I don’t particularly like self-promotion or talking about myself, but with the 90th anniversary of this event coming up, I should really post about this. I am nervous/excited to announce my article, “If You Want Anything, You Have To Fight For It: Prisoner Strikes at Kingston Penitentiary, 1932-1935″ was published in the Canadian history journal Labour / Le Travail earlier this year.
Link: https://www.lltjournal.ca/index.php/llt/article/view/6150.
If anyone reading this wants a PDF copy, I can arrange that - please send me an ask! By May 2023 it will no longer be paywalled and will be free to read for everyone and anyone.
The article is about the strikes and riot that took place at Kingston Penitentiary, in Kingston, Ontario, Canada, between October 17-20, 1932. I was lucky enough to be able to consult sources that have never been used before, including thousands of pages of interviews, manifestos, letters, and petitions written by those incarcerated at Kingston Penitentiary.
The article focuses on:
- the conditions and organization of the Kingston penitentiary in the early 1930s
- how prisoners organized the strike, by writing manifestos and debating tactics in the workshops and cellblocks of the penitentiary
- the ideology and demands of the revolts, including the prisoner’s focus on ending corporal punishment, ending what they called “slavery” (forced labour), resisting the arbitrary “despotism” of guards and the warden, and creating an inmate committee to run the prison
- the prisoner struggles that took place in the years after the riot to enforce the demands made in October 1932
I also tried, and hopefully succeeded, in placing this prison riot as part of the broader upsurge of protest by the unemployed, impoverished and marginalized in 1930s Canada (instead of treating it in isolation, as often happens with studies of prisoner rebellion). I’ve been researching this topic for a long time so it's nice to see something finally coming together. I hope you find it interesting. Share, if you wish!
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“THE TROUBLE IN THE PRISONS,” The Porcupine Advance (Timmins). November 24, 1932. Section 2, Page 4.
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Recently there have been a number of newspapers in the Dominion that have been paying a great deal of attention to the recent riots in some of the penitentiaries of Canada. Up to the present moment The Advance confesses it may have given little space to this question, being too busy trying to see that decent, loyal people have a chance in life, attempting to secure more speed in the awarding of pensions to worthy returned soldiers, seeking to induce governments to provide work for the unemployed, pleading for a fair chance for the new and the old settlers in the North Land, working for needed roads in the North, begging that loyalty and honesty and industry be given first consideration and a few chores like that.
However, the day has gone by when certain or uncertain daily newspapers can monopolize anything. The weekly newspapers can even be as ridiculous as some of the dailies, provided the weeklies really try.
One of the favourite tricks of some of the dailies recently has been to quote convicts and ex-convicts to show what conditions really obtain in the penitentiaries of Canada. One newspaper has practically refrained from quoting off- cials of the prisons, because of the fear that the officials might be prejudiced. Of course, the prisoners are not like- ly to be biased, being the sort of men they are! On this basis, The Advance is taking the liberty of quoting a few ex-convicts and convicts who haven't ex-ed yet, with the constructive purpose of showing just what is wrong with the penitentiaries of Canada. These quotations are guaranteed to be as true and as reasonable as any published by any daily. But not more so!
For instance, there is Convict No. 12121212. It would not do to give his name for obvious reasons, though he would delight in the publicity. Before he went to the penitentiary he was a notorcus petty thief, a confirmed liar, a persistent wife-beater. He went to prison for his shameless treatment of his two small daughters. Why should the word of a mere warden, or even a guard, be taken against that of a man like 12121212? All guards are brutal! Ask any cheap scoundrel in or out of jail! Convict 12121212 writes:-"It is awful here. No wonder there is trouble. The guards are so unfriendly. They act as if they felt they were superior to me. There is not one here that I can talk to like ant equal."
Convict No. 777 come 11 feels his position keenly. "The cards were stacked against me!" he moans. He was sitting in a game of poker and doing well until a hot-headed and unreasonable hick Jumped up and cried that the cards were marked. "I had a knife in my hand wondering where I could slip it, when that fool hick in his rage and excitement bumped his breast against it says this convict. "When he got out of the hospital, I came here for three years." "It is the feeling of injustice that makes even prisoners revolt," he concludes.
Then another sad case is 22222. He was making an easy living from a bunch of silly foreigners until the militarists and the capitalists and the bourgeois and the fascists and the Canadian Legion railroaded him to prison. "Even Rus- sin could not be much worse than this," he raves, "they make a man work here, too, and there isn't a soap box allowed in a cell." All his demands have been ignored. The guards wouldn't even call him comrade. Once he demanded a airloin steak and was served with sausage. "It's another capitalistic outrage," he cried. "No!" answered the guard, "bologna to you." "Give me liberty or give me death!" quoted 22232. "Of course, I don't exactly mean death," he added, "nor yet exactly liberty!"
No. 99990: - What's the matter with the penitentiary? I don't know. But I know what's the matter with me! I don't like it here! I never even wanted to come."
Convict 276151: The chief trouble here is the lack of daily newspapers. Had we been allowed to read a certain or uncertain Toronto newspaper we would have known Just what we intended to riot about."
No. 33333: Repeater:- "The service here isn't much better than a second-class hotel.
No. 543215: - “Unless we are given our cigarettes regularly how can we be expected to save the coupons for the premiums."
A hold-up artist apologizes for not using a number. "One of the guards here has my number," he explains. This man points out that the way things have been going at the pent- tentiary he would have been just about as well off if he had continued at college like his father wished him to do. "There were just about as many atheists and communists among the professors at the college as they are here," he concluded.
Convict 88888: - "We demand cigarettes, liquor permits, radios, two hours a day, eight days per week, every night in the month. French-fried potatoes, Scotch whisky. Spanish onions, support for the Soviet, hands off China, $10.00 per week whether working or not, non-contributory burglary insurance and no church pew rents." This fellow chuckled and added: "You know I should be a mile or so from here.”
A thug sentenced for robbery under arms writes pathetically: “They treat us here like as if we were criminals."
Another gentle soul, more or less, complains about the severity of the punishment even for the most trivial of offences. "Why," he says, "I stuck a knife, just playfully, you know, in the back of a guard, and they kept me on bread and water oven after it was certain the guard was going to live. And they took away my knife and I never got it back though I paid two plugs of tobacco for it to the fellow who stole it from the shoe shop."
Of course, it is misleading to suggest, as some of the daily newspapers do, that all the convicts are disaffected. One man said: "I am satisfied here, because we have so few pacifists"
Another convict goes so far as to suggest how the penitentiary might be made safe for prisoners. "The warden should take his pen in hand." he says. The penitentiary is the place for that man. The trouble with the prisons isn't the cost of upkeep, but the danger of outbreak. It is ap parent that the country is not suffering an overcrowding in the prisons but from too many being left on the outside.
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Celebrating Black Queer Icons:
Miss Major Griffin-Gracy
Born on October 25, 1940, Major is a trans women well known as a leader in the broader trans community and an activist, with a particular focus on black and incarcerated trans women. Major grew up in Chicago's South Side and participated in the local drag scene, during her youth. Major described the experiences as glamorous, like going to the Oscars. While she did not have the contemporary language for it, Major has been out as a trans women since the late 1950s. This made her a target of criticism, mistreatment, and violence, even among her queer peers. Majors transition, especially getting her hands on hormones, was largely a black market affair. Given the lack of employment opportunities for black trans women at the time, she largely survived through sex work and other criminalized activities. At some point Major moved to New York City and established herself amongst the cities queer community, despite the prejudice against trans women. She participated in the 1969 Stonewall Uprising. Later, after getting convicted on a burglary charge, Major was imprisoned with men at Clinton Correctional Facility in Dannemora, NY. There she met Frank "Big Black" Smith, a participant in the 1971 Attica Uprising at Attica Correctional Facility. He treated Major, and her identity as a woman, with respect and the two built a friendship. Smith also taught Major a good bit about advocating for herself and other trans women being mistreated by the US Justice System. Major was released from Dannemora in 1974. Major moved to San Diego in 1978 and almost immediately began working on community efforts and participating in grassroots movements. Starting by working at a food bank, she would go on to provide services directly to incarcerated, addicted, and homeless trans women, and would provide additional services after the AIDS epidemic started. In the 1990s Major moved to the San Fransisco Bay Area, where she continued her work, alongside organizations like the Tenderloin AIDS Resource Center. In 2003 Major became the Director of the Transgender Gender Variant Intersex Justice Project, shortly after its founding by attorney and community organizer Alexander L Lee, a trans man. The group works to end human rights abuses in the California Prison System, with a focus on trans, intersex, and gender variant POC. The position has since been passed on to Janetta Johnson, a previously incarcerated trans woman who mentored under Major. She is the focus of the 2015, award winning, documentary Major!. Major has five sons, two biological and three runaways she adopted, after meeting them in a California park. Her oldest son, Christopher was born in 1978, and her youngest, Asiah (rhymes with messiah) in 2021. At 82 years old Miss Major Griffin-Gracy continues to be an active member of her community and an advocate for our rights as trans people.
Haven't settled on which yet, but Willmer "Little Ax" Broadnax or Victor J Mukasa will be next!
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Ok, here's my prediction for Prison Riot Revolt. The staff at Crow Prison are running a scheme where they're illegally chopping down Crowcave trees and selling the wood to nobles. The warden is probably the head of this scheme, because he seems slimy. Quincy saw this happening and intervened to protect the trees, which is why he was arrested
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