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blousewriter43-blog · 4 years

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What to Expect From a Lawyer Alkmaar

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The Keys To Making Online Law College Effective.

Advocaten In Nederland, Alkmaar.

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Law College Professors.

Lawyers Workplace Appelman Alkmaar

Top Law Schools In The Us & Canada.

The kind of law degree a specific seeks depends mostly on what type of career they wish to have. Each kind of law level prepares the student for a specific kind of task, but each one likewise requires a various type and also quantity of training. Taken into consideration by several in the market to be "one of the top names in the profession from around the world," Wichai Thongtang is an effective lawyer in Thailand. Along with his law occupation, Thongtang is the Chairman of Cable Thai Holding PLC as well as possesses 15% of Dusit Medical, a Bangkok health care firm. Along with her law career, she is the largest female shareholder on the Nairobi Stock Market, which is where a great little her total assets comes from.

At first, it might appear like virtually every single time you are appointed a job, it's something that you've never done before. When you've developed a suitable base of abilities, the anxiety must decrease after a pair years. Do you have the soaring goal of coming to be a managing companion in a law office? Accomplishing this goal is not a very easy one as well as will certainly call for long hours as well as a large quantity of effort.

Possibly following year, the adjustment will broaden as well as we will see deepers results of the transforming face of the Dutch lawful landscape," state a representative of the Association of Lawyers. In 2002, Silver Circle law office Herbert Smith, Gleiss Lutz and Stibbe created a tripartite alliance. In November 2011, Gleiss Lutz as well as Stibbe voted versus a merger with Herbert Smith.

The Biglaw Investor is assisting thousands of lawyers handle as well as remove trainee fundings and also make excellent investment choices. We're on an objective to aid every lawyer achieve economic independence.

Rather they are happy to have work and clear up investing decisions. When those choices go uncontrolled, gradually as their salary increases, it will certainly be too late for them to create a strategy until they remain in their very early 50s and also beginning to seriously consider retired life. All of us know that stable and sluggish victories the race, so lawyers must more than stood for in the rankings of millionaires, right? Not according to the job performed in The Millionaire Next Door which secured lawyers at just 8% of the nation's complete millionaires.

Certain, there are lots of very well-off lawyers, however that's actually just the leading layer of the profession. Law college can be exceptionally expensive, so believe meticulously before saddling on your own with heavy financial obligation, as well as only become a lawyer if you in fact intend to function as a lawyer. I didn't take several notes in college or law school, but as a lawyer, I take notes on whatever, whether it's a five-minute phone meeting or a day-long conference.

It's hard to bear in mind each and every single vital detail when you are managing numerous matters, as well as sometimes an issue will resurface months or even years after the last time it seemed relevant. Lawyering in reality seldom resembles what is shown in films as well as TV shows. The majority of lawyers are not in court delivering skyrocketing speeches before courts each week. You might have simply finished law institution, yet you know nothing.

The Keys To Making Online Law College Successful.

How much does the average lawyer make in Australia?

How much does a Lawyer make in Australia?CityAverage salaryLawyer in Sydney NSW 111 salaries$114,643 per yearLawyer in Melbourne VIC 135 salaries$108,637 per yearLawyer in Brisbane QLD 48 salaries$107,459 per yearLawyer in Perth WA 37 salaries$99,556 per year1 more row•5 days ago

When the general populace believes of lawyers the very first point that typically comes to mind is personal injury as well as plaintiff work, I always forget that. There's no much better decision than to NOT end up being a lawyer or doctor if you do not intend to do it.

In a lot of industrialized nations, the legislature has actually provided initial territory over extremely technological matters to executive branch management firms which oversee such points. Consequently, some lawyers have become specialists in management law. In a few nations, there is a special category of jurists with a syndicate over this kind of campaigning for; for instance, France previously had conseils juridiques. In other countries, like the USA, lawyers have actually been properly disallowed by statute from particular types of management hearings in order to preserve their informality.

Be cautious, however-- these BigLaw, partner-track positions can trigger exhaustion as well as other mental health concerns. While you were in law college, did you find that you liked the academics of law, the theory and the teaching of law? Law teachers function steadier hrs than lawyers, most of the times, however the competition is intense. They are handsomely awarded for their effort, also-- the typical salary for a law teacher is $128,000 with the high end getting to $194,000.

Some countries need an official apprenticeship with a skilled professional, while others do not. In the United States, the estates of the dead have to typically be provided by a court through probate. American lawyers have a successful syndicate on dispensing advice concerning probate law. The department of such job amongst lawyers, accredited non-lawyer jurists/agents, and also normal clerks or scriveners varies greatly from one country to the next.

What are lawyers called in Canada?

Common law lawyers in Canada are formally and properly called "barristers and solicitors", but should not be referred to as "attorneys", since that term has a different meaning in Canadian usage, being a person appointed under a power of attorney.

Advocaten In Nederland, Alkmaar.

A graduate of the UCLA School of Law, John Branca has actually had a lengthy profession as a home entertainment and corporate lawyer with a concentrate on standing for rock and roll acts and also independent capitalists. He has represented more than 30 participants of the Rock-and-roll Hall of Popularity and also gets on pretty much every checklist of premier entertainment lawyers worldwide.

Which type of surgeon earns the most?

The highest earners — orthopedic surgeons and radiologists — were the same as last year, followed by cardiologists who earned $314,000 and anesthesiologists who made $309,000. The lowest earning doctors are the family guys. Pediatricians and family practitioners make about $156,000 and $158,000, respectively.

Outside the class, Ginsburg invested a significant part of her legal profession as an advocate for gender equality and women's civil liberties. She won numerous triumphes suggesting prior to the Supreme Court, volunteering as a lawyer for the American Civil Liberties Union in the 1970's. Court of Appeals for the Area of Columbia Circuit in 1980, where she offered until her appointment to the Supreme Court by Head Of State Expense Clinton in 1993. The workplace culture of the Big Four is likewise a source of pride. For example, all 4 of the Big Four are placed in Lot of money magazine's 2015 checklist of the 100 Best Places to Work.

A lot of his lot of money was gained by representing substantial corporations, such as Xerox and also American Express, along with spending quality time as Wall Road banker. Given that opening their doors in 1882 Sparke Helmore law practice has come a long way, with nine workplaces open throughout Australia and over 950 staff members. They cover five areas of law including commercial and also company, commercial insurance policy, government, statutory lines of insurance and also work environment law. Johnson, Winter and Slattery are a company who work as lawful guidance for prominent Australian and International corporations in organisation tasks, conflicts as well as hard purchases.

What we share is deep-rooted neighborhood expertise as well as networks, a spirit of collaboration and also the drive to go beyond customer assumptions. We believe that clients today are seeking a legal adviser who is likewise a long-lasting organisation companion.

Law levels are marketed as a degree that you can use for anything, which is true. But when you remain in institution the cost of college does not weigh as long as when you are really paying for it. When I graduated from grad college, I assumed I would be so abundant. While I live conveniently and also have what I want and need, I'm no Paris Hilton or Donald Trump.

The WLG in their name is stylized from their founding company, Gowlings as well as Wragge Lawrence Graham & Co . Participate in among these universities and you're likely to get an excellent law level education. Clients emphasize that the team is "readily smart, recognizing what is important and what isn't," and also include that the lawyers "assume along with you on industrial agreements." " The lawyers can really manage a big workload and they always supply. They are actually nice individuals to work with and it is a genuine teamwork, they involve you in what they are doing." Wherever customers operate, we provide legal advice that is practically superb, commercially minded and customized to the scenario available.

covers personal financing, financial independence, spending as well as various other things for lawyers that makes you better. A practicing personal equity M&A lawyer and also the maker of Biglaw Capitalist, Josh couldn't find a location where lawyers were speaking about cash, so he created it himself. He spends 10 mins a month on Personal Capital monitoring his money and also is currently rejuvenating PeerStreet to find new real estate crowdfunding deals. However yet I'm still perplexed regarding what I view as an absence of abundant lawyers? I've emailed to and fro with a few of you as well as plan a collection of meetings to be released in the future (after all, we can all learn from how they've done it).

A popular champ for ladies's legal rights both in as well as out of the court, Gloria Allred is among the most prominent and famous females in the legal career today. In her four years in method, she has stood for a huge selection of clients in unwanted sexual advances, wrongful termination, women's rights, as well as employment discrimination situations. As the first High court Justice of Hispanic descent, in addition to the first Latina, selected to the bench, Sonya Sotomayor has actually damaged many barriers for females lawyers. Upon her graduation from Yale Law in 1979, she worked as an aide district lawyer in New York for four-and-a-half years prior to getting in personal practice in 1984.

Please note that all seminars are kept in Dutch unless specified or else. Our customers take advantage of our global reach and also scalability. We are generally identified market leaders in business purchases, financial & resources markets, administration & governing as well as disputes. Allen & Overy is a worldwide lawful experiment roughly 5,500 individuals, including some 550 partners, operating in greater than 40 offices worldwide.

When seeking a law office, you will require to see to it that it is trustworthy.

This is specifically what you need if you require aid with conflicts or specific Job problems connected to employment.

The most effective law office will certainly have labour law lawyers Alkmaar all set to make sure that these issues do not swallow you.

This is since not every one of these Alkmaar law practice might supply you with the experience, revitalizing, and also proactive lawful advice in addition to litigation.

In addition, lawyers are twice as most likely to experience addiction to alcohol and various other medicines. Public suspect of lawyers got to record heights in the USA after the Watergate detraction. In the results of Watergate, legal self-help books became prominent among those who wished to solve their lawful issues without needing to handle lawyers.

I'm mosting likely to discover the abundant lawyers and also highlight them on this blog site. I rejoice you brought up problems, due to the fact that it goes to the heart of my argument as well as problem. Lawyers created the very policies that tie us down and I wonder why that's the case. It's the similar issue I have with the partnership design where non-lawyers can not have equity in a law office.

Meg, I have not seen any of that information but I might be able to locate it, although what I 'd search for is for all lawyers typically. I wish to know just how I compare to my peers in BigLaw, however I haven't had the ability to discover this data anywhere. Makes me question if lawyers traditionally have actually been self-employed but just recently moved right into a W2 employee structure similar to what's happening to physicians currently.

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Who Is World's Best Lawyer?

1. Jerry Brown:Xi Jinping: Mr. Megyn has worked at some of the biggest law firms in the World. John is a former Secretary of State of the United States of America and a Boston College Law alumni. The man who has been labelled as the most powerful person in the World ranks number 9 on our list. More items•

In Germany, mandatory charge frameworks have actually made it possible for widespread implementation of inexpensive lawful expense insurance coverage. Lawyers working straight on the pay-roll of corporations, nonprofits, and federal governments usually make a normal yearly wage. Typically such work was executed in behalf of the inadequate, but in some countries it has actually currently broadened to numerous various other reasons such as the environment.

On a side note, he acts as the co-executor of Michael Jackson's estate. Best known for his daytime court reveal that competed 15 years, Judge Joe Brown received his law degree from UCLA. In 2014, he competed district attorney general in Shelby Region, but shed to the incumbent. Born in 1935, Jordan has enjoyed a long law profession that began after his college graduation from Howard University.

Law School Professors.

When beginning a company of when contracts require to be prepared, they are commonly necessary consultants. While this sort of task isn't flashy like a test lawyer, tax lawyers still bring in a respectable paycheck-- the mean pay is $99,000, while some make as long as $189,000 every year. Trial lawyers are the ones you see on tv and also on the silver screen-- they stand in courts and also argue instances before discretionary. There are less trial lawyers than there are law graduates that want to do this task, so competitors is usually strong. There is a decent payment for those who are successful, though-- the average pay for a trial lawyer is $120,000 annually, which some making upwards of $215,000.

When as well as where it matters most, our understanding of Dutch law combined within the latest deal structures means clients obtain the finest suggestions. The series networks our office's expertise into a program that provides clients lawful support in today's rapidly-evolving markets. The subjects covered include fads in M&A, financial and resources markets, administration & governing as well as disputes. The seminars are open to all get in touches with and clients as well as occur on the first Tuesday of the month from 8.00 to 10.00 am.

Lawyer jokes additionally soared in popularity in English-speaking The United States and Canada as an outcome of Watergate. In 1989, American lawful self-help author Nolo Press published a 171-page collection of negative narratives concerning lawyers from throughout human background. In some nations, like France and also Italy, lawyers have also formed profession unions. In contrast, common law lawyers have typically controlled themselves through institutions where the impact of non-lawyers, if any kind of, was weak and also indirect. The job structure of lawyers varies widely from one country to the next.

Judges are the lawyers that make decisions concerning situations in trial court. Normally, advocaat alkmaar takes years of experience and also potentially an election as well as political election process to come to be a judge in the United States, but that differs by state. Judges are normally generously compensated for their job-- the typical income is $130,000, with some making as much as $177,000 each year. Tax obligation attorneys deal with both businesses as well as individuals to address tax problems, help with estate preparation, or taking legal action against the IRS.

They operate in a large variety of markets consisting of aged care and also retirement, education and learning, monetary services, food and agriculture, government services, infrastructure and also more. Presently, they hold more than 430 staff members as well as 51 companions throughout their Brisbane, Sydney, Melbourne and Newcastle workplaces. The company's operations in Canada use lawful solutions in locations such as work and also labor, copyright, general company law, as well as lawsuits. The company is noted for its toughness in advising on banking decisions, company disagreements, company technique licenses, worldwide mediation, and also realty.

Numerous lawyers and lawyers stop working to be clear and also clear of legal charges. Some lawyers will be able to provide a taken care of charge for an agreed quantity of job. Unlike other lawyers, criminal lawyers usually have a high degree of know-how in court appearance skills since they routinely appear in court for criminal cases. Some lawyers technique throughout all or most locations of law, consisting of residential or commercial property, household law, commercial law, website traffic as well as criminal law. The majority of people recognize that coming to be a lawyer requires years of university to gain a law degree, but many individuals don't recognize there are numerous kinds of law degrees.

Beginning in 1993 the firm has wasted no time in increasing throughout Australia, with four offices opening up in Sydney, Melbourne, Perth and Brisbane over seven years-- an exceptional achievement. McCullough Robertson is a leading Australian independent law office.

Aspiring lawyers typically need to pass the bar test in their future state of method. Passing prices for bench exam drop as reduced as 40% in some states, so solid prep work is vital.

Yet some client's stories are extremely depressing, very distressing, as well as downright gloomy. The head of state is supported by the Prime Minister's Office. The prime minister also picks the ministers that make up the Cupboard. The two teams, with the authority of the Parliament of Canada, handle the Federal government of Canada.

This doesn't put on every lawyer, however numerous lawyers are exposed to trauma. As I pointed out above, customers never pertain to us with satisfied news.

In today's world, lawful danger management is an essential part of running a company, going well past disputes as well as purchases. We use our knowledge and experience to aid our customers reduce risks as well as browse the pitfalls, on bargain and also off offer. " Altogether, the top 50 gives a typical image of the leading segment of the Dutch law landscape; it is either growing or losing terrain. The largest workplaces all increased in dimension, while re-positioning and restructuring is taking hold of the center market segment.

Therefore, it shouldn't be difficult for a lot of lawyers to become millionaires. I also think several lawyers aren't in the millionaire camp since they do not start with plans to end up being millionaires.

Top Law Schools In The United States & Canada.

Do you like the concept of operating in business of altering laws for the betterment of a whole state or nation? While a law level isn't an essential need to enter politics, it has commonly been seen as one of the most usual route recently. Members of Congress earn $174,000 per year, and some higher positions within Congress generate $194,000 every year. Alison Monahan discussed legal jobs for The Balance Careers. She is a lawyer and also founder of The Lady's Guide to Law Institution.

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ultravickyblog · 4 years

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Donating appreciated real estate to charity is one of those things that can be difficult to generalize about but critical to understand.

Maybe you’re thinking of donating to a charity like Giving Center, but don’t possess the liquid assets to meet your philanthropic goals. Or you are looking for a way to downsize your real estate portfolio without gaining a huge tax bill.

If you are planning to donate appreciated real estate to charity, there are important tax, business and financial considerations involved.

The Benefits of Donating Appreciated Real Estate

Your donations qualify you for an income tax deduction equal to the fair market value (FMV) or the cost basis of the property.

The amount of your deduction usually depends on whether the real estate is a short-term asset (real estate held one year or less) or a long-term asset (real estate held more than one year).

For short-term assets, the tax deduction is equal to the lesser of the property’s FMV or its cost basis. The exception: This limitation applies to all donations to private foundations, even if the assets you wish to donate have been held long-term.

Long-term appreciated assets qualify for a deduction equal to the FMV of the property. The deduction is usually limited to 30% of the donor’s adjusted gross income (AGI).

As an option, you can elect to deduct the cost basis of a long-term appreciated asset instead of the FMV, but your deduction will be limited to 50% of your AGI. This will allow for a larger current-year deduction (50% of AGI rather than the 30%), but if any amount of the deduction is carried over, the cost basis and 50% AGI limit will apply to those carryovers.

Remember, the election applies to all such assets donated during the year. It cannot be applied on an asset by asset basis.

You may carry forward any excess donations for up to five years.

By donating property rather than selling it, you avoid capital gains taxes

Capital gains on all short-term assets are taxed at ordinary income tax rates. Capital gains on all long-term assets are taxed somewhere between 0% and 23.8%, depending on your current income level. For capital gains on the sale of a highly appreciated property, the resulting tax bill can be quite sizable.

Methods to Donate Real Estate

Direct gifts are the simplest method of donating real estate. The deed or title is simply transferred from the donor to the charity.

As the donor, you usually receive a tax deduction equal to the FMV of the property and that deduction can be carried forward for five years. You will also avoid paying the capital gains tax that would otherwise accumulate as a result of the sale of the property.

Charitable Remainder Trust (CRUT)

A CRUT is a great way for donors with a highly appreciated real estate to accomplish their philanthropic goals while, at the same time, preserving income for future generations. This type of trust is tax-exempt, which means it is not taxed when the property sells, all of the proceeds from the sale can be fully reinvested.

Distributions from the CRUT to its beneficiaries are determined annually based on a fixed percentage (at least 5%) of the value of the CRUT’s assets. At the end of the CRUT’s run, all remaining assets are distributed to designated charitable organizations.

The contribution of real estate to a CRUT gives the donor an immediate charitable deduction (equal to the current value of the remainder interest that will ultimately pass to charity) and also bestows future cash flows to the beneficiaries.

There are a couple important factors to consider when contributing real estate to a CRUT, it is important to seek legal and financial advice prior to using this method for donating property.

Bargain Sale

A bargain sale is when the donor sells the property to a charity for less than the property’s FMV.

As the donor, you are taxed on your gains, which is the selling price less a pro-rata share of the cost or basis of the property. In this instance, your basis in the property is allocated between the sale and gift portions of the transaction.

You are able to claim a tax deduction equal to the difference between the property’s FMV and its selling price.

Things to be Aware of When Donating Real Estate

Donations of appreciated property are subject to greater scrutiny from the IRS, it is important to consult with a tax advisor before donating real estate. Here are several situations to consider:

Charitable Substantiation Requirements

In order to prevent over-valuation, real estate donations over $5,000 will require a qualified appraisal of the property, performed by a qualified appraiser. If the value of the real estate is $500,000 or more, the appraisal has to be attached to your tax filing.

Your deduction may be disallowed if you do not possess the appropriate documentation.

Prearranged Sale

If you, as the donor, enter into a binding contract/agreement to sell a property, you may not subsequently donate that property (before the completion of the contract) in order to avoid capital gain taxes.

Keep in mind, since the contract exists, you are deemed to have sold the property. When the charity sells this property, you are still responsible for paying capital gain taxes as if you had sold the property yourself.

Depreciation

If you’ve claimed accelerated depreciation on the property you are donating, your tax deduction will be reduced in the amount of depreciation you’ve taken that exceeds the depreciation allowed under the straight-line method.

This concept is like the ordinary income recapture that occurs on gains from the sale of property where accelerated depreciation was claimed.

Bargain Sale

It is important that you identify the donation elements of the sale when you are entering into a bargain sale transaction with a charity.

If the donation element isn’t clearly stated at the time of the sale, you may lose the tax deduction. You won't have an opportunity to identify the donation element at a later date.

Mortgaged Property

Donating real estate to a charity that is subject to a mortgage may cause recognition of income to you, as the donor. Bargain sale rules will apply, as the property is treated as if it were sold for a balance outstanding on the mortgage.

The fact that you are still liable for making mortgage payments after the donation doesn’t preclude the recognition of taxable income.

Giving Center is a great vehicle for your real estate donation needs. Please visit our real estate donation section here for more information on how you can donate real estate with Giving Center.

#donation #donate #real estate #realestate #charity #nonprofits #community

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margdarsanme · 4 years

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NCERT Class 12 Sociology SAMPLE PAPER

NCERT Class 12 Sociology SAMPLE PAPER Solutions

Q. 1.Emergence of demography can be attributed to two different processes that happened to take place roughly at the same time in Europe during the latter half of the eighteenth century. Name these two processes. 2 Ans. :

Formation of nation-states as the principle form of political organisation.

Beginning of modem science of statistics.

Q. 2.State any two policies made by the Indian state in favour of the Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes. 2 Ans. :

Reservations, i.e. the setting aside of some places or seats for members of the Scheduled Castes or Tribes in different spheres of public life such as education, jobs in government service.

Caste Disabilities Removal Act of 1850 which disallowed the curtailment of rights of citizens due solely to change of religion or caste.

Constitution Amendment (Ninety Third Amendment) Act of 2005 for introducing reservation for the Other Backward Classes in institutions of higher education.

Q. 3.Explain the sociological sense of minority. 2 Ans. : The sociological sense of minority implies that the members of the minority form a collectivity, i.e. they have a sense of group solidarity, a feeling of togetherness and belonging. This is linked to disadvantage because the experience of being subjected to prejudice and discrimination usually heightens feelings of intra-group loyalty and interests.

Q. 4. Name any two features of social movements. 2 Ans. :

A social movement requires sustained collective action over time. Such action is directed against the state and takes the form of demanding changes in state policy or practice. Spontaneous, disorganised protest cannot be called a social movement.

Collective action must be marked by some degree of organisation.

This organisation may include a leadership.

This organised protest also needs a structure that defines how members relate to each other, make decisions and carry them out.

Those participating in a social movement also have shared ideologies and objectives.

A social movement has a general orientation or way of approaching to bring about (or to prevent) change.

Q. 5. The principal of nationalism assumes that…….. 2 Ans. : The principle of nationalism assumes that any set of people have a right to be free and exercise sovereign power. Q. 6. Name any two features of community identity. 2 Ans.

Community identity is based on birth and belonging rather than on some form of acquired qualifications or accomplishment.

These kinds of identities are called ascriptive, i.e. they are determined by birth and individuals choice is not involved.

People feel a deep sense of security and satisfaction in belonging to communities.

Ascriptive identities such as community identities are difficult to shake off; even if we choose to disown them, others may continue to identify us by those very markers of belonging.

Q. 7. ”There is a vital difference between the empire building of pre-capitalist times and that of capitalist times”. Which was applicable in case of India and why? Give one reason. 2 Ans. : Capitalist Empire Building was applicable in the case of India. British colonialism which was based on capitalism directly interfered to ensure greatest profit and benefit to British capitalism. Every policy was geared towards the strengthening and expansion of British capitalism. It changed the^law of the land. It changed not just land ownership laws but decided even what crops would be grown and what ought not to be. It altered the way production and distribution of goods took place. It meddled with the manufacturing sector. It entered forests and cleared trees and started plantations. It brought the forests acts that changed the lives of pastoralists. Q. 8. Name and define the three types of social movements. 2 Ans. : Redemptive—This type of social movement aims to bring about a change in the personal consciousness and actions of its individual members. For instance, people in the Ezhava community in Kerala were led by Narayan Guru to change their social practices. Reformist—This type of social movement strives to change the existing social and political arrangements through gradual, incremental steps. The 1960s movement for the reorganisation of Indian states on the basis language and the recent Right to Information campaign are examples of reformist movements. Revolutionary—This type of social movement attempts to radically transform social relations, often by capturing state power. The Bolshevik revolution in Russia that deposed the Tsar to create a communist state and the Naxalite movement in India that seeks to remove oppressive landlords and state officials can be described as revolutionary movements. Q. 9.Evaluate the social implications of the small size of the organised sector compared to the presence of a large organised sector. 2 Ans. :

It means that very few people have the experience of employment in large firms where they get to meet people from other regions and backgrounds. Urban settings do provide a corrective to this i.e. neighbours in the city could be from different regions; but by and large, work for most Indians is still in small scale workplaces.

In small workplaces, personal relationships help determine many aspects of work. If the employer likes you, you may get a salary hike and if you have a fight with him/her, you may lose your job. This is different from large scale organisations where there are well-defined rules, where recruitment is more transparent and there are mechanisms for complaints and redressal if you disagree with your immediate superior.

Very few IndiansTiave access to secure jobs with benefits. Of those who do, two thirds work for the government. This is why government jobs are so popular. The rest are forced to depend on their children in tivir old age.

Very few people in India are members of trade unions, a feature of the organised sector. Thus, they don’t have the experience of collectively fighting for proper wages and safe working conditions. The government has laws to monitor the working conditions of unorganised sector, but in practice they are left to the whims and fancies of the employer or contractor. Q. 10. Exemplify the difference between Social Change and Social Movement.2 Ans. : Social change is continuous and ongoing. The broad historical processes of social change are the sum total of countless individual and collective actions gathered across time and space. Social movement are directed towards some specific goals. It involves long and continuous social effort and action by people. Example of social change—Sanskritisation and Westernisation and; example of social movement- 19th century social reformers’ efforts to change society. Q. 11. Analyse the relation between rituals and secular goals. 2 Ans.: Secularisation has usually meant a process of decline in the influence of religion. With the advent of modernisation attitude have changed to religion and to the celebration of festivals. As a result of the mushrooming of urban areas and lifestyles, celebration of festivals and following rituals has become a necessary part of one’s identity. Thus, the emphasis on rituals is to attain the secular goal of asserting one’s cultural identity. Rituals also provide men and women with occasions for socialising with their peers and for showing family wealth. Thus, apart from one’s identity, the status, political and economic dimensions of rituals has become increasingly important. Q. 12.”Constitution has the capacity to help people because it is based on basic norms of social justice.” Explain how using an example. 2 Ans. : Constitution has the capacity to help people because it is based on basic norms of social justice. It has the potential for the meaning of social justice to be extended. Social movements have also aided the Courts and authorities to interpret the contents of rights and principles in keeping with the contemporary understanding social justice. For instance, the Directive Principle on village panchayats was moved as an amendment in the Constituent Assembly. After forty years it became a Constitutional imperative after 73rd Amendment in 1992. Q. 13. How did colonial laws favour the owners and managers of the tea industry? 2 Ans. :

The labour system in Assam was essentially that of indenture by which the labourers went to Assam under contract for a number of years. The government helped the planters by providing for penal sanction in case of non-fulfilment of the contract by the labourers.

To bring thousands of people every year from their far-off homes into strange lands, possessing an unhealthy climate and infected with strange fevers, required the provision of financial and other incentives, which the tea-planters of Assam were unwilling to offer. Instead, they had recourse to fraud and coercion.

Q. 14. Point out one way in which caste has weakened in one sphere and remained strong in another. 2 Ans. : Development activity of the state and growth of private industry affected caste indirectly through the speeding up of and intensification of economic change. Modem industry created various kinds of jobs for which there were no caste rules. Modem individuals attracted to the liberal ideas of individualism and meritocracy began to abandon the extreme caste practices. In the cultural and domestft sphere, caste remained strong. Endogamy remained unaffected by the modernisation. Similarly, mles regarding food-sharing haven’t been relaxed totally. In the political arena, caste remains central. In elections, caste solidarities are decisive. Q. 15. There are wide regional variations in the age structure in India. Elaborate on the reasons for the said phenomena. 4 Ans. : There are wide-regional variations in the age-structure in India for the following reasons-

Literacy is not equally distributed in all the states of our country. Thus, there are some states that are more aware and educated compared to others. Hence, in such states, the fertility levels are low. They, thus, experience a favourable age-structure.

Certain states have a strong belief in social preference for a male child. These people thus raise the fertility levels in the desire for a male child.

Since development level in all states is not equal, if the death rate is high for lack of infrastructure, the birth rates tend to be high to compensate for the high death rates. This also creates for an unfavourable age structure.

Thus, we have states like Kerala which exhibits age-structure similar to a developed nation compared with Uttar Pradesh which has very high proportions of younger age groups.

Q. 16. Using the isolation-integration debate, give your opinion on whether tribes should be treated as fundamentally different from the caste peasant society or as a part of it. 4 Ans. : Isolation:

The isolationist side argued that tribals needed protection from traders, moneylenders and Hindu and Christain missionaries, all of whom were intent on reducing tribals to detribalised landless labour.

Integration:

This side argued that tribes were essentially backward Hindus and their problems had to be addressed within the same framework as other backward classes.

This led to debates and deliberations which resulted in various welfare schemes for the tribes such asTribal welfare blocks, five year plans, tribal sub-plans, tribal welfare blocks, special multipurpose area schemes.

Thus, tribes needed to be looked at in the same framework as the Hindus. This is because there have been various instances where tribes, since times immemorial, have been in contact with the mainstream.

Gond kingdoms in central India such as that of Garha Mandia or Chanda.

Many of the Rajput kingdoms of central and western India emerged through a process of stratification among adivasi communities themselves.

Adivasis often exercised dominance over the plains people through their capacity to raid them and through their services as local militias.

They also occupied a special trade niche, trading forest produce, salts and elephants.

The capitalist economy’s drive to exploit forest resources and minerals and to recruit cheap labour has brought tribal societies in contact with mainstream society a long time ago.

But integration in this manner neglects the desires and wishes of the tribes and puts the agenda of development ahead of their needs. Thus, this kind of integration happens at the cost of the interest of the tribes. Q. 17. “The very term ‘disabled’ is significant because it draws attention to the fact that public perception of the ‘disabled’ needs to be questioned”. State the common features central to the public perception of ‘disability’ all over the world. 4 Ans. : Common features of the public perceptions of disability are

Disability is understood as a biological given.

Whenever a disabled person is confronted with problems, it is taken for granted that the problems originate from his/her impairment.

The disabled person is seen as a victim.

Disability is supposed to be linked with the disabled individual’s self perception.

The very idea of disability suggests that they are in need of help.

Q. 18. “After independence, the government took over the commanding heights of the economy”. State the reasons for this decision. 4 OR Describe the working and division of labour in the brickyards of South Gujarat. Ans. : After independence, the government took over the commanding heights of the economy’. This involved defence, transport, and communication, power, mining, and other projects which only government had the power to do, and which was also necessary for private industry to flourish.

In India’s mixed economy policy, some sectors were reserved for government, while others were open to private sector. But within that, the government tried to ensure, through its licensing policy, that industries were spread over different regions. This was because before independence, industries were located mainly in the port cities like Madras, Bombay, and Calcutta. But since then, due to government efforts, we see that places like Baroda, Coimbatore, Bangalore, Pune, Faridabad and Rajkot have become industrial centres.

Government also tried to encourage small scale sectors through special incentives and assistance.

Many items like paper and wood products, stationery, glass and ceramics were reserved for the small scale sector. ‘

The Government did not open up the Indian economy to the world because immediately after independence, the economy was in a very vulnerable position and needed to get back on its feet before it could compete in the world market.

The brickyards are owned by upper castes like Parsis or Desais.

Members of the potter caste are also acquiring brickyards as an extension of their traditional mud work.

The workers are usually local or migrant Dalits. They are employed by contractors and work in gangs of nine to eleven members.

While the men knead the mud and mould the brick, the little children carry each brick to the place where they are dried.

A gang of women and girls then carry the bricks to the kiln where they are fired by men, and from there again to the trucks where the bricks are loaded.

From the age of six, children are woken during the night to carry the fresh bricks made their father. When they turn nine, they are promoted to carry two bricks.

Thus division of labour is based on age and sex.

Q. 19. “What marked these 19th century social reform attempts was the modem context and mix of ideas.” Interpret the given statement. 4 OR Discuss the various aspects of the phenomena of westernisation. Ans. : The mix of ideas—

Ram Mohun Roy attacked the practice of sati on the basis of both appeals to humanitarian and natural rights doctrines as well as Hindu shastras.

Ranade’s writings entitled The Texts of the Hindu Law on the Lawfulness of the Remarriage of Widows and Vedic Authorities for Widow Marriage elaborated the shastric sanction for remarriage of widows.

The content of new education was modernising and liberal. The literary content of the courses in the humanities and social sciences was drawn from the literature of the European Renaissance, Reformation and Enlightenment. Its themes were humanistic, secular and liberal.

Sir Sayed Ahmed Khan’s interpretation of Islam emphasised the validity of free enquiry (ijtihad) and the alleged similarities between Koranic revelations and the laws of nature discovered by modem science.

Kandukiri Viresalingam’s The Sources of Knowledge reflected his familiarity with navya-nyaya logic. At the same time he translated Julius Huxley.

M.N.Srinivas defines westernization as ‘the changes brought about in Indian society and culture as a result of over 150 years of British rule, the term subsuming changes occurring at different levels…technology, institutions, ideology and values.’

There were different kinds of westernization

> One kind refers to the emergence of a westernized sub-cultural pattern through a minority section of Indians who first came in contact with the western culture. This included the sub-culture of Indian intellectuals who not only adopted many cognitive patterns or ways of thinking but also styles of life and supported its expansion. > There has been a general spread of western cultural traits such as the use of new technology, dress, food and changes in general. Westernization does involve the imitation of external forms of culture. It does not necessarily mean that people adopt modem values of democracy and equality. Q. 20. Would it be appropriate to say that democratic values and institutions are purely western? Comment in the context of the values of Indian democracy. 4 Ans. : Democratic traditions, values and institutions are not purely western. Our ancient epics, our diverse folk tales from one comer of the country to another are full of dialogues, discussions and contrasting positions.

The dialogue in Mahabhrata between Bhrigu and Bharadvaja relating to caste division talks about how all humans get affected by emotions of the likes of sorrow, fear, anger and still divide ourselves on the basis of caste.

Thus, social change in modem India is not just about Indian or Western ideas. It is a combination as well as reinterpretation of western and Indian ideas. We have seen the use of both modem ideas of equality and traditional ideas of justice. In colonial India the undemocratic and discriminatory administrative practice of British colonialism contrasted sharply with the vision of freedom which western theories espoused and which the western educated Indians read about. Thus, the scale of poverty and intensity of social discrimination led to deeper questioning of what is democracy. Q. 21. “Encouraging or at least allowing cultural diversity is good policy from both the practical and the principled point of view.” Justify the statement using India’s case as a ‘state- nation’. 4 Ans. :

An alternative to the nation-state, then, is the “state nation”, where various “nations” — be they ethnic, religious, linguistic or indigenous identities— can coexist peacefully and cooperatively in a single state polity.

Case studies and analyses demonstrate that enduring democracies can be established in polities that are multicultural. Explicit efforts are required to end the cultural exclusion of diverse groups and to build multiple and complementary identities. Such responsive policies provide incentives to build a feeling of unity in diversity — a “we” feeling.

Citizens can find the institutional and political space to identify with both their country and their other cultural identities, to build their trust in common institutions and to participate in and support democratic politics.

All of these are key factors in consolidating and deepening democracies and building enduring “state-nations”. India’s constitution incorporates this notion. Although India is culturally diverse, comparative surveys of long-standing democracies including India show that it has been very cohesive, despite its diversity.

Also important are efforts to build the loyalties of all groups in society through identification, trust and Support. National cohesion does not require the imposition of a single identity and the denunciation of diversity.

Successful strategies to build “state-nations” can and do accommodate diversity constructively by crafting responsive policies of cultural recognition. They are effective solutions for ensuring the longer terms objectives of political stability and social harmony.

Q. 22. Do you think that with the growth of TV and internet in India, the print media has been 6 sidelined? Give your comments. OR The beginning of the printing press led to the growth of the idea of a ‘Nation’ as an ‘imagined community’. Comment as suggested by Benedict Anderson. 6 Ans. : It is often believed that with the growth of the Television and the internet the print media would be sidelined. However, in India we have seen the circulation of newspapers grow. New technologies have helped boot the production and circulation of newspapers. A large number of glossy magazines have also made their entry into the market. The reasons for the growth in Indian newspapers are many.

There is a rise in the number of literate people who are migrating to cities. The Hindi daily Hindustan in 2003 printed 64,000 copies of their Delhi’s edition, which jumped drastically in 2005, to 425,000. The reason was that of Delhi’s population of one crore and forty seven lakh, 52% had come from the Hindi belt of the two states of Uttar Pradesh and Bihar. Of this, 47% have come from a rural background and 60% of them are less than 40 years of age.

The needs of the readers in the small towns and villages are different from that of the cities and the Indian languages newspapers cater to those needs. Dominant Indian language newspapers such as Malayala Manorama and the Eenadu launched the concept of local news in a significant manner by introducing district and whenever necessary, block editions. Dina Thanthi, another leading Tamil newspaper, has always used simplified and colloquial language.

The Indian language newspapers have adopted advanced printing technologies and also attempted supplements, pull outs, and literary and niche booklets.

Marketing strategies have also marked the Dainik Bhaskar group’s growth as they carry out consumer contact programmes, doo-to-door surveys, and research. Thus, modem mass media has to have a formal structural organisation.

While English newspapers, often called National Dailies’, circulate across regions, vernacular newspapers have vastly increased their circulation in the states and the rural hinterland. In order to compete with the electronic media, newspapers, especially English language newspapers have on the one hand reduced prices and on the other hand brought out editions from multiple centres. OR

The first modem mass media institution began with the development of the printing press.

The fist attempts at printing books using modem technologies began in Europe. This technique was first developed by Johann Gutenberg in 1440. Initial attempts at printing were restricted to religious books.

With the industrial revolution, the print industry also grew.

The first products of the press were restricted to an audience of literate elites. It was only in the mid-19th century, with further development in technologies, transportation and literacy that newspapers began to reach out to a mass audience.

People living in different comers of the country found themselves reading or hearing ; the same news. It has been suggested that this was in many ways responsible for people across a country to feel connected and develop a sense of belonging or ‘we feeling’. The well-known scholar Benedict Anderson has thus argued that this helped the growth of nationalism, the feeling that people who did not even know of each other’s existence feel like members of a family. It gave people who would never meet each other a sense of togetherness. Anderson thus suggested that we could think of the nation as an ‘imagined community’.

In the 19th century, social reformers debated and wrote in newspapers and journals. The growth of Indian nationalism was closely linked to its struggle against colonialism. It emerged in the wake of the institutional changes brought about by British rule in India. Anti-colonial public opinion was nurtured and channelized by the nationalist press, which was vocal in its opposition to the oppressive measures of the colonial state. This led the colonial government to clamp down on the nationalist press and impose censorship, for instance during the Ilbert Bill agitation in 1883.

Association with the national movement led some of the nationalist newspapers like Kesari (Marathi), Mathrubhumi (Malayalam), Amrita Bazar Patrika (English) to suffer the displeasure of the colonial state. But that did not prevent them from advocating the nationalist cause and demand an end to colonial rule. Q. 23. Elaborate on the major land reforms introduced after independence. 6 Ans. : Independent India:

After independence, Nehru embarked on a policy of planned development that focussed on agrarian reforms as well as industrialisation.

The agriculture scenario was very grim with low productivity, dependence on imported food grains and intense poverty of a large section of the rural people. They felt a major reform in the agrarian structure and especially in the landholding system and the distribution of land was necessary.

Land Reforms

Abolition of zamindari system which removed the layer of intermediaries who stood between the cultivators, and the state. Of all the land reforms passed, this was the most effective for in most areas it succeeded in taking away the superior rights of the zamindars over the land and weakening their economic and political power. This did not happen without struggle. Although, it did not totally remove landlordism or tenancy or sharecropping system but did away with the top layer of landlords in the multi-layered structure.

Tenancy abolition and regulation acts: They attempted either to outlaw tenancy altogether or o regulate rents to give some security to the tenants. In most of the states these laws were not implemented effectively. In West Bengal and Kerala, radical restructuring of agrarian structure gave land rights to tenants.

Land Ceiling Acts: These laws imposed an upper limit on the amount of land that can be owned by a particular family. The ceiling varies from region to region, depending on the kind of land, its productivity, and other such factors. Very productive land has a low ceiling while unproductive land has high ceiling limit. According to these acts, the state is supposed to identify and take possession of surplus land (above the ceiling limit) held by each household, and redistributes it to landless families and households in other specified categories such as SCs and STs.

But, in most states these acts proved to be toothless. There were many loopholes and other strategies through which most landowners were able to escape from having their surplus land taken over by the state. While some very large estates broke up, in most cases landowners managed to divide the land among relatives and others, including servants, in so-called ‘benami transfers’ – which allowed them to keep control over the land. In some families, some rich farmers actually divorced their wives (but continued to live with them) in order to avoid the provisions of land ceiling act, which allows a separate share for unmarried women but not wives. Q. 24.Explain the stages of Indian economic history. 6 Ans.: Following are the stages of Indian economic history

(a) Pre-colonial phase: India’s economy was extensively monetised in the late pre-colonial period. While various kinds of non-market exchange systems such as the jajmani system did exist in many villages and regions, even du ing the pre-colonial period villages were incorporated into wider networks of exchange through which agricultural products and other goods circulated. There existed extensive and sophisticated trading networks. India was a major manufacturer and exporter of handloom cloth as well as the source of many other goods such as spices that were in great demand in the global market, especially in Europe. These traditional trading communities such as the Nakarattars also had their own banking and credit system called the Hundi.

(b) Colonial phase: Under colonialism, there began penetration of commercial money into local agrarian economies and the incorporation into wider trading networks that brought about radical social and economic changes in rural and urban areas. Land revenue was to be paid in cash; India’s handloom industry declined; India became a supplier of raw material and a market for cheap manufactured goods. New groups entered into trade and business, sometimes in alliance with existing merchant communities and in some cases by forcing them out. The market expansion provided new opportunities to some merchant communities, which were able to improve their position by re-orienting themselves to changing economic circumstances. New communities emerged to take advantage of the economic opportunities provided by colonialism and continued to hold economic power after independence.

(c) Post-independence phase: Marwaris were one such community that took advantage of the opportunities and became a successful business community. They accumulated wealth and with their extensive social networks that created relations of trust, they were able to establish themselves as moneylenders and bankers. Q. 25. The condition of our dombari community is very bad. Television and radio have snatched away our means of livelihood. We perform acrobatics but because of the circus and the television, which have reached even in remote comers and villages, nobody is interested in our performances. We do not get even a pittance, however hard we perform. People watch our shows but just for entertainment, they never pay us anything. They never bother about the fact that we are hungry. Our profession is dying. (More 1970) (a) Define Globalisation. (b) What is your opinion on the impact of globalization on tradition art forms? Does it always have a negative impact on indigenous art forms? 6 Ans.:

(a) Globalisation, a period in which the world is becoming increasingly connected-not only economically but culturally and politically. The term globalisation includes many trends such as increase in international movement of commodities, money, information and people, as well as the development of technology and other infrastructure to allow this movement. A central feature of globalisation is the increasing extension and integration of markets around the world. This implies that changes in the market in one part of the world will lead to changes somewhere else far away. Example-India’s booming software industry may face if the US economy does badly. (b) The child can give his/her personal opinion.

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Stock Market Astrology Predictions 2017

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