And Alexander Wept for Hephaistion....
If you don’t mind, I wanted to ask, you said something along the lines of: by the time Alexander was coming closer to his death, he had recovered from the grief of Hephaistion’s death (if I’m remembering this correctly; I’m so sorry I have a fuzzy memory) how long do you think he mourned Hephaistion?
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This was an ask via message, so putting it here to reply publicly, as it may be of interest to others.
First, however, I want to mention a pair of articles I wrote many years ago now, but which are still valid:
“The Mourning of Alexander the Great,” Syllecta Classica 12 (2001), 98-145.
“Some New Thoughts on the Death of Alexander the Great,” with Eugene N. Borza (lead author), The Ancient World 31.1 (2000), 1-9. (I wrote the last 1/3 of it.)
The first, in particular, is an in-depth analysis of Alexander’s behavior after Hephaistion died. I’m still rather proud of it, as it brings together two quite diverse fields: bereavement + Alexander studies. If I had a critique for it now, it’s that I didn’t analyze the stories inherent in the primary sources, but that also wasn’t my intention in writing it. I specifically say that I do not plan to pick apart which reports of Alexander’s behavior are likely authentic and which aren’t. My goal was to evaluate all of them in terms of possible evidence of pathological bereavement, according to the (then) DSM III-R (et al.).
TL;DR version of the article: Alexander’s mourning was NORMAL and followed recognized patterns, if one allows for the loss of someone extremely close, a spouse/similar.
Yes, there were complicating factors. BUT he did not go crazy with grief.
Unfortunately, this article is far less known than the “An Atypical Affair” article on Alexander and Hephaistion’s relationship. That’s too bad, as the “His grieving was extreme!” persists among even some of my colleagues, never mind those outside the field of Macedoniasts. (It’s also admittedly possible that they were simply unconvinced by my arguments, but in that case, one usually cites and says so.)
If I could put a giant blinking neon light on one of my earlier articles to get it more attention, that would be the one I’d point to.
The second article—or my 1/3rd of it anyway—deals with the possible effects of deep mourning on the immune system of adult males of Alexander’s age group. Yes, according to some limited research, it does have an impact that increases susceptibility to infectious disease. Add his poor overall physical health after all those battles (and Macedonian-style symposial drinking), and he was just too spent to fight off the typhoid or malaria or whatever fever disease got him.
Ergo, he died roughly 8 months after Hephaistion. We don’t have a date for the latter’s death, but sometime in October or November of 324 BCE is the window. Alexander died June 10th, 323 … or possibly a day or so later if he were in a paralysis too deep for his breathing to be ascertained. (As per Gene’s part of the article.)
The dating is important, as it affects where he (probably) was in his mourning process.
Mourning follows a somewhat predictable pattern, and one of the biggest mistakes made by those unfamiliar with human mourning is to underestimate (often by a lot) just how long mourning takes … even perfectly normal, healthy mourning.
For a major loss, main mourning takes up to a year. No joke. That’s why bereavement counselors try to keep the bereaved from making any permanent decisions within that year. They’re still very much being buffeted by the winds of grief, even if they want to pretend they aren’t. But even after the year anniversary—and marking it with some sort of formal ceremony helps!*—mourning continues off-and-on (sometimes really intense for a few hours or even a few days) for up to 5 years. Again, no joke. Some bereavement studies experts don’t really consider a person truly recovered (note I never say “over it”) for as long as 10 years.
Additionally, ANY deep loss triggers mourning; it doesn’t have to be death. A divorce will result in mourning, even if the people in the marriage wanted to divorce. It’s still a “death” of sorts. Moving some distance away, graduation, and retirement can all set off mourning. This surprises people, that mourning can attach even to “happy” circumstances. Anything that includes an ending will set off mourning, albeit it may not be that intense.
But THE #1 and #2 most devastating losses are the loss of a child and the loss of a spouse/spouse-like figure. Period.
So, a slight correction to the question, I didn’t say he’d recovered from his mourning, but that he was beginning to emerge from the deepest parts of mourning.
What do I mean by that? There are (roughly) 3(-4) major phases of mourning. The speed at which we pass through these varies, dependent on the type of death and our closeness to the deceased. (The first article goes into that in more depth.)
Shock phase, which is typically anywhere from a few days to about 2 weeks.
Deep mourning phase, where the bereaved must come to terms with the loss. The bereaved cycles through a series of stages (not the best term) and, more importantly, struggles with certain TASKS of mourning (as per Worden). Again, the length of this phase can vary, but for serious losses, it can take up to 8-9 months, with the worst of it usually hitting 3-6 months. There is an intense focus on the deceased and the bereaved person may want little to do with new people and vacillate between wanting to talk a lot about the deceased or wanting to give away all their stuff because it’s too painful. Anger, bargaining, depression, self-blame … all are typical of this phase. It’s INTENSE. It really does take months, and people routinely underestimate it.
Re-emergent phase, where the bereaved begins to take an interest again in the external world, may make new friends and new plans that don’t involve the deceased. The deceased is far, far from forgotten, but the bereaved is learning to live without the dead person.
Continued bereavement would be a fourth phase past the one-year anniversary, where the bereaved will still experience grief, sometimes very intense when triggered by a particular memory, a birthday, or anniversaries. But the overall “worst” part of mourning is past.
Finally, especially in the deepest part of mourning, the depression felt by the bereaved is on par with clinical depression, but (except for rare cases) the bereaved absolutely should not take or be prescribed antidepressants as these interrupt the mourning process.
Yes, it hurts like hell but one can only go through, not over, around, or under. Through.
In some cases, however, bereavement becomes “complicated,” resulting in what’s referred to as pathological bereavement, by which I mean only not normal (I wouldn’t even say abnormal). Sudden death (as with Hephaistion) IS one factor that can complicate mourning, but it doesn’t necessarily lead to full-blown pathological grief. In the article, I evaluate all Alexander’s listed behaviors and explain why my final conclusion is that his bereavement was sharp, but not pathological.
Alexander’s behavior in the last few months showed aspects of the third phase. He was planning (or probably returning to planning) his next campaign and thinking about improvements to the city of Babylon apparently with the intention of making it his eastern capital. Yes, he was also planning Hephaistion’s funeral, but the other two things were new and show re-engagement.
So Alexander’s mourning had not ended before he died himself, only shifted. Even if he’d lived another 5 years, he’d still have experienced bereavement off and on.
Remember, grieving takes TIME. More time than you expect.
If you know someone going through grief, especially for a family member, beloved, or very close friend … give them space. Let them cry. Encourage them to talk about the lost person if they want to, but don’t force it if they don’t want to. Don’t argue with their theology/beliefs about death or their gallows humor, but also don’t shove your theology/beliefs about death, or your gallows humor, onto them. Read the room.
MOST OF ALL, JUST BE PRESENT. It matters less what you say than that you’re there. They may not even remember what you say later; they will remember you showed up.
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* In fact, world cultures that have traditional, one-year anniversary ceremonies routinely show better outcomes for mourning individuals.
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Ride 694: Joining the new club, teh!!
Pag 1
1: Kei-chan, I've decided!
Bla bla
Bla bla
2: Kyou-chan
Bla bla
Bla bla
3: I've found the “back-gate slope” senpai!!
He's a person who can turn his legs incredibly fast
4: After all, he really was a “god”
I....
Pag 2
1: Will join the bicycles club, teh!!
Pag 3
2: …. the bicycle?
3: Club?
4: What.... ah, I came because you said you had to tell us something important.... but that was it...
Pff, right? Roku-chan in the bicycles club....
Pag 4
1: Wait!! What, bicycles!?
Roku-chan in that bicycles club!?
Ye- yeah
2: Wait, wait, for real!?
I guess that was such a crazy information that my brain was buffering!!
Do you know? Do you know!? That, uhm... well...
3: This school's bicycles club!!
Are you really saying you want to enter this school's, Sohoku's, bicycles club!?
Yeah
Pag 5
1: It's the champion of the Inter High, the yearly national competition!!
Yeah, I looked it up
You're saying you looked it up!?
That doesn't.....? scare me
2: They won the Inter High two times in a row, you know!?
Yeah, I looked it up
4: Kei-chan!!
Kyoutarou!!
5: I already wrote the registration, too
6: The other day I even got a bike... I discussed it with the neighbour's bicycles shop...
I asked if they could remove the basket... and replace it with a drophandlebars
Pag 6
1: I've found my goal
4: According to the rumors, they had a Spartan captain with sunglasses, and a captain with a perm and glib tongue
They say they sweet talk you and then make you work hard!!
It's the first time I hear about this....!!
5: Really!?
You see, in the basket club... Hayashimoto-san is there
The senpai with big hands
That guy told me
Ehh
Pag 7
1: But, you know, the Roku-chan before my eyes
Huh
I have a feeling he can do it. Right, Kentarou?
Huh
Yeah, Kei-chan
2: Ehi, you three, listen to me for a moment!
3: Well, I heard you talking about the bicycle club
Sorry to meddle in your conversation
4: I already joined the bicycles club, you see?
And I also have experience in racing, since I've been doing road racing since middle school!!
Pag 8
1: I'll tell you once!!
Road racing isn't sweet!!
3: I'm Kinaka Tsugunao from Higashi middle school
I've participated in races and my goal was to join the club here and run as regular
5: And you....
6: You're the one who was standing before the shougi club all worrying, the other day during the club activities visit day, right? I saw you
You were shouting in the hallway...
Waaa-
7: If you want to get into the bicycles club on half-hearted feelings, then stop...!!
Pag 9
1: You'll fall!!
Ehhh
2: Oi, you, what you've been saying, it's weak
Nhh? Huh?
This guy is huge
3: That' not true, I have a solid goal
A goal!!
Huh!!
4: This guy already did biking before....
5: You, what club were you in in middle school?
Huh
6: Ah, yeah....
7: For three years....
8: I was in the basket club...
Pag 10
1: But as the manager....
5: Ah, I see!! Uhn!!
Uh-uhm, a manager, huh? I see
6: Well, an advice!!
I'll give you an honest advice
Pag 11
1: It's better if you quit!! The bicycles club!!
Because they have strong soldiers like me!!
3: Roku-chan is the manager who devotedly supported us regulars
4: of Hanamiyama middle school's baslet club
He pays more attention than anyone
5: When it rained, and when it snowed
He came to the clubroom earlier than anyone and got ready
6: these past three years were painful and bitter for Roku-chan
Pag 12
1: But I've never heard him complain once!!
Pag 13
1: I'll give you an advice too!!
2: I won't forgive anyone who looks down on Roku-chan!!
6: Me neither!!
Pag 14
1: Let's go, Roku-chan!!
Where
To the clubroom, of the bikes club
Classes aren't over yet, teh
Pag 15
1: That Kinaka guy or whatever, pissed me off!! I want to show him Roku-chan's potential!!
Me too!!
No-no way, that guy said he already did road racing...
2: Kyoutaro!!
Yeah, Kei-chan!!
3: Wa- what, you're agreeing with each other!!
Wait, first of all let's take a deep breath!!
Pag 16
1: Excuse me!! We want to join the club!!
Waaa, he bursted in without hesitation!!
We're prepared!!
Prepared for what....?
2: Uhm?
Oh?
Huh!?
3: The club's members!!
Pag 17
1: What, some ugly guys came in
He looks scary!!
2: They're assertive!!
Red hair!!
3: Look, good thing we waited in the clubroom during lunch break!!
This guy's hair is orange!?
4: Uwaaaaa
5: No, let's come another time!! I want to give my registration notice to the back-gate slope senpai!!
Roku-chan!!
No going back now!!
Pag 18
1: I'll ask!! What's the very first match of this club!?
2: Match, teh!?
4: Oh, you really have a lot of enthusiasm
5: It's not a match, it's a “race”!! In ten days....
For the new members only, it's the “first years race”
Pag 19
1: In ten days
2: Huh!?
3: First years race!!
4: Kei-chan and Kyou-chan are in the basket club
They shouldn't be so enthusiastic!!
5: I'm the third year Imaizumi
6: Introduce yourself
If you want to jon the club, go ahead
7: A race... I wonder if I can do it... I....
…. yes
8: But....
10: I've decided.... I have decided
Pag 20
1: I'm a first year from class 4, Rokudai Renta!!
I've decided to follow the back-gate slope senpai!!
Pag 21
1: I'm from Hanamiyama middle school, and I want to join this club!! Teh!!
2: You've said it in such a cool way, Roku-chan!!
You said it, Renta!!
3: Ah
This voice....
Could it be, the guy from that day....
4: The back-gate slope senpai!!
He's here!!
Onoda-san, did you find that leg part?
Ah, yes, it had fallen on the back of the chair
5: The registration notice....!!
I did it!!
6: And?
Pag 22
1: Are you two joining the club too?
3: I'm sorry, that's no....
4: Yes!!
Pag 23
1: We'll join the club and make sure he surpasses that guy!!
2: Huuh!?
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This was the first story and graphic I created for the six-word story assignment where we were tasked with picking six words as well as images and font that conveyed a story. I chose a quote from one of Sylvia Plath's poems since to me it seemed interesting in a way that I could play with not only the conceptual elements of the poem and words but with the overall aesthetic and visual relations, I felt fit with the poem. When searching for images I came across this image of an empty plastic glove holding a bouquet and felt that it related nicely with the words bodily, flesh, and organs that I had in my word map. It encapsulates this absence of the body while still implying the body in the empty glove referencing death in a way relating to the theme of mortality reflected in the poem. I felt that the flowers were also significant in this way as flowers are symbolic of life changes commonly used in weddings, birthdays, and funerals. Flowers are symbols of mourning and represent the immortal nature of the human body as reflected in this poem. I chose to fade the picture to make it look more like an illustration to give it a vintage and old feel as relates to the almost creepy diction used in the poem. The illustrated quality of the flowers then lent itself to a rounder more organic typeface that again connected with the organic nature of bodily forms. When I set out to do this project I originally wanted to include some imagery of bones or skeletal structures, however, I felt that adding too much more to my graphic would compromise the simplicity that I was striving for, do you agree or not?
For my second story and graphic for the same assignment, I went with a short story that I had found online that to me had this interesting ominous feel that I wanted to play with in relation to images and font. In my word map, I started with words like fire and destruction and transitioned to exploring the connotations of the word haystack leading to farmhouses. Because of this, I used an old polaroid picture I found of an old farmhouse that has this very ominous, lost-in-time feel. In the background, I used a photo of fire adding that destructive element of the story in the graphic without actually showing the house burning down or any destruction taking place. I instead only imply destruction leaving the viewer questioning hitting home the ominous and mysterious feeling that this story encapsulates. I faded the image of the fire in the background to match the polaroid on top to blend the images as well as centered the polaroid giving it the main focus and drawing your eye to the sad-looking white house in the picture rather than the bright flames that surround it. When choosing the font for this graphic I wanted something haphazard and human in the story. After all, the person in the story burns down the haystack in order to find something lost. The handwritten font in this way introduces the human within the story who is performing the action. The messy scrawled handwriting font I felt fit nicely as it looks as if someone quickly left a note, something may be left on the fridge with a magnet, reminiscent of a clue of some sort to the mystery this graphic creates. I had a hard time deciding on believable handwritten fonts and was considering making my own. Do you think the font fits well with the images and that it looks natural and human not too computer generated?
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