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allbestnet · 7 years

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50 Years of Books to Remember by The New York Public Library

1. Beowulf by Unknown Beowulf is an Old English heroic epic poem of unknown authorship, dating as recorded in the Nowell Codex manuscript from between the 8th and the early 11th century, set in Denmark and Sweden. Commo... - 2. Lolita by Vladimir Nabokov The book is internationally famous for its innovative style and infamous for its controversial subject: the protagonist and unreliable narrator, middle aged Humbert Humbert, becomes obsessed and se... - 3. The Fall by Albert Camus The Fall (French: La Chute) is a philosophical novel written by Albert Camus. First published in 1956, it is his last complete work of fiction. Set in Amsterdam, The Fall consists of a series of dr... - 4. This Hallowed Ground by Bruce Catton This Hallowed Ground: The Story of the Union Side of the Civil War - 5. A Death in the Family by James Agee A Death in the Family is an autobiographical novel by author James Agee, set in Knoxville, Tennessee. He began writing it in 1948, but it was not quite complete when he died in 1955. It was edited ... - 6. The Complete Poems of Marianne Moore by Marianne Moore Marianne Moore (November 15, 1887 – February 5, 1972) was a Modernist American poet and writer noted for her irony and wit. - 7. The Affluent Society by John Kenneth Galbraith The Affluent Society is a 1958 book by Harvard economist John Kenneth Galbraith. The book sought to clearly outline the manner in which the post-World War II America was becoming wealthy in the pri... - 8. The Tin Drum by Günter Grass Acclaimed as the greatest German novel written since the end of World War II, The Tin Drum is the autobiography of thirty-year-old Oskar Matzerath, who has lived through the long Nazi nightmare and... - 9. The Rise and Fall of the Third Reich by William L. Shirer The Rise and Fall of the Third Reich, by journalist William L. Shirer, is the first and most successful, large scale history of Nazi Germany in English for a general audience, first published in 19... - 10. The Violent Bear It Away by Flannery O'Connor The Violent Bear It Away is a novel published in 1960 by American author Flannery O'Connor. It is the second and final novel that she published. The first chapter of the novel was published as the ... - 11. A House for Mr. Biswas by V.S. Naipaul It is the story of Mr Mohun Biswas, an Indo-Trinidadian who continually strives for success and mostly fails, who marries into the Tulsi family only to find himself dominated by it, and who finally... - 12. Another Country by James Baldwin Another Country is a 1962 novel by James Baldwin. The novel tells of the bohemian lifestyle of musicians, writers and other artists living in Greenwich Village in the late 1950s. It portrayed many ... - 13. Memories, Dreams, Reflections by Carl Jung Memories, Dreams, Reflections (original German title Erinnerungen Träume Gedanken) is a partially autobiographical book by Swiss psychologist Carl Jung and associate Aniela Jaffé. The book details ... - 14. The American Way of Death by Jessica Mitford The American Way of Death was an exposé of abuses in the funeral home industry in the United States, written by Jessica Mitford and published in 1963. Feeling that death had become much too sentime... - 15. African Stories by Doris Lessing - 16. Why We Can't Wait by Martin Luther King, Jr. Why we can't wait is a book by Martin Luther King, Jr. about the civil rights struggle against racial segregation in the United States, and specifically in Birmingham, Alabama. - 17. For the Union Dead by Robert Lowell For the Union Dead is a 1964 poem by Robert Lowell, published in a book of the same name. It was written in response to Allen Tate's 1928 poem Ode to the Confederate Dead. Robert Gould Shaw and th... - 18. Children of Crisis by Robert Coles Children of Crisis is an award winning series of 5 volumes by child psychiatrist and author Robert Coles published by Little, Brown and Company between 1967 and 1977; a social study of children in ... - 19. One Hundred Years of Solitude by Gabriel Garcia Marquez One of the 20th century's enduring works, One Hundred Years of Solitude is a widely beloved and acclaimed novel known throughout the world, and the ultimate achievement in a Nobel Prize–winning car... - 20. The Double Helix: A Personal Account of the Discovery of the Structure of DNA by James D. Watson The Double Helix: A Personal Account of the Discovery of the Structure of DNA is an autobiographical account of the discovery of the double helix structure of DNA written by James D. Watson and pub... - 21. The Armies of the Night by Norman Mailer The Armies of the Night (1968) is a Pulitzer Prize and National Book Award-winning nonfiction novel written by Norman Mailer and sub-titled History as a Novel/The Novel as History. Mailer essential... - 22. Slaughterhouse-Five by Kurt Vonnegut An anti-war science fiction novel by Kurt Vonnegut about World War II experiences and journeys through time of a soldier called Billy Pilgrim. - 23. The Gulag Archipelago by Aleksandr Solzhenitsyn The Gulag Archipelago is a book by Aleksandr Solzhenitsyn based on the Soviet forced labor and concentration camp system. The three-volume book is a massive narrative relying on eyewitness testimon... - 24. The Power Broker by Robert Caro The Power Broker: Robert Moses and the Fall of New York is a Pulitzer Prize-winning 1974 biography of Robert Moses, "New York City's Master Builder", by Robert Caro. In the years since its publicat... - 25. Poems: Selected and New, 1950-1974 by Adrienne Rich Adrienne Cecile Rich is an American poet, essayist and feminist. She has been called "one of the most widely read and influential poets of the second half of the [20th] century." - 26. Pilgrim at Tinker Creek by Annie Dillard Pilgrim at Tinker Creek is a 1974 nonfiction narrative book by Annie Dillard. It won the Pulitzer Prize in 1975. The book is about Dillard's experiences at Tinker Creek, which is located in Virg... - 27. A Distant Mirror by Barbara Tuchman A Distant Mirror: The Calamitous 14th Century, published in 1978, is a work by American historian Barbara Tuchman, focusing on life in 14th century Europe. To provide a central figure in her swe... - 28. The Stories of John Cheever by John Cheever The Stories of John Cheever is a 1978 short story collection by American author John Cheever. It contains some of his most famous stories, including "The Enormous Radio," "Goodbye, My Brother," "Th... - 29. What We Talk About When We Talk About Love by Raymond Carver What We Talk About When We Talk About Love is the name of both a 1981 collection of short stories and the title of a story within the collection by the American writer Raymond Carver. Plots from... - 30. The Mismeasure of Man by Stephen Jay Gould The Mismeasure of Man is a 1981 book written by the Harvard paleontologist Stephen Jay Gould (1941–2002). The book is a history and critique of the methods and motivations underlying biological det... - 31. The House of the Spirits by Isabel Allende The House of the Spirits (La casa de los espíritus, 1982) is the debut novel by Isabel Allende. Initially, the novel was rejected by several Spanish-language publishers, but became an instant best ... - 32. The Unbearable Lightness of Being by Milan Kundera The Unbearable Lightness of Being (1984), by Milan Kundera, is a philosophic novel about a man and his two women and their lives in the Prague Spring of the Czechoslovak Communist period in 1968. ... - 33. Beloved by Toni Morrison Beloved (1987) is a Pulitzer Prize-winning novel by Nobel laureate Toni Morrison. The novel, her fifth, is loosely based on the life and legal case of the slave Margaret Garner, about whom Morrison... - 34. And the Band Played On by Randy Shilts And the Band Played On: Politics, People, and the AIDS Epidemic is a nonfiction book written by San Francisco Chronicle journalist Randy Shilts, published in 1987. It chronicles the discovery and s... - 35. Coming of Age in the Milky Way by Timothy Ferris - 36. The Making of the Atomic Bomb by Richard Rhodes The Making of the Atomic Bomb, a book written by Richard Rhodes, won the 1988 Pulitzer Prize for General Non-Fiction, a National Book Award and a National Book Critics Circle Award. The 900-page bo... - 37. Citizens by Simon Schama Citizens: A Chronicle of the French Revolution is a book by the historian Simon Schama. It was published in 1989, the bicentenary of the French Revolution, and like many other works in that year, w... - 38. The Remains of the Day by Kazuo Ishiguro The Remains of the Day (1989) is the third published novel by Japanese-British author Kazuo Ishiguro. The Remains of The Day is one of the most highly-regarded post-war British novels. It won the B... - 39. The Cunning Man by Robertson Davies The Cunning Man, published by McClelland and Stewart in 1994, is the last novel written by Canadian novelist Robertson Davies. The Cunning Man is the memoir of the life of a doctor, Dr. Jonathan... - 40. Race Matters by Cornel West Race Matters is a 1994 social sciences book, authored by Cornel West. The book was first published on March 29, 1994 in the English language by Vintage Books. The book analyses moral authority and ... - 41. The Moor's Last Sigh by Salman Rushdie The Moor's Last Sigh is a 1995 novel by Salman Rushdie. Set in the Indian city of Bombay (or "Mumbai") and Cochin (or "Kochi"), it is the first major work that Rushdie produced after the The Satani... - 42. Cod: A Biography of the Fish that Changed the World by Mark Kurlansky A book about Cod. - 43. Guns, Germs, and Steel by Jared Diamond Guns, Germs, and Steel: The Fates of Human Societies is a 1997 book by Jared Diamond, professor of geography and physiology at University of California, Los Angeles (UCLA). In 1998 it won a Pulitze... - 44. The Collected Poems of Audre Lorde by Audre Lorde Audre Geraldine Lorde (February 18, 1934 - November 17, 1992) was a Caribbean-American writer, poet and activist. - 45. Rising Tide by John Barry Rising Tide: The Great Mississippi Flood of 1927 and How It Changed America - 46. The Poisonwood Bible by Barbara Kingsolver The Poisonwood Bible (1998) by Barbara Kingsolver is a bestselling novel about a missionary family, the Prices, who in 1959 move from Georgia to the fictional village of Kilanga in the Belgian Cong... - 47. We Wish to Inform You That Tomorrow We Will Be Killed With Our Families: Stories from Rwanda by Philip Gourevitch We Wish to Inform You That Tomorrow We Will Be Killed With Our Families: Stories from Rwanda is a 1998 non-fiction book about the genocide of 800,000 Tutsis and moderate Hutus in Rwanda in 1994, wr... - 48. On the Bus with Rosa Parks by Rita Dove - 49. The Plot Against America by Philip Roth The Plot Against America is a novel by Philip Roth published in 2004. It is an alternate history in which Franklin Delano Roosevelt is defeated in the presidential election of 1940 by Charles Lindb... -

#books #best

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investmart007 · 6 years

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WINDSOR, England | The Latest: Sir Elton John serenades royal newlyweds

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WINDSOR, England | The Latest: Sir Elton John serenades royal newlyweds

WINDSOR, England (AP) — The Latest on the royal wedding (all times local): 4:25 p.m.

Elton John has performed for guests at newlyweds Prince Harry and Meghan Markle’s wedding reception.

The singer was among 600 people invited to Saturday’s marriage ceremony at St. George’s Chapel in Windsor Castle. He sported a bold pair of pink spectacles as he arrived with husband David Furnish.

Kensington Palace says John “performed for the newly married couple in recognition of the close connection he has with Prince Harry and his family.”

The palace did not disclose which songs the musician, who was made a knight in 1998 by Queen Elizabeth II in 1998, chose for the occasion.

John was a close friend of Harry’s late mother, Princess Diana, and performed the song “Candle in the Wind” with recast lyrics at her funeral in 1997. ___ 3:30 p.m.

Meghan Markle was not the only star of the royal wedding on Saturday. The children who were her pageboys and bridesmaids captivated the crowd in Windsor and television audiences, too.

Prince Harry’s nephew and niece —Prince George and Princess Charlotte— were among the six bridesmaids and four pageboys. The 10 attendants all are age 7 and under.

The royal siblings are no strangers to performing wedding duties as they held the same roles at the wedding of Pippa Middleton, the Duchess of Cambridge’s younger sister, last year. Princess Charlotte waved at crowds outside St George’s Chapel following the service — proving that she’s catching on quickly to the duties of royal life. ___ 2:35 p.m.

Chloe Edwards still can’t believe she had a conversation with George Clooney on Prince Harry and Meghan Markle’s wedding day. The 16-year-old British army cadet yelled out to the actor as he and his wife, Amal Clooney, walked from St. George’s Chapel to a post-wedding reception hosted by Queen Elizabeth II.

Edwards said: “I was like, ‘George.!’ and he came over, we had a bit of a conversation. It was fantastic. He asked if I had enjoyed the wedding.”

Edwards received a coveted invitation to watch the procession from the grounds of Windsor Castle as recognition for her outstanding cadet work.

“It was just so surreal,” she said. “I still don’t believe I was actually here. I just loved every moment.”

Edwards said Prince Harry’s and Prince William’s military service has helped build morale.

She said: “I think it’s brilliant that even though they’re royals, they still contribute toward the forces and it’s really an inspiration for the rest of the country.” ___ 2:15 p.m.

Guests are welcoming royal newlyweds Harry and Meghan at a reception featuring seasonal British produce and a nontraditional wedding cake.

Kensington Palace says the 600 guests at the Windsor Castle wedding will eat canapés including Scottish langoustines, grilled English asparagus and croquette of confit Windsor lamb.

There’s no sit-down meal at the lunchtime reception, but guests will be offered bowls of chicken fricassee with morel mushrooms, pea and mint risotto and slow-roasted pork belly.

Place of honor will go to the wedding cake by California-raised London master baker Claire Ptak.

The layered lemon and elderflower cake features ingredients including 200 Amalfi lemons and 10 bottles of elderflower cordial from Queen Elizabeth II’s Sandringham estate.

The cake is decorated with Swiss meringue buttercream and 150 fresh flowers, mainly British and in season, including peonies and roses.

The reception is hosted by Prince William, his brother’s best man, and will include speeches by Harry’s father, Prince Charles, and the bride and groom. ___ 1:35 p.m. Meghan Markle reached 125 years back into the British monarchy’s vault to choose her wedding tiara.

The diamond bandeau Markle wore was made for Queen Mary, who was crowned with husband King George V in 1911. The tiara was specifically designed to accommodate a brooch that was given to Mary in 1893 to commemorate her engagement to the then-Prince George.

Queen Elizabeth II inherited the pieces in 1953. The grandmother of groom Prince Harry has hundreds of tiaras stored in locked vaults. Royal tradition holds that the queen would let Markle borrow one of the sparkly heirlooms.

In the months before Saturday’s wedding, there had been speculation over whether Markle would continue the tiara tradition and if so, whether she would choose one that belonged to Harry’s late mother, Princess Diana. ___ 1:30 p.m.

A teenage cellist is getting praise for his performance at the royal wedding.

Sheku Kanneh-Mason, who is 19, performed for 600 guests and a huge global television audience as the newlyweds Harry and Meghan, now the Duke and Duchess of Sussex, signed the register.

Kanneh-Mason performed works including Franz Schubert’s “Ave Maria.” The cellist won the BBC’s Young Musician of the Year contest in 2016, the first black musician to do so. ___ 1:20 p.m.

The leader of the Episcopal Church has quoted civil rights leader Martin Luther King Jr. on the “redemptive power of love” as he blessed the marriage of Prince Harry and Meghan Markle.

Most Rev. Michael Bruce Curry, who was hand-picked by the couple to deliver a sermon at their wedding, told the bride and groom Saturday that there was “power in love” and that “love can help and heal when nothing else can.”

But Curry, a champion of civil rights causes and outspoken supporter of gay rights, continued “it’s not just for and about a young couple, who we rejoice with, it’s more than that.”

Invoking the days of slavery in the United States, he said love helped those in captivity persevere.

He told the couple love has “the power to change the world.” Curry says “when love is the way, we actually treat each other, well, like we are actual family.” ___ 1:15 p.m.

The royal newlyweds are taking a short trip through Windsor in a horse-drawn carriage, to the delight of thousands of well-wishers. The crowd roared as Harry and Meghan emerged from St. George’s Chapel and kissed at the top of the steps.

The couple, now the Duke and Duchess of Sussex, will travel through Windsor in the Ascot Landau carriage before looping back to Windsor Castle for their reception.

Tens of thousands of people have come to Windsor in hopes of catching a glimpse of the couple. ___ 12:55 p.m.

A buzzing crowd of Californians and British expatriates has packed into a Hollywood pub long before dawn for a pajama party and royal wedding viewing.

British flags and pictures of Prince Harry and Meghan Markle hung all around the Cat & Fiddle Pub early Saturday. It’s just a few miles from Markle’s childhood schools.

The sold-out pub is packed with guests wearing pajamas party hats, nightgowns and crowns.

Nottingham, England native Craig Young was giving a wedding-themed pub quiz as he wore a bathrobe and Harry mask.

The 44-year-old actor says the wedding is especially sweet for Britons in LA because a woman from their adopted hometown is joining the royal family.

It’s one of countless watch parties at pubs, hotels, movie theaters and elsewhere across the U.S. ___ 12:40 p.m. The archbishop of Canterbury has declared Prince Harry and Meghan Markle husband and wife.

Justin Welby, the head of the Church of England, has made the proclamation after the couple promised to love and cherish one another “till death us do part,” and exchanged rings.

The British-American pair are now officially known as the Duke and Duchess of Sussex, and the duchess will take her place among senior members of the royal family.

Saturday’s ceremony took place at St. George’s Chapel in Windsor, the British royals’ longtime home. ___ 12:10 p.m.

Dean of Windsor David Conner has welcomed the congregation at the start of the wedding of Prince Harry and Meghan Markle. The couple are standing at the altar in St. George’s Chapel. They smiled at each other as a soprano sang a work by Handel.

As they stood at the altar, Harry said to Meghan: “You look amazing.” Markle arrived to a fanfare and walked down the aisle accompanied part of the way by Prince Charles, and by 10 young page boys and bridesmaids. The children include 4-year-old Prince George and 3-year-old Princess Charlotte, children of Prince William and the Duchess of Cambridge. ___ 12 p.m.

Meghan Markle is wearing a dress by designer Clare Waight Keller for her wedding to Prince Harry.

Markle’s choice is being closely watched Saturday given how big an impact royal wedding dresses have on what brides everywhere want to wear. Princess Diana’s 1981 wedding gown, with its romantic details and dramatic train, defined the ’80s fairytale bridal look.

More recently, when Kate Middleton married Prince William in 2011, her long-sleeved lace gown immediately sparked a trend for more covered-up, traditional lace bridal dresses. ___ 11:55 a.m.

Queen Elizabeth II arrived at St. George’s Chapel in Windsor in a flared lime-colored dress in printed silk and an edge-to-edge coat with a lime silk tweed fastening.

The royal palace said that both items of clothing were designed by Stuart Parvin. She was joined by her husband, Prince Philip. The guests stood to attention as the pair entered the chapel. ___ 11:50 a.m.

American television star Meghan Markle has arrived at St. George’s Chapel for her wedding to Prince Harry.

Markle, who is being ferried to the grounds in a vintage maroon Rolls-Royce with her mother Doria Ragland, is expected to enter the chapel shortly.

Prince Harry and his brother and best man Prince William were seated waiting for her on Saturday. ___ 11:35 a.m.

Prince Harry and best man Prince William have arrived at St. George’s Chapel for his royal wedding in Windsor to American actress Meghan Markle.

The pair, dressed in formal military uniforms, waved and smiled as they stepped across the grounds of the 15th-century church.

William, who was married to commoner Kate Middleton at a ceremony in 2011, is carrying his brother’s rings. Saturday’s ceremony is supposed to last about an hour.

Other members of the royal family have taken their places inside St. George’s Chapel, including Harry’s uncles Prince Andrew and Prince Edward, his aunt Princess Anne and his cousins Princess Eugenie and Princess Beatrice.

Guests are awaiting the arrival of the most senior royals, including Princes Charles, who will walk Markle down the aisle, and Queen Elizabeth II and her husband. ___ 11:30 a.m.

New York theatre producer Allen DeWane has a prime viewing spot on the sunlit grounds of Windsor Castle along the procession route Prince Harry and Meghan Markle will use. He was invited because of his charity work, and happy to have the chance to share the moment.

The 47-year-old DeWane said: “I’m African-American and I’m very proud of Meghan Markle. She’s such a very class young lady. She carried herself so well and I think she’s made us all proud.”

DeWane says his contacts in the industry speak highly of Markle’s professional conduct on the set of “Suits” when it was filmed in Canada.

He said: “She’s got an excellent reputation with the workers and the crew, and not everyone does. It’s not talked about every day on the streets, but I think the majority of African-Americans are quite proud of her. And happy.” ___ 11:25 a.m. American actress Meghan Markle has arrived at her hotel on her way to the royal wedding.

The 10-mile (16-kilometer) trip will take her to St. George’s Chapel in Windsor, where she will marry Prince Harry.

Markle waved for the cameras as the car she was traveling in, a vintage Rolls-Royce, drove past Saturday. She appeared to be wearing a white dress and a long veil. ___ 11:15 a.m.

Patsy Small, a 53-year-old nursery manager who was invited to the Windsor Castle grounds, says she is “very British” but she has close relatives in the United States who have been calling her in the last few days to talk about Meghan Markle.

Small said: “As a black British woman I am so happy. Everyone’s phoned me from the States this morning, they are so happy that she’s here, that she’s biracial, all they’ve been saying is black people in America are so proud and so happy.”

She said she is very impressed with Prince Harry and Prince William. Small said of Markle joining the royal family: “Will this bridge the gap? We don’t know. But one thing we know is these two boys are real. Harry and William. They are real. They go to the West Indies.

They go to Africa. They are trying to have a legacy like their mother. They know they’re royals, they know who they are. But they are also entwined with the general public and the community. They have a mind of their own.” ___ 10:55 a.m.

Tennis great Serena Williams and soccer star David Beckham are among famous guests from the world of sports attending the wedding of Prince Harry and American actress Meghan Markle. Williams, a 23-time Grand Slam champion, said on Instagram on Saturday that she was “getting ready for my friends wedding.” She later walked into the chapel.

Williams returned to the WTA tour briefly this year, after a 14-month absence to give birth to her daughter. But she withdrew from the ongoing Italian Open, saying she wasn’t “100 percent ready to compete,” leaving her free for the wedding.

Beckham won six Premier League titles at Manchester United and had 115 appearances for England. He also won league titles in Spain (Real Madrid), the United States (LA Galaxy) and France (PSG). Stars from the rugby world included Sir Clive Woodward, who coached England to the world cup in 2003, and Jonny Wilkinson, a member of that title-winning team. ___ 10:35 a.m.

A-list couples including George and Amal Clooney have arrived for the royal wedding of Prince Harry and Meghan Markle. Crowds cheered as the Hollywood star and his lawyer spouse arrived at Windsor Castle — he in a gray suit, she in mustard yellow dress and matching hat.

David and Victoria Beckham have also arrived at St. George’s Chapel for the ceremony. The former soccer star doffed his sunglasses to pose for photos with well-wishers. Designer Victoria wore a smart navy blue ensemble and hat with half-veil. ___ 10:15 a.m. Kensington Palace says that Prince Harry and Meghan Markle have chosen Cleave & Company to make their rings.

The American actress’ ring has been made with Welsh gold given by Queen Elizabeth II. The company also made her engagement ring. Prince Harry’s ring is a platinum band with a textured finish. Prince William will carry the rings into St George’s Chapel on Saturday. ___ 10 a.m.

St. George’s Chapel has been given an overnight makeover with flower arrangements at the main entry door and inside the great room where Prince Harry and Meghan Markle will wed.

A cascading hedgerow style using native flowers and foliage graces the entryway. A similar display was inside.

Senior chapel official Charlotte Manley said the flowers were put in overnight while other decorations were put in place in recent days. She said Markle helped choose the plants but has not seen them in place. That will happen when she arrives to be wed.

The chapel was filled with light from the extensive stain glass window on a bright sunny morning as guests started to arrive. ___ 9:50 a.m. Oprah Winfrey and Idris Elba are among the first guests to arrive at Windsor Castle for the wedding of Prince Harry and Meghan Markle.

The American talk-show titan and the London-born Hollywood star are among celebrities, royalty, athletes and family friends in the 600-strong congregation invited to St. George’s Chapel in Windsor.

Singer James Blunt has also arrived Saturday at the gothic chapel, where the wedding will start at noon (1100GMT).

Royal relatives on hand include Charles Spencer, the brother of Harry’s late mother Princess Diana. ___ 9:20 a.m.

Royal fans have come from near and far for a glimpse of Prince Harry and Meghan Markle on their wedding day in Windsor. Hundreds camped out overnight to get a prime spot outside for the newlyweds’ horse-drawn carriage near Windsor Castle after the ceremony.

“I woke up wet, and I’m freezing cold, my back is sore, and I just want to go to bed,” said Bernadette Christie, a Canadian from Grand Prairie, Alberta.

“I’m here for that 10 seconds when that coach goes around the corner,” she said. “It’ll be well worth it.”

Farkahanda Ahmed came with her mother and a friend from Slough, a few miles from Windsor, arriving at 4 a.m. to get a good spot. The trio wore Union Jack hijabs in honor of the occasion.

“It’s a proud moment for us — times are changing,” Ahmed said. “Who would have thought a Hollywood actress would become a British princess? “We are proud to be British and we wanted to come here and show our support.” ___ 9 a.m. The members of the public selected for prime viewing spots for the royal wedding have started arriving.

Alan Scott was one of the first arrivals among the roughly 2,600 people invited to watch the procession from the grounds of Windsor Castle. He was invited because of his 45 years of service to scouting, an activity that enjoys much royal family support.

He will have a front row view of the wedding procession and hoped for a good chance to see Prince Harry and Meghan Markle after the ceremony. The 69-year-old Scott had come in from Lincolnshire the night before for the big event.

“It’s a great honor,” he said of the unexpected invite. “The atmosphere is great. The royals are great supporters of everything and the young element is really coming through. I think they’re going to take things forward.” ___ 8:30 a.m. Royal watchers have swarmed the first trains from London to Windsor as they headed for the wedding of Prince Harry and American actress Meghan Markle.

At the station in Slough, the changing point for travelers from London, revelers found sign boards reading “All aboard the royal wedding special to Harry & Meghan Central.”

Many of those on the standing room only trains were Americans, including Christine Clancy from Virginia.

Clancy says she’s “always been a royal fan — not an extreme one — I just love British history and love the royals. I just wanted to be part of the wedding celebration.”

Irene Bowdry, a lawyer from California, booked her trip with four friends as soon as the date was announced. She said “an American in the royal family, isn’t that so exciting?” ___ 8:20 a.m.

Queen Elizabeth II has conferred a dukedom on Prince Harry — making him the Duke of Sussex, Earl of Dumbarton and Baron Kilkeel.

The new title will mean that when Harry marries American actress Meghan Markle later Saturday in Windsor, she will become the Duchess of Sussex.

The secondary titles are for use in Scotland and Northern Ireland. The monarch similarly bestowed titles on the Duke and Duchess of Cambridge before their wedding in 2011. ___ 8 a.m.

Thousands of people are on the streets outside Windsor Castle after many of them camped overnight to grab the best spots to catch a glimpse of Prince Harry and Meghan Markle on their wedding day.

It was the fourth night sleeping rough for Canadian royal-watcher Bernadette Christie, who says it will be well worth it if she sees the royal couple pass by in their state carriage.

Christie says, “I’m freezing cold, my back is sore, and I just want to go to bed.”

But she is unrepentant. She says “I’m here for that ten seconds when the coach comes around the corner.”

Police and security marshals are out in force to ensure the safety of the tens of thousands of people expected to converge on Windsor during the day. ___ 5 a.m.

The big day is finally here: Prince Harry and Meghan Markle are to wed at St. George’s Chapel on the grounds of Windsor Castle. It all started with a blind date two years ago that went very, very well.

That has turned into a global mega-event Saturday that is helping reshape the British monarchy and will be watched by tens of millions of TV viewers around the world.

By Associated Press – published on STL.News by St. Louis Media, LLC(R.A)

#Prince Harry and Meghan Markle audiences #Prince Harry and Meghan Markle's #St. George's Chapel in Windsor Castle #TodayNews #Windsor and television

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itsjaybullme · 6 years

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Lou Ferrigno's 10-Step Guide to Monster Mass

Photographs Courtesy of WEIDER HEALTH & FITNESS & SHANNA FERRIGNO

Just as Bruce Banner mutated into the Hulk, TV’s original not-so-jolly green giant, Lou Ferrigno transformed himself into bodybuilding’s ultimate mass monster. At 6'5" and 275 while in his early 20s in the early ’70s, he was the hugest human to ever crunch out a most muscular. Even now, the legend—who gained 100 lean pounds in the five years that took him from high school to the Mr. Olympia stage—has many lessons to teach about sizing up. To go big, let’s think small. By analyzing how a single set of Lou’s monster-making workouts progressed from before the first rep to just after the last, we can learn how he built a physique capable of hulking out on bodybuilding stages and TV screens.

Click "NEXT PAGE" for the 10 steps >>

[pagebreak]

STEP 1: SELECT THE EXERCISE

When he was building a Hulk-worthy physique in the ’70s, Ferrigno didn’t have a plethora of machine-exercise options. In addition to free weights, he was limited to basic cable and lever lifts. To fill out his big frame, he focused on gaining strength in the barbell and dumbbell basics. Just look at his shoulder workouts. “When I first started training, I hated doing overhead presses,” he said. “My arms were so long that I was especially weak in that movement. But overhead pressing is so vital to good shoulder development that I just had to force myself to do it in every shoulder routine. I began to progress best when I emphasized dumbbell shoulder presses.”

His chest workouts were similar. Like Ronnie Coleman 30 years later, when Ferrigno was training for the 1974 and 1975 Mr. Olympias, he did bench presses, incline presses, and decline presses in every chest workout. More likely than not, whatever exercise Ferrigno chose it was done with a barbell or dumbbells. “The free-weight compound exercises let you lift the most weight, and they hit multiple muscles at once and force you to balance the weight. All of that helps to build more muscle than an isolation exercise or a machine exercise.” There’s room for all styles of exercises in a routine, but for hulking mass the best choice is usually compound and free weight.

STEP 2: VISUALIZE SUCCESS

“Without the mind, training and diet both approach 0% effectiveness,” Ferrigno averred when he was at his ’70s peak. “I spend a good 60 to 90 minutes psyching myself up before a workout. You don’t have to think about only training during that time, but you need to eliminate negativity and focus only on the positive. I think about what body part I have to train, what exercises I plan to do, the weights I’m going to use, how I’m going to feel, and what my muscles are going to look like. Once you’ve visualized all that, it’s much easier to make it a reality. Then I go to the gym and put 100% into my workout. All the while until my first set and throughout the workout, I’m reaffirming that I’m going to achieve my goals and create the workout I visualized.”

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STEP 3: SET A TARGET

The man immortalized in green body paint and frayed capri pants knew how many reps he wanted to get before he launched each set. That tally could vary from as few as six to as many as 20. He pyramided the sets of his most basic exercises, typically progressing from 12 reps to 10 to eight to an apex set of six over four sets with progressively heavier resistance. He might finish with a fifth set of 10 reps with a lighter weight. With other exercises, he typically did straight sets of 12 reps.

“I believe in moderately heavy weights, very strict form, and moderate reps,” Ferrigno said. “Some people say you shouldn’t limit yourself by making a rep target before the set begins, but you should know about how many reps you’re going to get for any exercise you do regularly. Focus on that number, and if you can get an extra rep, that’s great. Those people who are always trying to use more weight or do more reps tend to use sloppy form. I want to keep my form strict to avoid injuries.”

STEP 4: GET HELP

From his initial workouts in New York City in the late ’60s to his early ’90s Olympia comeback sessions in Southern California, Ferrigno almost always trained with a partner. That person would not only spot him and encourage him but also offer helping hands when a set faltered so he could eke out more reps (see Step 9). To illustrate the encouragement part, let’s journey back to the summer of 1975 when 23-year-old Ferrigno was toiling in R&J Health Studio in Brooklyn in preparation for the Mr. Olympia and a rematch with Arnold Schwarzenegger. The Pumping Iron cameras captured Ferrigno psyching up before a set of 245-pound standing shoulder presses, but he wasn’t alone. “How many, Hank?” Ferrigno asks as he grips the bar. “Come on! I want to see 10!” Ferrigno’s partner, Hank Chavis, bellows back, punctuating the sentence with a finger in the behemoth’s face. “You’re going to do it, too! Come on, Lou, you’re going to wipe him out!” Then, with every rep, Chavis shouts encouragement.

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STEP 5: CUT (SOME) CORNERS

With the exercise selected, success visualized, a rep target, and a partner goading him to reach that target, it’s time to go to work. The set begins. Ferrigno focused on strict form, but that didn’t necessarily mean a full range of motion. In part because of his long limbs, the ROM that worked best for him was sometimes shorter than full. If you look again at that Pumping Iron scene, you’ll notice he doesn’t lock out any of his overhead presses. The final push involves more triceps than delts and is the most difficult segment of the lift, so he’s able to use more weight and put more stress on his shoulders by not locking out. This may not have been significant to 5'5" Franco Columbu because the entire movement was relatively short for him. But to 6'5" Ferrigno it mattered.

“My goal is to always keep the tension on the targeted muscles,” Ferrigno stated. “That can be difficult in a compound exercise because more than one muscle is working. So there are times when I’ll avoid locking out or going too deep in order to make sure I put the maximum stress where I want it to be. I also want to avoid resting points. There’s no point during a set when I want to rest. I want to keep working and keep the tension on my muscles from the start to the finish.”

STEP 6: MAINTAIN THE TEMPO

Go too fast and you’re liable to get sloppy. Go too slow and you limit the number of reps you can tally. Big Lou always strived for that just-right middle ground. “I want to keep the weight under control and steadily moving,” he explained. “Some guys focus on lowering the weight slowly and then firing it up fast, but I lower and raise the weight at the same speed. The important thing is to maintain a tempo that lets you focus on your muscles. If you’re too focused on switching up the speed of the weight when going up or down, you’re already missing the point.”

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STEP 7: FOCUS THE STRESS

This two-time Mr. Universe pre-exhausted and supersetted to focus the stress of exercises. For example, he did dumbbell side laterals before shoulder presses to pre-exhaust his medial delts before the latter compound exercise. He also combined isolation and compound exercises. Uniquely, he finished his chest routine (after the barbell presses in Step 1) with three supersets of cable crossovers and dumbbell pullovers (15 reps each). Doing this better targeted the pullovers, which primarily work the lats and serratus, on his pecs.

Whether he used pre-exhaust, supersets, pyramids, or straight sets, his focus was always on his muscles—and often on specific areas of those muscles. This takes us back to the “homework” he did in Step 2. During that time, he inventoried the areas he wanted to emphasize in the workout, such as his upper, inner pecs or his outer-quad sweeps. Then, during an appropriate set, he stressed that area, keeping it tensed. “You can never let your mind wander during a set. You have to actually feel your targeted muscles working.”

STEP 8: REACH THE END

In the late ’70s, Mike Mentzer’s low-volume, high-intensity Heavy Duty system rose in prominence in sharp contrast with the volume training of Arnold Schwarzenegger. Mentzer and Schwarzenegger nearly traded blows before trading poses at the 1980 Mr. Olympia. Meanwhile, Ferrigno was busy going green on TV screens. Still, there was no doubt on which side of the debate Ferrigno stood—Team Arnold all the way. Ferrigno did relatively high volume (26 sets for back, for example) with moderate intensity. “You can’t let yourself get too fatigued from a single set,” he said. “If you do, your strength level will be too low for you to do justice to the rest of your workout.” He didn’t aim for absolute failure on working sets, though sometimes he did fail to complete his final rep. Usually, he hit his rep target at somewhere near failure, and then stopped.

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STEP 9: KEEP GOING

There were exceptions. Sometimes, he kept going. Almost always this was on the final set or two of an exercise in which his partner could apply his hands and remove some stress (such as pulldowns, barbell curls, or incline presses), and even then forced reps were not some all-out struggle to eke out just one more. “I do forced reps for all my body parts, but I think a lot of guys use forced reps incorrectly,” he said during his Hulk era. “They do one very hard forced rep and quit. I’d prefer to do my full set, have my partner support 20–25% of the weight and then do two to three forced reps with him pulling up the weight enough to help me.” Of course, this required an experienced and strong partner familiar with Ferrigno’s strength and range of motion. During his ’90s comeback, Ferrigno trained with fellow pro Frank Hillebrand.

STEP 10: REST AND REPEAT

When the set was done and the weight was racked, Ferrigno would offer encouragement to his partner and spot him. He worked fast, resting only about 90 seconds between sets of 10 or more reps. Only before his heavier sets of six to nine reps would he pause for more than two minutes. “Getting and maintaining a pump is important, so I want to keep moving and stay in rhythm,” he said. “I don’t want to stop and talk and get out of that rhythm. After I got famous as the Hulk, that was harder to do because lots of people wanted to talk, but I had to explain working out is an important part of my job. You don’t want to waste a workout by losing your pump and getting out of the rhythm you were in.” When one set ended, he was already thinking about the next one, plotting to hit his target reps and visualizing improvements. The biggest bodybuilder in the world was zeroed in on how to grow still bigger. Go Hulk or go home. – FLEX

from Bodybuilding Feed https://www.flexonline.com/training/lou-ferrignos-10-step-guide-monster-mass via http://www.rssmix.com/

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derechointernacionalpublico · 7 years

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The Right of Self-Defence Against Imminent Armed Attack In International Law

On 11 April 2017, the Australian Attorney-General, Senator the Hon. George Brandis QC, delivered a public lecture on “The Right of Self-Defence Against Imminent Armed Attack In International Law”, at the T C Beirne School of Law, University of Queensland. The text of the speech has just become available and is posted below. This talk follows on from an earlier talk given by the United Kingdom’s Attorney-General, the Rt Hon. Jeremy Wright QC MP on “The Modern Law of Self-Defence,” which was also posted on in EJIL: Talk!

Acknowledgments

Thank you very much indeed, Sarah. Might I also begin by acknowledging the traditional custodians of the land on which we meet, the Turrubul peoples, and by acknowledging you, Professor Derrington, in your role as Dean, T C Beirne School of Law. Members of the Faculty of this Law School, of other faculties of the University of Queensland and the faculties of other law schools who I gather have come here this evening. We are honoured by the distinguished presence among us this evening of Justice Edelman of the High Court, and of Justices Greenwood, Logan and Derrington of the Federal Court, and Dr Christopher Ward SC, the Australian President of the International Law Association. Other distinguished guests, ladies and gentlemen.

Introduction

It is a great pleasure to return tonight to my old law school, be it not physically within the law school precincts. May I congratulate the Dean, Professor Derrington, and the members of the faculty, on all that they have done to propel UQ into the front rank of Australian law schools. I note that the 2017 QS ranking places this law school among the top 50 in the world – a distinction enjoyed by no other law school in Queensland and by only six others in Australia. No doubt your new policy of limiting the undergraduate intake to fewer than 200, which means that new entrants are likely to come only from a cohort students who achieve an OP 1, will reinforce its position as one of Australia’s elite law schools. And that intellectual excellence has recently been complemented by a physical manifestation: the very handsome new Law Library and facilities which were opened only last month by Chief Justice Kiefel.

As a student, tutor and lecturer, my association with this law school spanned more than 15 years, from 1975 to 1991, so it is more than 25 years ago that I last gave a lecture here. That was when, for some eight years, while in my early days at the Bar, I taught a unit of the Jurisprudence course called “Recent Developments in the Theory of Justice”. My focus was primarily on John Rawls, as well as such other scholars as Robert Nozick, Ronald Dworkin and Bruce Ackerman.

Tonight, however, it is not jurisprudence with which I am concerned, but international law. The topic of the paper I am about to read, is the right of self-defence against imminent armed attack in international law. I propose to address this question of the circumstances which justify the use of armed force in the face of imminent armed attack. Specifically, I want to state publicly the Australian Government’s position on the principle of imminence of armed attack as a ground for the use of force justified by the principle of self-defence.

May I stress that what I am about to say does not represent a new position of the Australian Government, but a public statement and explanation of the Government’s existing position. As well, may I stress, that the remarks I am about to make are not related to the decision of the American President to deploy force against Al-Shayrat air base in Syria last week. Indeed, these remarks had been prepared before the Australian Government was given advance notice of that intervention, and nothing which follows is intended to be a commentary upon it.

As you know, Australia, currently, has defence personnel engaged in conducting operations with our international partners against ISIL in Syria, as part of Operation OKRA. The justification in international law of those operations is based upon the well-established principle, enshrined in Article 51 of the UN Charter, of individual and collective self-defence, in this case, the defence of Iraq against attack by Islamic State, or ISIL. That operation has led to much discussion, in particular among the so-called “Five Eyes” nations – Australia, the United Kingdom, New Zealand, Canada and the United States – about the operation and extent of the principle of imminence as a ground for the defensive use of force.

The observations I am making tonight complement, and reflect, a similar approach to that of the Attorney-General of the United Kingdom, the Rt Hon Jeremy Wright QC MP, who on 11 January this year delivered a landmark speech to the International Institute for Strategic Studies articulating the United Kingdom’s approach to the law of self-defence.[1] The Australian Government agrees with the position stated by my United Kingdom counterpart; the remarks that follow address similar issues and build upon what Mr Wright had to say on that occasion.

While we are accustomed to thinking of the law of armed conflict in relation to nation states, the rise of globalized – and militarised – terrorist networks, presents new legal issues.

What does ‘imminence’ mean when terror cells can plan an attack in one country and then go dark, perhaps until the attack is remotely triggered from abroad? How does a government decide when a violent intent expressed by a terrorist organisation online has crossed from mere aspiration to ‘imminent’ threat? Crucially, how do we protect ourselves from such threats, whilst ensuring that legitimate constraints on the use of force are not undermined?

Foundations of anticipatory self-defence doctrine

The legal requirements for establishing self‑defence by a State against an imminent armed attack find their modern antecedents in the Caroline incident of 1837. It will be recalled that the incident involved a pre-emptive attack by British forces based in Canada against an American ship, the Caroline. American sympathisers with the rebels against British rule in Canada were using the ship to ferry arms to insurrectionists.

Since the date they were penned in 1841, the words of the then US Secretary of State Daniel Webster to his British counterpart Lord Ashburton have become canonical.

Secretary Webster wrote that a State claiming self-defence would have to show that the:

‘necessity of self‑defence was instant, overwhelming, leaving no choice of means, and no moment of deliberation …, and that the [State’s] force, even supposing the necessity of the moment authorized them to enter the territories of the United States at all, did nothing unreasonable or excessive; since the act, justified by the necessity of self-defence, must be limited by that necessity, and kept clearly within it.’[2]

The Caroline incident preceded the first international elucidation of the prohibition on the use of force, in Articles I and II of the Kellogg‑Briand Pact of 1928, by some 50 years. It preceded the modern prohibition, found in Article 2(4) of the UN Charter, and the principle of individual and collective self‑defence, now enshrined in Article 51, by some hundred years.

There is little doubt that Webster’s formulation has played a central role in cementing the requirements of necessity and proportionality as limits on the use of force in self‑defence.

It is also clear, however, that technology and the nature of national security threats have been revolutionised; they would be utterly unrecognisable to Secretary Webster and Lord Ashburton.

Australian and global security context

Today’s threats to Australia’s national security are real, they are evolving, and they are global.

There are several particular factors requiring us to be innovative in our approaches to protecting Australia and its interests from the threat of terrorism and politically‑motivated violence.

First, there is the increasing speed of radicalisation, facilitated, in particular, by the internet. Once it was months, but now it can take as little as a few weeks for someone to develop an intent to perpetrate an act of terrorist violence. While the internet is one of the most powerful drivers of innovation and commerce in human history, it is also fertile ground for recruiters to extremist ideologies.

Secondly, there is the speed with which people, money, information, and misinformation move across borders so that conflicts, and the ideologies that fuel them, are rarely contained within one State or between two belligerent States. They can reverberate with spill-over effects in France, in Germany, in India, in Indonesia, in Australia. Since 12 September 2014, Australia has experienced four domestic terror‑related attacks; three of them lethal and one resulting in serious injury. In the same period, our law enforcement and security agencies have disrupted another 12 imminent attacks within Australia.

And third, we are faced with the phenomenon of access by criminal and terrorist groups to weapons that allow them to spread violence on a scale previously reserved to States. No longer can it be said, as was for centuries the assumption of international law and the law of war, that States have a monopoly on the tools of war.

Australia’s response and the rule of law

How does Australia respond?

The highest priority for any government is of course the security of its people.

As the Prime Minister told Parliament in his national security statement on 1 September last year, “the Government is resolutely committed to ensuring Australians remain safe, secure and free”.[3]

Even in the face of today’s evolving threats, the rule of law and our commitment to upholding an international rules-based order must remain foundational. And the need for clear legal principles is nowhere more apparent than when it comes to the justification for the use of force.

Now, it goes without saying that Australia regards the use of force always as a last resort. Where a threat is not an actual or imminent ‘armed attack’, as that term is understood in international law, Australia responds in a variety of other ways. These include domestic law enforcement, as well as collaboration with the justice and security agencies of other countries.

But where a threat does give rise to a right of self-defence under international law, Australia is firmly of the view that clear rules must be in place to delimit the bounds of the use of that force, and to avoid its abuse. That remains true even as we grapple with entirely novel security threats. The challenge is to ensure that our understanding of international legal principles adapts to those threats in a manner which does not leave States hamstrung in the defence of their people.

The historical right to act in self‑defence

As I have said, some manifestations of terrorist threats are appropriately handled only by law enforcement agencies, but others are of sufficient gravity to constitute an imminent or actual armed attack. My focus tonight is on the latter.

Let me return, then, to the fundamental questions of the jus ad bellum: when is it lawful for a State to use force in self‑defence, and what is the scope of a State’s right to respond to imminent threats?

Absent consent, international law recognises at least two exceptions to the prohibition on the use of force against the territorial integrity or political independence of another State:

a clear and formal authorisation by the UN Security Council; and

the inherent right of individual or collective self‑defence, which does not rely upon UN Security Council authorisation.

Of course, international law is capable of, and must be permitted to, evolve in light of the development of State practice and changing circumstances. International legal principles need to be interpreted in light of contemporary challenges. And customary international law is sufficiently flexible to allow this to occur.

For instance, let us recall that historically, self-defence only applied in response to armed attack from another State. But, following the 9/11 attacks against the United States of America in 2001, the UN Security Council passed Resolution 1368, which implicitly affirmed the right of self‑defence against non‑State actors for the first time.

And more significantly for this evening’s purposes, it is now recognised that customary international law permits self‑defence not only against an armed attack that has occurred but also against one that is imminent.[4]

It has certainly been the long‑held Australian position that acting in self‑defence does not require a State passively to await attack.

That view is shared by the United Kingdom, the United States, and other like‑minded countries.

In their letters to the UN Security Council notifying the exercise of self‑defence in relation to the use of force in Syria (as required by Article 51 of the Charter), Australia, the United States, Canada, Turkey, and the United Kingdom all cited the individual or collective right of self‑defence to respond to imminent armed attacks, or threats of armed attacks, from ISIL.[5]

Applying the law on imminence

An important issue which requires careful consideration is the scope of the notion of imminence. It is all well and good to permit the use of force in self-defence against an imminent armed attack. But what counts as ‘imminence’ in this context?

The concept has been the subject of longstanding historical debate and differing interpretations by States and by scholars.[6]

Secretary Webster, of course, thought the use of force would not be permissible unless its necessity was “instant, overwhelming, and leaving no choice of means, and no moment of deliberation”. How might this formulation be adapted to the realities of the threats we face in the 21st century?

How, in other words, will customary international law play its traditional role of flexibly accommodating the facts as they evolve?

Allow me to state the Australian Government’s position on the question of imminence. In broad terms, Australia agrees with the criteria outlined in 2012 by Sir Daniel Bethlehem QC in his article in the American Journal of International Law, with which those present tonight, and scholars in this field, would be familiar.[7]

Sir Daniel’s formulation – which is one of twelve rules which have quickly acquired near to doctrinal status as “the Bethlehem principles” – states that whether an armed attack is imminent will fall to be assessed by reference to all relevant circumstances, including:

the nature and immediacy of the threat;

the probability of an attack;

whether the anticipated attack is part of a concerted pattern of continuing armed activity;

the likely scale of the attack and the injury, loss, or damage likely to result therefrom in the absence of a mitigating action; and

the likelihood that there will be other opportunities to undertake effective action in self‑defence that may be expected to cause less serious collateral injury, loss or damage.

Australia agrees with and adopts that formulation.

In Australia’s view, the factors adumbrated by Sir Daniel Bethlehem provide an appropriate — if non‑exhaustive — framework to assess whether an attack is imminent.

It follows that imminence is not simply a question of timing. The temporal aspect is unquestionably relevant, but it is by no means the sole relevant factor. All the circumstances, including those factors identified by Sir Daniel in particular, may be relevant.

Though it is unsettled, I do not think this proposition is controversial. The same approach was adopted by the prominent group of experts who developed the Tallinn Manual – the first fully elaborated statement on the international law applicable to cyber warfare. The Tallinn Manual clearly rejected a strict temporal approach to the question of imminence.

The position was also affirmed by some of the most eminent international jurists in the 2005 Chatham House Principles on the Use of Force in Self‑Defence,[8] which emphasise the importance of reflecting the wider circumstances of the threat, not simply the temporal criterion.

The last window of opportunity

In today’s world, the precise timing of a threatened attack is often unclear or unknown. In Australia’s view, then, the appropriate question to ask when it comes to assessing imminence is: “What is the last feasible window of opportunity to act against the threatened armed attack?”

Put another way, a State may act in anticipatory self‑defence against an armed attack when the attacker is clearly committed to launching an armed attack, in circumstances where the victim will lose its last opportunity to effectively defend itself unless it acts.

This standard reflects the nature of contemporary threats, as well as the means of attack that hostile parties might deploy.

Consider, for example, a threatened armed attack in the form of an offensive cyber operation (and, of course, when I say ‘armed attack’, I mean that term in the strict sense of Article 51 of the Charter). The cyber operation could cause large-scale loss of human life and damage to critical infrastructure. Such an attack might be launched in a split‑second. Is it seriously to be suggested that a State has no right to take action before that split-second?

By what standard, though, is a Government to judge when the last window to act in self‑defence against an imminent armed attack will close? The question, of course, is not a simple one.

Allow me to illustrate why that is so with another hypothetical scenario.

Assume a government is certain that a terrorist group has planted explosive devices within its jurisdiction, but does not know the precise locations. The devices may be detonated instantaneously, and they may be detonated remotely, from abroad. But it is not clear when that is planned to occur. Now assume that mobile phone chatter between group members is known generally to cease at some unspecified point prior to a detonation attempt. And mobile phone chatter has indeed just ceased. Do we, here, face an imminent attack? What if no other information is available? Is this now the last window of opportunity to take action?

Remember: the State does not know how long before a detonation attempt the group’s mobile phone chatter generally ceases. On a strict temporal approach to imminence, then, the State would have no right to take action, notwithstanding the clear threat to human life.

Consider another example.

The Tallinn Manual cites a scenario where a ‘logic bomb’, or malicious code, is inserted into software, with the conditions for activation being likely to occur.[9] It is certain that activation of the ‘logic bomb’, when those conditions arise, will cause significant harm and will constitute an armed attack within the meaning of Article 51. Does insertion of the ‘logic bomb’ herald an imminent attack? Must it be known precisely when that ‘logic bomb’ will be activated? What is the last feasible window of opportunity to take action?

As I have said, such questions are fraught, and it would be unwise to venture answers in the abstract.

I can, however, state the standard that Australia applies to such questions. Australia’s longstanding view is that there must be a reasonable and objective basis for determining that an attack is imminent. And this view can only be formed on the basis of all available evidence when the assessment is made.

Of course, to state Australia’s understanding of the applicable standard is not to diminish the difficulty of the task of making the assessment.

Nevertheless, it is an assessment which must be carried out in “good faith and on the basis of sound evidence”, the standard reflected in the Chatham House Principles. Nothing less will establish a sufficient level of confidence to justify the use of force in self‑defence against an imminent armed attack.

I return to the point I made earlier: this is not a mere theoretical exercise. Governments have to weigh the consequences not only of action but equally the consequences of inaction, in light of the harm that can follow. Charged with the responsibility to ensure the safety of the community, governments cannot be expected to watch helplessly as the shutter comes down on the last window of opportunity to prevent an attack.

As my United Kingdom counterpart Jeremy Wright put it:

“In a world where a small number of committed plotters may be seeking to inspire, enable and direct attacks around the world, and indeed have a proven track record of doing so, we will not always know where and when an attack will take place, or the precise nature of the attack. But where the evidence supports an assessment that an attack is imminent it cannot be right that a state is prevented from meeting its first duty of protecting its citizens without nailing down the specific target and timing of an attack. Apart from anything else, our enemies will not always have fixed plans. They are often opportunists.”

Necessity and proportionality

It should not be thought that in saying what I have said I am supporting an overly expansive view of the notion of self‑defence — a loose test that may be open to abuse by States. There is penetrating insight in a passage from the Roman scholar Aulus Gellius, cited by Grotius: “When a Gladiator prepares to enter the lists for combat, such is his lot that he must either kill his adversary, or be killed himself. But the life of man cannot be circumscribed by the hard terms of such an over-ruling necessity, as to oblige him to do an injury to prevent him from receiving one.”[10]

In the law of self‑defence, the touchstones of necessity and proportionality ground us in the principle of legality. What I have said does not give a State a free pass to act unrestrained.

Australia applies the twin requirements of necessity and proportionality to any use of force in self‑defence against an imminent armed attack. They are essential checks on the exercise of anticipatory self‑defence. What does that mean in practice?

The requirement of necessity means that the State must have no other reasonably available option in the circumstances to protect itself from the imminent attack, other than to use force in self‑defence.

This is not a new criterion. You will recall that the concept of necessity found voice in Secretary Webster’s 1841 letter from which I have quoted. The requirement of military necessity, and the balance which must be struck with the principle of humanity, finds early roots in the Lieber Code of 1863, that body of 157 articles drafted by Dr Francis Lieber at the request of President Lincoln during the American Civil War. Indeed, we may go back further to Grotius, who spoke of the lawfulness of killing an aggressor if the danger to one’s life “cannot otherwise be avoided.”[11]

Proportionality, meanwhile, acts as a restraint to ensure that any use of force in self-defence corresponds to the gravity of the imminent attack sought to be repelled. Like necessity, proportionality is “fundamental to legitimising any claim of self-defence”.[12] Importantly, it ensures that an imminent armed attack cannot be used as a pretext to engage in a wider act of aggression. Again, you will recall that this requirement was also articulated in Webster’s correspondence; the State using force in self-defence, Webster opined, must do “nothing unreasonable or excessive, since the act justified by the necessity of self-defense, must be limited by that necessity, and kept clearly within it.”

Anticipation and pre-emption

Before turning briefly to the role of States in articulating international legal principles, I want to make myself very clear about one such important principle. It is the distinction between ‘anticipatory’ and ‘pre‑emptive’ self‑defence.

Anticipatory self‑defence refers to the resort to force in response to an imminent (rather than an actual) armed attack. As I have already said, Australia regards anticipatory self-defence as a right of States under customary international law.

Australia, however, does not adhere to any doctrine of so‑called ‘pre‑emptive’ self‑defence. Pre‑emptive use of force is an entirely different thing from the use of force in anticipation of an imminent threat. The former is not an accepted application of the principle of self-defence; the latter, for the reasons I’ve explained, clearly is. Australia’s view, maintained over a long period, is that States are not permitted to use force to respond to threats which have not yet crystallised but which might materialise in the future. As Livy wrote, “Men, to guard against their alarms, make themselves objects of terror; averting the danger from their own heads, by imposing upon others the necessity of either doing or suffering the evil which they themselves fear.”[13]

The Australian Government maintains this important distinction between anticipatory self-defence and pre-emptive self-defence.

States are the key proponents in the articulation and development of international law

In closing, let me pose the question: why is it so important to articulate, as I have sought to do this evening, Australia’s position on the international law of self‑defence, and in particular our understanding of the principle of imminence?

The American Legal Adviser Brian Egan termed this kind of public discussion ‘legal diplomacy.’[14] His predecessor, Harold Koh, made reference in a 2016 article to the “legal adviser’s duty to explain”.[15] Egan said — and I agree — that legal diplomacy allows us to navigate and possibly bridge the inevitable gaps between States’ international legal obligations, and their differing interpretations of common obligations.

I would take this further. Since customary international law places State practice at the heart of the law’s development, we have a responsibility to proactively engage in debate, including public statement of the positions of governments. Where possible, as I have sought to do tonight, we must articulate and explain our legal reasoning.

It is vital that States (and their international legal advisers) have the courage to explain and defend their legal positions.

Because it is in this way that we ensure that States maintain control over the development of international law. We should not abandon the elaboration of legal doctrine to the realm of academia, unmoored from an appreciation of the operational realities confronting executive governments. Indeed, it was something like this concern that led Sir Daniel Bethlehem to articulate his principles governing the use of anticipatory self-defence.

And there is another reason for a State like Australia to articulate its reasoning on important questions of international law. Applying Koh’s ‘duty to explain’ or Egan’s ‘legal diplomacy’ will strengthen within Australia what the late South African Professor Etienne Mureinik termed the ‘culture of justification’.[16] It will make our legal deliberations more transparent, so that decisions are understood and respected — by Australians as well as by the international community.

Earlier I endorsed the requirement that assessments of risk to Australia must be carried out in good faith and on the basis of sound evidence. Plainly, classified information is rarely made public. However, military force should only ever be used in a principled way. That is why we must make clear the principles (such as the Bethlehem Principles) upon which we intend to act, against which the decisions of government, in deciding to use force, may be judged.

Conclusion

As the First Law Officer, I am acutely aware that the use of lethal force by Australia must occur only as a last resort, only in the direct protection of human life, and only in accordance with international law.

As is, I think, widely acknowledged, in ISIL we face an enemy with no discernible conception of the rule of law, certainly no conception of international humanitarian law.

That is what makes Australia’s determination to uphold these norms all the more important. Our steadfast adherence to the rule of law, our willingness to explain, articulate and defend the international legal principles according to which our decisions are made and will be judged, are among the things that differentiate us from our enemy. They are among the things which imbue our cause with moral strength, as well as legal authority.

International law should not be characterised merely as a set of constraints upon State action. It is more than that. When we hold firmly to an international rules‑based order, the law’s “wise restraints” (in the words of Professor John MacArthur Maguire) provide legitimacy to States’ conduct. They do so because when we adhere to them — and we do so explicitly, for reasons we are prepared to articulate, explain and defend — we demonstrate that our conduct on the international stage is principled. And it is only when we behave in a principled fashion that we can hope our conduct will be respected and regarded as lawful and legitimate. That legitimacy is all the more important to Western liberal democracies such as ours.

Respect for an international rules‑based order, however, does not mean adherence to static norms, in blithe disregard of the evolving facts on the ground. We must be particularly sensitive to rapid changes in the means and methods of warfare, in the application of those rules and norms.

As I’ve said, not all security threats raise questions of armed force and self-defence. We in Australia continue to work with our partners’ law enforcement and security agencies to counter foreign threats in ways far removed from questions of jus ad bellum. Australia will use lethal force against an imminent or actual armed attack when we must do so, and as a last resort.

And when we reach that moment of last resort, when lives are imperilled and when we have no choice but to take up arms, we do so from a position of legal authority and moral strength. For all around us towers the great edifice of the international legal order: an edifice that we have done so much to build — a legal order to which, this evening, I restate the Australian Government’s deep and enduring commitment. I thank the University of Queensland Law School for its hospitality in providing me with this occasion to do so.

[1] Speech by UK Attorney-General, the Rt Hon Jeremy Wright QC MP, on ‘The modern law of self-defence’ at the International Institute for Strategic Studies‘, 11 January 2017

[2] Extract from note of 24 April 1841

[3] Prime Minister, The Hon Malcolm Turnbull MP, ‘National Security Statement on Counter-Terrorism’, 1 September 2016

[4] UN High Level Panel Report, In Larger Freedom: Towards development, security and human rights for all, UN Doc A/59/2005, [124]‑[125].

[5] Australia (9 September 2015, S/2015/693), United States (23 September 2014, S/2014/695), Canada (31 March 2015, S/2015/221), Turkey (24 July 2015, S/2015/563), United Kingdom (7 September 2015 and 3 December 2015, S/2015/688 and S/2015/928).

[6] See, for example, former US Legal Adviser Harold Koh’s comments on the Obama Administration’s policy of self-defence against a “continuing imminent threat” based on an “elongated” notion of imminence, in a speech delivered on 12 February 2016.

[7] Sir Daniel Bethlehem KCMG QC, ‘Principles Relevant to the Scope of a State’s Right of Self‑Defense Against an Imminent or Actual Armed Attack by Non‑State Actors’ (2012) 106 American Journal of International Law 769.

[8] Chatham House, Principles of International Law on the Use of Force by States in Self‑Defence, ILP WP 05/01. The experts included Judge Sir Christopher Greenwood CMG QC, Sir Daniel Bethlehem KCMG QC, Sir Michael Wood KCMG, Professor Vaughan Lowe QC, Sir Adam Roberts KCMG FBA and Professor Malcolm Shaw QC.

[9] Tallinn Manual 2.0 on the International Law Applicable to Cyber Operations (Cambridge University Press, 2017), p 352.

[10] Hugo Grotius, The Rights of War and Peace: Book II, Chapter 1 (New York: M Walter Dunne, 1901) p 78.

[11] Hugo Grotius, The Rights of War and Peace: Book II, Chapter 1 (New York: M Walter Dunne, 1901) p 76.

[12] Noam Lubell, ‘The Problem of Imminence in an Uncertain World’ in Marc Weller (ed), The Oxford Handbook on the Use of Force in International Law (Oxford University Press, 2015) pp 697, 699.

[13] Hugo Grotius, The Rights of War and Peace: Book II, Chapter 1 (New York: M Walter Dunne, 1901) p 78.

[14] Brian Egan, Legal Adviser, US Department of State, ‘International Law, Legal Diplomacy, and the Counter-ISIL Campaign: Some Observations’ (2016) International Law Studies, Vol 92, 235

[15] Harold Hongju Koh, ‘The Legal Adviser’s Duty to Explain’ (2016) Yale Journal of International Law, Vol 41, Issue 1, p 189:

[16] Étienne Mureinik, ‘A Bridge to Where? Introducing the Interim Bill of Rights’ (1994) 10 South African Journal on Human Rights, 31 at 32.

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hatohouse-blog · 7 years

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itsjaybullme · 6 years

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