#Nowadays their territories in Venezuela | Explore Tumblr Posts and Blogs

indefenseofjoy · 1 year

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Live blogging OBX S3 as a Venezuelan (as in, the country part of this shitshow is supposed to be taking place)

Let me preface this by saying that I love this shitshow. It is shitty af and I love it.

Now I’m just going to be ranting about the things that concern the Orinoco and Venezuela only, not my opinion on the season in general. Also I’ve never bee to the part of the country the show alludes to I’ve only ever been to Apure not the Delta... but all of this is common knowledge. This is mostly composed of a series of texts (translated) that I sent to another Venezuelan friend who is also a fan of the show... Enjoy

Oh and spoilers

- "Onece we get to Orinoco" o "We need to go to Orinoco" as if it wasn't a goddamned river it is “the Orinoco”

- they named Venezuela and apparently john b knows that the river is here

- Imma allow suspension of disbelief here - There neither are nor were indigenous populations in the Venezuelan territory with a written language of their own, but imma let it pass for the plot...

- What kind of sorry excuse of a lame ass archeologist -like not even archeologist just person who went to primary school - thinks that a thing found in Delta Amacuro (That’s the name of the estate where the Orinoco Delta is) is Mayan?

- Pointing to a map that clearly says "Venezuela" (it even has names of cities like “Barcelona” and “Maturin” "you pointed to just South America, you know that?" It only fucking shows a part of Venezuela

- Bitch! The guajiros founded El Dorado by the Orinoco!! for reference I attach a map showing where the Guajiros are located and where this show is trying to make you think El Dorado is (for reference the trip by car nowadays, it’d be at least 14 hours): Green: where the Guajiros are located (just in Venezuela, they are also in Colombia) Red: The Orinoco River (Just the Venezuelan part of the river) Pink: What the previous map kind of showed Yellow: Apure, the part or the Orinoco I’ve alluded to (Kind of self promo go see the NGO I work with)

- Look the guajiros still exist, they are alive and not well they are actually literary starving, but they are not Caribe (the wider etnia the Kalinagos belong to)...

- the river guide called josé - that narrows it down...

- JJ has a point, he doesn’t have a passport, but further than that, people from the US need a Visa to get to Venezuela and they can’t get that Visa because Venezuela closed their embassies in the US - just pointing it out, though I’m going to let it pass for the plot

- A ride to South America? the deal with Barracuda Mike is not very specific... What if he takes he drugs to Chile? the trip from Chile to Venezuela is longer than the trip from anywhere in the USA to Venezuela? And I doubt Barracuda Mike is taking his drugs to Venezuela, the Venezuelan drug trade does not need discreet transportation believe me...

- I’ll give it to them the Orinoco they show looks like the Orinoco I’ve seen in real life and in pictures

- The Orinoco a graveyard of empires... not really unless you count the War of Independence...

- JJ is going to end up in fucking Uruguay if he doesn’t start being more specific...

-I’m not sure “Tres Rocas” exists, but I know a lot of places here that don’t show up on google maps...

- Why the fuck are the people in Tres Rocas partying with dusters? Though we do love unsafe fireworks handling, national pastime right there

- they do get the license plates right

- Well I assume they can’t find the José who owns a “panga” because “panga” in Venezuela means either a type of fish, a dumb person or a cigarette, like I had to google what a panga was.... they are probably mean a José with the “curiara” or with the “chalana” most probably a chalana... Suprise they didn’t get like kidnapped or scammed

- ...Anyways how come no one in this place is named José? Not even José without a chalana?

- Love the random black and white print of Bolívar on Singh’s place, really dirves home the “we are in Venezuela” thing...

- JAJAJAJAJAJAJA they think a wad like that of bolívares is enough for a trip like that one JAJAJAJAJA that’s less than 10$ I can assure you... And I can also assure you that no one in a remote Venezuelan town that close to the border takes bolívares, they only deal in US dollars and I guess that in the Delta: Guyanese Dollars....

- Btw it was indeed a chalana

- Just a thought... these people are going to get yellow fever or tb or something, are they even vaccinated against that sort of thing?

- “Guajiro” is pronounced is pronounced “whoo- ah- hee- roh” no “Whoa-ha-ro” not that guajiros have anyplace in Delta Amacuro...

-What kind of goddamned magic phone does Ward have? Those place don’t have signal, you need a satellite phone - I haven’t been to the Delta but my cousin has and they needed a satellite phone... I need a satellite phone down in deep Apure... You cannot just sneak off and send your location to someone there... those places have special guides for a reason and the reason is that GPS does not work down there...not to mention roaming

- You can’t just use Kalinagos and Guajiro interchangeably, they are not the same ethnicity...

- Like pre-columbina guajiros probably didn’t know the Orinoco existed...

- The Pogues have too much trust in the Venezuelan rural health system... that man is going to die, there is nothing to be done.

- There wasn’t enough Jiara though - yes, that is related to the Orinoco...

Conversation with my mom about this series: Me: Now that they’re going on an expedition to El Dorado I feel like this should end like every other expedition to El Dorado Mom: With everyone dead? Me: With everyone dead

She also said I should stop complaining that for a gringo show this is almost intellectual

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armsdealing · 5 years

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re: your werewolves, are they naturally antagonistic towards vamps like in most lores? if not, is there another creature that serves as their antagonists? what about for the werepumas, do they have a natural enemy?

curious (not-so)-anons / accepting / @undones

you know, the reason i’ve not made a lore post for werewolves the way i have for werepumas is that, well, everyone knows werewolves. everyone knows what a werewolf is supposed to be and how it is supposed to act, and how it is supposed to look like. sure there’s werewolves that shift into a full-blown wolf and others that don’t, some that are affected by silver and wolfsbane and some that don’t. for some werewolves, the transformation hurts like hell and it’s bloody and gorey, and for others, it’s as easy as just thinking about it. and in my interpretation… all of these types of werewolves exist, simultaneously, in my verse. they’re species within the same genus. the same applies to vampires. while i have very specific thoughts on how werewolf and vampire societies work (and i might talk about talk someday), neither are homogeneous groups, even if they have arranged themselves into echelons (monarchies in the case of vampires), in order to better work around humans and outside threats.

( the same thought applies to werepumas – depending on the location, there are different beliefs surrounding them, so when i talk about them, i focus largely on the beliefs held in the northern parts of south america (that’s colombia, venezuela, ecuador, and some of perú and panamá). even their origins are not certain and the theory regarding the chichí plant only goes so far. )

all of this being said, yes, as a rule of thumb, most werewolves will not like vampires. it just so happens that both of them are predator species forced to share the same territory. but for the most part, it is peaceful. it has to be peaceful. see what i told you about the societies? these were built so what happened in europe wouldn’t repeat itself. and what happened in europe is that werewolves were nearly wiped out by the vampires, a few hundred of years ago, because werewolves decided they could try and get right of vampires, since they saw them as inherently evil. a war happened, and they got decimated, because werewolves were disorganized and wild, while the vampires were methodical and cold and very well-assembled. nowadays, there are wolves in europe, but it’s not like it used to be. on top of there being few werewolf packs left, many of the remaining werewolves chose to try their luck in the “new world” and not try and get cocky this time around. and in america werewolves can and do give vampires something to worry about, since they have organized themselves. so, for the sake of both groups surviving, they’ve decided to keep up a “truce”, and that has been in standing for like, one hundred and fifty years. now, there’s certainly been isolated incidents of vampires and werewolves clashing, but they have been that: isolated. they’re living in the modern times: neither group could afford to start out another war without having to also let humans know they exist.

so about werepumas. werepumas actually have beef with both werewolves and vampires, lmfao. continuing with the animal comparisons, both of them are invasive species to the werepumas’ home territory, the americas. and during colonial and pre-colonial times, werepumas (who at large were considered protectors of many of their communities), they killed a lot of spanish/british/dutch/french/portuguese/etc colonizers, among which there were vampires and werewolves. little did they know this new place would offer such a threat to their desires for free territory, and such a formidable one too. still, numbers prevailed – even if werepumas are stronger, they are fewer, they are a species that don’t naturally form packs and so in the end wolves and vamps were able to settle in and werepumas took a hit to their numbers.

so, as you can imagine, werepumas have got a rough history with both of those groups, and to this day, werepumas and werewolves do not like one another. it is an inherent, instinctual dislike that mirrors the real animals’ relationship (as they are known to share habitats and prey and there’s multiple recorded instances of them fighting). it should be noted that one-on-one, the puma will win a fight eight times out of ten. but dealing with packs is another matter entirely.

before colonization, werepumas had no real enemies, per se. they were and still are apex predators. there were no hunters or people dedicated solely to killing them (that is a concept that arrived with the europeans – the colonial spanish term name for them was monteros). there were werejaguars (who share much of this same history), and other animal shifters and creatures of mythos (as werepumas are a pervasive species throughout the continent, they interacted with many native south and central american groups – so they don’t belong to a single one of them, either; rather, each has their own interpretation of them), but they tried to keep to themselves and their own territories, preferring cohabitation.

#* otherworld.#worldbuilding.#* werepumas.#undones #there's a lot of meat in this post #a lot of things I just might someday elaborate on #my adhd ass: i can and WILL talk more if you let me

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takalamoana-blog · 5 years

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COLUMBIA AND DRUG TRAFFICKING MARKET

Drug trafficking in the world is more than a flourishing market, in 2016-2017 the drug market reached its highest rate, with an increase of 65% for opium production and 25% for cocaine production. When it comes to drug traffic, the first thing that comes to our mind is south American countries. This part of the world is known for their drug trafficking especially cocaine production. For example, Columbia is the world’s largest cocaine supplier.

Most of Latin American countries are deeply implicated in drug trafficking and it creates tensions of course. Between Columbia and Venezuela those conflicts last since 19th century when Simon Bolivar “The Liberator” permits the emancipation between these two countries and the Hispanic empire. As a result, Columbian people saw an opportunity to ask to be protect by North America. Whereas Venezuelans saw a way to reunify Hispanic America without the USA. But now both of them are fighting each other because Venezuela interferes with the Columbia drug trafficking. They sabotage it by making more and more drug seizures.

Venezuela always serves as a transit point for Columbian Drug because of their common frontier which is impossible to control because its predominantly covered by the jungle.

If we stick to numbers the influence of drug is not as important as we thought because it only represents 18 billion of dollars so 0.6% regional GDP (Gross Domestic Product). But those numbers vary according to the country, for example in Mexico, income derived from drug represents 15 and 30 billion of dollars, either 3% of the GDP in 2010. In 2010, in Columbia, the part of cocaine production in the national economy has declined from 6.3% to 1%. But last figures are different, the production went from 1% in 2010 to 34% in 2016. A huge increase, due to the expansion of coca planting areas (a progress of 52% in 2016).

Corruption is also an important point to emphasize, it’s a real problem not only in Columbia but also in Southern America in general. Big institution like the Police is corrupt for example, in Columbia in 2010, some police members accept criminal activities of new gangs by turning a blind eye in drug trafficking. In 2011, they fired over 343 police officers and open 4964 disciplinary cases. According to a research from the University of Externado, Columbia lost 4% of the GDP because of corruption.

The Government has tried to deal with that problem with an anti-corruption referendum, but obviously all in vain. The referendum took place in August 26th 2018, nearly 1 million votes were missing. However, the Government was confident because of Duque ‘s presidency organised a consultation in June 2018 and has reached 10 million of votes. Unfortunately, they were confronted to the usual abstentionism of Colombians. Their actual President declared “It is clear that Columbia is sick of Corruption.”

Even the FARC (Revolutionary Armed Forces of Colombia) take an advantage from the drug trafficking market. First of all, who are they? They appear as defenders of poor farmers against big owners, multinational companies and the influence of the United states in Columbia. They led a guerilla war against the state of Columbia since 1952.

Basically, FARC finances themselves with an income called “Revolutionary income” it was a farm income. But this would be replaced by a more advantageous tax on cocaine and kidnapping for ransom. Guerillas made deals with drug traffickers; they got a part of their income in exchange of territories. Those operations took place in 1980, but more recently from 1995 to 2014 drug trafficking has provided them 22.5 million of dollars. They used that money to buy weapons and equipment.

Fortunately, Colombian Government successes in having them sign a peace agreement in November 2016. A conflict that lasted almost 70 years.

As you can Imagine see Drug trafficking led to many issues, we lastly saw the internal conflict between them and FARC, but it did not end there we had wars between cartels, terrorism also… Seeing all of this the USA decided to intervene. In 1971, President Richard Nixon declared war on drugs. He decided to create DEA (Drug Enforcement Administration), his struggle was based on military strategy. His effort didn’t solve the problem of drug use in the united states.

This is when “The Plan Colombia” is established, it is a bilateral agreement between Colombia and the USA, it was created during de Government of Andres Pastrana and Bill Clinton and continued under Alvaro Uribe, Juan Manuel Santos, George Bush and Barack Obama. The purpose of “The Plan Colombia” was to prevent the entry of illicit drugs from Colombia, and to restore security in the country. This was a primarily military plan.

The Plan Colombia was based on 10 major strategies;

1. Economic Strategy: Plan Colombia must encourage job creation by signing a free trade agreement and the encouragement of foreign investment. 2. Fiscal and Financial Strategy: Fiscal austerity measures implemented through privatization of the public bank, with the objective that the international markets recover the confidence in Colombia

3. Peace Strategy: Plan encourages peace agreement between Colombian state and illegal groups. The international community must support these agreements diplomatically and financially.

4. National Defence Strategy. Modernizing the National Police to ensure the rule of law is guaranteed.

5. Judicial and human rights strategy: Plan Colombia was for the respect of human rights by the Police. At the same time, it searches for an equal justice for all in order to be able to judge drug traffickers and offenders and to fight impunity.

6. Drug Strategy: With the collaboration of other countries involved in the marketing of drugs, Plan Colombia searches to combat drug production in all its countries. Its objective was to reduce the area for coca cultivation by 50%.

7. Alternative development strategy: Plan Colombia seeks to encourage the cultivation of other products as profitable as coca by peasant families and the community.

8. Social Participation Strategy: The fight against corruption and illegal groups must be a national fight. Communities must contribute to this fight.

9. Human Development Strategy. The state must fund health and education services in vulnerable communities as well as provide humanitarian assistance to displaced groups, victims of violence.

10. International focus: The Plan seeks to generate an international awareness about “co-responsibility” on the drug problem.

We could think that; with such a plan it will take time but the issue of drug trafficking will be resolved. The true is quite different because this plan has totally failed. Insecurity reached its highest rate with 2.2 billion people that had to leave their home because of the threat of armed groups. The Plan Colombia has also encouraged the government to pursue a policy of fumigation of coca crops and to replace illicit crops by legal crops, but the fact is that this fumigation policy has damaged legal crops and led to sanitary and environmental problems. In addition, if one of the goals of The Plan Colombia was to reinforce institutions and democracy the failure is obvious, as shown by several studies. The extreme right armed groups enter the state on the occasion of the parliamentary elections of 2002 and they control until today a good part of the Colombian Congress, thus witnessing to the fragility of the institutions.

Even with all different type of efforts that which have been given drug trafficking market is always a main issue in Columbia nowadays. Despite all the attempts it is always even worse than before figures that are generated are immeasurable and are constantly increasing. Will they completely eradicate the drug issue? no one knows.

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yakinmucuk-sue · 3 years

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solinposts · 7 years

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I don’t like posting about what’s happening in Venezuela because this is my safe space. But every once in a while real life will catch up with me.

The boy you see here was murdered during a protest in Venezuela on May, 3rd. He was one of the many protesters who was violently stopped by military forces as they marched against a government that has actively driven Venezuela to the brink of collapse.

Just so you can get a general picture of the situation: Venezuela, the place where I was born, one of the richest countries in Latin America, is barely recognizable nowadays. We have the lowest income in Latin America, and the highest inflation rate in the region; we’ve been suffering from food shortages that have forced people to start scavenging food directly from garbage bags; we have shortages in medicines and supplies that have affected hospitals and people all across the territory (the number of patients with critical conditions and newborn children who have died is immeasurable), criminals run rampant on the streets... The situation has only gotten worse in the last 3 years, and our government just turns a blind eye, refusing to acknowledge our issues.

On May the 3rd, this kid was fighting alongside other teenagers and young people against the National Guard. The people who are supposed to protect us have been following orders from the government, working with armed pro-government civilians to attack us at every march and demonstration. These last 30 days we’ve been protesting almost daily after the government tried to eliminate our Congress and steal its powers, just because we elected representatives that belong mostly to the political opposition.

So the National Guard and the paramilitaries are launching tear gas shells to the bodies of the protestors without even speaking with our delegates; they’ve been firing pellets, bullets, and sometimes marbles at us; they attack us with pepper spray and water, and run over our people with tanks; they’ve even used helicopters to drop tear gas during the early days of the protests...

And on May the 3rd they launched a tear gas shell towards this 17-year-old boy when he faced them with his hands up. The shell went straight through the mask he was using so he could breathe despite the amount of tear gas, and the impact sent him into shock. He was unconscious and died minutes after.

He was a musician, and his death prompted famed conductor Gustavo Dudamel to finally speak up against the government’s brutality. Oddly enough, it took the death of a young and talented musician for him to finally say something about it after years of silence.

Now, Armando is dead. His friends said goodbye to him today. This time, it’s forever. His bandmates played their instruments in his honor, and his name joined a long list of people who lost their lives and dreams so a group of power-thirsty murderers could stay on top.

I don’t want to forget this day. I wrote this post so I never forget the anger and pain I’m feeling.

I’ve been fighting against this government for almost 15 years. 15 years of anguish and pain and frustration and lost dreams, that I’ll never get back. But I’m still alive, and this child isn’t. He will never see the new dawn, after living his entire life in this darkness.

How many children like him will we continue to bury in Venezuela? How many people will lose their lives and dreams in this hellhole?

#venezuela #armando cañizales #human rights #latin america #may 5th #gustavo dudamel #national guard #nicolás maduro #venezuelan crisis #politics

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jacobhinkley · 6 years

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Bitcoin Price Watch: Currency Hasn’t Moved, but is Another Bull Run on the Way?

Bitcoin’s price remains virtually unchanged from yesterday’s $8,900 mark. While $9,000 hasn’t been reached just yet, sentiment remains that the currency could strike this territory in the coming days.

What’s interesting is that despite certain regulatory maneuvers inching forward, bitcoin and cryptocurrencies remain popular enough to fight ongoing resistance levels. In the past, when bitcoin was younger, the slightest move against its decentralized nature was known to make its price suffer, but now, things appear to be stabilizing somewhat.

RBI, for example, recently made headlines when it announced that it would no longer support cryptocurrency ventures, thus leaving several businesses in India to look for alternative solutions to complete transactions. This appeared to seal the fate for cryptocurrency in southern Asia, though things haven’t turned out that way.

Since the ruling, crypto-trading has, in turn, become more popular than ever, and digital currency usage in the nation remains solid. Furthermore, the price only dropped a few hundred dollars rather than a few thousand, and has continued to show promise ever since. It seems that all one must do nowadays is say that a person can’t do something before they seek out alternative ways to do what they’ve been “barred” from.

Taking things even further is Kali Digital Ecosystems, which recently filed a court case against RBI after collecting roughly 40,000+ signatures in a petition asking the establishment to reverse its ruling. Kali had been planning to launch CoinRecoin, a new cryptocurrency exchange platform, but its plans were dashed to the side following the Reserve Bank’s newfound regulation.

Rashmi Deshpande, associate partner of the representing law firm Khaitan & Co., explained:

“The circular appears to be arbitrary and unconstitutional since it does not give strong facts as to why RBI is against the business of cryptocurrencies. Logical and well-though arguments backed by solid facts are the primary requirements under the constitution to put a stop to any business in India.”

The same situation has been witnessed with Venezuela’s petro. In ruling that the coin cannot be traded in the States, President Donald Trump has allegedly made the currency more popular according to Venezuelan officials, though these words need to be taken with a grain of salt. Venezuela’s statements regarding the petro haven’t always been truthful, and it’s hard to imagine that many people being interested in a currency like the petro to begin with – one that’s reportedly backed by the country’s oil reserves, yet holders possess no stakes in Venezuelan oil.

Overall, the price of bitcoin has risen by approximately 27 percent since the beginning of April, and the total crypto market cap has hit $400 billion.

Pantera Capital CEO Dan Morehead has commented that “bitcoin has been growing at 165 percent a year for six years,” and that something growing that fast “hardly ever gets down below its 200-day moving average.” This suggests that while dips have been experienced in the past and may occur again, the currency isn’t going to fall below a certain average, so traders can rest assured that the currency will stay in the green for some time.

Rodrigo Marques – CEO of investment platform Atlas Quantum – also believes that a serious bull run is imminent. He explains that cryptocurrencies have taken a large step towards mainstream acceptance this last spring, and that “it’s hard to argue against everyone benefitting from cryptocurrencies.”

Bitcoin Price Watch: Currency Hasn’t Moved, but is Another Bull Run on the Way? published first on https://medium.com/@smartoptions

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muublanco · 7 years

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BlackPoint Text by Sandra Pinardi MAAS Performance Presents “Black Point” by Muu Blanco Text by Sandra Pinardi. MUU explains it: “a black circle surrounded by white materializes the image of a bullet piercing through the human body. It is also the vanishing point for blood and bodily fluids. Blackpoint recreates the focal spot that symbolizes the beginning and the end of an object’s track that breaks unexpectedly and violently in a body. Entrance and exit, greeting and farewell, and evident and indelible seal”. Blackpoint is, precisely, that “black hole” that is able to absorb and dissolve –in an unpredictable instant- the stillness of our everyday and its certainties, its rituals and possibilities. Venezuela is heterogeneous, not because of its cultural or racial mixture, but because it is made of shreds, of disperse and diverse narratives that overlap, oppose and even obliterate each other, that deny and afflict violence upon themselves. In these last years that fragmentary condition has been increased, dividing the social body in fractions that disavow one another, so the nation –that text built by and for everyone, from agreements and symbolic practices- became unreachable, splitting and plunging itself between an ungraspable, nostalgic identity and an insufficient, fissured, impossible everyday. Blackpoint, the performance in two movements by MUU Blanco, wanders trough the cracks and wounds of that unreachable nation that is Venezuela nowadays, amongst-us and for everyone, and does it by installing himself precisely in the arduous site of its tensions, disconnections and controversies and reflecting on two antagonistic narratives: on the one hand, the heroic which deals with identity and patriotic values (allegorized by the beauty of its landscapes and is territory) and, on the other, the raw sonic and visual attestation of the violence -and repression- that abducts and taints its own social body (documented in the events that occurred in Caracas, from February and March 2014). Amongst these two narrations, one of them symbolic and aesthetic (the landscapes) and the other being broken and elusive (the facts), MUU’s work installs itself as a calling.

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dentalshare-blog · 7 years

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America’s Dental Gap Has Left People Relying on Pliers, Chisels, and Whiskey

September went out hot in East Tennessee. Caleb didn’t  mind; he parked his lawn chair in a shallow pool of shade, clipped a small fan to its arm, lit a cigarette, and settled back to wait. It would be more than 12 hours before the free medical clinic opened its doors. Caleb had read about the clinic online, and that it was best to get there early. Hundreds of people were expected to show up. Caleb had driven up from Georgia to get a cracked tooth pulled. He’s a lean, hard-looking man with a scar running vertically down from his lower lip, the result of a getting bitten by a dog. His teeth are yellowed, many of them dark brown at the gum line. A few years ago, Caleb paid more than $2,000 to have three teeth extracted by a professional, a price that he considered ridiculous. He works odd jobs but wanted me to know that he isn’t poor: He earns enough to own his house and car. “But there’s nothing in the back pocket,” he explained. Since then he’s resorted to pulling teeth on his own, with a pair of hog-ring pliers that he modified for the job. One time he messed up and crushed an aching tooth, leaving a jagged stump embedded in his jaw; he went after that with a chisel and a hammer. He saved a neighbor $300 recently, he claimed, by pulling a tooth for him. “You know what that cost him? Two and a half shots of Wild Turkey 101.” On the ground beside Caleb sat Michael Sumers, a fellow Georgian with a long neck and wide, darting eyes. Sumers, who never saw a dentist as a child, hoped to get his remaining 14 teeth pulled. He’s only 46 years old. His mouth has hurt him almost constantly for the last five years, but he hasn’t been able to afford any help. Sumers lives on his disability check, and after paying $700 a month in rent, he doesn’t have much left. “I can’t eat steak without my teeth breaking,” he admitted.Chicken is what broke one of Jessica Taylor’s teeth. Another two were broken by her ex-husband’s fist, when he hit her in the mouth during a fight. I found Taylor sitting on the ground, her back to a tree, a pizza box beside her. “Now I’m here,” she said, explaining why she’d come to the clinic, “and he’s in hell.” Over on the far side of the lot, a group of women sat around a small barbecue grill, smoking cigarettes and flipping burgers: Beverly, April, Darlene, and Donna, a woman with a thin face and gray hair scraped back into a ponytail. All of them hoped to get their teeth worked on the following morning when the clinic opened. Beverly smiled, showing me how her two front teeth overlapped. Her parents divorced when she was little, Beverly told me, “and forgot which one was supposed to take care of it.” April, her sister, read about the clinic on Facebook and had been the first to pull into the parking lot that morning. At 9 am, when the clinic staff arrived to set up rows of dental chairs, April was there in a pink T-shirt, waiting on the sidewalk.

Of the countless ways in which poverty eats  at the body, one of the most visible, and painful, is in our mouths. Teeth betray age, but also wealth, if they’re pearly and straight, or the emptiness of our pockets, if they’re missing, broken, rotted out. The American health-care system treats routine dental care as a luxury available only to those with the means to pay for it, making it vastly more difficult for millions of Americans to take care of their teeth. And the consequences can be far more profound than just negative effects on one’s appearance. In fact, they can be deadly. Wealthy Americans spend billions of dollars per year, collectively, to improve their smiles. Meanwhile, about a third of all people living in the United States struggle to pay for even basic dental care. The most common chronic illness in school-age children is tooth decay. Nearly a quarter of low-income children have decaying teeth, well above the national average; black and Hispanic children also experience higher rates of untreated decay. Neither Medicaid nor Medicare is required to cover dental procedures for adults, so coverage varies by state, and both the very poor and the elderly are often left to pay out of pocket. (Tennessee provides no dental coverage to anyone over 21.) In those states where Medicaid does cover dental care, benefits are limited. Even middle-class Americans can’t always afford necessary care, as private insurance often will not cover expensive procedures. Dental coverage improved modestly during the Obama administration, through an expansion of Medicaid and the state Children’s Health Insurance Program under the Affordable Care Act, but access remains patchy and wholly inadequate. The situation is made more difficult by the dearth of dentists in low-income communities. Less than half of the country’s dentists will treat Medicaid patients. As one dentist tells journalist Mary Otto in her 2017 book Teeth, while his colleagues “once exclusively focused upon fillings and extractions,” they “are nowadays considered providers of beauty.” Offering cosmetic procedures in wealthy cities and suburbs is far more lucrative than treating people in rural areas and poor neighborhoods—whitening alone is an $11-billion-a-year industry. The result is a geographic imbalance, with dentists clustered around the money. Nearly 55 million people live in areas officially considered to have a shortage of dental-care providers. At the pediatric dental clinic at the University of Illinois at Chicago, there’s a two-year waiting list for children who need dental surgery that requires anesthesia. All of this explains why Caleb and a few hundred other people slept in a parking lot overnight—in their cars, in tents, or out on the ground—and then gathered in the early-morning dark, waiting for the pop-up clinic to open its doors. Held at a sports arena outside Chattanooga, the clinic is one of dozens operated each year by the nonprofit organization Remote Area Medical. Appalachia is RAM’s home territory, but the group now runs weekend clinics in medically underserved areas across the United States, from California and Texas to Florida and New York, providing basic medical, dental, and vision care—as well as veterinary services,  occasionally—fully free of charge. Dozens of doctors and dentists from across the country volunteer their services. The group’s founder, Stan Brock, was there to open the doors at 6 am. Brock is a tan, trim man of 81 with a clipped English accent; he is also a former wildlife-television star. (A quick search turns up photos of Brock holding a lion cub, a snake fatter than his arm, and a harpy eagle named Jezebel.)The idea for RAM came about after Brock found himself badly injured in a horseback-riding accident in a part of Guyana that was weeks away—on foot—from the nearest doctor. Initially, his intent was to fly doctors and medical supplies into remote regions of the world’s poorest countries. Brock got his pilot’s license and a small plane, and started flying medical missions into Haiti, Mexico, Guatemala, Venezuela, and Brazil. He founded RAM in 1985; a few years later, the mayor of Sneedville in northern Tennessee read about the group’s work in a newspaper. The local hospital had closed and the only dentist had left town, so the mayor asked Brock for help. Brock put a dental chair in the back of a pickup truck and drove to Sneedville, where more than 50 people lined up to have their teeth worked on. Ninety percent of RAM’s operations are now in the United States. Little else has changed about the nature of Brock’s work in the two and a half decades since the Sneedville clinic, despite swings of the political pendulum and the passage of numerous health-care reform packages. When I asked Brock about common ailments among the thousands of people who attend RAM clinics each year, he said, “I can tell you that without any hesitation—it’s the same everywhere we go. They’re all there to see the dentist. They’re all there to see the eye doctor. They’re not there to see the medical doctor.” The health-care system treats the eyes and teeth as being distinct from the rest of the body—no matter that an infection that starts in the mouth can move quickly into the bloodstream and then throughout the body. Unlike many other acute physical problems, a cracked tooth or the gradual blurring of vision cannot be fixed in an emergency room. Nevertheless, more than 2 million people show up in the nation’s emergency rooms with dental pain each year, though hospitals can usually do little besides prescribe antibiotics and painkillers.

By the time the sky lightened, nearly 200 people had been ushered into the arena. Outside, the line still wrapped around the building. A woman at the back clutched a ticket numbered 631. Her teeth had been hurting her for a year and a half, but there was no guarantee she’d be seen. Inside, volunteers checked the patients in at rows of folding tables. Dental patients were sent to wait in the bleachers, which filled up quickly. One by one, the people in the bleachers were summoned to a chair overseen by Dr. Joseph Gambacorta, a dean at the School of Dental Medicine at the State University of New York at Buffalo. Gambacorta peered into their mouths to determine whether they needed fillings, a cleaning, or—as was most often the case—extractions. Thirty-six-year-old Jennifer Beard from Dayton, Tennessee, sat uneasily in the chair, her mouth open. She’d already lost all but eight of her teeth. “What do I need to do? I haven’t been to the dentist in a long time,” she admitted in an apologetic tone. “My mom and dad died, and I lost my job.” It took Gambacorta about 10 seconds to assess the damage: “I hate to tell you this, but you need them all out.” Preventing tooth decay doesn’t necessarily require a lot of money: Toothbrushes and floss don’t cost very much, Gambacorta pointed out. But it does require constant attention, and neglect is serious. One dental student who has volunteered at several RAM clinics told me about a man who arrived with a mouthful of rotting teeth; asked how often he brushed them, he replied, “Well, doc, I don’t.” Diet and habits like smoking also hasten decay. But all these risk factors are amplified by limited access to professional care. When routine care is unaffordable and decay goes untreated, minor problems can become critical. What starts out as a toothache can become an infection in the jawbone, which can then spread to the bloodstream. In one now-famous case initially reported by Mary Otto, a 12-year-old Maryland boy named Deamonte Driver died from an abscessed tooth that would have cost $80 to pull. Driver’s family had lost their Medicaid coverage, and his mother was preoccupied with trying to find a dentist for his brother, who had six rotted teeth. Driver died when the bacteria from his tooth spread to his brain—and after more than $200,000 in surgeries and six weeks in the hospital. “Six, eight, 10, 15, 16, and two,” Gambacorta said briskly to an assistant with a clipboard, naming the teeth that had to be extracted from the head of a fidgety 30-year-old who’d last seen a dentist nearly a decade ago, when he was in Navy boot camp. Gambacorta took a second look. “Are you sure you don’t want the bottom ones out, too?” he asked. “Put 18, 19, 31, and 32 on the list, too.”While some patients’ teeth were so decayed that Gambacorta had no choice but to recommend their removal, he hesitates to turn people into “dental cripples” unnecessarily. “Everyone’s eager to get them all out, but they don’t know what that means for after,” he told me. People assume that having dentures is easier than dealing with their rotted teeth, particularly if they’ve been in pain. But dentures come with their own complications, including the fact that people who use them tend to eat softer, less nutritious foods. On the main floor of the arena, behind a wall of green curtains, stood four parallel rows of dental chairs—50 in all. I found April, still wearing her pink shirt, waiting in chair 22, her gums already numbed. Caleb was in chair 13; he was quiet and nervous, with little of the nonchalance he’d projected the previous afternoon while describing his pliers. Later on, I found him smoking a cigarette in the parking lot, a new gap where his top left tooth had been. “It’s embarrassing,” he said of the gap. Still, he was grateful. He was getting free eyeglasses, too; he hadn’t realized how badly he needed them. Donna grinned at me from chair 25 as a third-year dental student prepared to pull four of her teeth. The first three came out easily, in a matter of minutes. But the fourth was stuck. It took the oral surgeon who was overseeing things a few swings of his right elbow, as if he were flapping a wing, to yank it free. Donna whimpered in pain, but a few minutes later, her mouth stuffed with gauze, she gave me a thumbs-up. The incessant ache she’d lived with for so long had already started to fade.

Over the course of two days, more than  800 people received care from RAM. Sheila Barrow, a pretty woman of 55 with dimples and long blond hair, said it was the fourth RAM clinic she’d attended. This time, she was there to have one tooth filled and another pulled. Barrow has health insurance through Tennessee’s Medicaid program, but no dental or vision coverage. She worked for UPS, but after four knee surgeries, she’s now dependent on disability benefits. “They’ve been a lifesaver,” she said of the free clinics. “I don’t know what I’d do without them.” And yet it was clear that free clinics like RAM’s barely paper over the yawning dental-care gap. On Saturday afternoon, I found Michael Sumers in the parking lot, waiting for a ride home. All of his top teeth were gone. He’d gotten four pulled, not the 14 he was hoping for—there wasn’t enough time. Up in the bleachers, Gambacorta and another volunteer had discussed how to triage patients as it became clear that the need was greater than the number of dentists. Treating everyone in line meant that some people would have to choose between getting a tooth pulled or another one filled. It should be unnecessary to say that a system that requires people to spend the night in a parking lot to see a dentist, or to pull their own teeth with pliers, or that leaves an infected tooth to kill a child, is grotesquely broken. Yet there is no urgency for reform in Washington, particularly with the party in power more inclined toward cutting health benefits. Part of the fault belongs with dentists’ associations, which have fought proposals for a national health-care system as well as smaller-scale reforms, like giving hygienists more autonomy to provide preventive care in public schools. The fault also rests with the policy-makers who have ignored dental care entirely when debating overhauls to the health-insurance system. Vermont Senator Bernie Sanders and Maryland Representative Elijah Cummings have repeatedly introduced legislation to expand dental coverage through Medicare, Medicaid, the Affordable Care Act, and the Department of Veterans Affairs; the latest version, introduced in 2015, never received a committee vote in either chamber. Unless something changes in Washington, Brock predicted, “Remote Area Medical will be holding these events from now until kingdom come—instead of being where we should be, which is the Third World.”

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