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acourtofantumbra · 2 years

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Pulling at the Thread of the Day Court and the Dawn Court Pt. 2 - ACOSF Bonus Chapter + Witch Mirrors

☆ All SJM spoilers: ACOTAR, CC, and TOG ☆

This is a part two of what could be the longest, most unnecessary theory spiral that will cover the entirety of the SJM multiverse. If you haven't read that first, I'd recommend reading that before you begin. I laid out some beefy concepts and while not everything here directly relates to them... a good chunk of it does. However, it's your life and I support whatever choice you make. *smooch*

A warning… I will be quickly covering the cursed bonus chapter (which I enjoy and, in part, started me on this unhinged SJM theory path). That being said, it’s not where I spend the majority of my time. But if it upsets you, I completely understand, and encourage you to just skip this entirely *A word about my interest in ship sparring (read: none at all) and how I’m just having some fun while attempting to be patient for the next morsel of SJM content from the source herself.*

I always add books and page numbers (and try to add any other relevant citations) to the visuals/sources I use, so check those out if you need some extra info!

Color Key: spoilers, notes from me 2 u, important, important + links, mentioned later in the post, mentioned in another post of mine or in a future post

So in part one, I point out two moments that struck me and started this whole dang spiral... and part two is not the end... god I wish it was...

Quick recap: we covered Lucien and his friend Nuan at the Dawn Court who he says has some of the exact same powers Feyre has, which they both know to be Helion's Day Court magic. Which struck me as odd on many levels. Also, the connection to other faerie realms like Xian and the allusions to what seems like the Southern Continent from TOG.

Ok, but there were actually three things that led me to ramble on tumblr about book theories I have spent way too much time researching.

On my journey to figure out the Dawn Court's Master Tinkerer's —Nuan's — power, that Lucien discovers is the same as the Day Court power Feyre uses to break Hybern's wards, I drove straight into the rascal we've come to know as Helion. I <3 him.

Helion Parallel Scene & Plot King

We've spent time with a smattering of the High Lords, but we know some better than others. As of ACOWAR and ACOSF, Helion is starting to emerge as the third High Lord we "know" the best. In part because he's Rhys and the Night Court's strongest ally as a High Lord of one of the Solar Courts. But Helion also just keeps conveniently popping up in every developing plot line and many of the plot lines that were carefully set up and seemingly abandoned(?). Some examples...

He's incredibly powerful with curse breaking, ward breaking, [insert mysteriously powerful ability here that we don't know yet here], and, described as Rhys' opposite (but different than Tamlin), has a winged beast form that is sunlight embodied... and kind of seems like a griffin maybe? So add that to ever growing list of winged boys throughout the multiverse which is potentially a very important clue

He's Lucien's biological father

He had a long love affair with the Lady of Autumn and that history seems... incomplete and not fully out of the picture

He's got pegasi and no one else has pegasi, but they can't seem to breed anymore

He's got the most libraries (warning: a post on libraries is coming)

According to Rhys there's "trouble at home" for Helion in ACOSF

He's one of the brightest boys in all the land (though Thesan is the brightest) just when we're getting into multiverse Starborn lore

He has the strongest negative reaction to the Dread Trove and can barely stand to be in their presence

Incredibly curious about Nesta... always

I could keep going tbh... and frankly... I want to

I plan on doing a full Helion deep dive, but got distracted by something else first.

So once I started digging into our first full encounter with both Helion and Nuan, a quick thought from Feyre had me screeching to halt. Because... well... its similarities to a certain controversial bonus chapter was... striking to say the least.

So this is Feyre drinking in Helion as the High Lords meet at the Dawn Court to discuss the impending war with Hybern. She's seen him briefly before, but she was a little busy dying.

For some reason she can't stop thinking about her dad and a necklace he brought home from his travels as a merchant. As I've previously said, whenever Sarah includes "couldn't explain why" or "it sort of seemed like this was happening," etc... it's an important detail. Not the most subtle of tools, but hey it's what works for her. And obviously it works because we have all skimmed over moments like these and have been like, "oh my god there it was!"

So in addition to being kind of hungry(?), she "couldn't quite explain why, but" she's picturing "that ancient necklace," she's also associating Helion with a suspiciously familiar land... but one that's notably not one of the seven courts. To me it most resembles a place not located in the world of ACOTAR. It reminds me of the Southern Continent in TOG, which would explain a lot about the connections we have (in this one meeting alone) to alchemists, healing fae powers, magical objects, and more.

Hey Feyre, any clue if your nameless father was was traveling by boat or interdimensional portal?

Ok, now let's compare with Azriel's bonus chapter from ACOSF (yes, I'm bracing myself)... before we do I just want to note: I'm aware a lapis lazuli pendant vs a rose window style stained glass situation isn't the same thing... but... ok just look:

So we've got golden necklaces with a pendant that both Feyre and Azriel think are ooh so sparkly and colorful and secretly beautifully crafted when you look close.

They're also both flooded with pictures, Feyre sees the necklace memory when she's in Helion's presence and Azriel has a vision of Gwyn receiving the necklace when Clotho (oh, I'm gonna be dedicating some time to her one day) mentions it, and they both don't know why. In fact, they find it odd that these visuals came to them. But the memory vs vision distinction is worth noting.

Do I find it very interesting that Helion and Gwyn (tho one could argue Clotho and let's throw in Father Archeron too) inspire these visions of what I will soon explain are almost universal mystical objects? SURE DO.

I also CANNOT find the the interview, but Sarah was asking her friend/interviewer what she thought of the Azriel bonus chapter and alluded to some crucial easter eggs being sprinkled in there. So naturally, when these scenes reminded me of each other I took notice.

A Detour to Witch Mirrors

So let's talk about these pendants! We get a good amount of jewels and jewelry talk in ACOTAR (Amren loves 'em and Rhys has a room like a void full of 'em above the library), but these are fairly unique moments, which is why the comparison came to mind to begin with.

I will get into TOG necklaces and will just note that we obviously have a very important necklace in CC as well — Bryce's Archesian Amulet. I think her amulet is also part of this conversation, but I just wont get into it here.

Rose windows

Ok, so I have seen most folks are assuming that the "rose fashion of stained glass" has been interpreted by most folks as an actual rose, like the flower. A very Beauty and the Beast-like rendering. That's not how I interpreted the the pendant when I saw "rose" preceding "stained glass." Do I know for sure which interpretation is correct? Obviously, no. But when the word rose is applied to types of stained glass design, what is being described is not a traditional flower, but the mandala-style design more commonly associated with gothic cathedrals. Yes, there are pendants (and many other glass objects) that take on this design and it has a rich history, which connects to a lot of SJM set up throughout the multiverse... so I'm going to continue forward assuming my interpretation is correct. And I'll remain fully open to being 200% wrong in the future.

Ok, rose windows: often associated with gothic architecture and cathedrals, their design has spiritual, mystical, significance due to its sacred geometry. Rose windows "transformed the cathedral into an actual “living vessel of the soul”, an embodiment of the “temple within” in which the human and divine can could merge into one." Additionally, rose windows are mandalas (middle photo above): one of the most ancient and universal symbols known to man. They mean many things to many traditions, but often aid in meditation, spiritual journeys, trance states, and mystic arts (this is an incredibly condensed reading of a deeply complex and wide reaching symbol). "The mandala represents man’s relationship with the cosmos, often a symbol of balance between entities."

Back to rose windows, the mystery and mastery of how pure, saturated colors could be technically achieved, rendered in glass as sacred geometry, "led to speculation that alchemy and alchemists may have been involved in its creation." To alchemists, [the rose glass was] “the flower of those who have wisdom, of the perfected soul, and the soul striving toward perfection.” So not too far off from that magnum opus mission aka the philosopher's stone? -> remember how I said I did a whole post talking about alchemy and would probably keep talking about it? It's not too late to dive into the deep end with me and just accept that I'm dealt all the way in on alchemy here.

Lapis lazuli

A "symbol of royalty and honor, gods and power, spirit and vision. It is a universal symbol of wisdom and truth." Tbh this stone could have it's own post with the number of meanings it's been assigned... but it's "one of the oldest spiritual stones known to man; used by healers, priests, and royalty..." and is believed to be a "powerful stone for thinking and spirituality, and it has a very high vibration," allowing it to "increase self-knowledge and awareness of one’s own thoughts and can help you to trust your inner wisdom." It also enhances psychic and intuitive abilities, and connects the spiritual realm with the physical. Some traditions believed a god's spirit was contained within the stone. Lapis lazuli also has connections to alchemy's mythological magnum opus known as the philosopher's stone "lapis philosophorum." (one day i might be brave enough to dive into the philosopher's stone... we'll see)

So what does any of this mandala, rose window, lapis, and alchemy stuff have to do with a fun fantasy book series or really... anything? Well, know that I'm unhinged. But, ok, the two necklaces and their symbolisms aren't the same per se, but have more things in common than they do differences. And I find their differences interesting because we return to the connection between lapis lazuli and Feyre's memory; and rose glass and Azriel's vision. Lapis is related to self-knowledge and intuition, while rose glass has been connected to fate within the cosmos and transformation of the soul.

So maybe the necklace Feyre saw doesn't sound like a perfect visual match to the necklace Azriel buys... there was another very important necklace described as ancient, gold, and lapis colored. The Eye of Elena from Throne of Glass (the third picture in the trio above). Looks pretty mandala-like doesn't it?

In the beginning of TOG, Queen Elena gives Aelin an amulet of great power — that she and others wear consistently throughout the series — from whatever world or realm she portaled in from. Dorian identifies it as the lost, legendary Eye of Elena. Eyes again relate back to my alchemy conversation and the Gate of Truth — interesting that they find a recreation of the Eye of Elena alter at the God of Truth's altar/temple. But Manon is the one to point out that this name for the pendant/amulet is incorrect... because the eye is actually a witch mirror.

Here are a collection of excerpts, which will be kind of confusing if you haven't read TOG, but I'll quickly break them down below and hopefully get to witch mirrors on their own one day.

In TOG we have encountered a bunch of witch mirrors, but their scope is still kind of mysterious. So Sarah we really need you to finally release The World of Throne of Glass, plz and ty.

We know from Maeve that there are "mirrors to spy, to travel, to kill." Below are essentially all of the known mirror powers thus far... and that's starting to all sound pretty familiar isn't it?

In TOG, we have power mirrors like Witch towers that amplify magic like the yielding ability (*sobs*) to cause incredible destruction. We also have more traditional mirror-looking witch mirrors. Like the traveling mirror Aelin and Manon enter to access Elena's memories of the Lock (and her failed attempt at containing Erawan/her series-long grift).

Most importantly, Manon corrects Aelin regarding the Eye of Elena and says it's a witch symbol called The Eye of the Goddess — and references the three-faced goddess we encounter in every world with the Mother, Maiden, and the Crone. We later discover the TOG Sun Goddess Mala had a Cochran witch help her put her "very essence" into a "small witch mirror disguised as a blue stone" meant to forge a Lock and contain a Valg King.

Also Manon alludes to there being... more than just the one Eye of the Goddess perhaps?

The Eye of the Goddess contains Mala's power just as Lapis Lazuli was believed to do. Plus, we enter the "rare silvers whose forging demands something vital from the maker" territory that... once again... screams alchemy. When Elena's wastes is one usage it doesn't just crap out like an old battery. Time and time again it protects Aelin & co. and provides a direct path to the TOG gods... like when Deanna possesses Aelin and is remarkably destructive... and one could argue a little unhelpful.

Witch Mirrors In Conclusion...

Am I confident I know exactly why the Feyre-Helion ACOMAF and Azriel-Clotho-Gwyn ACOSF scenes read the same? No. Do I think we have some witch mirrors in ACOTAR? I really do. And that's not even including the whole Bog of Oorid conversation...

We know when Bryce lands in Prythian we, now more than ever, need ways to communicate or travel to other worlds. In Throne of Glass it becomes clear that witch mirrors are at least one effective and proven way to do this. I think Sarah would have baked in some tools that have been sitting in plain sight to help us be able to do that.

Do I think we haven't even seen the tip of the iceberg re: witches in ACOTAR/all the worlds? For sure. (and it's a convo for another time because I need to fully read up on witch mirrors and witches y'all). But I think it's very possible a certain singing priestess now owns a potentially world speaking or walking necklace/witch mirror - the same objects Dorian asks Maeve about in KOA. The kind that might make themselves known as something different by projecting images, whether they're memories or visions.

I am really just scratching the surface here, but this is all the spiraling I had budgeted for today.

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thecreatureawaits · 11 months

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Creature Awaits #208

Each week I plan to feature an amazing creature, admiring God's fantastic artistry. Hopefully it’ll brighten someone’s day to see something new and interesting if they haven’t seen it before. : )

This month, we're featuring beautiful animals in silvery shades!

(Excellent capture by photographer and visual artist, Gary J. Wood (CC BY-SA 2.0))

The Silver Pheasant

Scientific Name: Lophura nycthemera

Region: Primarily mountain ranges across Southeast Asia, though also with introduced populations elsewhere

Size: About 22"-49" (55cm-125cm), including their long tails, with females tending to be much smaller than males

Interesting Notes: This elegant pheasant, long lauded in their local art and poetry, is named "baixian" in China. This combines the word "bai" meaning "white" with "xian" meaning "graceful bird."

#creatureawaits #silver pheasant #Lophura nycthemera #elegant birds #graceful birds #Chinese birds

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ultimastrike · 1 year

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kmlanxau · 2 years

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stokholmhastings4 · 2 years

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Extra! Unwanted! Read All About It! God's Army Being Fully Mobilized!

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myuheru-archive · 4 years

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i think it’s time 2 make all of my interests into sims

#but all my cc is on another computer..#pwease i just wanna make wu xian as a stupid sim

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lilypixels · 2 years

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Jennie Xian for @arianasims

she asked for “a cute kawaii girl with CC and some sim I can use for CC previews. Would like semi alpha and private download. Would love her to be Asian and just very much pink and cuteness. Also with long hair it that’s possible💗😚 but only if you want tho 😘”

As this was first request, I was little nervous when starting but I had fun making the sim! Her name and traits are randomized so feel free to change !! I hope you like her qwq

unedited cas pic under cut

#sim request #sims4 #ts4 #ts4edit #sims 4 #simblr #posting at odd times as always #lolz #ill continue with rest after i finish assignment due tomorrowww

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yin-shimo · 1 month

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XIHUI HAIR

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sofssims · 3 years

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Lookbook #6

Had to make a lookbook for my alternative angy girl!

Aurora Xian

Outfit 1: Dress || Shoes || Stockings || Hair || Necklace || Piercing

Outfit 2: Top (Mesh) Recolor (Sadly the RC was taken down by the creator and there is no download for it anymore T_T) || Pants || Shoes || Hair || Necklace || Piercing

Outfit 3: Top (Mesh) Recolor (The Creator has sadly taken down the RC) || Pants (Mesh) Recolor || Shoes || Necklace || Hair & Ombre Acc || Piercing (Sadly the Creator has taken down this CC)

Outfit 4: Top || Skirt || Stockings || Shoes || Hair (Mesh) Retexture/RC || Piercing

Earrings/Plugs are the same for all Outfits!

CC & Poses are not mine! Thank you to all the CC creators!

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valdrift · 4 years

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remembering the time i was complaining abt cheng/xian on twt and someone sent me a cc like "its fine if u dislike it but the least u can do is shut up ur ruining ppls fun" like oh my bad for expressing my own opinions on my own page lol

#'ruining ppls fun' bitch shut up 😩#prefacing this by saying anti vs anti anti bs is the dumbest shit ever BUT #anti antis have a lot of nerve acting like their freedom of speech is being infringed upon when told not to write rape or smth #but then tell Me to shut up when im joking around with my mutuals bc they dont like what im saying #the hypocrisy 😔✌#rape m

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legendnaonao-blog · 5 years

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English in North of China

Introduction

There is no doubt that the English language plays an important role in China. Tory have said that with the development of the global economy, China is a developing country in the world trade. It requires Chinese people to study and communicate from western countries. Therefore, China will be an international country in the future. The basic requirement of it is to be good at communication.

The Role of English in the North of China

English, as a world language, has become popular everywhere. If China wants to achieve better development, it will be a must to learn English well. Language, as an important tool to communicate, always changes with the development of society. Nowadays, the English language has the greatest influence among more than four thousand languages worldwide. It has been used widely in the world and increasingly becomes the multi-national, multi-cultural, multi-functional international language.

The background of Mandarin Chinese in the North of China

China is a multi-ethnic, multi-language, multi-population word power. Dan Zhang said: “It is a significant base to use Mandarin in China. The definition of Mandarin Chinese is the dialect of Chinese spoken in Beijing (the capital of China, located in the north of China) and adopted as the official language for all of China.” Therefore, Mandarin Chinese is based on the northern dialect. Why? It can be said that it has certain historical and realistic inevitability. Facing historical reality, we cannot deny the fact that from ancient times to the present, the development of China's politics has always been rooted in the northern economy. As a result, northern dialects cover the broadest areas and are used by the most populous situations. Its vocabulary is very popular across the country. Of course, it is based only on the dialect of the northern dialects. Not all northern dialects discard some narrower words. Meanwhile, Mandarin Chinese will continue to be absorbed by other dialects and loanwords, creating a vocabulary system that enriches the language.

According to Xianxian Liao netizen said: “Mandarin, as a traditional language, can be traced back to Zhou dynasty (1046-256 BCE). "Ya Yan" is the earliest lingua franca in China.” It is equivalent to the current Mandarin in the general sense. Later generations called the ancient phonology of the ancient times "Ya Yan". The sound system is the ancient phonology, and the ancient Chinese people attached great importance to the unification of local dialects, so there appeared "Ya Yan". It was considered the origin and the earliest form of manifestation of Mandarin n China. There are two reasons behind the broadcast of "YanYan". First, the frequent contact with envoys required the use of "Ya Yan". Second, there were many followers of Confucius, which was an excellent thinker and educator in China, coming from different religions. Confucius used "Ya Yan" to teach them. After learning knowledge, these followers went back to their religions and promoted the common "Ya Yan" at that time.

Until the Han dynasty, the official was called "Tong Yu". The "Ya Yan" of the Zhou dynasty and the "Tong Yu" of the Han dynasty were inherited and generally the same. After the Han dynasty, society increasingly became stable in Suitang dynasty. The language was called "Zheng Yin" at that time. In Ming dynasty and Qing dynasty, the language has revolved to "Guan Hua". "Guan Hua" already had some similarities with Mandarin nowadays.

The Origin of English in China

The origin of English China can be divided into five different periods. First, before the Opium war, the open port of Guangzhou, China, produced the first batch of merchants and general agents who engaged in trade activities with foreigners in simple English. The unique language used by Chinese and Westerners in Guangzhou to conduct business transactions and media was called Pigeon English, the homonym of business English. Second, after the second Opium War, it was late of Qing dynasty. The number of negotiations between the Qing court and the powers increased, marking the beginning of English education. Under the influence of the Jingshi Tongwen Library, the Shanghai Guangfang Dialect and the Guangzhou Tongwenguan were established one after another, and English education became important. Third, the period of the Republic of China was a period of complexity and change, and the development of English in China was very unstable. The Revolution of 1911 overthrew the feudal monarchy, and the Republic of China was proclaimed in 1912. The new government began to reform political, economic, and cultural education. English education has developed faster than the previous two periods in history. Fourth, in the early days of the founding of the People's Republic of China, due to the influence of the "Cultural Revolution", Russian has made great progress in China, but the development of English has been difficult. Therefore, the development of English is minimal at that time. Fifth, after the reform and opening up, China has become more and more connected with the world. As a tool for communication with the world, English has gradually been recognized and accepted by people and has begun to spread throughout the country. Almost all colleges and universities offer English classes. China has become the country with the largest number of English learners. In recent years, the number of people has often remained above 60 million, surpassing the United States.

The Role of English in Education in China

In China, it is obligatory for students to learn English from elementary school to university. During the process of the whole study, all students are required to learn English. From Weiji Baidu material, in 1978, especially after 1983, English was used as a compulsory subject in the college entrance examination. Beginning in the late 1980s and early 1990s, the English language proficiency test was implemented in full-time colleges and universities as a requirement for the first foreign language compulsory course and linked to the degree. In the subsequent education reform, English has always had to start from elementary school and continue to learn from the university. English is a very practical subject. It should allow children to achieve the input and output of language information in the "second mother tongue" atmosphere through the body interaction of watching, listening, speaking, reading, writing, singing and jumping.

It is obvious that English is helpful in business, government and education. A netizen Youth Happy said: “With the development of global economy, English has become a tool to communicate with Westerners. English is a world language usually used among governors.” Therefore, English is indeed very important. Inspirational students summed up the points that are very concise. “First of all, in China's so many years of college entrance examination, English is one of the three major subjects, and then is the master's degree, the doctoral examination, in addition to the professional class is English, the importance of English is visible; Secondly, the world is developing rapidly, and the more The smaller the change, the more you have to develop a new market if you want to develop yourself. English as a universal language must be learned. In the end, you can speak fluent English if you can find the most basic job. I believe that no matter where you go, there must be a variety of units rushing to ask you. Approaches to Improve English Study in China”

As the “The Influence of Economic Development on English Education and Countermeasures” article and another author Yong Liu mention that instead of only focusing on reading and writing of English, Chinese students should pay more attention to listening and speaking. To change the approaches of only memorizing words, we need to create an English atmosphere for students. Students must cultivate English thought, instead of translating Chinese thoughts to English messages. Learning activities in a relaxed and fun atmosphere, combined with real life to improve understanding and memory.

Work cited

Dan Zhang, “The Importance of Chinese Characters to the Unification of the Chinese Nation”

https://wenku.baidu.com/view/a06d5ca9284ac850ad0242b7.html

Inspirational students, “For most Chinese, is English a waste skill?”

https://baijiahao.baidu.com/s?id=1628342548834087011&wfr=spider&for=pc

Happy Youth “Do you know the importance of English to contemporary college students?”

https://baijiahao.baidu.com/s?id=1591818597466798765&wfr=spider&for=pc

Liaoliao Xian “Chinese Mandarin, Minimal History”

https://www.xuehua.us/2018/07/27/%E4%B8%AD%E5%9B%BD%E6%99%AE %E9%80%9A%E8%AF%9D%E6%9E%81%E7%AE%80%E5%8F%B2/

Troy “Is learning English still a trend now?”

https://www.zhihu.com/question/35855401

Weiji Baidu English

https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%8B%B1%E8%AF%AD

Yong Liu “Cultivation of Language Learning Strategies in English Teaching”

http://www.ecp.com.cn/cc/dxyy/yufa/20160505092106.htm

“The Influence of Economic Development on English Education and Countermeasures”

https://www.xzbu.com/9/view-891297.htm

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alwaysfortracer85 · 2 years

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during one of his DC interviews, idk which one, saw my cql mutuals being happy about him talking about a-xian. And nothing wrong with that, honestly, and it's not our business, but his fans dare to come to my CC and say Yibo is nothing without CQL when it's Yibo who moved on completely and people barely mention LWJ now when they are talking about him. Table tennis champion, living legend, proposed him to take serious training and to go to Olympics, Zhang Ziyi complimented him for SDC, Fu Dongyu compliments him for Choice, FMG episode, and for BAH in advance. CQL what? It's gege who is still working with Tencent, Yang Xia, mentions a-xian, meets with cql director. Everything about him screams "cql" because he had no remarkable works in dramas, variety etc after cql ended for people to acknowledge him for somwthing else. While with Yibo LWJ is just the ghost of the memory. Beautiful, but left in the past thousands of years ago

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sciencespies · 3 years

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Is consciousness bound by quantum physics? We're getting closer to finding out

https://sciencespies.com/humans/is-consciousness-bound-by-quantum-physics-were-getting-closer-to-finding-out/

Is consciousness bound by quantum physics? We're getting closer to finding out

One of the most important open questions in science is how our consciousness is established. In the 1990s, long before winning the 2020 Nobel Prize in Physics for his prediction of black holes, physicist Roger Penrose teamed up with anesthesiologist Stuart Hameroff to propose an ambitious answer.

They claimed that the brain’s neuronal system forms an intricate network and that the consciousness this produces should obey the rules of quantum mechanics – the theory that determines how tiny particles like electrons move around. This, they argue, could explain the mysterious complexity of human consciousness.

Penrose and Hameroff were met with incredulity. Quantum mechanical laws are usually only found to apply at very low temperatures. Quantum computers, for example, currently operate at around -272°C. At higher temperatures, classical mechanics takes over.

Since our body works at room temperature, you would expect it to be governed by the classical laws of physics. For this reason, the quantum consciousness theory has been dismissed outright by many scientists – though others are persuaded supporters.

Instead of entering into this debate, I decided to join forces with colleagues from China, led by Professor Xian-Min Jin at Shanghai Jiaotong University, to test some of the principles underpinning the quantum theory of consciousness.

In our new paper, we’ve investigated how quantum particles could move in a complex structure like the brain – but in a lab setting. If our findings can one day be compared with activity measured in the brain, we may come one step closer to validating or dismissing Penrose and Hameroff’s controversial theory.

Brains and fractals

Our brains are composed of cells called neurons, and their combined activity is believed to generate consciousness. Each neuron contains microtubules, which transport substances to different parts of the cell. The Penrose-Hameroff theory of quantum consciousness argues that microtubules are structured in a fractal pattern which would enable quantum processes to occur.

Fractals are structures that are neither two-dimensional nor three-dimensional, but are instead some fractional value in between. In mathematics, fractals emerge as beautiful patterns that repeat themselves infinitely, generating what is seemingly impossible: a structure that has a finite area, but an infinite perimeter.

This might sound impossible to visualize, but fractals actually occur frequently in nature. If you look closely at the florets of a cauliflower or the branches of a fern, you’ll see that they’re both made up of the same basic shape repeating itself over and over again, but at smaller and smaller scales. That’s a key characteristic of fractals.

The same happens if you look inside your own body: the structure of your lungs, for instance, is fractal, as are the blood vessels in your circulatory system. Fractals also feature in the enchanting repeating artworks of MC Escher and Jackson Pollock, and they’ve been used for decades in technology, such as in the design of antennas.

These are all examples of classical fractals – fractals that abide by the laws of classical physics rather than quantum physics.

Extension of Escher’s Circle Limit III shows its fractal, repeating nature. (Vladimir-Bulatov/Deviantart, CC BY-NC-SA)

It’s easy to see why fractals have been used to explain the complexity of human consciousness. Because they’re infinitely intricate, allowing complexity to emerge from simple repeated patterns, they could be the structures that support the mysterious depths of our minds.

But if this is the case, it could only be happening on the quantum level, with tiny particles moving in fractal patterns within the brain’s neurons. That’s why Penrose and Hameroff’s proposal is called a theory of “quantum consciousness”.

Quantum consciousness

We’re not yet able to measure the behavior of quantum fractals in the brain – if they exist at all. But advanced technology means we can now measure quantum fractals in the lab. In recent research involving a scanning tunneling microscope (STM), my colleagues at Utrecht and I carefully arranged electrons in a fractal pattern, creating a quantum fractal.

When we then measured the wave function of the electrons, which describes their quantum state, we found that they too lived at the fractal dimension dictated by the physical pattern we’d made. In this case, the pattern we used on the quantum scale was the Sierpiński triangle, which is a shape that’s somewhere between one-dimensional and two-dimensional.

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This was an exciting finding, but STM techniques cannot probe how quantum particles move – which would tell us more about how quantum processes might occur in the brain. So in our latest research, my colleagues at Shanghai Jiaotong University and I went one step further. Using state-of-the-art photonics experiments, we were able to reveal the quantum motion that takes place within fractals in unprecedented detail.

We achieved this by injecting photons (particles of light) into an artificial chip that was painstakingly engineered into a tiny Sierpiński triangle.

We injected photons at the tip of the triangle and watched how they spread throughout its fractal structure in a process called quantum transport. We then repeated this experiment on two different fractal structures, both shaped as squares rather than triangles. And in each of these structures we conducted hundreds of experiments.

Our observations from these experiments reveal that quantum fractals actually behave in a different way to classical ones. Specifically, we found that the spread of light across a fractal is governed by different laws in the quantum case compared to the classical case.

This new knowledge of quantum fractals could provide the foundations for scientists to experimentally test the theory of quantum consciousness. If quantum measurements are one day taken from the human brain, they could be compared against our results to definitely decide whether consciousness is a classical or a quantum phenomenon.

Our work could also have profound implications across scientific fields. By investigating quantum transport in our artificially designed fractal structures, we may have taken the first tiny steps towards the unification of physics, mathematics and biology, which could greatly enrich our understanding of the world around us as well as the world that exists in our heads.

Cristiane de Morais Smith, Professor, Theoretical Physics, Utrecht University.

This article is republished from The Conversation under a Creative Commons license. Read the original article.

#Humans

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