#vasotocin

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[carrmodo]

Oxytocin and arginine vasopressin (ADH) are human neurohormones, neuromodulators and neurotransmitters. The two hormones are similar and related. The lungfish, amphibian, reptile and bird versions of this hormone superfamily are mesotocin and arginine vasotocin. Do these four hormones affect each other’s receptors? In humans vasopressin and oxytocin can affect each other’s receptors and mesotocin and vasotocin can affect each other’s receptors but they don’t have that high affinity to each other’s receptors meaning they don’t affect each other’s receptors that much. Vasotocin affects social behaviour in reptiles, amphibians and birds. Vasotocin has a high affinity for human oxytocin receptor. So a lizard social hormone can affect oxytocin receptors.

In birds vasopressin has a much higher affinity for a vasotocin receptor than it does in frogs and amphibians. This suggests vasopressin works on lizards as they are more closely related to birds.

Thanks for looking/ reading. I hope you enjoy/ enjoyed.

[the-awkward-turt]

A word about oxytocin

It happens a lot in Reptiblr that someone uses “reptiles don’t produce oxytocin” as evidence that reptiles do not experience social bonding or love.

Here’s the thing though: There are some reptiles that do forge cooperative, long-lasting social bonds and they do so in the absence of oxytocin production.

Something is motivating these animals to protect their young (ex. crocodiles), seek out their siblings to bask with (ex. rattlesnakes), stay with one mate for many years or for life (ex. shingleback skinks), or form family groups and adopt unrelated youngsters (ex. monkey tailed skinks) and it isn’t oxytocin.

Essentially oxytocin is not necessary for the formation of all social bonds in the animal kingdom. In fact birds don’t even produce oxytocin, they produce their own homologous “version” of bonding hormone called mesotocin. And reptiles have an equivalent hormone called arginine-vasotocin that regulates things like egg laying (which is why vets sometimes administer oxytocin to egg-bound reptiles to induce laying).

The argument that most reptiles are not social (or at the very least not cooperative) and experience stress when being cohabbed is totally sound and I am not in any way critiquing that argument. Just wanted to point out that using the “they don’t produce oxytocin” as evidence is a bit mammal-centric and not really definitive proof.

#reptiblr #reptiles

[healthtimetaylor]

The results of this study suggest that chronic exposure to BPS can impair zebrafish social behaviours.

PMID:  Environ Pollut. 2020 Jan 14 ;262:113992. Epub 2020 Jan 14. PMID: 32126434 Abstract Title:  Effects of chronic exposure to bisphenol-S on social behaviors in adult zebrafish: Disruption of the neuropeptide signaling pathways in the brain. Abstract:  Bisphenol S (BPS), considered to be a safe alternative to Bisphenol A, is increasingly used in a wide variety of consumer and industrial products. However, mounting evidence suggests that BPS can act as a xenoestrogen targeting a wide range of neuro-endocrine functions in animals. At present, very little is known about the impacts of BPS on social behaviors and/or the potential underlying mechanisms. To this end, we exposed adult male and female zebrafish to environmentally relevant concentrations of BPS (0 (control), 1, 10, and 30 μg/L), as well as to 17β-estradiol (E2; 1 μg/L; as positive control) for 75 days. Subsequently, alterations in social behaviors were evaluated by measuring shoal cohesion, group preferences, and locomotor activity. Furthermore, to elucidate the possible molecular mechanism underlying the neuro-behavioral effects of BPS, we also quantified the changes in the mRNA abundance of arginine vasotocin (AVT), isotocin (IT), and their corresponding receptors in the zebrafish brain. The results showed that E2 and BPS (30 μg/L) decreased shoal cohesion in both males and females. Moreover, a markeddecline in group preferences was observed in all treatment groups, while locomotor activity remained unaffected. Alterations in the social behaviors were associated with sex-specific changes in the mRNA expression of genes involved in IT and AVT signaling. Taken together, the results of this studysuggest that chronic exposure to BPS can impair zebrafish social behaviors via disruption of isotocinergic and vasotocinergic neuro-endocrine systems.

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[what-s-up-friends-us]

Caring for the skin with natural and organic cosmetics begins to be, not a luxury, but a necessity, as cases of sensitive skin increase every year. sensitive skin Irritability, tightness, redness, and peeling are characteristic features of sensitive skin. It is a fragile and vulnerable skin in which the hydrolipidic layer has ceased to fulfill its protective function and, therefore, reacts excessively to the stimuli - heat, cold, water or others -, reddening and swelling. Although dry skin is more prone, fat can also be sensitive. And, if no remedy is put in time, it can lead to dermatitis. Similarly, male skin can be sensitized, since shaving, especially if it is daily and is done with foams or other cosmetics with a lot of alcohol, which is aggressive and irritating. Associated with sensitivity may arise circulatory problems such as couperose, telangiectasia or rosacea, in which very marked veins appear in the area of ​​the cheeks. rosacea How to relieve and prevent rosacea naturally WHY DO I HAVE SENSITIVE SKIN Sensitivity can appear due to external causes, such as pollution, weather or the use of aggressive cosmetics, or internal ones, due to certain medications, an unhealthy diet or emotional imbalances. WHAT COSMETICS DO I HAVE TO CHOOSE All skins are susceptible to being reactive if they are treated with inappropriate cosmetics, they are too exposed to the sun or any type of physical aggression is exerted on them, such as shaving or excessive exfoliation. It is important to keep this in mind when choosing products that are applied to the skin. Sensitive skin needs cosmetics that reduce irritation, soothe and cool. If microcirculatory problems are also suffered, vasotocin and decongestant assets should be applied that facilitate circulation and regulate skin permeability. WHAT DO I HAVE TO AVOID If you have sensitive skin you can protect it by avoiding: Abrupt changes in temperature Cosmetics with toxic chemicals Contaminated environments Processed food Stress situations WHAT MOISTURIZER SHOULD I USE IN THE MORNING As part of the daily routine, it is advisable to apply a moisturizer in the morning that carries some suitable plant, such as those indicated below, and that does not contain toxic substances such as petroleum derivatives, synthetic perfumes (highly sensitizing) or chemical sunscreens. HOW DO I CLEAN IT AT NIGHT Cleaning at night should be gentle and with a fluid cleansing milk, since many sensitive skins do not support cleaning with solid soaps because of its very basic pH. Then a soothing and refreshing tonic is applied and then a cosmetic rich in nourishing and moisturizing ingredients. aloe-vera The 4 aloes: great friends of your skin FIVE FRIENDLY PLANTS These are some of the plants that can help take care of the skin: Calendula: a soothing and anti-inflammatory plant par excellence, reduces redness and peeling. Calendula oil can be used directly on the skin or incorporated into a facial or body cream. Red vine: the grape, rich in antioxidants, increases blood microcirculation and capillary resistance. Very useful in case of couperose or rosacea. Aloe vera: the gel, which retains a lot of water, soothes and cools. Ideal in case of redness and burning. Almonds: its oil gives elasticity to the skin and prevents dryness. Oatmeal: water and extract soothe reddened skin and irritation. It is widely used in children's cosmetics. Click here for more tips

http://bestofftops.blogspot.com/2019/09/the-care-and-friendly-plants-of.html

#SEO #Local SEO training

[mrrandallallen]

SICB 2019: The Effect of Testosterone on Male Aggressive Behavior in A. sagrei and A. cristatellus

Gianni Solis presents her work entitled “Effects of arginine Vasotocin and mesotocin on aggression in male Caribbean anoles.”

Male aggression in Anolis lizards is governed by the circulating sex hormone, testosterone. Two species of anoles, the brown anole (Anolis sagre) and the Caribbean anole (A. cristatellus), both exhibit high aggression. However, A. sagrei has low concentrations of testosterone in comparison to A. cristatellus. This suggests that there may be other underlying mechanisms governing male aggression rather than just testosterone.

Regulation of aggressive behaviors in male Anolis lizards was the focus of Gianni Solis’ poster presentation at the 2019 SICB conference. Solis is an undergraduate sophomore at University of St. Thomas under Dr. Jerry Husak, although one would think she is an established graduate student based on her knowledge and enthusiasm for this project. She predicted that there would be a difference in aggressive behaviors exhibited by A. sagrei and A. cristatellus and these behaviors would be influenced by Arginine Vasotocin (AVT) and Mesotocin (MT).

Solis examined aggressive behaviors towards a mirror in A. sagrei, a low-testosterone species, and A. cristatellus, a high-testosterone species. IP injections of non-steroid hormones AVT and MT were given along with Phosphate Buffered Saline (PBS) as a control. After a 15-minute acclimation period, aggressive behaviors were documented in 20-minute lengths. Latency, total number of bouts, average and total duration, and combination of displays were recorded. Aggression scores were calculated utilizing a PCA and a one-way ANOVA identified statistical significance.

While her results were non-significant, potentially due to small sample size, statistically close values suggest that there may have been an influence of AVT and MT on aggressive behaviors. MT-injected A. sagrei tended to be less aggressive than other treatments and MT-injected A. cristatellus tended to be more aggressive than other treatments. Other mechanisms by which these behavioral differences occur between both species, such as potential estrogenic influences, may also be the target for future studies. Anolis male aggressive responses and underlying processes remain in question, however, we are looking forward to hopefully seeing Solis again with more questions at SICB 2020.

from Anole Annals http://bit.ly/2CW0KRw

[eurekamag--com]

Diurnal variation in uterine estrogen receptors in immature female rats - inhibition by arginine vasotocin

http://dlvr.it/PfYJw3

[eurekamag--com]

Conformational studies of oxytocin, lysine vasopressin, arginine vasopressin, and arginine vasotocin by carbon

http://dlvr.it/NP4Gy4

[eurekamag--com]

Localization of arginine vasotocin (AVT) mRNA in extrasomal compartments of magnocellular neurons in the chick

http://dlvr.it/NMM7H6