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gisselluna20 · 1 year

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Tube while Increasing Community Wellness Concern Amongst School Children in the Federation regarding Bosnia as well as Herzegovina.

An escalating physique regarding materials offers uncovered option systems associated with Nrf2 regulation, which include phosphorylation involving Nrf2 by different necessary protein kinases (PKC, PI3K/Akt, GSK-3 experiment with, JNK), discussion along with other protein companions (p21, caveolin-1) as well as epigenetic aspects (micro-RNAs -144, -28 along with -200a, and also supporter methylation). These along with other techniques tend to be probably essential determinants involving Nrf2 action, and therefore may contribute to the constant maintenance involving cell phone homeostasis. The following, many of us dissect evidence helping these Keap1-dependent and also -independent components involving Nrf2 regulation. Additionally, we spotlight key understanding breaks on this critical discipline involving the field of biology, along with suggest just how these may always be dealt with experimentally. (H) Next year Elsevier Incorporated. Most rights set-aside.The particular centrality-lethality rule, we.at the., high-degree protein or sites are usually more crucial when compared with low-degree meats inside the candida proteins discussion network, unveils a protein's central position indicates their important perform, however whether or not and also precisely why hubs tend to be vital happen to be intensely discussed. Here, we built-in gene appearance and useful unit files to move locations straight into four varieties: non-co-expressed non-co-cluster modems, non-co-expressed co-cluster hubs, co-expressed non-co-cluster modems as well as co-expressed co-cluster locations. All of us found that all of the four hub types will be more essential as compared to non-hubs, they also demonstrate various enrichments within essential proteins. Non-co-expressed non-co-cluster locations enjoy essential role throughout coordinating selleck distinct quests produced through the additional 3 center types, but you are significantly less important to the actual tactical from the fungus cell. One of the 4 link types, co-expressed co-cluster modems, which usually probable match the main the different parts of secure necessary protein buildings, are the most essential. These outcomes revealed that our own group associated with hubs into a number of sorts can greater enhance the comprehension of gene essentiality. (D) The year of 2010 Elsevier Incorporated. All privileges set-aside.To understand the actual trans-generational period deposition, a morphometric attribute, the F/C percentage (F, rear femur duration; Chemical, highest brain breadth), involving grown-up wilderness locusts (Schistocerca gregaria) has been supervised more than nine sequential decades. Adult F/C ratios, which can be larger throughout solitarious locusts in comparison to gregarious ones, have been adversely associated on the dark associated with entire body color from hatching. Two effective generations have been essential for a complete move from the gregarious (crowd-reared) on the solitarious (isolated-reared) phase along with the opposite way round in the lab. That is certainly (One particular) women grown ups must be exposed to crowded (or perhaps isolated) situations to ensure that his or her hatchlings might become large (or little) and dark (as well as green) colored, as well as (A couple of) the particular hatchlings next would have to be encountered with jampacked (or singled out) problems for his or her total nymphal stage.

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feqajuguna · 2 years

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flipthescript-on-fb · 2 years

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Wifi, cellphones, cordless home phones, routers and modems, electrical wiring, telephone pole wires, led street lights, desktop computers, microwaves… all RF and microwave radiation sources cause DNA damage, RNA damage and so much more! Join the discussion on our FB group FLIPTHESCRIPT https://m.facebook.com/groups/886878355511189

#radiation #dna damage #viruses #flip the script

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cleverwordsandotherstuffilike · 7 years

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Canadian Inventions

Basketball: The game so loved by Americans was invented by Canadian James Naismith in 1891. Insulin as a diabetes treatment - Invented by Frederick Banting, Charles Best and James Collip in 1922. Superman - Created by Canadian-born artist Joe Shuster and American writer Jerry Siegel in 1932. The first incandescent lamp with a light bulb by HenryWoodward in 1874. Standard time - introduced by Sir Sandford Fleming in 1878. Canola - created in the early 1970s by Keith Downey and Baldur R. Stafansson. AM Radio - invented by Reginald Fessenden in 1906. The snowmobile - invented by Joseph-Armand Bombardier in 1937. Nanaimo bars. Canada Dry Ginger Ale - After hundreds of experiments, John J. McLaughlin achieved the perfect formula for his Ginger Ale in 1904. Crispy Crunch. Coffee Crisp. Walkie-Talkies - invented by Donald L. Hings and Alfred J. Gross in 1942. The prosthetic hand - invented by Helmut Lucas in 1971. The snow blower - invented by Arthur Sicard in 1925. The foghorn - invented by Robert Foulis in 1854. Sonar - invented by Reginald Fessenden. First cancer radiation therapy: the Cobalt Bomb in 1959. The goalie mask - invented by Jacques Plante in 1959. Landmark paper cementing the stem cell theory published in 1963 by James Till and Ernest McCulloch. First identifiable cancer tumour antigen - invented by Phil Gold in 1963 and first blood test for cancer is made available in 1970. IMAX - co-invented by Roman Kroitor in 1968. Trivial Pursuit - invented by Chris Haney and Scott Abbott in 1979. Instant replay - invented for CBC's Hockey Night in Canada in 1955. Lacrosse - codified by William George Beers around 1860. Ice hockey - invented in Windsor, Nova Scotia. The electron microscope - The first electron microscope in North America was built by J. Hillier, A. Prebus and E.F. Burton at the University of Toronto in 1938. Pablum - invented by Frederick Tisdall, Theodore Drake and Allan Brown in 1930. Easy-Off oven cleaner - invented by Herbert McCool in 1932. The cardiac pacemaker - invented by John Hopps. The Wonderbra - invented by Louise Poirier. The alkaline battery - invented by Lewis Urry in 1954. The caulking gun - invented by Theodore Witte in 1894. The Jolly Jumper - invented by Olivia Poole in 1959. The garbage bag - invented by Harry Wasylyk in 1950. The paint roller - invented by Norman James Breakey. The Robertson screw - invented by P.L. Roberston. The Bloody Caesar - invented in Calgary in 1969. Plexiglass - invented by William Chalmers at McGill University in 1931. The explosives vapour detector - invented by Lorne Elias in 1985. Five-pin bowling - invented by Thomas F. Ryan in 1909. Computerized Braille - invented by Roland Galarneau in 1972. The 56k modem - invented by Dr. Brent Townshend in 1996. The pager - invented by Alfred J. Gross in 1949. The McIntosh red apple - Developed by John McIntosh. Peanut butter - first patented by Marcellus Gilmore Edson in 1884. Key-frame animation - invented by Nestor Burtnyk and Marcelli Win in the early 1970s. The technique revolutionized the way animators created 3D graphics. The Java programming language - invented by James Gosling. The telephone - invented by Scottish-born inventor Alexander Graham Bell in Brantford, Ontario. The BlackBerry - invented by Mike Lazaridis. The Canadarm - used on the Space Shuttle. The first camcorder, the CCD (Charge Coupled Device) which is at the heart of most digital cameras and telescope imaging systems - invented by Willard Boyle in 1969. First to synthesize RNA the genetic messenger that carries information from DNA to the cell's protein making systems - Kelvin Olgivie in 1988. Developed the concept of the Ecological or carbon footprint, the measure of human demand on the Earth's ecosystems by William Rees in 1992. The Victoria Hockey Club of Montreal is credited with making and using the first round pucks in the 1880s. Jockstrap hard cup - invented in 1927. Table hockey - invented by Donald Munro in the 1930s. The first commercial jetliner to fly in North America - James C. Floyd Electric wheelchair - invented by George Klein in 1952 Electric car heater - invented by Thomas Ahearn in 1890 The first military gas mask - invented by Cluny MacPherson in 1915

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inhandnetworks-blog · 5 years

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Conformational Changes of EF-G on the Ribosome During tRNA magento themes Translocation

www.inhandnetworks.com

New research from Yale University provides insights into the conformational space that EF-G samples on the ribosome and reveals that tRNA translocation on the ribosome is facilitated by a structural transition of EF-G from a compact to an elongated conformation, which can be prevented by the antibiotic dityromycin.

The ribosome is the protein-making “factory” within cells responsible for knitting together amino acids into polypeptide chains that form proteins.

This process requires numerous factors. One of the most crucial is elongation factor G (EF-G), shown in color in the accompanying illustration of the ribosome. EF-G is responsible for movement within the ribosome of messenger RNA (mRNA) and transfer RNA (tRNA), the molecules that carry out instructions contained in DNA. But ho vending retrofit w does this happen?

In this simplified illustration, Yale research scientist Jcredit card vending machineinzhong Lin and colleagues in the lab of Nobe Remote PLC programming l laureate Thomas Steitz in the Department of Molecular Biophysics and Biochemistry show that portions of EF-G (in green, yellow and red) function something like a motor and force tRNA to move forward after the addition of each amino acid, a necessary step to add to the developing polypeptide chain.

Publication: Jinzhong Lin, et al., “Conformational Changes of Elongation Factor G on the Ribosome during tRNA Translocation,” Cell, Volume 160, Issues 1–2, 15 January 2015, Pages 219–227; doi:10.1016/j.cell.2014.11.049

Image: Yale University

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inhandnetworks-blog · 5 years

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Atomic-Scale Structure of Ribosome industrial wireless Could Lead to Better Antibiotics

www.inhandnetworks.com

Researchers at the Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory have imaged the atom-by-atom structure of the ribosome attached to a molecule that controls its motion for the first time, providing a step forward for the development of better antibiotics.

The above image may look like a tangle of squiggly lines, but you’re actually looking at a molecular machine called a ribosome. Its job is to translate DNA sequences into proteins, the workhorse compounds that sustain you and all living things.

The image is also a milestone. It’s the first time the atom-by-atom structure of the ribosome has been seen as it’s attached to a molecule that controls its motion. That’s big news if you’re a structural biologist.

But there’s another way to look at this image, one that anyone who’s suffered a bacterial infection can appreciate. The image is also a roadmap to better antibiotics. That’s because this particular ribosome is from a bacterium. And somewhere in its twists and turns could be a weakness that a new antibiotic can target.

“We’re in an arms race with the resistance mechanisms of bacteria,” says Jamie Cate, a staff scientist in Berkeley Lab&rsq Vending Telemetry uo;s Physical Biosciences Division and a professor of biochemistry, biophysics and structural biology at UC Berkeley.

“The better we understand how bacterial ribosomes work, the better we can come up with new ways to interfere with them,” he adds.

Cate developed the structure with UC Berkeley’s Arto Pulk. Their work is described in the June 28 issue of the journal Science.

Their image is the latest advance in the push for more effective antibiotics. The goal is new drugs that kill the bacteria that make us sick, stay one step ahead of their resistance mechanisms, and leave our beneficial bacteria alone.

One way to do this is to get to know the bacterial ribosome inside and out. Many of today’s antibiotics target ribosomes. A better understanding of how ribosomes function will shed light on how these antibiotics work. This could also lead to even “smarter” molecules that quickly target and disable a pathogen’s ribosomes without affecting friendly bacteria.

Cate and Pulk used protein crystallography beamlines at Berkeley Lab’s Advanced Light Source to create diffraction patterns that show how the ribosome’s molecules fit together. They then used computational modeling to combine these patterns into incredibly high-resolution images that describe the locations of the individual atoms.

The result is the colorful structure at the top of this article. Those blue and purple halves are ribosomes. They’re from E. coli bacteria, but they work in similar ways throughout nature. Ribosomes move along messenger RNA and interpret its Vending Computer genetic code into directions on how to stitch amino acids into proteins.

But sometimes ribosomes want to move backward, which isn’t good when you’re in the protein-making business. That’s where that yellow-red-green squiggle wedged between the two ribosome halves comes in. It’s elongation factor G. It acts like a ratchet and prevents the ribosome from slipping backward. It also pushes the ribosome forward when it’s sluggish.

Scientists knew that elongation factor G performs these jobs, but they didn’t know how. Now, with an atomic-scale structure in hand, they can study the chemical and molecular forces involved in this ratcheting process. Cate and Pulk found that the ratchet controls the ribosome’s motion by stiffening and relaxing over and over. This is the kind of insight that could lead to new ways to monkey-wrench the ribosome.

“To create better antibiotics, we need to learn how bacterial ribosomes work at the smallest scales, and this is a big step in that direction,” says Cate.

The National Institutes of Health and the National Cancer Institute supported the research. The U.S. Department of Energy provides support for the Advanced Light Source, where this research was conducted.

Publication: Arto Pulk, et al., “Control of Ribosomal Subunit Industrial 3g router Rotation by Elongation Factor G,” Science 28 June 2013: Vol. 340 no. 6140; DOI: 10.1126/science.1235970

Image: Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory

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inhandnetworks-blog · 5 years

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Study Suggests Life on Earth is the Result of Icy Come low cost industrial router ts

www.inhandnetworks.com

Synthesis of prebiotic hydrocarbons in impacts of simple icy mixtures on early Earth.

A newly published study suggests that life on earth may have started as a result of icy comets that crashed into Earth billions of years ago.

Early Earth was not very hospitable when it came to jump starting life. In fact, new research shows that life on Earth may have come from out of this world.

Lawrence Livermore scientist Nir Goldman and University of Ontario Institute of Technology colleague Isaac Tamblyn (a former LLNL postdoc) found that icy comets that crashed into Earth billions of years ago could have produced life building organic compounds, including the building blocks of proteins and nucleobases pairs of DNA and RNA.

Comets contain a variety of simple molecules, such as water, ammonia, methanol and carbon dioxide, and an impact event with a planetary surface would provide an abundant supply of energy to drive chemical reactions.

“The flux of organic matter to Earth via comets and asteroids during periods of heavy bombardment may have been as high as 10 trillion kilograms per year, delivering up to several orders of magnitude greater mass of organics than what likely pre-existed on the planet,” Goldman said.

Goldman’s earlier work is based on computationally intensive models, which, in the past, could only capture 10-30 picoseconds of a comet impact event. However new simulations, developed on LLNL’s supercomputers Rzcereal and Aztec, Goldman used much more computationally efficient models and was able to capture hundreds of picoseconds of the impacts — much closer to chemical equilibrium.

“As a result, we now observe very different and a wider array of hydrocarbon chemical products that, upon imindustrial ethernet routerpact, could have created organic material that eventually led to life,” Goldman said.

Comets can range in size from 1.6 kilometers up to 56 kilometers. Comets passing through the Earth’s atmosphere are heatedsmart grid sensor externally but remain cool internally. Upon impact with the planetary surface, a shock wave is generated due to the sudden compression. Shock waves can create sudden, intense pressures and temperatures, which could affect chemical reactions within a comet before it interacts with the ambient planetary environment. An oblique collision where an extraterrestrial icy body impacts a planetary atmosphere with a glancing blow could generate thermodynamic conditions conducive to organic synthesis. These processes could result in significant concentrations of organic species being delivered to Earth.

The team found that moderate shock pressures and temperatures (approximately 360,000 atmospheres of pressure and 4,600 degrees Fahrenheit) in a carbon-dioxide-rich ice mixture produced a number of nitrogen-containing heterocycles, which dissociate to form functionalized aromatic hydrocarbons upon expansion and cooling. These are thought to be prebiotic precursors to DNA and RNA ba Android Industrial Computer se pairs.

In contrast, higher shock conditions (about 480,000 to 600,000 atmospheres of pressure and 6,200-8,180 degrees Fahrenheit) resulted in the synthesis of methane and formaldehyde, as well as some long-chain carbon molecules. These compounds are known to act as precursors to amino acids and complex organic synthesis. All shock compression simulations at these conditions have produced significant quantities of new, simple carbon-nitrogen bonded compounds upon expansion and cooling, which are known prebiotic precursors.

“Cometary impacts could result in the synthesis of prebiotic molecules without the need for other ‘special’ conditions, such as the presence of catalysts, UV radiation, or special pre-existing conditions on a planet,” Goldman said. “This data is critical in understanding the role of impact events in the formation of life-building compounds both on early Earth and on other planets and in guiding future experimentation in these areas.”

The research will appear on the cover of the June 20 issue of The Journal of Physical Chemistry A.

Publication: Nir Goldman and Isaac Tamblyn, “Prebiotic Chemistry within a Simple Impacting Icy Mixture,” J. Phys. Chem. A, 2013, DOI: 10.1021/jp402976n

Image: Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory

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inhandnetworks-blog · 5 years

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“TFIID” Can Co-Exist in Two Distinct Structural MV sensor States

www.inhandnetworks.com

The “rearranged” state of the lobe A (yellow) of the horseshoe-like TFIID transcription factor enables TFIID to bind with DNA (green) and start the process by which DNA is copied into RNA.

Using single-particle cryo-electron microscopy, a team of scientists from the Berkeley Lab have shown that the transcription factor known as “TFIID” can co-exist in two distinct structural states.

The enormously diverse complexity seen amongst individual species within the animal kingdom evolved from a surprisingly small gene pool. For example, mice effectively serve as medical research models because humans and mice share 80-percent of the same protein-coding genes. The key to morphological and behavioral complexity, a growing body of scientific evidence suggests, is the regulation of gene expression by a family of DNA-binding proteins called “transcription factors.” Now, a team of researchers with the U.S. Department of Energy’s Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory (Berkeley Lab) and the University of California (UC) Berkeley has discovered the secret behind how one these critical transcription factors is able to perform – a split personality.

Using a technique called single-particle cryo-electron microscopy, the team, which was led by biophysicist Eva Nogales, showed that the transcription factor known as “TFIID” can co-exist in two distinct structural states. These two states – the canonical and the rearranged – differ only in the translocation of a single substructural element – known as lobe A – by 100 angstroms (an atom of hydrogen is about one angstrom in diameter). This structural shift enables initiation of the transcription proceLine Monitoringss by which the genetic message of DNA is copied to RNA for the eventual production of proteins.

“TFIID by itself fluctuates between the canonical and rearranged states,” Nogales says. “When TFIID becomes bound to another transcription factor, TFIIA, it intelligent traffic enforcement shifts mostly to the canonical state, but in the presence of both TFIIA and DNA, the TFIID shifts to the rearranged state, which enables recognition and binding to key DNA sequences and marks the start of the transcriptional process.”

Understanding the reorganization of TFIID and its role in transcription provides new insight into the regulation of gene expression, Nogales says, a process critical to the growth, development, health and survival of all organisms.

Nogales is a leading authority on electron microscopy and holds joint appointments with Berkeley Lab, the University of California (UC) at Berkeley, and the Howard Hughes Medical Institute (HHMI). She is the corresponding author of a paper describing this research in the journal Cell, titled “Human TFIID Binds to Core Promoter DNA in a Reorganized Structural State.” Co-authors are Michael Cianfrocco, George Kassavetis, Patricia Grob, Jie Fang, Tamar Juven-Gershon and James Kadonaga.

The growing number of organisms whose genomes have been sequenced and made available for comparative analyses shows that the total number of genes in an organism’s genome is no measure of its complexity. The fruit fly, Drosophila, for example, is far more complex than the nematode worm, Caenorhabditis elegans, but has about 6,000 fewer genes than the worm’s 20,000. The total number of human genes is estimated to fall somewhere between 30,000 and 40,000. By comparison, the expression of the genes of both the fruit fly and the nematode are regulated through about 1,000 transcription factors, whereas the human genome boasts approximately 3,000 transcription factors. That multiple transcription factors often act in various combinations with one another creates even more evolutionary roads to organism complexity.

“Although the number of protein coding genes has remained fairly constant throughout metazoan evolution, the number of regulatory DNA elements has increased dramatically,” Nogales says. “Our discovery of the existence of two structurally and functionally distinct forms of TFIID suggests a potential molecular mechanism by which a combination of transcription factors can tune the remote monitoring expression level of genes and thereby give rise to a diversity of outcomes.”

Despite its critical role in transcription, high-resolution structural information of TFIID has been restricted to crystal structures of a handful of protein subunits and domains. Nogales and her colleagues are the first group to obtain three-dimensional visualization of human TFIID that is bound to DNA. The single-particle cryo-electron microscopy technique they employed records a series of two-dimensional images of an individual molecules or macromolecular complexes frozen in random orientations, then computationally combines these images into high-resolution 3D reconstructions.

“Through cryo-EM and extensive image-sorting, we found that TFIID exhibits a surprising degree of flexibility, moving its lobe A, a region that covers approximately one-third of the complex, by 100 angstroms across its central channel,” says Cianfrocco, lead author of the Cell paper. “This movement of the lobe A is absolutely essential for TFIID to bind to DNA.”

The TFIID transcription factor protein co-exists in two states – canonical, in which the lobe A is connected to the lobe C, and rearranged, in which the lobe A is connected to the lobe B. Only in the rearranged state does TFIID bind to DNA. (Image courtesy of Nogales, et. al)

Nogales says that while many macromolecular complexes are known to be flexible, this typically involves the limited movement of a small region within the complex, or some tiny motion of the entire complex. The movement of TFIID’s lobe A represents an entire restructuring that dramatically alters what the molecule can do. In the canonical state, TFIID’s lobe A is bound to its lobe C, which appears to be the preferred form of free TFIID. In the rearranged state, TFIID’s lobe A is bound to its lobe B, which is the state in which it can then strongly bind to DNA promoters.

“The TFIIA molecule serves as the mediator for this transition, maintaining TFIID in the canonical state in the absence of DNA and initiating the formation of the rearranged state in the presence of promoter DNA,” Cianfrocco says. “Without the presence of TFIIA, the binding of TFIID to DNA is very weak.”

Nogales and her colleagues are now studying how TFIID, once it is bound to DNA, recruits the rest of the machinery required to transcribe the genetic message into RNA.

“Our new work will involve constructing a macromolecular complex that is well over two million Daltons in size, which is about the size of a bacterial ribosome,” Nogales says. “The size and relative instability of our complex will represent a major experimental challenge.”

This work was supported by grants from the National Institutes of Health and the Human Frontier in Science Program in Strasbourg, Germany, and the Howard Hughes Medical Institute.

Images: Nogales, et. al

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inhandnetworks-blog · 5 years

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Naturally Occurring industrial wireless router Nanoparticles Harnessed to Target Disease

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New research shows that naturally occurring nanoparticles called exosomes can be coated with an antibody to deliver therapeutic miRNA to targeted cells.

Using a novel form of immune-genetic therapy, researchers from Yale School of Medicine and the Jagiellonian University College of Medicine in Poland have successfully inhibited a strong immune allergic inflammatory response in the skin of mice. The results suggest the technique could be used to combat a variety of diseases.

“We use an antibody coating we chose to deliver therapeutic genetic material we selected to target cells,” said Dr. Philip Askenase, professor of medicine and senior author 3G 4G LTE of the study published July8 in the Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology.

The delivery system consists of naturally occurring nanoparticles called exosomes that are about one thousandth the size of donor cells that release them. These tiny vesicles were once thought to contain only unneeded cellular debris. However, in t emark certified he last decade, scientists have shown tha wireless router t there are billions of exosomes in the circulation and that they carry genetic instructions in the form of micro-RNAs (miRNA) to regulate the functions of nearby and distant cells.

Askenase and colleagues found that exosomes could be coated with an antibody of their choosing. These nanovesicles were able to deliver therapeutic miRNA to specific cells targeted by the antibody. In the current study, the coated exosomes delivered their miRNA cargo to immune system cells, inhibiting an active allergic disease response in the skin of mice.

“These natural nanoparticles are present throughout the body,” said Dr. Krzysztof Bryniarski of Jagiellonian University and lead author of the paper. “They seem to be a superior delivery system compared to artificial nanoparticles currently in use, which often are eliminated from the body because they are sensed as artificial.”

In theory, the researchers said, the natural nanoparticles coated with chosen specific antibodies and loaded with selected miRNAs could be used to specifically target and then genetically alter crucial cells involved in allergic conditions such as asthma, autoimmune responses, and potentially even cancers and neurological diseases.

The research was funded by the National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases at the NIH (AI-00714 and 076366), and the Polish Ministry of Science and Higher Education (N401 092 31/2176 and K/ZDS/001429).

Publication: Antigen-specific, antibody-coated, exosome-like nanovesicles deliver suppressor T-cell microRNA-150 to effector T cells to inhibit contact sensitivity,” The Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology, Volume 132, Issue 1 , Pages 170-181.e9, July 2013; DOI:10.1016/j.jaci.2013.04.048

Image: Allergy Test from Shutterstock

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inhandnetworks-blog · 5 years

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Ma 3g rtian Meteorite Contains Chemical Implicated in the Origin of Life

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Thin section of the Martian meteorite MIL 090030 analyzed by the UHNAI researchers.

A newly published study details the discovery of a high concentration of boron in a Martian meteorite that far exceeds that of any previously reported extra-terrestrial object.

Researchers from the University of Hawaii at Manoa NASA Astrobiology Institute (UHNAI) have discovered high concentrations of boron in a Martian meteorite. When present in its oxidized form (borate), boron may have played a key role in the formation of RNA, one of the building blocks for life. The work was published on June 6 in PLOS One.

The Antarctic Search for Meteorites team found the Martian meteorite used in this study in Antarctica during its 2009-2010 field season. The minerals it contains, as well as its chemical composition, clearly show that it is of Martian intelligent substation origin.

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Using the ion microprobe in the W. M. Keck Cosmochemistry Laboratory at UH, the team was able to analyze veins of Martian clay in the meteorite. After ruling out contamination from Earth, they determined boron abundances in these clays are over ten times higher than in any previously measured meteorite.

“Borates may have been important for the origin of life on Earth because they can stabilize ribose, a crucial component of RNA. In early life RNA is thought to have been the informational precursor to DNA,” said James Stephenson, a UHNAI postdoctoral fellow.

Electron microscope image showing the 700-million-year-old Martian clay veins containing boron (100 µm = one tenth of a millimeter).

RNA may have been the first molecule to store information and pass it on to the next generation, a mechanism crucial for evolution. Although life has now evolved a sophisticated mechanism to synthesize RNA, the first RNA molecules must have been made without such help. One of the most difficult steps in making RNA nonbiologically is the formation of the RNA sugar component, ribose. Previous laboratory tests have shown that without borate the chemicals available on the early Earth fail to build ribose. However, in the presence of borate, ribose is spontaneously produced and stabilized.

This work was born from the uniquely interdisciplinary environment of UHNAI. The lead authors on the paper, Stephenson, an evolutionary biologist, and Lydia Hallis, a cosmochemist who is also a UHNAI postdoctoral fellow, first came up with the idea over an after-work beer. “Given that boron has been implicated in the emergence of life, I had assumed that it was well characterized in meteorites,” said Stephenson. “Discussing this with Dr. Hallis, I found out that it was barely studied. I was shocked and excited. She then informed me that both the samples and the specialized machinery needed to analyze them were available at UH.”

On our planet, borate-enriched salt, sediment and clay deposits are relatively common, but such deposits had never previously been found on an extraterrestrial body. This new research suggests that when life wa IoT Remote Monitoring s getting started on Earth, borate could also have been concentrated in deposits on Mars.

The significance goes beyond an interest in the red planet, as Hallis explains: “Earth and Mars used to have much more in common than they do today. Over time, Mars has lost a lot of its atmosphere and surface water, but ancient meteorites preserve delicate clays from wetter periods in Mars’ history. The Martian clay we studied is thought to be up to 700 million years old. The recycling of the Earth’s crust via plate tectonics has left no evidence of clays this old on our planet; hence Martian clays could provide essential information regarding environmental conditions on the early Earth.”

The presence of ancient borate-enriched clays on Mars implies that these clays may also have been present on the early Earth. Borate-enriched clays such as the ones studied here may have represented chemical havens in which one of life’s key molecular building blocks could form.

UHNAI is a research center that links the biological, chemical, geological, and astronomical sciences to better understand the origin, history, distribution, and role of water as it relates to life in the universe.

Publication: Stephenson JD, et al., “Boron Enrichment in Martian Clay,” 2013, PLoS ONE 8(6): e64624. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0064624

Images: Institute for Astronomy at the University of Hawaii

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inhandnetworks-blog · 6 years

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Octopuses Beat the Frigid Waters of the Antarctic by Rewriting Their RN industrial cellular vpn router A

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Octopuses have found a novel way of beating the frigid temperatures of the Antarctic waters by using RNA editing to customize crucial nervous system proteins, allowing them to work at low temperatures. This paper is the first to reveal that RNA editing, not just changes to genes, can lead to adaptations.

Low temperatures will hamper certain proteins in the nervous system, meaning that it will have problem sending signals. When a nerve cell fires, protein channels open or close in its membrane, allowing ions to come in or go out. Once it returns to normal, the ion channels let potassium ions out. Extremely cold temperatures can delay the closing of the channels, hindering a neuron’s ability to fire again. Scientists have hypothesized that some species living in extremely frigid climates have modified their potassium channels so that they work better in the cold.

Molecular neurophysiologist Joshua Rosenthal from the University of Puerto Rico Medical Sciences Campus in San Juan, accompanied by his graduate student Sandra Garrett, has figured out how this adaptation has occurred. They initially thought that they’d see changes at the gene-level, implying that the expected potassium channel gens from these cold-living species would have evolved Vending Telemetry to become more efficient in low temperatures.

They tested their hypothesisby comparing an octopus species living in the Antarctic seas to another one living in a Puerto Rican coral reef. They found that the potassium channel genes in the two species were almost identical. Then, they injected the genes into frog egg cells, which manufactured each protein and installed it into their plasma membranes. This allowed the researchers to measure the electrical activity of each species’ potassium channel.

They discovered that the potassium channels functioned in the same way. They turned over to the RNA editing hypothesis. RNA editing allows changing proteins coded by genes. D telemeter uring the RNA editing, which can alter the sequence of amino acids, and thus change the proteins’ function, the Antarctic octopus edits its RNA at 9 sites that change the amino acid sequence of the potassium channel. The change more than doubles the channel’s closing speed, allowing for a better adaptation m2m communication to the cold waters. The colder the environment, the more likely that the species will make RNA edits to the channels.

[via Science, image by NOAA/MBARI and Sandra Garrett ]

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inhandnetworks-blog · 6 years

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Microbial Continental Ecosystems Help medium voltage smart grid sensor ed Seed Ancient Seas

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Artist’s rendition of the environm Industrial Wireless M2M ents of primeval earth in the Archaean, including the well-known aquatic stromatolites that are formed by carbonate-precipitating microorganisms. The close-up inset illustrates terrestrial biocrusts, typically organized by filamentous cyanobacteria, in a photograph of a modern sample. The new study suggests these biocrusts played a vital role in the nitrogen cycle of the early earth. Credit: Estelle Couradeau

Like our oceans, today’s continents are brimming with life. Yet billions of years ago, before the advent of plants, continents would have appeared barren. These apparently vacant land forms were believed to play no role in the early biochemical clockwork known as the nitrogen cycle, which most living things depend on for survival.

Now, ASU researcher Ferran Garcia-Pichel, along with Christophe Thomazo, from the Laboratoire Biogéosciences in Dijon, France, and Estelle Couradeau, a former Marie Curie Postdoc in both labs, show that biological soil crusts–colonies of microorganisms that today colonize arid, desert environments–may have played a significant role in the Earth’s nitrogen cycle, helping to fertilize early oceans and create a nutrient link between atmosphere, continents and oceans.

Garcia-Pichel directs the Biodesign Center for Fundamental and Applied Microbiomics and is a professor in ASU’s School of Life Sciences. iiot Originally, a marine microbiologist, he became fascinated with the hidden world of microorganisms that lay on top of soils in deserts and other arid regions devoid of plant life. These living biocrusts have remarkable properties, thriving in extreme conditions, helping to anchor soils in place, so they resist erosion, and fertilizing rangelands and deserts.

The new research, which appears in the advanced online edition of the journal Nature Communications, suggests that analogs of these biocrusts spread across otherwise desolate continents of the early Earth, and contributed to establishing the nitrogen cycle essential for life as we know it today.

Evolving atmosphere

“This really early Earth was a very different planet in many respects, particularly in the composition of the atmosphere,” Garcia-Pichel says. “Before the appearance of oxygenic photosynthetic microbes, like cyanobacteria that made oxygen–just like plants do today–the atmosphere was not oxygenated.” This vast oxygen-free epoch lasted for half of Earth’s 4.6 billion year history.

All this changed with something referred to by geochemists as the Great Oxygenation Event. “That was perhaps the single most important change in the nature of what the planet is. There are telltale signs of this in the rock record, so people have a good idea of when this happened–around 2.45 billion years ago, industrial LTE router but conventional wisdom would have this happening in shallow oceans” Garcia-Pichel says.

Today, nitrogen makes up 78 percent of the atmosphere. It is a vital element in DNA, RNA and proteins, the key components of life. But the nitrogen found in the atmosphere is not suitable for use by most organisms. It must first be processed, through what is known as the nitrogen cycle. This occurs when prokaryotic organisms carry out nitrogen fixation, making atmospheric nitrogen available in a form useful to plants and animals for survival.

While it has long been assumed that the nitrogen cycle that arose early in the Earth’s history, resulted from oceanic microbes during an ancient phase known as the Archean, new research suggests significant amounts of nitrogen came from land-based biological soil crusts.

Shifting perspective

“In the minds of many evolutionary biologists, the continents were irrelevant early in the Earth’s history, because they are assumed to have been barren of life until the first plants appeared, around 0.4 billion years ago. So all the models of how elements were cycled were based on interactions between the ocean and the atmosphere,” Garcia-Pichel says.

Recently however, evidence began to appear suggesting that the continents were far from the sterile land masses they had been portrayed as. Instead, intricate microbial communities similar to biocrusts found in present-day desert environments, colonized the early continents. Traces of their presence date to 3.2 billion years ago, well before the Great Oxygenation Event helped set the stage for the Cambrian explosion–a sudden burst of life that gave rise to most of the world’s animal phyla.

The researchers note that today, such biocrusts occupy roughly 12 percent of the Earth’s land. They are composed of filamentous cyanobacteria, which perform most of the biocrust’s carbon and nitrogen fixation and provide nutrients to the rest of the crust microbiome, while bonding soil grains together and providing microbial communities with erosion resistance.

“These communities live on light,” Garcia-Pichel says. “When plants evolved and started to accumulate, this marked their demise. There’s no light on the soil anymore because of plant litter accumulation”. However, in an early world, before the evolution of plants, there would be nothing to impede their colonization of the continents, where conditions for their growth and development would have been considerably less harsh.

As Garcia-Pichel notes, watery environments like oceans and lakes provide superior conditions for fossilization, making the detection of ancient biocrust colonies on land more challenging. This may account in part for the neglect of continental biocrusts as the primeaval land-based ecosystems for much of the planet’s history.

A new picture emerges

The team carried out a meta-analysis of their earlier data combined with other relevant literature on the cycling of nitrogen by modern biocrusts. Results demonstrate that nitrogen-cycling biocrusts are capable of importing nitrogen gas from the atmosphere and exporting ammonium and nitrate.

Quantitative analysis suggests that biocrust contribution to nitrogen cycling during the early history of the Earth would have been significant, even with limited colonization of the pre-Cambrian continents.

The notion of land-based life forms–the biocrusts–providing a significant contribution to the Earth’s early biogeochemistry represents a significant paradigm shift. New research should help establish just how far back in Earth’s record these microbial biocrusts extend and help explore their contributions to the cycling of other elements, like phosphorus.

Desert defenders

Garcia-Pichel’s center is also involved in efforts to restore biocrust communities in desert environments, where urbanization and other factors have seriously degraded them. While these communities show astonishing resilience to the harsh conditions of both desert and polar regions, they are highly sensitive to human interference, including trampling, vehicle traffic and agriculture.

Garcia-Pichel estimates that in the areas around Phoenix, where he works, only 5 percent of the original biocrusts remain. Further, climate change will not only alter the demographics of biocrusts, which vary in their composition according to region, but will render some desert environments too severely arid for their survival. Restoration of these communities is currently a challenging undertaking, part science and part art. The right mix of microbial players must be present for newly seeded communities to survive and flourish.

“When you destroy the crust, you make the soil unstable and very prone to erosion,” Garcia-Pichel says. “Areas that are deforested of crusts are sources of fugitive dust and sand. The natural protection of the desert is not there, and even moderate winds can raise a haboob. We have been funded for the last 5 years to develop ways to grow these crusts and reseed them in the field. That’s an applied part of our work, which is a new thing for our lab.”

Publication: Christophe Thomazo, et al., “Possible nitrogen fertilization of the early Earth Ocean by microbial continental ecosystems,” Nature Communications volume 9, Article number: 2530 (2018)

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inhandnetworks-blog · 7 years

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Zika Testing: Why the FDA Recommended It for All Blood Donated in U.S.

www.inhandnetworks.com

The U.S. Food and Drug Administration recommended on Friday that all blood donated in the United States and its territories be tested for Zika virus, as it moves to prevent transmission of the virus through the blood supply.

The agency said its decision to expand blood screening in the United States was based on concerns about more cases of local transmission in Florida, the growing number of travel-related infections and concerns that Zika-tainted blood could unwittingly be given to a pregnant woman, putting her unborn baby at risk of severe birth defects.

“The transfusion of a pregnant woman with blood infected with the Zika virus could have terrible consequences,” Peter Marks, director of the FDA’s Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research, said during a conference call with reporters.

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The current Zika outbreak was first detected in Brazil last year and has since spread across the Americas. In Brazil, Zika has been linked to more than 1,800 cases of microcephaly, and U.S. officials expect as many as 270 cases in Puerto Rico, where local transmission of the virus is widespread.

"Over 8,000 travel associated and over 2,000 non-travel associated cases of Zika have been reported in the United States and U.S. territories," Marks told reporters.

Given frequency of travel of individuals within the United States, he said there was a risk that people without symptoms of Zika could donate blood and transmit the virus.

Testing of donated blood is underway in Florida, Puerto Rico, as well as in other areas of the United States, and has been proven helpful in finding infected donations.

"About 1 percent of donations in Puerto Rico have tested positive for Zika virus," Marks said.

Such testing also helped spot one unit of Zika-tainted blood in the past few weeks. Marks said testing discovered the infected blood before it reached any patients.

FDA to Roll Out Testing in Stages

The Food and Drug Administration plans to roll out its recommendations in stages. In states and territories with local, mosquito-borne transmission, the recommendations will go into effect immediately. This affects Florida and Puerto Rico.

In 11 states near areas with local transmission or high rates of travel-related infections, the guidelines must be implemented within four weeks. These states include Alabama, Arizona, California, Georgia, Hawaii, Louisiana, Mississippi, New Mexico, New York, South Carolina and Texas.

For the rest of country, the guidelines must be implemented within 12 weeks.

Marks said Hologic Inc and Roche Molecular Systems had been granted special approval for their tests to be used to screen the blood supply.

Marks said the FDA had already reviewed data submitted by the companies and was confident these investigational tests would "perform appropriately” in this setting.

In addition to tests to check whole blood for Zika RNA, the agency said blood collection centers were permitted to use Cerus Corp's Intercept pathogen inactivation system in certain blood products, such as plasma.

America’s Blood Centers, a network of 63 blood centers with 600 donation sites in 45 U.S. states, is currently testing for Zika primarily in Florida, where local transmission has been reported. It also has centers testing in areas of Texas that are considered at high risk for the spread of the virus, and an affiliate in Arizona testing high-risk donors.

Dr. Louis Katz, chief medical officer for America’s Blood Centers, said it would take a “titanic” effort to implement testing in the first-tier states expected to be online in four weeks, but stressed the organization’s commitment to a safe blood supply.

“Testing labs and the test vendors are working feverishly to allow testing to start on time in the areas subject to the 12-week timeline,” he said in an email. “My conversations with the vendors suggest that if all goes smoothly that goal is feasible. Then, whether things go smoothly in an incredibly complex set of processes becomes critical.”

In March, the FDA granted Roche approval for a clinical trial testing its Zika blood screening test in Puerto Rico, where local blood donations had been halted and blood had to be imported from the continental United States.

The company said its second phase of deployment would be to prepare for blood donations in the southern United States.

OneBlood, a part of America’s Blood Centers network whose coverage area includes most of Florida and smaller parts of Alabama, Georgia and South Carolina, has been testing all collections for close to a month as part of the Roche trial, said Dr. Rita Reik, chief medical officer.

"We aren’t surprised, nor do we disagree, with the FDA guidance that just came out,” Reik said in a telephone interview.

The American Red Cross has been conducting blood tests for Zika as part of a clinical trial of aZika blood screening test made by Hologic and Grifols the FDA approved in June.

The trial involved five southeastern states believed to be at greatest risk for local Zikatransmission. Over the next two weeks, the Red Cross said it will expand this testing to four additional states in the south central and southwestern United States.

Hologic said in an emailed statement that the company has been ramping up for months and is confident it can meet the added demand from the FDA's guidance.

Shares of Hologic closed up 1 percent at $38.80 on Nasdaq.

Blood Transfusion Risk 'Is Really Low'

Dr. Alyssa Ziman, medical director of the clinical laboratories and transmission medicine at the University of California Los Angeles, said the new recommendations for Zika follow the similar steps the FDA took to protect the blood supply from the West Nile virus.

In that case, the FDA also had to rush out an unapproved test to detect the West Nile virus in the blood supply, Ziman said. Such tests are now approved.

"We are gathering data on the performance of the test while the test is in a sense being required by the FDA," she said.

Because the products are investigational, UCLA will need special permission from an independent ethics committee known as an Institutional Review Board, then each patient will need to sign a special consent form before receiving a transfusion.

Ziman said with the testing on top of the questioning already being done about people's travel histories to places where Zika is being spread, she believes the risk of getting Zika through a blood transfusion "is really low."

She said people who need a blood transfusion need to balance the risk of not getting transfused against their perceived risk of contracting Zika.

Vijay Kumar, an analyst for Evercor ISI, estimates that the FDA's recommendation for Zikauniversal testing "will add at least $30 million to revenues, which are likely to be split between Roche and Hologic."

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