated feelings for Jeremy in the process.
This was a fucking rollercoaster of emotions. Sadness, anger (especially at Greg), wanting to give everyone a hug (except Greg and a few other adult characters), various calm-before-the-storm moments, some fleeting moments of happiness for certain characters, etc.
I liked that the trauma that Jeremy went through is shown realistically, not being magically solved over a certain period of time. A few twists that were unexpected. The art was nice, especially when the flower motifs and visuals were used. It’s BL (And you can tell it’s early BL because there are some problematic tropes involved), but it’s depressing BL, and the BL is not the main focus.
Wandering Son (aka Hourou Musuko) - completed for the task “Read a manga that is scored higher than its anime adaptation”
Shuichi Nitori is a closeted trans girl. Yoshino Takatsuki is a closeted trans boy. Together, they deal with school life, friend drama, family, and coming to terms with their identities.
A few years ago, I watched the anime adaptation of Wandering Son for the Anime Watching Challenge, and I had planned to read the manga to see how the story went on. I liked that this manga also included some of the pre-story that was only touched on in the anime. I also liked seeing the characters’ later stages of childhood.
I still loved a lot of the characters and I definitely noticed some of the things Shuichi did in things that my trans friends have mentioned they did before transitioning. I liked the art. The story was great too, just like its adaptation. I feel like the ending is kinda bittersweet.
I still liked this manga a lot, though.
Green Blood - completed for the task “Read a manga tagged Psychological or Thriller” (Thriller, in this case)
After the Civil War, the district of Five Points in Manhattan, NY, is a slum ran by the mob. Luke Burns is a hard-working kid hoping to get his American Dream. His older brother, Brad, on the other hand, is a slacker. However, Brad is secretly an assassin known as the Grim Reaper. Wielding a gun-knife, he works for the Grave Diggers and has a reputation as a killer.
This manga was so good. A unique, Old-West-type setting. This was probably the manga with my favorite art styles of the challenge this year. The art is just *chef’s kiss*.
The action was pretty cool, too. Great story that doesn’t drag on too long or go by too quickly.
Goodnight Punpun (aka Oyasumi Punpun) - completed for the task “Read a seinen manga”
Punpun Onodera is a normal 11-year-old boy living an average life until he gets a crush on the new girl in class. After this, he starts to become a man and realizes that life is hard and people he once looked up to aren’t what they seem.
12 Years a Slave.
Irreversible.
The Mist.
Gran Torino, in the case of one of my friends.
All movies I’ve seen listed (the first one I mentioned would be my pick) in the topic of “Good/great movies that you wouldn’t watch again.”
That is pretty much this manga.
This manga is essentially about kids losing their innocence, growing up, and realizing the real world fucking sucks. Everyone and everything sucks here. No one is truly a good or bad person in this story. Whether it’s abuse, a weird cult, relationships where people have low self esteem, I can’t even.
This manga was great, despite what I mentioned here. It starts off dark and gets even darker. The art fit the (let’s be real) depressing and nihilistic mood, nothing is sugarcoated. It really made me think and honestly cringe a little at how much of it was relatable, especially the parts where characters sabotage themselves and fall back into old (and often destructive) habits and lifestyles. I found a lot of the character arcs to be interesting, both despite and because of things like this.
This manga definitely deserves its reputation as both a good manga and honestly one that nearly broke me a couple times.
This manga was amazing, but there’s a reason there are several videos and reviews on Youtube and other sites saying essentially “DON’T READ THIS MANGA!!!”
Fuck you, Inio Asano. But in a good way. This manga was great, I swear.
Doll (aka Doll: IC In a Doll) - completed for the task “Read a manga of your choosing”
“Dolls” are human-like androids kept by people who use them for various purposes. The manga is an anthology with many stories about Dolls and the humans who use them, ranging across the emotional spectrum, some showing what it really means to be human.
Wow. This manga really made me feel things. The art style was great too, which I soon discovered was because this was the same mangaka who made The Embalmer, a manga that made it into the Favorites section from the 2019 manga post. (Dang, she writes about death really well.)
I feel like the anthology style (the manga that came to mind was Pet Shop of Horrors, which I read for the challenge a few years ago) works for this. Really made me think a bunch when I was reading it. My jaw dropped at the ends of a couple of the stories. There was also one story where at the end, I literally cried in the middle of a supermarket while waiting for the post-Covid booster 15 minutes to end so I could go home.
That one hit particularly hard because, as I mentioned in the Anime post, my dad died at the beginning of December 2021. His funeral was a few days after he died, and I got my Covid booster the day after the funeral.
The story was about an old, jaded lab guy whose job was to crush/kill Dolls that have been broken or outlived their usefulness. He hires a younger adult (maybe in his 20s) to work for him and take over for him when he retires (which he doesn’t plan on doing). The old guy mentions a few times throughout the story that he has learned to accept death long ago and has been able to do his job well, but without much emotion. While working one night, his lab coat gets caught in the press machine used to crush the Dolls. He fears for his life, when the Doll he was going to kill steps in and saves him by blocking the press and pulling him out. The old guy realizes that his life was flashing before his eyes and starts to turn over a new leaf. He then retires and starts to live his life for the first time in a while.
The quote that stuck out was this:
“It’s not about accepting death, it’s about cherishing life.”
And I honestly fucking cried a little. That quote has helped me feel a little better after my dad’s death, for sure.
This wins Best of the Challenge this year. Another one that came at just the right time.
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