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[me-shop-gurgaon]

Blue star water cooler SDLX 2020 with water purifier

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[homekitchenbeauty]

How an Air Conditioner Works?

We've observed the history of AC and the newest trends in what contemporary ACs provide. However, some might not be certain how air is warmed or chilled. Let us walk you through fast how an air conditioner works.

Basic Mechanism and Principle

The underlying principle of the evaporative cooling system is that water should have heat, called the"heat of vaporization," applied for it to switch from a liquid into a vapor.

By way of instance, touching rubbing alcohol hydrates your finger since it absorbs heat from your skin as the alcohol evaporates. This signifies the principle of an evaporative cooling system.

Conversely, when the gas liquefies, it releases a great deal of warmth, and that's the way that evaporative heating occurs. A MarQ AC review indicated that the air conditioners work with these principles.

A liquid known as a"refrigerant" circulates through a closed piping system, occasionally liquefying and evaporating to cool air, and reversing this refrigerant flow (reverse cycle) heats the air.

Refrigeration Cycle

Compounds alter the condition, i.e., liquid, solid, gas, normally when they are heated or chilled. That's known as"altering conditions of matter."

Air conditioners influence the changes in conditions of refrigerant to heat or cool room atmosphere. The refrigeration cycle constantly changes the conditions of a refrigerant circulating in a closed piping system.

1. Compressing

After the cooling procedure begins, the refrigerant in reduced temperatures and pressure will be compressed by the compressor.

The warmth of the gas increases, whereby making the refrigerant gaseous in elevated temperature and pressure.

2. Condensing

The gaseous refrigerant is moved into the condenser (heat changer), in which heat is exchanged between the refrigerant and outside air.

This releases the refrigerant‘s heat into the outside air. Releasing the warmth, the refrigerant changes its state to some medium-temperature and high-temperature liquid.

3. Expansion

The liquefied refrigerant goes to the growth valve, which reduces the stress of the refrigerant. Depressurized refrigerant expands, decreasing the temperature and shifting its own state to some liquid of low temperatures and pressure.

4. Vaporization

The refrigerant becomes a low-temperature and low-pressure liquid in the expansion valve and is moved into the evaporator (heat exchanger), in which heat is exchanged between the refrigerant and indoor atmosphere.

The warmth of the indoor atmosphere moves into the refrigerant, and the atmosphere is chilled. The refrigerant picks up the warmth from the atmosphere, shifting its state to some low-temperature and low-pressure petrol, and also goes straight back to the breaker.

5. Reverse Cycle

A heat pump air conditioner utilizes a four-way valve that reverses refrigerant flow, offering you both heating and cooling for air comfort relaxation throughout the year.

This function is also known as a"reverse cycle." The expression"reverse cycle air conditioner," yet another title for a heat pump air conditioner, comes in the mechanics of this cycle.

6. Compressor

An air conditioner compressor can be described as a part of the system which increases the pressure of the vapor to create changes from the refrigerant temperature. Most home-use air conditioners have compressors within their outside units.

7. Heat Pump

Heat flows from hot to cold. A heat pump reverses flow by extracting heat from a place and transfers it into another.

Based on if the heating or cooling system is chosen, it pushes heat out and in with the heating cycle of compression, then condensation, then expansion, and finally, evaporation.

8. Inverter

A power inverter, or just inverter, is a digital apparatus or circuitry that changes direct current (DC) to alternating current (AC). Most commercial and domestic buildings are often powered by AC.

Standard voltages and frequencies vary by state. Changing voltage or frequency demands an inverter that converts AC into DC and, following desired changes in voltage and frequency, converts DC back to AC.

Air conditioners with inverters operate at controllable motor speeds—a cool method for electricity conserving.

9. Water-Cooled Chiller System

A water-cooled chiller system includes a chiller that uses water as the refrigerant and may be seen in several industrial and commercial uses.

The water picks up heat within the building, returns into the chiller, in which it's cooled, then returns to circulating throughout the building.

10. Cooling Tower

A cooling tower, sometimes located on rooftops, is a heat rejection device that aids refrigerated ac work efficiently. Heat exchange happening at the refrigeration unit raises the temperature of the heating water.

The cooling tower keeps and exposes the water to airflow to the tower to permit air, which lowers the water flow. Afterward, the water has been passed back into the refrigerant unit and used again.

11. Free Cooling

Free heating is an economical way of utilizing low outside air temperatures to help in chilling water. The heated water could be stored until used and summer from the cooling system to discharge heat.

If the ambient air temperature drops into a set temperature, then a modulating valve permits the heated water to jump-start a present chiller and operate via the free cooling procedure, which requires much less power to cool the water from the system.

What Is Humidity Control?

Reduced humidity contributes to a dry atmosphere, which causes mucous membranes in your throat to become less resistant to influenza pathogens and other ailments.

Too much humidity, flipping the coin, causes distress. After the humidity of the atmosphere rises, it permits the development of biological contaminants like mites and mold.

The American Society of Heating, Refrigerating & Air-Conditioning Engineers (ASHRAE) urges that indoor relative humidity be maintained between 40-60 percent.

The Difference Between AC and Dehumidifiers

A whole lot of air heaters function as dehumidifiers. Air conditioning (cooling) is a process that prioritizes the lowering of space temperatures.

Therefore, once the cooling system is chosen on an AC, then it proceeds to cool the air until it drops to a perfect temperature.

Dehumidifiers are made to decrease the humidity level of a certain distance and operate a feeble cooling manner until the preset humidity is attained.

A few dehumidifiers can dehumidify and reheat to generate a room environment using a drier atmosphere without reducing temperatures.

Applications

Air conditioning is all about producing desirable air environments for objects or occupants indoors. Air-conditioning programs are widely divided into relaxation and process applications.

Comfort application

With relaxation air conditioning, the focus is on individuals residing, working, etc., at office buildings, health centers, schools, shops, or even vehicles.

Low-Rise Apartment Buildings and Single-Family Homes

Packaged window unit (in-window) ACs or split system ACs would be the favorite options for homes and low-rise flat buildings. Split-system air conditioners come in 2 kinds: single-split and multi-split systems.

A single-split system is generally composed of a single indoor unit and a single outdoor unit, even though a multi-split system includes two or more indoor units.

The kind of system, space dimensions, and functions required are typical elements to be thought about in choosing an air compressor.

High-Rise Housing, like Condos

The bigger the building, the higher complications there will be in the AC system. Ac methods for high-rise homes are broadly categorized into two types from the way the heat source is dispersed: distributed heating and central heating.

A central heating system offers heat to the total inside of a building from 1 stage (e.g., a machine room, in which heat sources such as a boiler and heating unit are placed) to multiple chambers.

In a dispersed heating system, heating sources can be found at multiple factors where air conditioning for chambers of ground or zone is supplied.

Public Institutions, e.g., Schools, Hospitals

An educational institution or Medical center buildings have spaces with various purposes, so they require particular designs suitable for the function of how they're used.

By way of instance, waiting rooms or workplaces need typical relaxation air conditioning, even while managing rooms or kitchens need to be made to satisfy function-specific requirements.

Office Buildings

Office buildings provide spaces for businesspersons, which could be hot weather individuals or who favor temperatures somewhat lower.

Airflow instructions ought to be made select-able for comfy air conditioning. In designing a system, uninterrupted exposure to drafts from an AC should likewise be avoided.

Commercial Buildings that Accommodate Restaurants, Shopping Malls

Commercial buildings home varying companies that need various abilities of air conditioning when all tenants have the exact same place.

When there's a restaurant at the construction, ease of upkeep and also an oil-trapping filter system ought to be contemplated in the air conditioning layout because of its own kitchen space.

For industrial buildings, tenant-centric air conditioning together with desired indoor unit layouts and outside unit designs offering comfort for clients is an extra requirement.

Industrial Buildings

Along with relaxation, industrial air-conditioning design may demand cooling equipment for tooling and machines. Cooling the huge area of an industrial center requires significantly big power output.

That's the reason it's often suggested to utilize the ease of fans or spot coolers to decrease the total electricity consumption.

Road, Marine, and Air Vehicles for Carrying fresh food items or Passengers

Buses, railways, aircraft, refrigerated vehicles, and boats --they need air conditioning programs appropriate to the requirements of what they carry.

Public vehicles tend to get packed with lots of men and women, which makes it crucial to be well ventilated along with controlling the humidity and Temperature.

For aircraft, the cabin pressure has to be kept at a constant degree so as to make a secure and comfortable environment for crew and passengers flying at high altitudes.

Process Applications

Process applications aim to offer a suitable environment, e.g., inner heating and humidity heaps, for a procedure being completed, in addition to for machines or material used for this.

Process applications include industrial surroundings; farm and plant growing areas; meal consumption, processing, and storage areas; and ecological management of information centers.

Biological Clean rooms

Facilities for breeding lab animals have to be air-conditioned to particular requirements so as to present an environment for getting highly dependable information.

Humidity and Temperature need to be ideally controlled to levels suitable to animals being bred. Interior air has to meet cleanliness requirements and also be correctly deodorized.

Data Centers

Air conditioning for information centers must curb heat generation from servers and computers, also, at precisely the exact same period, distribute the conditioned air to match the thermal relaxation needs of people.

Capabilities for maintaining moderate humidity amount and conserving energy have to also be factored into the atmosphere condition planning.

Operating Theaters

Fundamental demands for air conditioning systems in working theaters include the regulation of humidity and Temperature and the atmosphere relaxation for patients and healthcare professionals.

Operating rooms have to get a positive pressure connection to adjoining places, i.e., a pressure inside has to be retained higher than the environment which surrounds the space.

Types of Air Conditioning Systems

The classification of home-use AC contains:

In a window AC, each of the elements, namely the compressor, condenser, expansion valve or coil, evaporator, and heating coil, are included in one box package. This device is fitted in, generally, a windowsill, eliminating the need for ducting.

Split: The split AC consists of two components -- the outside unit and the indoor unit -- also comes in only divide or multi-split settings.

Single Split System: In one split air conditioner, one exterior unit runs the machine to supply conditioned air from an indoor unit.

Multi-Split System: The outside unit of a multi-split air purifier operates more than one unit. A favorite alternative for owners of recently constructed homes. As it requires just 1 unit outside, a multi-split system leads to a slick house look.

Requirements for Multi-Split System Installation

These needs should be taken into account.

Piping Routes: A multi-split platform requires piping to connect with the outside unit and several indoor units. Dimensional constraints ought to be assessed beforehand to be sure of the installation of piping.

Outdoor Unit Capacity: The entire power of the indoor components needs to be kept under the capability of the outside unit.

Air-to-Water (AtoW) Heat Pump

An AtoW heating pump pushes heat from the atmosphere to heat the refrigerant. Just like a split system air conditioner, the AtoW process is comprised of an indoor unit and an outdoor unit.

Heated water is kept in a tank within the indoor system and used for drinking, cleaning, indoor air heating, or ground heating.

The technology uses heat from the atmosphere and has been drawing attention from Europe, where environmental issues are prompting individuals to move from traditional combustion boilers into systems that are not as impactful on the environment.

Types of AC Systems -Commercial Air Conditioning

Different types of Air Conditioning Systems -Commercial Air Conditioning

Cooling/heating ability is where commercial/industry air conditioning systems appreciably differ from home ACs.

Commercial/industry air conditioning systems are approximately categorized, by their capability, into people for medium-size offices or shops and people for buildings and massive facilities.

Indoor units arrive in many different forms to meet varying demands, which are characterized by applications and space volume.

Office/Store Air Conditioning Systems

Single-Split Packaged Air Conditioners: In one split air conditioner, one exterior unit runs on the system, which offers conditioned air from an indoor unit.

Multi-Split Packaged Air Conditioners: At a multi-split air conditioner, a single exterior unit operates greater than an indoor unit, which makes it a favorite alternative for owners of shops and standalone offices.

Packaged Terminal Air Conditioners: A PTAC or packaged terminal air conditioner is a ductless, self-contained heating and cooling system (through the wall) commonly found in resorts, home centers, and apartment buildings.

With indoor air units and outside heating units connected through partitions, PTACs are installable in a more compact region and supply individual ac.

Building/Factory Air Conditioning System

VRF/Mini VRF

At a variable refrigerant flow (VRF) system, one exterior unit operates greater than one unit. VRFs are generally installed in moderate to large buildings larger than shops or standalone offices, for which multi-split packed air conditioners will be the favorite option.

Being controlled at varying speeds, VRF units adapt to the desired speed allowing for considerable energy savings. The ones that arrive with streamlined outdoor units made for small to midsize buildings are known as mini VRFs.

Gas Heat Pump (GHP) AC System

A GHP air conditioning system includes a gasoline engine-powered compressor within the outside unit and a heat pump to cool or heat air in living areas.

Chiller: A chiller is a machine that removes heat from a liquid by means of a vapor-compression or absorption cooling cycle. This liquid, known as a refrigerant, is circulated through a heat exchanger to cool gear.

Chillers are in use for industrial computers and lab instruments to always maintain optimal temperatures. Commercial factories and buildings use chillers for air conditioning.

Air Handling Unit (AHU): The AHU or air handling unit is a device utilized to modulate and circulate air being part of the heating, ventilating, and conditioning system.

It utilizes cold/hot steam or water to regulate the humidity and temperatures of the atmosphere that flows into living spaces.

Central Air Conditioning: In a central ac system, a heating device apparatus installed at the construction heats the water flow in the system.

The water flows into and out of an AHU to supply conditioned air. That's compared to individual ac systems, which have heating resources for each ground and area.

Kinds of Indoor Units

Indoor components of commercial/industrial air conditioners are available in a variety of forms, based on space geometries and software.

Ducted: Indoor components of a ducted air conditioner are set up in the ceiling area. The air inlet/outlet grilles are the only components visible on the ceiling.

Wall-Mounted: The indoor system is wall-mounted and completely exposed.

Ceiling Cassette: The indoor unit of an inbuilt cassette AC is installed in the ceiling area. The ceiling panel is the only component visible and exposed on the ceiling. The valves and unit, being at the ceiling, are less observable and from the way.

Ceiling-Mounted: The indoor unit has been mounted onto the ceiling and exposed.

Floor: Being put on the ground reduces the time needed for setup.

Additional Gear for Air Conditioning

Below are apparatuses that assist air heaters to provide greater room air

Air Purifier: An air conditioner or air cleaner is a device that eliminates contaminants, e.g.dust, pollens, house dust, in the atmosphere in an area to enhance the quality of indoor air.

Ventilation Fan: An air conditioner offers cool/hot airflow but doesn't ventilate. Employing fan venting, together with an air purifier, guarantees new air consumption all the time.

Fan: Utilizing a fan with air conditioning boosts the heating impact without lowering the temperature. Fans can also be helpful to efficiently produce cool air in spaces that are stuffy.

Heater: It takes some time to heat the whole room with an air conditioner in wintertime. Fan heaters boost the heating efficiency of air conditioning systems being used.

Selecting an Air Conditioner Which Best Fits Your Space

Choosing an Air Conditioner Which Best Fits Your Space

The AC's capacity is the very first component to be factored in if picking the right business AC system for your company.

To ascertain the capability required, you might also take into consideration other variables; for instance, is your area facing south, or does this have big windows.

Select one that best matches the dimensions and demands of the rooms, supplies relaxation, and conserves electricity.

Controls

Advances in communication technologies permit more air conditioning systems to become community-linked. Let's walk you through a few examples of exactly what recent air heaters offer.

Wireless LAN (WLAN) and Application Controls

The most recent air conditioners have wireless LAN (WLAN) connection capacity that provides users smartphone controllers across the net.

You are able to turn in your air conditioner when you're away, which allows you to come home to a comfy temperature.

Remote Controls

Most ACs have remote controls. They provide features like big-screen LED, ease of use, fast press buttons, and much more.

Virtual Personal Assistant (VPA)

A digital private assistant (also known as a smart digital helper ) is a software agent that provides answers and executes services or tasks for a person based on orders or queries—dialogues with the short-range leverage natural language processing technology.

Artificial intelligence and voice recognition technology embedded inside the unit allows voice control over ACs and other electronics.

Building Management System (BMS)

A building management system (BMS) is a pest management control system installed in buildings that electronically and mechanically controls and tracks the construction systems like access control, security systems, fire systems, lighting, elevators, and ac.

Smart Cloud

Cloud computing is a type of computing usage, generally, the on-demand access to computer system resources, notably data storage and computing power, without immediate active direction by the consumer.

It provides services via network-connected computers (servers) to customers' personal computers or smartphones. Nowadays, smart cloud solutions are quickly being developed after another to deliver transformation in contemporary ac.

1 illustration is Panasonic's AC Smart Cloud. It monitors the energy consumption levels, capabilities, performance performances of numerous AC devices in various locations through cloud computing methods.

Users have fast and effortless access to this information from their tablet computers or private computers to ensure sound operations of their devices, and they're ready 24/7 to respond in case of an error.

Bluetooth

Bluetooth can be described as the short-range wireless communication technology that enables apparatuses and devices to transmit voice or data wirelessly within a brief distance.

The tech is the exact same one that lets you listen to music being streamed onto your smartphone via wireless earphones.

Some recent light goods and air conditioners equipped with Bluetooth technology, capable of connecting with smartphone programs, are getting much attention in the marketplace.

Zigbee

Zigbee is a wireless community specification for high-level communication protocols for closeness (i.e., private area) wireless ad hoc networks.

The tech characterized from the Zigbee specification provides restricted transfer speed and distance in exchange for less costly as well as working on lower electricity.

Devices supporting Zigbee supply remote-controlled home automation for air conditioners, lightings, TVs, displays, drapes, and other things.

BACnet

BACnet can e described as a communications protocol for building BAC (automation and control) networks.

The BACnet protocol provides mechanisms for automatic building automation devices to swap and track data, irrespective of the construction service that they function according to manufacturer specifications for air conditioning, power, or fire extinguishing systems.

Modbus

Modbus is a serial communications protocol that's published by Modicon (currently Schneider Electric) to be used with its own programmable logic controls (PLCs).

It is now a de facto standard communication protocol and is currently a commonly available way of linking building management systems (BMS), fabricating machines, boilers, and other industrial digital devices.

The Latest Air Conditioning Characteristics That Increase the Quality of Life

ACs are active in bringing relaxation around the calendar year, specifically during winter and summer. Thus, be a knowledgeable consumer and understand what they provide. Let us have a peek at the most recent features on Panasonic air conditioners.

Fan Speed/Coverage

An air conditioner fan circulates the heated or cooled air inside the room. The coverage and speed of this enthusiast impact the cooling/heating efficiency. Air conditioners with variable fan speeds and broad coverage lower/raise the room temperature fast.

Operating Modes

Normal working modes include:

Cool: Discharges indoor warmth to decrease the room temperature.

Auto: Automatically changes and selects ways to maintain the room temperature at the designated level.

Dry: Dehumidifies the room atmosphere. Additionally frees the room atmosphere, but much less efficiently in a cool manner.

Heat: Squeeze outside warmth to inside to heat the room atmosphere.

Eco: Runs the air conditioner when restricting energy consumption.

Fan Only: Flows air to the space to provide a cool breeze with no cooling or heating system.

Human Sensor

Detects the presence of a body in a room and directs warm or cool breeze in this way. Increases air conditioning efficiency and helps reduce energy intake.

ECONAVI, a complete range of Panasonic's latest technology, comprises sensor analysis on the way the space occupant feels exactly the temperature (i.e., cold or hot ), sunlight shifts, furniture/room design to deliver customized ac.

Air Filtering & Autonomous Cleaning

Modern-day ACs have advanced air filtering capacity to eliminate dust, mold, and bacteria that can be detrimental to human health.

Many air conditioners wash out the interior of components and curb dust pile-up or mold growth. These functions maintain air purifier filters clean around the clock, reducing energy reduction, consequently efficiently lowering your energy bills.

Night Mode

Night mode in an AC has often identified a very low power mode where auto-temperature control and end flow conserving are triggered for relaxation once the consumer is sleeping.

Once turned on, you can sleep peacefully without any worries about your area getting too warm or chilly.

Angle-Adjustable Louver Slats

Due to convection where cold air moves down, and hot air rises, air dissipates efficiently when louver slats in front of AC are turned up through down and cooling when heating.

Most versions have angle adjustment controls for louver slats in their remote controls. Sideways angle adjustment aids send a cool/warm atmosphere to a specific place within the room.

Delayed Restart

Delayed restart averts restart right after an AC is switched off to protect the compressor.

Demand Response Enabling Device (DRED)

Since the consciousness of global warming develops, demand response, a cap on the energy consumption of an electric utility client to prevent peaks in demand for electricity and maintain equilibrium with the source, is becoming a popular selection for electricity consumption control throughout the planet.

Australia has national criteria for Demand Response (AS/NZS 4755 chain ) on DREDs. This system was implemented nationally by power providers. Voluntary rationing for ACs and other electrical appliances is supported by means of price incentives.

Auto-Defrost

When an air purifier is run beneath low outside temperatures and higher humidity, frost may form on its exterior unit. As time passes, an accumulation of ice may form on the evaporator coil (cooling element).

Finally, this may block the flow of the chilly atmosphere. That is the reason why defrosting is needed. Auto-defrost frequently defrosts the evaporator by melting the freeze and sparks the consequent water from the unit.

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[mushroomminded]

fundeadasylum submitted:

Okay this is really sloppy and I’m not altogether happy with it and I guess you can post it if you want to????? But here’s that weird crossover we talked about this morning.

“So, let me get this straight,” Jon was frowning in concentration as he pushed his glasses up his nose, “You were in a desert–”

“Wasteland.” The man corrected, not looking up from where he was picking through the garbage of the alleyway.

“Okay, wasteland,” Jon amended, “And then you went through some narrow canyons and ended up here. Miles and miles and miles away from the nearest desert. Can you see why we have trouble believing you?”

Beside him, Matt nudged him hard with an elbow, “Hey, stranger things have happened. My dads said they survived, like, three zombie apocalypses.”

Jon resisted the urge to roll his eyes.

“Whenever that spook Griffa is ‘round he sometimes talks of doors,” Said the man. He finally gave up on digging through the rubbish and moved closer to the pair, trying to look past them to the mouth of the alley, “Said the walls of the world are thin ‘cause we been rubbing away at them. And Griffa doesn’t speak porky so that’s my best guess at what happened.” His accent was strange, a garbled concoction of slang and inflections that didn’t quite make sense.

“Hey…wait…” Matt said slowly, “Do you…do I look…familiar to you?”

The stranger glanced at him, muddy green eyes flickering in the gloom as they glanced up and down, “No, sorry mate. Should I? What’s your name?”

Matt looked crushed and Jon put a tentative hand on his shoulder in reassurance, “It’s Matt but…just forget it…”

“That’s my name!” The man bounded into the light and clasped Matt’s hand in his, pumping it up and down enthusiastically, “Nice to meet you Matt! I’m Matt! And you are?”

“Ah, Jon. My name’s Jon.” Jon stuttered (“Really! I also know a Jon!”).  He was beginning to see why Matt had asked what he had.

This dusty, dirty, trash digging man draped in rags and leather and rings of stained metal jewelry…looked just like Matt’s missing father.

****

They tried to get this dirty, older, possibly alternate dimension Matt to stay in the alley until they could figure out how to get him home. But he wasn’t having it.

“I’ve only seen pictos and heard Wordburger’s tell of the Big Smokes! I’m gonna see what’s out there!”

Of course, feet from the mouth of the alley, he stopped dead in his tracks, mouth agape as he stared at the road,

“By the Goddess of V8 that’s a lot of bloody cars!”

Jon flushed red with embarrassment as some passing bystanders and tugged at Older-Matt’s arm. The man continued to gawk at everything around him; the sidewalk (“It’s firm as stone but shaped as squarely as steel!”), the buildings (“High as mountains! They really do reach the sky!”), the people (“How are they so pale and where’s their armor? Their protection?”). He seemed especially baffled by the sheer amount of vehicles on the roads. He stood stock still for a moment as a trailer truck rumbled past them, watching it go by with the unbridled awe of a child (“A real road train…wait ‘till I tell Pau…!”).

“But the guzzoline!” He exclaimed as they darted through a zebra crossing before the lights changed, “Where do you keep the guzzoline? There are so many cars there must be a ton of guzzoline!”

It took them several minutes to parse that he was talking about gasoline.

As the clouds thickened overhead, the two friends dragged Older-Matt into a nearby petrol station for snacks and to get out of the public eye. The man was immediately enamored by the sheer amount of color in the place.

“What do we do with him?” Matt hissed under his breath, “He can’t come home with us, my dads would freak!”

“We can’t just let him wander around on his either, though!” Jon replied, worrying the hem of his shirt, “He’ll end up getting himself killed or thrown in an institution or something!”

“So, what, we just follow him around all day and babysit him?”

“I dunno, but we can’t—wait, where’d he go?”

Matt cursed as he realized his older self had vanished. He and Jon set off at a rapid pace through the store and found the man lingering in the back near the coolers. His hands were pressed against the glass, shock written clearly across his face as he stared in awe at the rows of water bottles crisply displayed in the racks.

“There’s so much of it…!” He breathed, breath fogging the glass.

“So much of what? Are you okay?” Jon asked as they approached.

“Aqua-cola!” Older-Matt cried, “And it’s all just sitting there! Who controls it!? Who’s in charge of this base!? Why is no one protecting it!?”

“Dude, it’s just water.” Matt shrugged, confused and slightly alarmed by the man’s enthused and desperate demeanor.

His older self stared at him for a moment and then said, without a shred of hesitation,

“I’m taking all of them.”

****

“I can’t believe we just got banned from another petrol station.” Jon lamented as they made their way down the street.

“At least it wasn’t my fault and nothing was on fire this time!” Matt argued back, hands in his hoodie pockets and shoulders hunched against the encroaching gloom of the low hanging sky. His gaze darted up to the figure trotting merrily ahead of them, rags swaying with each step, “But, ya know, I was thinking…what kind of desert place must he come from that they don’t have water? It’s gotta be bad, right?”

Jon nodded in agreement, “It must be bad, wherever he’s from. I feel…kind of sorry for him…”

Matt brightened suddenly and ran ahead, grabbed his older self’s arms, pulling him down the street. Jon hurried after them, confused until he saw where Matt was leading them. Then he smiled.

A few turns later and they were standing on the sidewalk beside a small, local park.

Older-Matt froze. His hands were over his mouth, his eyes wide and glossy as tears tracked silently down his cheeks.

“Th…The Green Place…” He whispered hoarsely and fell to his knees in the grass with a choked sob.

****

They stayed in the park until it began to rain.

A mist, at first, and then a drizzle, and finally a proper summer rain, heavy stubborn. The other patrons scattered, heading to their homes at the first sign of the clouds opening up, but the trio stayed. They ducked into the large pavilion when the heavy rains began to fall, laughing and shaking droplets from their hair. Jon had the foresight to rescue their bag of snacks hoarded from the vending machine from its spot beside the swings. They stayed under the pavilion for a while, talking, watching the rain fall, listening to Older-Matt’s stories of the wasteland and its wonders and dangers, of the fortress where he lived and of the people he lived with.

“Here,” Jon shrugged his backpack off and pushed it across the picnic table to Older-Matt, “I got some stuff from the store before we got kicked out. I want you to take it back with you.”

“You stole it!?” Matt cried, looking far more pleased than he should have.

“No!” Jon’s ears turned pink, “I bought it all! There’s some nonperishables and water bottles in there. A-and some medical supplies. I know it’s not a lot but…maybe it can help.”

The man from the desert looked as if he might cry again. But at that moment there was a blaze of lightning followed by a loud crack of thunder. Matt clapped his hands over his ears and Jon flinched. But the man in rags just rose from the bench, slinging the backpack over his shoulder and pulling his goggles down over his eyes. His face was turned towards the sky, watching the boiling clouds overhead.

“Storm’s rollin in’,” He said mildly, a small smile on his face, “Feels like it’s about time for me to get home.”

“Huh? How?” Matt half rose from his seat, a frown on his face.

His older self shrugged, turning away to face the steadily increasing downpour, “Just sounds like the rumble of the V8 calling me. ‘Sides, my family will be looking for me…and I can’t abandon them. See ya’, ripper! An’ good luck with that curse of yours.”

He stepped off the pavilion, walked a few steps into the rain, and simply vanished.

Matt blinked, mouth flapping uselessly, and then looked at Jon, stricken with something he couldn’t quite put into words.

“It’s okay, Matt,” Jon reached out and patted his friend’s shoulder, “He’s home now.”

“Yeah, but…his home isn’t safe! It’s not—it’s not a good place to be!”

“Maybe,” Jon said gently, “But it’s his home. It’s where his family is. It’s where he belongs.”

Matt struggled with himself for a moment and then sighed, shoulders slumping, “Yeah, you’re right. I just—“

“AUSTRALIA!” Jon suddenly blurted and Matt jumped so badly he toppled backwards off the bench and landed in a heap on the pavilion floor.

Blushing, Jon hurried over to help his friend up only to yanked to the floor as well. They ended up wrestling, tumbling out into the rain and throwing mud and handfuls of grass at each other, trekking home to exasperated parents with breathless laughter.

And, because this is the way the world works when pieces fall out of alignment, they forgot.

THIS IS SO CUTE O M G G G

#friend art #fics #shark matt #mad max au #submission

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[screechinggardenerfire]

How Do Air Compressors Work?

Air compressors are an invaluable tool for both industrial work and DIY at home, and there are several different types to choose from depending on the job you need doing. Air compressors have a number of uses, such as to fill gas cylinders for industrial purposes and scuba diving, to create the power needed to run pneumatic tools and spray guns, for pumping up automotive tyres, and within heating and air conditioning systems.

As we’ve touched on here, there are myriad uses for screw air compressor both in commercial and domestic environments. Within the category of air guns, there are several types, each of which is suitable for a different job. We’ve compiled a guide to all the major types of air compressor, how they work and how they differentiate from one another.

Whether you’re an engineering manager or in charge of facilities for your company, being informed about how air compressors function and what they’re used for is handy and can help you make the proper decisions for your business and industry.

Get all the information you need to know about air compressors, complete with the infographic below, with our comprehensive guide. We’ll address the benefits of using premium air compressors in your industry, as well as the questions of ‘what are compressors?’ and ‘how does a compressor work?’, covering all the essentials in one convenient place.

The infographic below shows how a Hydrovane series rotary sliding vane air compressor works

Since their invention in the 19th Century, mechanical, automated air compressors have continued to be one of the most widely used tools in industrial settings. Air compressors provide a continuous stream of power that is safer and cooler than many other forms of energy. For many industries, such as metal work and mining environments, air compressors are an absolutely essential tool. After the basic utilities of water, gas and electric, compressed air is actually considered to be the fourth utility.

Air compressors are also an affordable choice of tool for many manufacturing jobs, as they are durable, and high quality types require minimal maintenance and repairs.

Between the two main categories of compressor – the scroll (piston) compressor and the rotary screw (reciprocating) compressor, you have a tool for every type of industrial and commercial setting, as well as various domestic uses.

The most common types of regular screw air compressor are single and dual phase, both of which operate in the same fundamental way, only dual phase has one more step involved in the compression process. In a single phase compressor, there is one chamber and the air is compressed a single time; in a dual phase, there are two chambers and the air is put through compression twice.

Be careful not to confuse single and dual phase compressors with the number of cylinders a compressor has. Both types of compressor use two cylinders; one-cylinder compressors are less common, because air balancing is made easier with two cylinders. The difference between single and dual stage compressors is that in the former the cylinders are both the same size; in the latter they are different sizes.

How Do Single and Dual Phase Compressors Operate?

Single phase compressors, also referred to as piston air compressors, works in a relatively simple and straightforward way. First, air is drawn into the cylinder; from here, it is compressed once by a single piston movement within a vacuum system.

The power of this compression is measured in PSI (pounds per square inch) or Bar – the higher the PSI/Bar, the more power the compressor has. In a single stage air compressor, the air is typically compressed at a rate of around 120 PSI (8.2 Bar). After the air has been compressed, it is sent into the storage tank from where it is dispelled into various tools as a source of energy.

Dual phase compressors operate the same way, except there are two stages of compression, rather than just one. After the first round of compression, the air is sent into a second chamber, where it is compressed for the second time, at a rate of around 175 PSI (12.1 Bar). After this, the air is sent to a storage tank in which it is cooled down and ready for application.

Both types of compressor are typically powered by either an electric or petrol motor, which drives the piston and causes the compression to happen.

Single Phase and Dual Phase Applications

Both function in fundamentally the same way and can be used for similar tasks, such as operating a pneumatic drill or other high-powered tools such as those found in a manufacturing plant.

Single phase compressors tend to be used within domestic settings for smaller workshop jobs done with handheld tools, such as woodwork, metal work and general DIY.

Dual phase compressors, on the other hand, are better for larger scale work in operations such as operations needed in vehicle repair shops, pressing factories and other plants where parts are manufactured.

Oil-Free vs. Oil-lubricated Air Compressors

Another way to compare variable frequency air compressor is to look at whether they use oil or not – there are oil-free and oil-based / lubricated compressors and both are suited to slightly different jobs. For the air to be drawn into the chamber safely and effectively, the piston needs to be in top working order. To work properly, the piston must be lubricated with oil.

With regards to lubrication, there are two main types of compressor to choose from: oil-free and oil-based. The oil is used on the cylinder to ensure the compression goes smoothly.

The Difference Between Oil-Free and Oil-Based Compressors

Oil-free air compressors already have a lubricated cylinder (often with a non-stick material such as Teflon) and therefore require no further maintenance to work properly. Oil-based compressors require oil to be added to the piston area and changed regularly. Just how often you need to change the oil will be outlined in the manufacturer’s manual that came with your compressor.

On the whole, oil-free compressors tend to weigh a lot less than oil-based compressors, as not only do they not have the weight of the oil, but they are more compact machines, requiring fewer separate parts to make them work. Oil-free compressors, being less complex in design, also tend to be more affordable than oil-based compressors.

However, although they’re more weighty and expensive, oil-based compressors have their benefits. For one thing, they are strong and durable, and usually have a longer lifespan than their oil-free counterparts. This is usually because over time the greasing material (usually Teflon) begins to wear down and lose its lubrication abilities.

Another important factor that should be considered when choosing between an oil-free and oil-based compressor is that the oil-less version tends to heat up faster and to a higher temperature than those which use oil. Compressors without oil also make a lot more noise than those with, so if you want a less noisy workplace, this is a factor to consider too.

Oil-Free and Oil-based Compressor Applications

Oil-free compressors are a great option for those in need of a lightweight, low maintenance tool for home use. Oil-based compressors are better suited to heavy duty jobs and commercial and industrial use, as although they’re generally heavier and require more maintenance, they are also more robust and versatile.

For industrial purposes and extensive, day-long use, oil-based compressors are by far the best option. If you’re looking to invest in quality compressors for your business, opting for oil-based machines is almost certainly the best route to take.

Within an industrial or commercial setting, there are numerous uses for oil-based PM screw air compressor, including:

Vehicle painting and repairs

Sanding and woodwork

Creating snow banks in ski centres

Tools within dentistry and other medical environments

Pneumatic construction tools such as nail guns

Air cleaning tools such as blowguns

Oil-free compressors can be used for domestic use, such as small-scale jobs like blowing up balloons, home workshop and DIY jobs. They are also largely used in industries where there is a need to avoid the product or consumer coming into contact with oil: food and beverage, pharmaceutical and dental, for example. In these sensitive applications, the consequences of having oil contamination in the air are too high to risk, so having an oil free compressor is a must. There is compressed air quality testing from the International Organisation for Standardisation (ISO) which oil-free technology can help you achieve.

Fixed vs. Variable Air Compressors

Another factor to consider when choosing the right type of air compressor for your industry is whether they’re equipped with fixed or variable speed. Let’s take a closer look at what these different types of compressor can do for you.

The main difference between air compressors that use a fixed speed system and those that use variable speed is the manner in which the motor gets its power. The compression element is much the same across all machines, but the way the motor operates has an effect on the usability, efficiency and lifespan of the machine.

How Do VSD Compressors Work?

Variable speed compressors (often referred to as VSD (Variable Speed Drive) or VFD (Variable Frequency Drive) – compressors) operates by automatically adjusting the motor speed in accordance with the demand for air. This happens through a system that converts voltage from the mains power supply into a variable frequency.

Power is drawn through a converter, inside which it is converted twice. First, it converts AC power into DC power using diodes. A capacitor then cleans the AC, and then converts it to DC using a transistor, which acts as switches. These switches control the frequency of power sent to the motor, which in turn controls the speed of the motor.

A VSD air compressor contains this technology, allowing the speed of the motor and the amount of air compression used to be closely controlled. There are pros and cons to both variable speed compressors and their counterpart, fixed speed compressors – check them out below to decide which one is best for your industry.

Fixed Speed Pros and Cons

Fixed speed air compressors send a consistent, continuous stream of power into the motor, which gives you a reliable frequency in all your air compression jobs. The initial cost of fixed speed compressors is lower than that of variable speed compressors, is easier and cheaper to maintain and is a must-have within industries where the power demand is continuous.

This type of compressor is, however, less efficient than its variable speed counterpart. It is also less efficient at saving energy, and can therefore be more expensive to run, with fewer incentives available too.

Variable Speed Pros and Cons

Variable speed air compressors allow you to control the voltage and the frequency of the power in the motor, giving the user more agency over the tool. This type of compressor is more efficient when it comes to power usage, as you can easily control your output and only use what you need. Many industries will find that this type of air compressor is ideal, as it can be used in line with the demand of the job. When less power is needed, you can easily adjust the speed of the compressor, saving money and protecting the environment at the same time.

The downsides of a variable speed compressor are that there is a higher initial capital cost to pay, and maintenance and repairs are more expensive too. They are also not well suited to applications that require a continuous stream of power.

Piston Compressors, Scroll Compressors & Rotary Screw Compressors

So far in this article, all the compressors mentioned are operated using pistons, which is a generic system for one type of compressor – the scroll compressor, also known as a reciprocating air compressor. The other type is the rotary screw compressor, which doesn’t have pistons and operates in a slightly different way.

Here’s a quick overview of how scroll compressors and rotary screw / reciprocating compressors work, and what the unique benefits are of each of them.

Scroll Compressors

Scroll compressors are a type of piston compressor, and are also called reciprocating compressors. These are the most common type of two stage air compressor, due to affordability and general availability. But how does a reciprocating air compressor work? The piston system works by having a piston travel downwards, decreasing the pressure inside its internal cylinder through the creation of a vacuum. The sudden change in pressure causes the door of the cylinder to be forced open, and draw air in. When the piston travels up again, the air is forced out of the cylinder at a much higher pressure point. This continues in a reciprocating, ‘scroll’ pattern, hence its name.

Pros and Cons of Scroll Compressors

Pros:

Cools down quickly

More efficient use of energy

Cons:

Higher initial capital cost

More complex parts – harder to maintain

Rotary Screw Compressors

Rather than using pistons, rotary screw compressors rely on rollers to do the compression. Rollers are positioned just off the middle of the central shaft to ensure that one side of the roller is always in contact with the wall. The rollers are powered, rotating extremely fast, causing the same result as scroll compressors: they draw in air at a low pressure and force it out at a higher pressure.

Pros and Cons of Rotary Screw Compressors

Pros:

Good power capacity

Lower initial capital price

Easy to maintain

Cons:

Limited cooling abilities

Require continuous maintenance checks

How Do Low Noise Air Compressors Work?

One complaint often heard around air compressors is that some of them are noisy due to friction and a power source, which can be distracting and inconvenient for both commercial and domestic use. The industry has risen to deal with these complaints however, and there are several low noise air compressors to choose from, offering a decibel rating of around 40 dB.

40 dB is considered low noise; 60 dB is considered the safest decibel level for compressors; anything over 85 dB could cause long-lasting damage to your hearing, and you should avoid being exposed to this level for extended periods of time.

Low noise and silent air compressors are available in both oil-free and oil-based versions, so just how is the silencing effect achieved?

As well as choosing compressors with low decibel levels, one aspect of this technology that makes a big difference is the inclusion of an acoustic chamber for containing the noise. Another tip is to opt for electric-powered compressors, rather than gas-powered, as the former type of power source makes for a quieter machine.

The Bottom Line

Which type of air compressor you go for depends on a variety of factors. You first need to consider what application the compressors will be used for? Do you need it for continuous, ongoing use in large industrial machinery, or will it be used sporadically? Your answers to these questions will help you decide on whether to go for variable or fixed speed compressors.

Another question that you must factor into your decision is: how much do you want to spend? Remember that the initial price of a quality compressor is not the only expense associated with a compressor; consider also the cost of the power needed to run the machine, plus any related ongoing maintenance and repair costs. How much time and energy will investing in high quality compressors save your company? These are all important calculations that should be made before making your decision.

Get in touch below if you wish to find out more.

[rihwind-blog]

spoon drop list Flowering landscapes

Further hints for your travel

The rest of the North Island including Wellington in the south has a moderate climate. The temperate climate ensures mild winters and warm summers. The temperatures are similar to those in the north of the island, but they deviate downward. For this reason, I recommend the summer months as the best time to visit the rest of the North Sea Island and Wellington. In the winter months the temperatures drop extremely and the number of rainy days increases. While the north around Auckland is rather subtropical and not very cold even in winter, the south receives a lot of rain. But New Zealand wouldn't be New Zealand if the weather wouldn't change quickly and make sunshine out of rain clouds. On average 2000 hours of sunshine shine here in the year. Paired with the rainfalls, the beautiful nature for which the country is known thrives. Although the New Zealand winter brings cooler weather and rain in some parts of the country, it is mild in many places.

During the summer months, however, it gets almost unbearably hot and humid all over the country. But for water rats the climate is ideal, the water temperatures are between 20°C degrees and 28°C degrees depending on the place. Frequent rainfall, the north-west monsoon and hurricanes can have a considerable impact on travel during the summer months. Travel and safety information is based on the information available at the time indicated and considered trustworthy by the Federal Foreign Office. We therefore recommend contacting the relevant diplomatic or consular representation of the destination country. It is common practice in many countries that the costs billed by doctors or hospitals must be paid or even advanced before discharge. Nor can it be ruled out that the doctor/hospital will refuse to allow the patient to leave the country if the bill is not paid.

Best time to travel

When is the best time for New Zealand?

In the south of the country (Tasmania, New South Wales, Victoria, South Australia) the climate is rather moderate and is described as oceanic. Spring extends from September to November, hot summer from December to February, autumn from March to May and mild winter from June to August.

The Smart Fuell Card from AA allows you to save on fuel, similar to the Payback Card in Germany. You get a 6 cent discount for every litre you fill up. At the petrol pumps you can also enter the desired amount or number of litres or, at filling stations with full service, for example, you can fill up with the words "Make it full". Read more about campervan hire New Zealand here. To the main source of income

#travel to new zealand travel time

[cement-epc-blog]

vertical mill inspection and maintenance

Product introduction:https://www.lvssn.com/mill/290.html

As the main equipment of cement enterprises, vertical mill directly affects the efficiency of the enterprise, and its inspection and maintenance is very important. This article talks about the parts and methods of inspection and maintenance in combination with production practice.

First, the location and method of vertical grinding inspection

Vertical mill consists of its power, transmission, lubrication, powder selection, feeding pipeline, inlet and outlet ducts, sealing, discharge mechanism and mainframe. The system is huge and complex, and the inspection and maintenance tasks are heavy. It must be checked one by one and no dead ends. Briefly read as follows:

Power check

The power mainly refers to the main and auxiliary motors of the vertical mill. The contents of the inspection include whether the motor grounding is loose, and the problem is promptly tightened. Whether the position switch of the auxiliary motor is normal; whether the various types of shields are loose and friction; whether the motor vibration, noise, temperature rise, current, voltage, etc. are normal; whether the motor lubrication is normal, the oil pressure of the oil station, the oil supply temperature, the cooling water volume, and the Whether the outlet temperature is normal, whether the oil level of the oil station and the pressure difference of the oil filter are normal. If there is a problem, analyze the cause and symptomatic treatment.

2. Inspection and maintenance of transmission parts

The transmission section includes a coupling, a reducer and a petrol station that serves it. The inspection of the oil station part includes whether the oil level is lacking, whether the pressure is normal, whether the oil return, oil supply, fuel tank temperature is normal, whether there is oil leakage or oil leakage, and whether the oil passes through the oil pipe temperature, and whether the oil pressure difference is normal. Whether the cooling water volume and water temperature are normal, and whether the water temperature in and out of the cooler is normal. Also check the operation of the oil pump of the petrol station, such as vibration and noise. Regarding the coupling, it is mainly checked whether there is friction with the shield, whether there is a bolt break or other abnormal sound. The reducer is the focus of the inspection. It is necessary to hear whether the internal bearing and the gear meshing sound are even. It is necessary to test whether the vibration of each part is abnormal, whether the temperature of each detection point is normal, and whether the foot is loose. If an abnormality is found, it must be analyzed and processed. Here, the fault position can be determined by comparing the rotational speed of each shaft with the sound and vibration frequency. Check the oil supply pipe and the fuselage for oil leakage.

3. Grinding part of the grinding part of the inspection

Grinding parts include a pressurizing station, a grinding roll, a grinding disc and its support. The inspection of this part first checks whether the pressure station and its pipeline are normal, whether the accumulator is normal, whether the hydraulic cylinder has dripping oil, whether the hinge connection of the hydraulic cylinder is abnormal, whether there is abnormal noise or abnormal impact. Check whether the grinding roller support rotation is abnormal, whether the fastening bolt and the gland are loose, whether the lubrication of each joint bearing is in place, whether the hydraulic rod seal, the hydraulic rod connecting piece is abnormal, whether the grinding body and the back seal are damaged, whether the casing has grinding or not. Wear is not normal. Listen to the internal sound and vibration.

4. Inspection of the wind mill connecting pipe

The pipeline around the mill mainly refers to the inlet and outlet ducts, the feeding and discharging pipelines. This area mainly checks whether the connecting bolts of the inlet and outlet pipes are loose, whether the soft connection damages the air leakage, whether the inlet and outlet pipes are worn, and whether the feeding and discharging mechanism is flexible and effective.

5. Inspection of the classifier

The separator is located at the top of the mill. It mainly checks whether the motor, reducer and coupling work normally. Is there any abnormality, noise, vibration and temperature rise? Listen to the internal sound of the separator is normal, whether there is friction block phenomenon.

6. Each platform channel check

Because the vertical mill is very large, the platform and stairs are more, and it is related to the safety of personnel and equipment. The inspection of the department should not be underestimated. It should be one of the important contents of the inspection. The main inspection, the support of the platform, whether the connection points are invalid, whether the railing is reliable, whether the pedals are desoldered, whether there are obstacles affecting the passage on the platform, whether there are unstable objects, whether there is a safety platform for heavy objects, etc.

7. Other aspects of inspection

Check whether there is any obstacle in the air inlet of the sealed fan, whether the filter is blocked, whether the fan is running normally, whether the pipe and the joint are leaking.

Second, the maintenance of vertical mill.

The maintenance of the vertical mill mainly refers to the handling of the general faults that can be seen and heard during the inspection. mainly includes:

Adjustment of pressure and temperature of each petrol station; adjustment of cooling water flow and temperature; tightening of oil, water and gas pipe fittings to eliminate dripping; inspection of oil station when oil level is insufficient, timely replenishment; When the support is loose, carry out reliability treatment; when the equipment is found to have oil pollution or other pollution, clean it in time to ensure the equipment is hygienic; timely block the air leakage of the equipment to reduce reactive power consumption; when there is crisis equipment and personal safety around the equipment When it is unstable, it should be removed in time. Lubricate the lubrication pipes of joint bearings and hinge joints in time to ensure lubrication. When the anchor bolts or other connectors are found to be loose, they should be tightened in time. and many more.

Regarding the problem that must be stopped during the inspection, the cause should be analyzed, the location of the fault should be judged, the treatment plan should be formulated, and the relevant management personnel or management department should be reported to wait for the shutdown. For major problems found, as well as the safety or personal safety of the crisis equipment, emergency on-site disposal should be carried out, and then reported to the management department to develop maintenance plans, repairs, and help expand the accident.

The page source: https://www.lvssn.com/company/507.html

#vertical mill #mill

[s3mag]

Everything with Excellence

The Story of this Mercedes Benz W108 280S isn’t the story I thought I would write. When I first saw it I thought, “Man, this thing is so gangster”, and it would be easy to speak about it in low rider parlance. But what I found was the story of a gent named Mike Ngo (of Eurowise) that captivated & encouraged me in ways I just didn’t expect. 

1969 Mercedes 280s chassis. Chopped 4-inches from roof. Rear Suicide door conversion. Shaved body moldings. Shaved front & rear bumpers. Shaved front & rear side markers. Shaved rear emblems. Shaved front grille. Retrofitted quad projector headlights. Custom front valence. Tucked rear plate lights.

When you see a build like this… you see a build that is so far beyond ‘simply bolting on parts’ that it almost becomes its own thing. No longer a Mercedes per se, but its own creation. So mega that its very existence demands you to set your mental bar higher. 

Expect more. Dream bigger. Anything is possible.  

Customized Elegance

Where to start? Seriously. WHERE. TO. START.  For me I guess it is the overall structural reconfiguration & fabrication that catches my eye. Looking at this car, it is clearly conveyed that it has been completely reengineered… and done-so intelligently. Those suicide doors, for example. Would this thing have been easier and quicker to build WITHOUT that detail? Absolutely. Would it have been as BA? No. It grabs your eye from the start, and speaks to the level of attention to detail apparent throughout this whole build. Nothing in this car is bolt-on. Everything is custom. From the B-pillar to the exhaust work… and from the AC mounts to the chopped roof, requiring custom glass all around. This car is an absolute work of art. The size, shape, & mounting of that intercooler is a particularly cool bit, as the central grill on these cars is such a core design element. Mike decided, “Nah, let’s bring an element of rat-rod culture into this thing and then highly polish each & every last bit.” Glorious. Absolutely glorious. To imbue a classic Benz with more gangster street cred than a 1965 Lincoln Continental is no small feat.

One-off 2pc Formula wheels. 18×8 / 18×9.5 with 235/35 / 255/30.

Because the build was commissioned to be a bit of a nod to Street Rod performance, there was really only one engine choice. The venerable LS running on standalone fuel injection. Of course not one bit of it was left stock. 

5.3 LS bored .30 over. Forged internals. Custom camshaft. Fully built head. Tubular forward facing manifolds. Borg Warner S366 turbo ceramic coated. Full 3” exhaust ceramic coated chrome. Fitech intake manifold. Fitech stand-alone computer. Custom oil cooler. Custom front mount intercooler. Turbosmart BOV. Custom 12-gallon fuel cell with integrated hidden license plate filler. Triple Bosch 044 fuel pumps. 6-speed T56 transmission with S1 sequential shifter.

Because: ‘burn out’ and because: ‘turbo noises’… a properly plump Borg Warner S366 turbo sits proud on a tubular mani with lovely trumpeted wastegate piping and full 3-inch fabbed exhaust singing the praises of petrol power proudly for everyone to hear. Then there’s the tranny. Slushbox? Nope, no way. Sequential 6-speed of course! 

The Wilwood brakes. 

The C63 steering wheel. 

The Yellow on those gauge faces urging you on. 

The honeycomb pattern on the interior. 

The car gets the details so right… it’s almost painful.

  To go with the chopped roof of COURSE this tub was getting dumped. Slammed to the rails… no other way to do it on this build. A tandem air suspension setup allows quick drop and hop. Yup, you guessed it. The dual Air Lift systems were planned out and designed by Mike. Mad Scientist achievement = unlocked!

From the mechanicals to the luscious deeeeep paint finish, this car is best-of-show no matter where it goes. Period. 

While this particular car was built for a client, you will be happy to know Mike has impeccable taste. He daily drives an E63, still has a Mk 2 GTI from back in the day, and just finished a VR6 swap on a MK1 Scirocco. Rad. 

That mantra I mentioned being inspired by this car…  

“Expect more. Dream bigger. Anything is possible.” 

Custom airbag suspension utilizing dual management systems. Airlift management with 1/4 lines (slow lift). 7 switch manual management with 1/2 lines (fast lift).

  Like Mike

Turns out that isn’t just this car, that is Mike in a nutshell. This self-taught fabricator & innovator has been dreaming big dreams for years with his company, Eurowise. A lot of you know him already, especially if you’ve ever hung around the East Coast Euro scene. He’s hosted events, he’s been an anchor, and he’s been a real life ‘influencer & friend’ for so many… way past the shallow depths of social media. I was familiar with Eurowise long before I ever saw this particular build, because they make some of the best quality VR6 swap products for early water-cooled Volkswagens. Mike is a relentless pursuer of his dreams, and in 11 years, went from working at a Stealership as a master tech, to moonlighting at a shop he rented off Craigslist, to running his own super successful shop & mail order company. Speaking with him, you immediately feel that intensity. Every word is laced with drive… with purpose. It’s seriously amazing to be around this kind of energy, and it’s no wonder that the cars he builds exude a life of their own. This Mercedes Benz has style that speaks with authority, because it was birthed from a life of purpose… and that is something that should elevate and encourage us all. On your next build, next business, next whatever… be like Mike. 

  Text by Tim Neely   Photos by Mike Kuhn

    Dudes! You gotta check out this one-off custom 1969 Mercedes Benz W108 280S chopped 4-inches from roof with a built turbo LS swap built by Eurowise. There's nothing like it! Everything with Excellence The Story of this Mercedes Benz W108 280S isn’t the story I thought I would write.

#bagged benz #Eurowise #Mercedes #Mercedes Benz W108 280S #Turbo LS

[siva3155]

300+ TOP COMPRESSORS, GAS TURBINES & JET ENGINES Multiple Choice Questions

Compressors, Gas Turbines and Jet Engines Interview Questions :-

1. Free air is the air at (a) atmospheric conditions at any specific location (b) 20°C and 1 kg/cm2 and relative humidity of 36% (c) 0°C and standard atmospheric conditions (d) 15°C and 1 kg/cm2 (e) 25°C, 1 kg/cm2 and relative humidity of 50%. Ans: a 2. Standard air is the air at (a) atmospheric conditions at any specific location (b) 20°C and 1 kg/cm2 and relative humidity 36% (c) 0°C and standard atmospheric conditions (d) 15°C and 1 kg/cm2 (e) 25°C, 1 kg/cm2 and RH of 60%. Ans: b 3. 1 m of air at atmospheric condition weighs approximately (a) 0.5 kg (b) 1.0 kg (c) 1.3 kg (d) 2.2 kg (e) 3.2 kg. Ans: c 4. Adiabatic compression is one in which (a) temperature during compression remains constant (b) no heat leaves or enters the compressor cylinder during cornpression (c) temperature rise follows a linear relationship (d) work done is maximum (e) entropy decreases. Ans: b 5. The capacity of a compressor is 5 m /mih. 5 m /min refers to (a) standard air (b) free air (c) compressed air (d) compressed air at delivery pressure (e) air sucked. Ans: b 6. The overall isothermal eiffciency of compressor is defined as the ratio of (a) isothermal h.p. to the BHP of motor (b) isothermal h.p. to adiabatic h.p. (c) power to drive compressor to isothermal h.p. (d) work to compress air isothermally to work for actual compression (e) isothermal work to ideal work. Ans: a 7. The- most efficient method of compressing air is to compress it (a) isothermally (b) adiabatically (c) isentropically (d) isochronically (e) as per law pV Ans: a 8. Maximum work is done in compressing air when the compression is (a) isothermal (b) adiabatic (c) polytropic (d) any one of the above (e) none of the above. Ans: b 9. The pressure and temperature conditions of air at the suction of compressor are (a) atmospheric (b) slightly more than atmospheric (c) slightly less than atmospheric (d) pressure slightly more than atmospheric and temperature slightly less than atmospheric (e) pressure sightly less than atmospheric and temperature slightly more than atmospheric. Ans: e 10. Isothermal compression effeicency can be attained by running the compressor (a) at very high speed (b) at very slow speed (c) at average speed (d) at zero speed (e) isothermally. Ans: b 11. The compressor capacity with decrease in suction temperature (a) increases (b) decreases (c) remains unaffected (d) may increase or decrease depending on compressor capacity (e) increases upto certain limit and then decreases. Ans: a 12. Isothermal compression efficiency, even when running at high speed, can be approached by using (a) multi-stage compression (b) cold water spray (c) both (a) and (b) above (d) fully insulating the cylinder (e) high stroke. Ans: c 13. Compression efficiency is compared against (a) ideal compression (b) adiabatic compression (c) botii isothermal and adiabatic compression (d) isentropic compression (e) isothermal compression. Ans: e 14. Aeroplanes employ following type of compressor (a) radial flow (b) axial flow (c) centrifugal (d) combination of above (e) none of the above. Ans: b 15. Inter cooling in compressors (a) cools the delivered air (b) results in saving of power in compressing a given volume to given pressure (c) is the standard practice for big compressors (d) enables compression in two stages (e) prevents compressor jacket running very hot. Ans: b 16. An ideal air compressor cycle without clearance on p-v diagram can be represented by following processes (a) one adiabatic, two isobaric, and one constant volume (b) two adiabatic and two isobaric (c) two adiabatic, one isobaric and one constant volume (d) one adiabatic, one isobaric and two constant volume (e) two isobaric, two adiabatic and one constant volume. Ans: a 17. An ideal air compressor cycle with clearance on p-v diagram can be represented by following processes (a) one adiabatic, two isobaric, and one constant volume (b) two adiabatic and two isobaric (c) two adiabatic, one isobaric and one constant volume, (d) one adiabatic, one isobaric and two constant volume (e) two isobaric, two adiabatic and one constant volume. Ans: b 18. What will be the volume of air at 327°C if its volume at 27°C is 1.5 m3/mt (a) 3 m3/mt . (b) 1.5 m3/mt (c) 18 m3/mt' (d) 6 m3/mt (e) 0.75 m3/mt. Ans: a 19. The work done per unit mass of air in compression will'be least when n is equal to (a) 1 (b) 1.2 , (c) 1.3 (d) 1.4 (e) 1.5 Ans: a 20. Isothermal compression though most efficient, but is not -practicable because (a) ityrequires very big cylinder (b) it does not increase pressure much (c) it is impossible in practice (d) compressor has to run at very slow speed to achieve it (e) it requires cylinder to be placed in water. Ans: d 21. Ratio of indicated H.P. and brake H.P. is known as (a) mechanical efficiency (b) volumetric efficiency (c) isothermal efficiency (d) adiabatic efficiency (e) relative efficiency. Ans: a 22. The ratio of work doen per cycle to the swept volume in case of compressor is called (a) compression index (b) compression ratio (c) compressor efficiency (d) mean effective pressure (e) compressor effectiveness. Ans: d 23. Cylinder clearance in a compressor should be (a) as large as possible (b) as small as possible (c) about 50% of swept volume (d) about 100% of swept volume (e) none of the above. Ans: b 24. Ratio of compression is the ratio of (a) gauge discharge pressure to the gauge intake pressure (b) absolute discharge pressure to the ab-solute intake pressure (c) pressures at discharge and suction cor-responding to same temperature (d) stroke volume and clearance volume (e) none of the above. Ans: b 25. Clearance volume in actual reciprocating compressors is essential (a) to accommedate Valves in the cylinder head (b) to provide cushioning effect (c) to attain high volumetric efficiency (d) to avoid mechanical bang of piston with cylinder head (e) to provide cushioning effect and also to avoid mechanical bang of piston with cylinder head. Ans: e 26. The net work input required for compressor with increase in clearance volume (a) increases (b) decreases (c) remains same (d) increases/decreases depending on com-pressor capacity (e) unpredictable. Ans: c 27. Ratio of indicated h.p. to shaft h.p. in known as (a) compressor efficiency (b) isothermal efficiency (c) volumetric efficiency (d) mechanical efficiency (e) adiabatic efficiency. Ans: d 28. Volumetric efficiency is (a) the ratio of stroke volume to clearance volume (b) the ratio of the air actually delivered to the amount of piston displacement (c) reciprocal of compression ratio (d) index of compressor performance (e) proportional to compression ratio. Ans: b 29. Volumetric efficiency of air compressors is of the order of (a) 20-30% (b) 40-50% (c) 60-70% (d) 70-90% (e) 90-100%. Ans: d 30. Volumetric efficiency of a compressor with clearance volume (a) increases with increase in compression ratio (b) decreases with increase in compression ratio (c) in not dependent upon compression ratio (d) may increase/decrease depending on compressor capacity (e) unpredictable. Ans: b 31. Volumetric efficiency of a compressor without clearance volume (a) increases with increase in compression ratio (b) decreases with increase in compression ratio (c) is not dependent upon compressin ratio (d) may increase/decrease depending on compressor capacity (e) unpredictable. Ans: c 32. The clearance volume of the air compressor is kept minimum because (a) it allows maximum compression to be achieved (b) it greatly affects volumetric efficiency (c) it results in minimum work (d) it permits isothermal compression (e) none of the above. Ans: b 33. Euler's equation is applicable for (a) centrifugal compressor (b) axial compressor (c) pumps (d) all of the above (e) none of the above. Ans: d 40. Out of the following, from where you will prefer to take intake for air compressor (a) from an air conditioned room maintained at 20°C (b) from outside atmosphere at 1°C (c) from coal yard side (d) from a side where cooling tower is located nearby (e) from any one of the above locations. Ans: d 41. Mining industry usually employs following motive power (a) A.C. electric motor (b) compressed air (c) petrol engine (d) diesel engine (e) D.C. electric motor. Ans: b 42. Which is false statement about air receivers (a) These are used to dampen pulsations , (b) These act as reservoir to- take care of sudden demands (c) These increase compressor efficiency (d) These knock out some oil and moisture (e) These reduce frequent on/off operation of compressors. Ans: c 44. An air receiver is to be placed outside. Should it be placed in (a) sun (b) shade (c) rain (d) enclosed room (e) anywhere. Ans: 45. Which is false statement about multistage compression . (a) Power consumption per unit of air delivered is low (b) Volumetric efficiency is high (c) It is best suited for compression ratios around 7:1 (d) The moisture in air is condensed in the intercooler (e) Outlet temperature is reduced. Ans: b 46. In multistage compressor, the isothermal compression is achieved by (a) employing intercooler (b) by constantly cooling the cylinder (c) by running compressor at very slow speed (d) by insulating the cylinder (e) none of the above. Ans: c 47. Reciprocating air compressor is best suited for (a) large quantity of air at high pressure (b) small quantity of air at high pressure (c) small quantity of air at low pressure (d) large quantity of air at low pressure (e) any one of the above. Ans: a 48. Rotary compressor is best suited for (a) large quantity of air at high pressure (b) small quantity of air at high pressure (c) small quantity of air at low pressure (d) large quantity of air at low pressure (e) any one of the above. Ans: b 49. The capacity of compressor will be highest when its intake temperature is (a) lowest (b) highest (c) anything. (d) atmospheric (e) none of the above. Ans: d 50. After-cooler is used to (a) cool the air (b) decrease the delivery temperature for ease in handling (c) cause moisture and oil vapour to drop out (d) reduce volume (e) increase pressure. Ans: c 51. To aviod moisture troubles, the compressed air main line should (a) rise gradually towards the point of use (b) drop gradually towards the point of use (c) be laid vertically (d) be laid exactly horizontally (e) none of the above Ans: b 52. Separators in compressor installations are located (a) before intercooler (b) after intercooler (c) after receiver (d) between after-cooler and air receiver (e) before suction. Ans: d 53. The area of actual indicator diagram on an air compressor as compared to area of ideal indicator diagram is (a) less (b) more (c) same (d) more/less depending on compressor capacity (e) unpredictable. Ans: b 54. An air compressor may be controlled by (a) throttle control (b) clearance control (c) blow-off control (d) any one of the above (e) none of the above. Ans: d 55. The compressor efficiecny is the (a) isothermal H.P/indicated H.R (b) isothermal H.P./shaft H.R (c) total output/air input (d) compression work/motor input (e) none Of the above. Ans: a 56. To avoid moisture troubles, the branch connections from compressed air lines should be taken from (a) top side of main (b) bottom side of main (c) left side of main (d) right side of main (e) any location. Ans: a 57. The thrust on the rotor in a centrifugal compressor is produced by (a) radial component (b) axial component (c) tangential component (d) resultant component Ans: b 58. The compressor performance at higher altitude compared to sea level will be (a) same (b) higher (c) lower (d) dependent on other factors (e) none of the above. Ans: c 59. A compressor at high altitude will draw (a) more power (b) less power (c) same power (d) more/less power depending on other factors (e) none of the above. Ans: b 60. During peak load periods, the best method of controlling compressors is (a) start-stop motor (b) constant speed unloader (c) relief valve (d) variable speed (e) none of the above. Ans: b 61. A centrifugal compressor works on the principle of (a) conversion of pressure energy into kinetic energy (b) conversion of kinetic energy into pres¬sure energy (c) centripetal action (d) generating pressure directly (e) combination of (a) and (d). Ans: b 62. For a compressor, least work will be done if the compression is (a) isentropic (b) isothermal (c) polytropic (d) somewhere in between isentropic and isothermal (e) none of the above. Ans: b 67. In a compressor, free air delivered is the actual volume delivered at the stated pressure reduced to (d) N.T.P. conditions (b) intake temperature and pressure conditions (c) 0°C and 1 kg/cm2 (d) 20°C and 1 kg/cm2 (e) none of the above. Ans: b 68. The volumetirc efficiency of a compressor is calculated on the basis of (a) volume of air inhaled at working conditions (b) volume of air inhaled at N.T.P. conditions (c) volume at 0°C and 1 kg/cm2 (d) volume at 20°C and 1 kg/cm2 (e) none of the above. Ans: b 69. The volumetric efficiency of a compressor falls roughly as follows for every 100 m increase in elevation (a) 0.1% (b) 0.5% (c) 1.0% (d) 5% (e) 10%. Ans: c 70. For slow-speed large capacity compressor, following type of valve will be best suited (a) poppet valve (b) mechanical valve of the corliss, sleeve, rotary or semirotary type (c) disc or feather type (d) any of the above (e) none of the above. Ans: c 71. During base load operation, the best method of controlling compressor is (a) start-stop motor (b) constant speed unloader (c) relief valve (d) variable speed (e) none of the above. Ans: a 72. More than one stage will be preferred for reciprocating compressor if the delivery pressure is more than (a) 2 kg/cm2 (b) 6 kg/cm2 (c) 10 kg/cm2 (d) 14.7 kg/cm2 (e) none of the above. Ans: a 73. The advantage of multistage compression over single stage compression is (a) lower power consumption per unit of air delivered (b) higher volumetric efficiency (c) decreased discharge temperature (d) moisture free air (e) all of the above. Ans: e 74. Pick up the wrong statement about advantages of multistage compression (a) better lubrication is possible advantages of multistage (b) more loss of air due to leakage past the cylinder (c) mechanical balance is better (d) air can be cooled perfectly in between (e) more uniform torque, light cylinder and saving in work. Ans: b 75. As the value of index '«' is decreased, the volumetric efficiency will (a) increase (b) decrease (c) remain unaffected (d) may increase/decrease depending on compressor clearance (e) none of the above. Ans: b 76. The ratio of outlet whirl velocity to blade velocity in case of centrifugal compressor is called (a) slip factor (b) velocity factor (c) velocity coefficient (d) blade effectiveness Ans: a 79. Losses in a centrifugal compressor are due to (a) inlet losses (b) impeller channel losses (c) diffuser losses (d) all of the above (e) none of the above Ans: d 80. The volumetric efficiency of a compressor falls roughly as follows for every 5°C increase in atmospheric temperature (a) 0.1% (b) 0.5% (c) 1% (d) 5% (e ) 10%. Ans: c 81. The indicated work per unit mass of air delivered is (a) directly proportional to clearance volume (b) greatly affected by clearance volume (c) not affected by clearance volume (d) inversely proportional to clearance volume Ans: c 89. For actual single stage centrifugal compressor, the maximum pressure ratio is of the order of (a) 1 : 1.2 (b) 1 : 2 (c) 1 : 4 (d) 1 : 10 (e) 1 : 1 Ans: 90. Which is false statement about advantages of multistage compressor in comparison to single stage compressor (a) less power requirement (b) better mechanical balance (c) less loss of air due to leakage past the cylinder (d) more effective lubrication (e) lower volumetric efficiency. Ans: e 91. The ratio of isentropic work to Euler work is known as (a) pressure coefficient (b) work coefficient (c) polytropic reaction (d) slip factor (e) compressor efficiency. Ans: a 92. The criterion of the thermodynamic efficiency for rotary compressor is (a) isentropic compression (b) isothermal compression (c) polytropic compression (d) any one of the above (e) none of the above. Ans: a 93. For supplying intermittent small quantity of air at high pressure, following compressor is best suited (a) centrifugal (b) reciprocating (c) axial (d) screw (e) turbo jet. Ans: b 94. For minimum work in multistage compression, assuming same index of compression in all stages (a) work done in first stage should be more (b) work done in subsequent stages should increase (c) work done in subsequent stages should decrease (d) work done in all stages should be equal (e) work done in any stage is no criterion for minimum work but depends on other factors. Ans: d 95. For a two stage compressor* if index of compression for higher stage is greater than index of compression for lower stage, then the optimum pressure as compared to ideal case will (a) increase (b) decrease (c) remain unaffected (d) other factors control it (e) unpredictable. Ans: a 96. Diffuser in a compressor is used to (a) increase velocity (b) make the flow stream-line (c) convert pressure energy into kinetic energy (d) convert kinetic energy into pressure energy (e) increase degree of reaction. Ans: d 98. The ratio of isentropic work to euler's work is known as (a) compressor efficiency (b) isentropic efficiency (c) Euler's efficiency (d) pressure coefficient (e) pressure ratio. Ans: d 99. The thermodynamic efficiency of rotary compressor is based on (a) isothermal compression (b) adiabatic compression (c) isentropic compression (d) polytropic compression (e) none of the above. Ans: b 100. Phenomenon of choking in compressor means (a) no flow of air (b) fixed mass flow rate regardless of pressure ratio (c) reducing mass flow rate with increase in pressure ratio (d) increased inclination of chord with air steam (e) does not occur. Ans: b Compressors, Gas Turbines and Jet Engines Interview Questions and Answers :- 101. The maximum compression ratio in an actual single stage axial flow comperssor is of the order of (a) 1 : 1.2 (b) 1 : 2 (c) 1 : 5 (d) 1 : 10 (e) 1 : 1 Ans: a 102. Maximum delivery pressure is a rotary air compressor is of the order of (a) 6 kg/cm2 (b) 10 kg/cm2 (c) 16 kg/cm2 (d) 25 kg/cm2 (e) 40 kg/cm2. Ans: b 103. Surging is the phenomenon of (a) air stream blocking the passage (b) motion of air at sonic velocity (c) unsteady, periodic and reversed flow (d) air stream not able to follow the blade contour (e) production of no air pressure. Ans: c 104. Pick up wrong statement. Surging phenomenon in centrifugal com-pressor depends on (a) mass flow rate (b) pressure ratio (c) change in load (d) stagnation pressure at the outlet (e) all of the above. Ans: d 105. The ratio of the increase in pressure in rotor blades to total increase in pressure in the stage is called (a) pressure ratio (b) pressure coefficient (c) degree of reaction (d) slip factor (e) stage factor. Ans: c 106. Axial flow compressor resembles (a) centrifugal pump (b) reciprocating pump (c) turbine (d) sliding vane compressor (e) none of the above. Ans: c 107. Axial flow compressor has the following advantage over centrifugal compressor (a) larger air handling ability per unit frontal area (b) higher pressure ratio per stage (c) aerofoil blades are used (d) higher average velocities (e) none of the above. Ans: a 108. Actual compression curve is (a) same as isothermal (b) same as adiabatic (c) better than isothermal and adiabatic (d) in between isothermal and adiabatic (e) none of the above. Ans: d 109. Atmospheric pressure is 1.03 kg/cm and vapour pressure is 0.03 kg/cm . The air pressure will be (a) 1.03 kg/cm2 (b) 1.06 kg/cm2 (c) 1.00 kg/cm2 (d) 0.53 kg/cm2 (e) 0.5 kg/cm2. Ans: c 110. The pressure ratio of an ideal vaned compressor with increase in mass flow rate (a) increases (b) decreases (c) remains constant (d) first decreases and then increases (e) unpredictable. Ans: c 111. Rotary compressors are suitable for (a) large discharge at high pressure (b) low discharge at high pressure (c) large discharge at low pressure (d) low discharge at low pressure (e) there is no such limitation. Ans: c 112. The vloumetric efficiency of compressor with increase in compression ratio will (a) increase (b) decrease (c) remain same (d) may increase/decrease depending on clearance volume (e) none of the above. Ans: b 113. Stalling of blades in axial flow compressor is the phenomenon of (a) air stream blocking the passage (b) motion of air at sonic velocity (c) unsteady periodic and reversed flow (d) air stream not able to follow the blade contour (e) production of no air pressure. Ans: d 114. Pick up the wrong statement (a) centrifugal compressors deliver prac-tically constant pressure over a considerable range of capacities (b) Axial flow compressors have a sub-stantially constant delivery at variable pressures (c) centrifugal compressors have a wider stable operating range than axial flow compressors (d) axial flow compressors are bigger in diameter compared to centrifugal type (e) axial flow compressors apt to be longer as compared to centrifugal type. Ans: d 115. The work ratio of a gas turbine plant is defined as the ratio of (a) net work output and heat supplied (6) net work output and work done by tur¬bine (c) actual heat drop and isentropic heat drop (d) net work output and isentropic heat drop (e) isentropic increase/drop in tempera¬ture and actual increase/ drop in temperature. Ans: b 116. Gas turbine works on (a) Brayton or Atkinson cycle (b) Carnot cycle (c) Rankine cycle (d) Erricsson cycle (e) Joule cycle. Ans: a 117. The work ratio of simple gas turbine cycle depends on (a) pressure ratio (b) maximum cycle temperature (c) minimum cycle temperature (d) all of the above (e) none of die above. Ans: d 118. The pressure ratio for an open cycle gas turbine compared to closed cycle gas turbine of same h.p. is (a) low (b) high (c) same (d) low/high depending on make and type (e) unpredictable. Ans: a 119. Open cycle gas turbine works on (a) Brayton or Atkinson cycle (6) Rankine cycle (c) Carnot cycle (d) Erricsson cycle (e) Joule cycle. Ans: a 120. The fuel consumption in gas turbines is accounted for by (a) low.er heating value (b) higher heating value (c) heating value (d) higher calorific value (e) highest calorific value. Ans: a 121. Gas turbines for power generaion are normally used (a) to supply base load requirements (b) to supply peak load requirements (c) to enable start thermal power plant (d) in emergency (e) when other sources of power fail. Ans: b 122. Mechanical efficiency of gas turbines as compared to I.C engines is (a) higher (b) lower (c) same (d) depends on on odier considerations (e) unpredictable. Ans: a 123. The ratio of specific weighf/h.p. of gas turbin and I.C engines may be typically of the order of (a) 1 : 1 (b) 2 : 1 (c) 4 : 1 (d) 1:2 (e) 1 : 6. Ans: e 124. The thermal efficiency of a gas turbine as compared to a diesel plant is (a) same (b) more (c) less (d) depends on other factors (e) unpredictably. Ans: c 125. The air-fuel ratio in gas turbines is of the order of (a) 7 : 1 (b) 15 : 1 (c) 30 : 1 (d) 40 : 1 (e) 50: 1. Ans: e 126. The pressure ratio in gas turbines is of the order of (a),2:l (b)4:1 (c) 61: 1 (d) 9 : 1 (e) 12:1. Ans: c 128. The hottest point in a gas turbine is (a) at the base (b) at the tip (c) in the center (d) between ~ to i of the blade height (e) uniformly heated. Ans: d 129. The following is true for an open cycle gas turbine having exhaust heat exchanger. Atmospheric air before entering the compressor is (a) heated (b) compressed air before entering the combustion chamber is heated (c) bled gas from turbine is heated and readmitted for complete expansion (d) exhaust gases drive the compressor (e) part of exhaust gases are heated and mixed up with atmospheric air to utilise exhaust heat. Ans: b 130. Gas turbine blades are given a rake (a) equal to zero (b) in the direction of motion of blades (c) opposite to the direction of motion of blades (d) depending on the velocity (e) none of the above. Ans: b 131. Efficiency of gas turbine is increased by (a) reheating (b) inter cooling (c) adding a regenerator (d) all of the above (e) none of the above. Ans: c 132. Temperature of gases at end of compression as compared to exhaust gases in a gas turbine is (a) higher (b) lower (c) equal (d) can't be compared (e) unpredictable. Ans: b 133. The ideal efficiency of simple gas turbine cycle depends on (a) pressure ratio (b) maximum cycle temperature (c) minimum cycle temperature (d) all of the above (e) none of the above. Ans: a 134. The thermal efficiency of a simple gas turbine for a given turbine inlet temperature with increase in pressure ratio (a) increases (b) decreases (c) first increases and then decreases (d) first decreases and then increases (e) remains same. Ans: a 135. Gas turbines use following type of air compressor (a) centrifugal type (b) reciprocating type (c) lobe type (d) axial flow type (e) none of the above. Ans: d 136. As the turbine inlet temperature increases, the thermal efficiency of gas turbine for the optimum pressure ratio (a) increases (b) decreases (c) remains same (d) first increases and then decreases (e) first decreases and then increases. Ans: a 137. There is a certain pressure ratio (optimum) for a gas turbine at which its thermal efficiency is maximum. With increase in turbine temperature, the value of pressure ratio for the peak efficiency would (a) remain same (b) decrease (c) increase (d) unpredictable (e) none of the above. Ans: c 138. The material commonly used for air craft gas turbine is (a) stainless steel (b) high alloy' steel (c) duralumin (d) Timken, Haste and Inconel allpys (e) titanium. Ans: d 139. It is not possible to use closed gas turbine cycle in aeronautical engines because (a) it is inefficient (b) it is bulky (c) it requires cooling water for its operation Ans: c 140. The combustion efficiency of a gas turbine using perfect combustion chamber is of the order of (a) 50% (b) 75% (c) 85% (d) 90% (e ) 99%. Ans: e 141. The jnaximum combustion pressure in gas turbine as compared to I.C. engine is (a) more (b) less (c) same (d) depends on other factors (e) unpredictable. Ans: b 142. For an irreversible gas turbine cycle, the efficiency and work ratio both depend on (a) pressure ratio alone (b) maximum cycle temperature alone (c) minimum cycle temperature alone (d) both pressure ratio and maximum cycle temperature (e) none of the above. Ans: d 143. Producer gas is produced by (a) carbonisation of coal (b) passing steam over incandescent coke (c) passing air and a large amount of steam over waste coal at about 65°C (d) partial combustion of coal, coke, anthracite coal or charcoal in a mixed air steam blast (e) same way as the natural gas. Ans: d 144. Water gas is produced by (a) carbonisation of coal (b) passing steam over incandescent coke (c) passing air and a large amount of steam over waste coal at about 65°C (d) partial combustion of caol, eke, anthractie coal or charcoal in a mixed air steam blast (e) same way as the natural gas. Ans: b 14 Water is injected in gas turbine cycle to (a) control temperature (b) control output of turbine (c) control fire hazards (d) increase efficiency (e) it is never done. Ans: b 146. A gas turbine used in air craft should have (a) high h.p. and low weight (b) low weight and small frontal area (c) small frontal area and high h.p. (d) high speed and high h.p. (e) all of the above. Ans: b 148. The closed cycle in gas turbines (a) provides greater flexibility (b) provides lesser flexibility (c) in never used (d) is used when gas is to be burnt (e) none of the above. Ans: a 149. In the axial flow gas turbine, the work ratio is the ratio of (a) compressor work and turbine work (b) output and input (c) actual total head tempeature drop to the isentrpic total head drop from total head inlet to static head outlet (d) actual compressor work and theoretical comprssor work (e) none of the above. Ans: c 150. The degree of reaction of an axial flow turbine is the ratio of isentropic temperature drop in a blade row to the (a) adiabatic temperature drop in the stage (b) total temperature drop (c) total temperature drop in the stage (d) total adiabaitc temperature drop (e) difference of maximum and minimum temperature in the cycle. Ans: c 153. If infinite number of heaters be used in a gas turbine, then expansion process in turbine approaches (a) isothermal (b) isentropic (c) adiabatic (d) isochoric (e) isobaric. Ans: a 154. Pick up the correct statement (a) gas turbine uses low air-fuel ratio to economise on fuel (b) gas turhine uses high air-fuel ratio to reduce outgoing temperature (c) gas turbine uses low air-fuel ratio to develop the high thrust required (d) all of the above (e) none of the above. Ans: b 15 Intercooling in gas turbine results in (a) increase in net output but decrease in thermal efficiency (b) increase in thermal efficiency but decrease in net output (c) increase in both thermal efficiency and net output (d) decrease in both thermal efficiency and net output (e) none of the above. Ans: a 156. If V, U and Vr represent the absolute velocity of fluid, velocity of blade, and relative velocity of fluid, and suffix i and o stand for entry and exit conditions, then in a rotary machine whose degree of reaction is unity (a)Vi=V0 (b)Vt>V0 (c) U, Read the full article