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mythingchild · 13 days

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Biology, History and Domestication

The jujube plant can be a shrub or a tree with soft and hard wood of 6-9 m, depending on the place of cultivation (Yao, 2013). The species of jujube are distributed between the latitude 18 ° S to 51 ° N, the longitude from 76 ° to 124° and grow well above sea level (up to 2800 m). The jujube has spread widely to remote regions due to its greater adaptability, ease of cultivation, xerophytic attributes, early bearing, rapid bud differentiation, approximately flowering period of 50 to 60 days, long life cycle (1000 reproduction cycles), remarkable endurance in difficult environmental conditions, higher resistance to abiotic stresses (salinity and drought), fewer inputs required and higher nutraceutical benefits (Bhatt et al., 2008). In addition, it is the best example of a drought-resistant plant, which is a dominant part of the The natural vegetation of the Indo-Pak desert.

The tree is semi-deciduous, having a thick canopy. The leaves are smooth and shiny, oval or oval in shape with a length of 2.5 to 5.5 cm and a width of 2 to 4 cm. The flowers are fragrant, light greenish, tiny, ranging from 4 to 8 mm in diameter. The jujube flower has five complete whorls of sepals, petals, anthers and an ovary containing two ova. The flowers can appear singly or in clusters in the axils of each leaf. The the flower cluster (cyme) has almost 13 flowers, depending on the cultivar and location of the flower on the twig. Most species of Ziziphus are self-incompatible; however, the species of Z. jujuba and Z. mucronata can develop self-pollinating fruit that usually aborts later (Zeistman and Bohta, 1992; Weekley and Race, 2001; Asatryan and Tel-Zur, 2013). Ziziphus flowers too present a protandral dichogamy, the anthers dehiscent well before the receptivity stigmatization and promote cross-pollination (Tel-Zur and Schneider, 2009).

Sequences coding for the S locus have been identified in Z. celata suggesting presence of a gametophytic self-incompatibility system 'GSI' (Edwards et al., 2012). Two types of flowers are reported in Z. mauritiana, Z. spina-christi and Z. mucronata. In the morning and in the afternoon, a

and type B flowers were found in the male phase, respectively (Pareek et al., 2007; Tel-Zur and Schneider, 2009), in the cultivars of Z. mauritiana, Seb and Umran (Shukla and others., 2006). The receptive life of the flower is short (two to three days); as a result, many flowers remain unpollinated and fall (Pareek et al., 2007). This non-synchronization behavior in men and women the flowering phases seemed to be related to higher temperatures (up to 45°C) in Z. mauritiana, cultivated in semi-arid and arid regions (Asatryan and Tel-Sur, 2013). Pollen viability in Z. mauritiana and other species

from 10 to 91% in different cultivars (Tel-Zur and Schneider, 2009) while it has been reported that it remains low from 25 to 58% due to the prevalence of extreme temperature conditions and the growth of the pollen tube have ceased in all cultivars of Z. mauritiana (Asatryan and Tel-Zur, 2013).

The fruit is a drupe, having one to two seeds with a core the center. The fruit comes from the nectar disc and its ovary. Fruit size varies from the size of the thumb to the size of the golf ball which really depends on the variety. There is a great diversity of fruit shapes, such as oblong, obovate,

oval, oblate, round, apple-shaped or sometimes abnormally shaped (Yao, 2013). The pulp is sweet, sour, greenish, yellow or even reddish in color (Mahajan and Chopda, 2009). The development of seedless fruits has been reported in Z. sativa and Z. mauritiana due to a gametic self-incompatibility

system (Tian and Ma, 1987). Ziziphus species can also produce fruits due to to self-pollination; however, it usually falls prematurely and does not have viable seeds (Godt et al., 1997). In the cultivars of Z. mauritiana, including Umran and Q-29, self-pollination was observed; however, there was a mass the fall of flowers and the fall of fruits in the early stages and the fruit setting remained low with unviable seeds. In B5/4, Kaithali and Gola cultivars, the flowers have fallen two to three days after pollination and no fertilization was observed. The the bark becomes darker longitudinally and is grayish-brown or reddish in color.

The plant is usually prickly. The branches of the tree are compact, pubescent white at the young stage and are prone to zigzagging. Erect branches, becoming light brown to gray. The fruit-bearing branches of the tree are mainly of a non-deciduous nature (Mahajan and Chopda, 2009).

Jujube species have been cultivated in China, Pakistan and India for long and are well recognized species in these regions compared to other related species in the rest of the world (Cherry, 1985). Many species grow wild, including Z. xylocarpa, Z. rotundifolia (use of rootstocks) and Z. ocenoplia (Jackson et al., 2011). Other species, such as Z. jujuba Mill and Z. mauritiana Lam., have been domesticated and are widely cultivated (Memon et al., 2012). However, the jujube species had attracted little attention for the research and development (Azam-Ali et al., 2001) until the recent past when these the species have been properly studied as part of various research projects.

Currently, it is one of the main cultivated species, prominent dried fruit and main source of income for about 20 million farmers in China. During the last 2000 years, its culture has spread to neighboring states, including Japan and Korea. It is produced commercially in China, Iran, South Korea, Israel, Italy, the United States and Australia.

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oaresearchpaper · 29 days

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Heat Tolerance and Early Flowering QTLs Validation in IR64 Rice

Abstract

Heat stress reduces rice yield by 10% for every degree Celsius increase beyond optimum temperature. Field testing of IR64-derived near-isogenic lines with heat tolerance and early morning flowering QTLs was conducted at CSU Piat during hottest months of 2016-2017. To evaluate how well IR64 NILs tolerated heat, morpho-agronomic data were collected and analyzed when they were subjected to high temperature at field conditions. Flower opening time (FOT), the peak flowering time (PFT), and the time when all of the flowers are closed (FCT) were also determined for early morning flowering traits (EMF). Results showed that morpho-agronomic features of IR64-derived NILs such panicle length, number of tillers per hill, spikelet fertility, spikelet/panicle, plant height, days to 50% flowering and maturity were similar when compared to its recurrent parent. Moreover, EMF traits results revealed that IR64HT+EMF and IR64EMF NILs exhibited the earliest FOT, PFT, and CFT. This research under high temperature field condition clearly validated the heat tolerance performance of IR64-derived NILs had similar morpho-agronomic traits compared to its recurrent parent indicating recovery of recurrent parent genome. Furthermore, IR64HT+EMF and IR64EMF NILs exhibited the earliest FOT, PFT, and CFT indicating that the presence of qEMF3 and its combination with qHTSF4.1 strongly confers EMF traits as an escape mechanism from heat stress. The researchers recommend the use of genetic materials with combined genes of heat tolerance (qHTSF4.1) and early morning flowering (qEMF3) for these are useful germplasm for future and expected global warming.

Introduction

In rice, temperature above optimum levels affects all growth stages. Among these, the flowering stage is considered the most sensitive stage to high temperature (Satake and Yoshida, 1978; Yoshida et al., 1981). Heat-induced spikelet sterility results if the sensitive physiological processes of anther dehiscence, pollination, pollen germination on the stigma, and pollen tube growth are aggravated (Wassmann et al., 2009a). In the study of Jagadish et al. (2007), sterility was induced for less than 30 minutes of exposure to 35°C ambient temperature and 33.7°C spikelet tissue temperature during anthesis. However when spikelets opened either before or for more than an hour after the onset and exposure of high temperature, they were unaffected by the heat treatment (Jagadish et al., 2007).

Flowering is the most sensitive stage to high temperature in the rice life cycle. High temperature of over 35°C at flowering stage increases pollen and spikelet sterility, which leads to significant yield losses, low grain quality, and low harvest index. Large cultivar variation exists in the spikelet sensitivity to high temperature damage, and the primary cause of this cultivar variation in high temperature (heat) tolerance at flowering is the number of viable pollen grains shed on the stigma, resulting from the changes in the extent of anther dehiscence, which directly affect the spikelet fertility and grain yield. Thus, spikelet fertility under high temperature has been widely used as a screening index for heat tolerance at reproductive stage.

Heat tolerance is the ability of the plant to grow, develop, and produce an economic yield under high temperature stress (Wahid et al., 2007; Paupiere et al., 2014). There are three basic mechanisms of heat tolerance in plants: (1) true heat tolerance, where plants can shed a large amount of pollen or viable pollen able to germinate under heat stress and (2) heat avoidance, where the plant performs its sensitive functions (ie. fertilization) before the onset of the stress (Yoshida et al., 1981; Ishimaru et al., 2010). The latter can be done by several ways: macroescape (heading during the cooler parts of the season), and microescape (anther dehiscence occurring during the cooler parts of the morning) (Wassmann et al., 2009a); and (3) heat escape, by changing leaf orientation, efficient transpirational cooling of the canopy, reduction in non-photosynthetic energy intercepted by the canopy, and reflection of solar radiation (Bahuguna et al., 2014).

Significant genotypic variation had also been found for time of day of flowering (TDF) and early morning flowering (EMF) or peak anthesis in rice germplasm. It has been reported that O. glaberrima is an EMF wild rice species with the ability to flower immediately after dawn, and with more than 90% of spikelets nearing anthesis by 0900H (Prasad et al., 2006). Interspecific crosses were made between O. glaberrima and O. sativa, which produced lines that had significantly earlier peak anthesis hours than the original parent (Yoshida et al., 1981). Ishimaru et al. (2010) successfully introgressed the EMF trait from another wild rice, O. officinalis into Koshihikari (O. sativa), and the produced Koshihikari + EMF line can open its spikelets 2 hours earlier than the Koshihikari wild type. This adaptation allowed the line to garner higher spikelet fertility than others popular varieties lacking the EMF trait. The produced EMF introgression line was used to develop near-isogenic lines of Nanjing 11 (temperate cultivar) and IR64 (tropical/subtropical cultivar) and successfully and stably exhibited the EMF trait (Hirabayashi et al., 2014).

Redoña et al. (2009) expressed that identifying the quantitative trait loci (QTL) for heat tolerance and employing marker-assisted selection (MAS) could compensate for the difficulty of field screening and significantly improve the overall efficiency of the breeding process. Genomic techniques and tools like MAS can ease selection of target traits, that can be used to (1) identify, quantify, and characterize genetic variation; (2) tag, clone, and introgress genes and/or QTL; and (3) manipulate (eg. pyramid, integrate) genetic variation in breeding populations (Xu and Crouch, 2008). Genetic mapping studies for EMF and heat-tolerant QTLs during the reproductive stage of different rice populations have been undertaken (Jagadish et al., 2008; Ishimaru et al., 2010; Jagadish et al., 2010a; Xiao et al., 2011; Ye et al., 2012; Hirabayashi et al., 2014; Ye et al., 2016). In the mapping study conducted by Ye et al. (2012), four major heat-tolerance QTLs were identified from the progeny of IR64 x N22 cross, to which N22 is the heat-tolerant variety. Of the four chromosomal locations identified, QTLsqHTSF1.1 (on chromosome 1 of IR 64) and qHTSF4.1 (on chromosome 4 of N22) were confirmed to have the most significant role for increasing spikelet fertility under high temperature (Ye et al., 2012) and were found to be very close to major QTLs identified in the studies of Jagadish et al. (2010a) and Xiao et al. (2011). Between the two QTLs, plants with the qHTSF4.1 exhibited higher spikelet fertility than other genotypes, and was also detected and confirmed by Ye, et al. (2016) in an IR64/Giza 178 bi-parental cross and IR64/Milyang/Giza 178 three-way cross, suggesting its potential significance in enhancing heat tolerance of rice during the flowering stage.

Some species of wild rice were found to flower early in the morning, such as O. glaberrima (A genome), O. rufipogon (A genome), and O. officinalis (C genome) (Yoshida et al., 1981; Ishimaru et al., 2010; Thanh et al., 2010). The group of Ishimaru et al. (2010) transferred the EMF trait from O. officinalis into the genetic background of O. sativa cv. Koshihikari, producing EMF20, an introgression line. The EMF20 was crossed with Nanjing 11. Using SSR markers, significant QTLs were identified on chromosome 3 (qEMF3) and chromosome 8 (qEMF8). Comparison of the recurrent parent and near-isogenic lines with the qEMF3 showed that the EMF20 allele of the QTL significantly advanced the flowering opening time (FOT) by 1.5-2.0 hours.

Developing near-isogenic lines (NILs) are advantageous in evaluating the effect of the QTLs on the phenotype (marker-trait association). Gene expression can change during morpho-physiological and reproductive development as well as when subjected to biotic and abiotic stresses. Validation of the function of the introgressed QTLs in NILs will allow breeders to optimize phenotypic selection procedures (Xu and Crouch, 2008).

This study aimed to determine the effect of QTLs for heat tolerance (qHTSF4.1), EMF trait (qEMF3) and a combination of the two QTLs, introduced into the background of IR64 (O. sativa) on (1) the floret morphophysiological responses when flowering is exposed to elevated temperatures; (2) agronomic characters, and (3) spikelet fertility and grain yield of the lines.

Source : Heat Tolerance and Early Flowering QTLs Validation in IR64 Rice | InformativeBD

#Early morning flowering #Heat tolerance #Heat stress #QTL analysis #Rice

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botanyone · 4 months

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The Journey of a Tropical Plant Tribe from Africa to the Americas

The Journey of a Tropical Plant Tribe from Africa to the Americas https://ift.tt/VBXtYxm The disjunct distribution of plant species, in which seemingly similar populations are found in geographically distant locations, has long fascinated scientists. A new study by Jenifer Lopes and colleagues, published in Annals of Botany, investigated the long-distance dispersal pathways of plant tribe Bocageeae across continents and within South America revealing that their success resulted from their ability to attract a diverse range of frugivore dispersers. Members of the Bocageeae. (C) Cardiopetalum calophyllum Schltdl., fruit, dehiscent monocarps. (D, E) Cymbopetalum brasiliense (Vell.) Benth. ex Baill. (D) Flower. (E) Apocarpous fruit. (F) Mkilua fragrans Verdc. Flower. (G) Hornschuchia myrtillus Nee; flowers. (H, I) Porcelia macrocarpa (Warm.) R.E. Fr. (H) Flowers. (I) Apocarpous fruit. Photographs by: Kuhlmann (2018) (C); Tarcísio Leão (D, E); Thomas L. P. Couvreur (F); Renato Mello-Silva (G); and Otávio Marques (H, I). Source Lopes et al. 2023. Bocageeae is a diverse lineage of flowering plants native to the tropics. These plants, characterized by their large, fleshy fruits, have managed to move between Africa and the Americas, establishing themselves across the Neotropics, the tropical region of the Americas. To unravel the evolutionary history and dispersal mechanisms of Bocageeae, Jenifer Lopes and colleagues reconstructed a detailed family tree using genetic data from 70% of the tribe’s species. Their analysis revealed that the tribe originated in Africa during the Early Eocene, around 55 million years ago. From there, they embarked on a journey, crossing the ancient Atlantic Ocean via the Boreotropics land bridge to reach South America, where they became firmly established. Interestingly, the researchers discovered that the ancestral Bocageeae plants had large, dehiscent fruits, a characteristic that suggests they were adapted for dispersal by large mammals that could swallow and then defecate the intact seeds. This dispersal mode, known as endozoochory, is particularly effective for long-distance dispersal, as seeds can travel long distances within an animal’s digestive system. Over time, the Bocageeae lineage diversified, giving rise to distinct groups adapted to different Neotropical regions and biomes. These adaptations included transitions in fruit morphology, such as the evolution of smaller, indehiscent fruits that were more attractive to smaller frugivores like birds and bats. The reconstructed ancestral fruit of Bocageeae suggests that both the mammal trait syndrome with large fruits and seeds and few monocarps; or the bird trait syndrome with dehiscent with bright coloured fruits may have been possible. Lopes et al. 2023 The research team concluded that the long-distance dispersal of Bocageeae was likely facilitated by a variety of frugivores, which in their constant search for food, played a crucial role in transporting seeds across vast distances, enabling plants to conquer new territories. The story of Bocageeae highlights the ability of plants to overcome geographical barriers and establish themselves in distant lands and sheds new light on the interconnected history of plant evolution, dispersal ability, and frugivore-mediated migration. READ THE ARTICLE Lopes, J.C., Fonseca, L.H.M., Johnson, D.M., Luebert, F., Murray, N., Nge, F.J., Rodrigues-Vaz, C., Soulé, V., Onstein, R.E., Lohmann, L.G. and Couvreur, T.L.P. (2023) “Dispersal from Africa to the Neotropics was followed by multiple transitions across Neotropical biomes facilitated by frugivores,” Annals of Botany. Available at: https://doi.org/10.1093/aob/mcad175. Cover: Cardiopetalum calophyllum by M/ Kuhlmann. The post The Journey of a Tropical Plant Tribe from Africa to the Americas appeared first on Botany One. via Botany One https://botany.one/ January 12, 2024 at 06:54PM

#Botany #Plant Science #Botany One

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newskannada · 1 year

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The importance of horticulture in combating climate change

One of the most complicated and difficult environmental threats the world is currently facing is climate change, which has had a significant impact on ecosystems. Over the next ten years, it is expected that the average world temperature would climb by 1.5 to 2.0 °C, causing more heat waves, longer warm seasons, and shorter cold seasons.

India's unique geography, ecosystems, and climatic zones make it more susceptible to climate hazards. Due to climate change, the central Indian state of Madhya Pradesh is also enduring droughts, excessive rainfall, floods, and hailstorms. Numerous areas in Madhya Pradesh are dealing with issues including rain that comes late, leaves early, has a protracted dry period, and not enough water in reservoirs, all of which wholly adversely effect crop productivity.

Fruit crops (mango, guava, banana, oranges, papaya), vegetable crops (potato, onion, peas, tomato, brinjal, cabbage), spice crops (chilly, garlic, coriander, ginger), and flower crops are some of the most important horticultural crops farmed (marigold, rose, gladiolus). With a share of roughly 45 percent in the region, vegetable crops are the most common, followed by spices at 35 percent, fruits at 18 percent, and flowers at 2 percent.

The anticipated temperature increase is alarming because it could have a direct impact on the flowering of fruit crops like guava and mango. During the peak of the mango plant's bloom, high temperatures and low relative humidity cause higher transpiration rates, which cause dehydration and lower output. Due to the infestation of insects like fruit flies, hot and humid weather can increase the likelihood of pests and diseases.

High temperatures can also shorten the growth time for the bunch by speeding up plant maturity rates in fruits like bananas. Due to their succulent nature, vegetables are much more sensitive to high temperatures. For instance, because of decreased productivity and smaller stature, high temperatures might result in yield losses in tomato plants. In tomatoes, higher temperatures can cause ovule abortion and poor viability, bud drop, abnormal flower development, poor pollen generation, dehiscence, and viability, as well as other reproductive problems.

Low temperatures in cucumber promote the growth of female flowers, whereas high temperatures promote the growth of more male flowers, which inhibits the growth of female flowers. Reduced yields are caused by the shorter duration of onion bulb size at high temperatures.

Impact of Climate Change on horticulture crops

Little precipitation and high temperatures brought on by climate change's rapid rise in temperature have decreased horticultural crop production and market demand. Agriculture commodities including wheat, maize, and rice as well as horticultural products like saffron, walnuts, and apples have seen a decline in production in the Jammu and Kashmir regions. Due to the change and loss brought about by climate change, many cities and farmers who were known for producing certain crops as well as communities and farmers who were completely dependent on horticulture crops have been under pressure.

Conclusion

Recognizing how Climate Change is negatively affecting agricultural production should be the first step in solving the difficulties. We will be in a better position to build the solutions once we are aware of the disparities. Bringing up the developing issues can assist establish policies and methods that, when properly and successfully applied, can lead to desired results. Crops used in agriculture and horticulture could be saved using the best techniques, such as greenhouse technology and the development of heat-tolerant measures. However, before implementing these techniques, it is crucial to acknowledge the problems and difficulties caused by climate change.

Author Bio

Newskannada brings you all the latest health news and tips. So explore our news portal which is offering breaking kannada news today latest special news in kannada from all over the globe.

#newskannada #kannada news #horticulture #climate change #horticultural crops

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arcanigenum · 2 years

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Origin of Ull's name

Bachlechner in 1851 related the name Ullr to Gothic wulþus ‘splendours’. Closely related words with this one are Gothic wulþrs ‘important, valuable’ and wulþags ‘glorious’, old english wuldor ‘splendours’ and latin vultus ‘gaze, facial expression, appearance’.

C. Uhlenbeck and G. Neckel relate wulþus with gothic waldan ‘to rule’, new high german walten ‘to rule, to govern’, and old swedish valda ‘reign over, inflict, to gain power’. If this is true, the name Ullr would rather mean ‘ruler’. Then it would remind strongly of the gods Balder and Frö.

The author himself of the book gives a new suggestion. He thinks it is the old west norse word *ullr ‘wellspring’ rather than a nordic equivalent to the gothic wulþus.

Just like the swedish lake name Ullen have been related to the old swedish word vælla ‘bubble up, stream, flow’, should the god name Ullr be able to relate to the old west norse vella ‘boil, simmer’. Closely related words are old swedish vælla ‘to make something boil or melt’ and old west norse vella ‘simmer, boil, weld’ and also old saxon and old high german wallan ‘boil, simmer’, old english weallan ‘boil’ and gothic wulan ‘simmer, boil’.

Under the presumption that *Ullr is related to old west norse vella, then it should be composed by the stem ull- and mean almost the same thing as the old swedish vælder ‘dehiscent beam’ (it says uppspringande stråle in the book, I honestly have no idea how to translate it to English). It is very likely that Ullr originally was an appellative with the meaning ‘wellspring’.

Source: Ullvi och Ullinshov: Studier rörande Ullkultens uppkomst och utbredning by Eric Elgqvist, poorly translated by me.

#x. about ull #do not reblog thanks <3 #this post was also in desperate need of a repost #anyway ull fans who know swedish should read ullvi och ullinshov bc it is probably the best book on ull and it's from like.....#1955.........#we still dont know shit about him bless

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flameinstitutechandigarh · 2 years

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The dehiscence of moss capsule takes place by rupture of

(a) Operculum (b) Peristome (c) Annulus (d) Calyptra Ans. c

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lexpressobean · 3 years

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Thoughts on Kikaichu as actual Parasites.

Knowing how skin and the body generally works on a medical level, the "hive" aspect of the Aburame clan really drives me crazy. 'Cause parasites are real, obviously, but the size of Kikaichu beetles makes absolutely no sense in comparison to irl skin parasites. At least not in a bee hive sort of way lol

rambling because my mind craves logic and I'm specializing as a wound care nurse but it's literally anime so what do I expect lol

No, wounds don't freak me out, I'm more terrified of generally handling vomit and babies than I am a dehiscence of a 15cm long surgical site lol. The human body can literally take so much abuse before it really starts to give and try to alert you that you need help! And once you give it help, it really can come full circle to the wound 100% looking like it was never there. The body is an amazing thing <3

However the first thing that comes to mind when I hear the word "parasite" is always going to be "tapeworm". That's not gonna change. However, kikaichu are not worms and CERTAINLY don't grow that fucking huge or live that long. (A tape worm can live long enough to graduate with a fucking PhD. Can you believe?) I haven't been exposed to any urgent situations involving parasites yet, however, the one I would compare a Kikaichu to that is (unfortunately) also common is the scabies mite.

Very briefly, scabies mites (Sarcoptes scabiei) are technically a type of arachnid that grow no bigger than a bout 0.5mm in size, but CAN be seen with the naked eye if you're looking for them. They crawl around the skin and burrow specifically in the top layer of skin, called the epidermis. The epidermis is that protective layer of skin and can be between 0.5mm to 1.5mm thick depending on which part of the body you're looking at. After the epidermis, you have the dermal layer, which is where sweat glands, nerves, and capillaries are found. Scabie mites will not burrow that deep because they only burrow to lay their eggs and such. As they do this they can cause visible tunnels and other marks that can be mistaken for acne or other skin conditions if not properly identified. You'll most likely know because the itch is VERY BAD.

They're very easily spread by close contact and a scabies infestation needs to be treated with a prescribed pharmacological means.

However, kikaichu are definitely a lot bigger than 0.5mm. In the case of size, I would compare them at minimum to fruitflies/medflies, which grow up to 3-5mm and maximum to ladybugs 4-7mm.

3-7mm > 0.5-1.5mm... obviously. And the holes which Kikaichu swarm out of that the audience has seen before are about a size comparable Shino's nostrils, IT DOESN'T MAKE SENSE!!

You're telling me those things were in his mouth?????????? S H I N O N O

That would mean, in realistic terms, the Kikaichu are fucking around in Shino's body to the bone and muscles and THAT'S A REALLY SCARY THOUGHT. Even just passing the epidermis to the dermis is alarming! Compared to the dry, protective epidermis that can and does take damage, the dermis can be 1-4mm thick depending on where you're looking and is where skin does it's business. All together that becomes 0.5-5.5mm of space BARELY big enough for a fruit fly do mess around in. It makes just enough sense in terms of THAT size, but last time I checked, having the skin penetrated to the dermal layer is just asking for infection to happen. You're first natural line of defense has been breeched, there's a pretty good chance you're gonna be bleeding (blood vessels) and general body fluids are going to be draining, which is bad for a multitude of reasons, and there's damage that gonna affect the nerves, and realistically this shit is going to be ABSOLUTELY painful if they're constantly manipulating those areas near nerves. These kinda of things CAN make new connections and things like that, sometimes damage is forever. (Case by case basis).

So my first thought to more or less "magically" solve the problem with anime logic, is that first of all, it's an anime and logic doesn't have to apply haha.

On a more sci-fi level, in which kikaichu are smaller than we've seen them shown, maybe they have been purposefully been allowed to burrow into the dermal layer of the skin at least because the blood vessels seem to be in direct contact with the chakra system. Kikaichu's prefered food is chakra, but they WILL mutiny and eat their respective Aburame from the inside out if they don't balance their chakra smartly. So it's safe to say Kikaichu are at least carnivorous as well, and so I only imagine these absolute nightmares would swarm their prey in the wild, and actively bite through and burrow into the body of the prey until they found the chakra system and went to town on that poor unfortunate soul. Eaten alive, how the hell did they "tame" them in the first friggin' place??

I like to think two things:

1) Kikaichu are passed down from parent to child, and the parent has control over the Kikaichu until they have been RIGOROUSLY trained for generations to comprehend that this baby/child isn't food, it's a new hive. If bees can comprehend time, Kikaichu can comprehend what an Aburame is. If they insist on trying to drain the babe or the babe just can't tolerate them, the parent takes the Kikaichu back and the babe is assigned another insect or position in general. Like hell they're gonna try to force a relationship like that.

2) As part of the successful symbiotic relationship, Kikaichu regularly debride the tunnels and borrows that they carve into their respective Aburame, and are naturally intuitive in avoiding as many nerves and blood vessels as possible. The chance of infection is never 0%, however, kikaichu are pretty good about taking care of their tunnels, and so it gives the Aburame more time to focus on their things, like increasing the amount if chakra in their system. To ensure that they stay healthy, Aburame are encouraged to eat as much protein and Vit C possible every day, whether it be meat, beans, lentils, eggs, oranges, tomatoes, or even supplements as times modernize. The dermis is living tissue and as long as debridement/tunneling is going on, it needs to be nourished as much as possible.

I don't know how the hell Aburame deal with the obvious drainage that would be coming from their bodies, assuming the dermal layer really is free game for the Kikaichu. But the magical solution is that... they don't? Because... drainage is minimal. The Kikaichu just do such a good job lol. Maybe they purposefully... carve entrances to be flappy, or they purposefully create pocket spaces underneath seemingly healed areas of skin to easily burst open when necessary. That's the biggest thing for me, leaking body fluids. There's no way around that shit besides straight up denial lol Maybe they wear a special kind of dressing underneath their clothes, or that's directly applied with their clothes. Maybe that's what that cute little backpack is filled with, who knows!!

Idk man. I'm sure the Aburame authority forces encourages many of their non-hive members to pursue medical nin training in order to give the clan more privacy in general too. All medics that claim the Aburame name are exclusively used by the Aburame Clan. A non-Aburame medic may end up healing tunnels and burrows that were meant to stay open because "oops" and now you have an X amount of insects possibly suffocating within a completely sealed pocket of the skin, and also now there's a very good chance that after those insects die, that whole area is gonna frickin' abscess and cause infection induced tunnels the longer it's left alone and GROSS THAT WASN'T SUPPOSED TO HAPPEN! THERE IS A DELICATE, ORGANIZED, SELF-SUFFICENT PROCESS TO ALL THIS!! A PROCESS!!!

Like... the other ninja in the NartVerse can make as many jokes, jabs, and comments about the Aburame as they please (INO? BITCH??? but to be honest I still love her lol). But these MFers are constantly playing Russian Roulette with these high maintenance demon spawn from hell, and there are VERY little defences against Kikaichu, virtually none. Like the only thing I've ever seen actively thwart Kikaichu across all media is killing them with mass fire, countering them with large amounts of poison gas (both very exterminator like) or literally just feeding them chakra until they're so stupid full, they can't move, the little gluttons. As far as genjutsu, it's been stated that it's both effective and ineffective, so idk about that. But the Aburame are just SO set up to be the living breathing embodiment of Shinobi as defined by the NartVerse. They're whole clan culture relies on the threat of enemies. If they have no enemies, the whole relationship is an exhausting endeavor for literally no reason. It's not worth it if there's no one to fight or protect! But when there is a threat, you want them on YOUR side.

I suppose the best bet is to incapacitate the Aburame individual asap and the Kikaichu will tend the individual, making escape easier. But, if you DID manage to kill that Aburame right away, that particular Aburame's swarm is now suddenly without its food source and without restraint.

What do you THINK is gonna happen, bro?? The second an Aburame loses their grip on their consciousness due to external influences, the bugs go bonkers because I'm pretty sure Kikaichu are simply persuaded to be in this relationship and have NO tolerance for bullshit like alcohol and overheating temps. If their Aburame dies, they probably cause just as much chaos as they would as a wild, unattended swarm. Then YOU BETTER HAVE fire or poison gas or SOMETHING handy. The only way to calm them down is to offer them chakra and a new host with equal or even more chakra reserves. Otherwise the mutineers must be eradicated.

And for serious... Like, any deeper and the kikaichu would be in the hypodermal/subcutaneous layer of the skin and that's where a lot of connective tissue is located. Let's NOT mess with that shit, shall we? NOT a good idea. It's called connective tissue for a reason first and foremost...

#tis i #anime: naruto #shino aburame #aburame shino #if you need me to tag something lemme know #i wouldn't know exactly what to tag #i bet medics DREAD having to work on Aburame because their situations are so complex haha.#the best medic for an aburame would be a hyuuga clansman.#otherwise it's just gonna have to resolve itself cuz if they're unconscious #they can't help you help them

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magmacannon · 9 months

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3-7 for Yarrow, Reach, Dee, and Lanza :3c

yes... my Excellent Guys

Gonna do my best to make this understandable pff

3. Ask them to describe their love interest.

Yarrow - "Ohh well since we don't have all day, I'll just give you a little something. My dearheart is every bit the cliche 'knight in shining armor' with a nice fun streak of petty violence down the middle. He's got that distinguished sort of handsomeness about him whether he's in armor or lazing around in a nightgown that makes bothering him irresistible - he does like it, I promise! He knows me better than anyone else at this point; we've seen eachother through some extreme lows and have come out the other side stronger for it. I'm still a little amazed he's so genuinely enchanted with me - all of me, even when I'm doing pretty poorly! He makes me blush with how sweet he can be, which i can assure you is a feat at my age. Plus he's got fantastic big-dick energy and it's well-earned - wait where are you going? Too much? Ah well-"

Reach - "...I'd rather not say. He and I are on... uncertain terms. I'm trying to make things right. Somehow. I really don't know if it's possible. He's just... I need to repay him for all he's done for me, and I did the opposite of that, but. I'll do it or die trying."

Dehiscence - "Nelly? I don't have the words for that. She's perfect and kind. When she travels she brings me little cloth scraps and things to hold. She gets flustered easily. She hates blood even though there's so much of it in every person, including herself. I'd do anything for her."

Lanza - "Well thank you for ah, flattering me. I've got too much on my plate to be tied down right now, you see? I'm busy, come back in ten years or so and ask me again, capiche?"

4. Do they look good in red?

Yarrow - absolutely! Yarrow has the fashion sense and the time to make most any look work well, but red is one of the colors he prefers to wear (matches his eyes). It can be a little eye-searing at times, though.

Reach - He'd probably look really nice in some darker maroon-reds, but I don't think he has access to much red (or at least doesn't have it in his wardrobe??) I think he'd consider it too flashy.

Dee - Absolutely 100%, both when they have a red-toned mushroom growth and later when it's more brown/orange tones. I do think they'd prefer it as accents or (at most) a tank top - not too overwhelming

Lanza - out of all of these I think she'd have the most difficult time with making it work as she's got blue tones in her skin/hair.

5. Speech! Speech! Speech! Speech! Will they give one, and what about?

Yarrow - 99 times out of 100, Yarrow is prepared to give a short and effective speech at a party or some other social event. His ability to be Aware of the situation and vibe around him in those settings in nearly uncanny, so he very rarely has issues with these landing incorrectly! (when they don't go well it's a spectacular fumble)

Reach - He would NOT give one. Reach (especially in his older age) is extremely reserved and not really an orator. Unless he was in a small group of friends (genuinely at max 3 or 4 other people) he'd be too uncomfortable to speak - if the group was small though, he'd give a short two sentences about staying strong through cooperation or something similar to that.

Dee - You couldn't make Dee give a speech at their own wedding! Dee would write something thought-provoking but if someone tried to get them to say it they'd just Stare until the person left kfhfjdk

Lanza - At MOST Lanza would give a 5-word 'speech' in celebration or frustration with whatever event was happening. She has the confidence to roast someone if they keep pushing, too.

6. Who will they take advice from, no matter what it is? Who won’t they take advice from, no matter what it is?

Yarrow - Up until extremely recently, Yarrow would have answered this first question as "no one" - with a half-exception for therapists. Nowadays he's extremely wildly likely to listen to Kiro's advice, unless it relates to a few things that Yarrow thinks he handles better. Yarrow wouldn't take advice from anyone under 40 years old simply because they Do Not Know Enough, in his opinion. Also any paladin in his current city couldn't give him advice that he'd follow literally to save his life.

Reach - Without question, Reach would take advice from his higher-ups and from Sumet, his hunting partner and partner in all things (up until recently). Reach wouldn't ignore the advice of anyone, as he was trained to be big on cooperation and has a terrible need for answers in his current stage of life.

Dee - They're a very interesting case for this question because I think the only person they'd take advice from without question is Nelly's uncle, who has a very strong understanding of the issues Nelly is going through in regards to not following her family's traditional monster hunting job and who, while loved, is a bit of an outsider because (?) he took the same path. Other than that, Dee tens to weigh any opinion or advice against their own internal thoughts before acting on anything. They also tend to not take other people's advice at all unless they're someone they trust immensely.

Lanza - She's pretty strong-willed about a lot of things, so Lanza doesn't tend to trust anyone's advice implicitly! If they're an expert in something (personal or professional) that she doesn't know much about then she's likely, but not guaranteed, to listen to what they say. In her old setting I would have said she'd never follow the advice of her parents bc she was going through a 'rebel against old people' phase but honestly I don't think she's like that in other settings! She's just pretty headstrong still lol.

7. Describe them in three words. Now let them describe themself in three words.

Yarrow - I'd describe him as sharp, uncanny, and horny whereas he'd describe himself as "smart, gorgeous, and horny" or something along those lines pff

Reach - "Stubborn, misguided, and tired" are mine, Reach would likely call himself "worn, lost, and desperate". A younger Reach would have called himself sure, strong, and knowledgeable, though.

Dee - I'd say they're touch-starved, eerie, and like.... almost chivalrous??? perhaps like a loyal dog?? whereas they would describe themselves (if forced) as "reserved, tenacious, and steady".

Lanza - I get the privilege to call her a "fre-willed Italian butch(?)" whereas she'd call herself "free, skilled, and well-dressed"

#thanks for the ask!!!#I DID IT.... this one's big #c: Yarrow #c: Reach #c: Dehiscence #C: Lanza

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sarisue-frontier-bandit · 2 years

Photo

Sections of flower buds, flowers and fruits of species of Velloziaceae. (A-C), B. plantaginea. A, Flower bud, showing carpel with outer tepal bundle and dorsal bundle. B, Flower bud, detail of stomata in the carpel external epidermis (Scale bar = 20 μm). C, Fruit 2, showing disintegrated mesocarp. D-F, B. rodriguesii. D, Flower, showing carpel with outer tepal bundle and dorsal bundle. E, Dehiscent fruit, showing lignification of the endocarp central region. F, Dehiscent fruit,

#flowerbuds #fruits #flowers #botanicals #velloziaceae #rodriguesii #dehiscence #plantaginea #flower buds #buds #dehiscent fruit

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juniperpublishersjojoos · 4 years

Text

The Use of Negative Pressure Wound Therapy in Patients with Skin Grafts and Flaps-Juniper-Publishers

Introduction

Increasing the healing rate of a wound by applying an externally controlled negative pressure is known as Negative Pressure Wound Therapy (NPWT). Negative pressure drains serve as an excellent atmospheric bandage [1,2] and NPWT can be used for treating wounds which usually take a long time to heal or do not heal at all when treated using conventional treatment methods [3] and also diabetic foot disease which has become a major global burden [2]. Though, international organizations have already developed NPWT machines, their cost is around 7 to 8 thousand [4], which is unbearable to a developing country like India. Increasing healthcare costs and the growing burden of non-healing wounds is a challenging issue in India. Due to their high cost, NPWT devices are not available in Indian civil hospitals [5-7].

As a result, the patients with non-healing wounds Increases the healthcare cost of the country due to their long stays at hospitals and suffer changes in their life style. Especially, diabetic foot amputees lose their legs due to non-healing wounds. A manually operated low cost NPWT device was therefore developed at our General Hospital. It has demonstrated the success of the therapy to, many patients with non healing ulcers, traumatic raw area. In our hospital we have applied this system to patients operated with split thickness grafts and flaps. We have observed early take of graft and early settlement of flaps But one problem identified with this machine is that it is being operated manually and its inability to maintain pressure at a regular value, But the desired pressure range in NPWT is -50 to -175mmHg while the optimal value is -125mmHg [5]. objective of the this research is to develop a reliable, low power consuming, user friendly, portable and low cost NPWT system to treat different types of wounds and to Test the system clinically at a plastic surgery department to Evaluate its performance.

Aims and Objective

a. To study effect of Negative pressure wound therapy on post-operative Outcomes in Patients operated with skin graft and flap. b. To study impact of negative pressure wound therapy on local infection. c. To develop a manually operated low cost NPWT device. d. To study duration of the graft take with use of the device.

Materials and Methods

This study is a single institutional observational cohort study of Negative Pressure Wound Therapy post operatively for the purpose of early graft take and early settlement of flap. Data will be prospectively collected in a standardized fashion. The analyzed preoperative variables include patient demographics, co morbid conditions, and laboratory values, culture and sensitivity of wound, site and condition of wound. After application graft and flap and application of negative pressure wound therapy patient will be observed for any local or systemic complication, wound contraction, progress of graft take length of hospital stay (LOS), wound condition, morbidity will be assessed [8-10].

Indications for Use

The Negative Pressure Wound Therapy System (NPWT) is an integrated wound management system for use in acute and extended settings. It is intended to create an environment that promotes wound healing by secondary or tertiary (delayed primary) intention by preparing the wound bed for closure, reducing edema [10], promoting granulation tissue formation and perfusion and by removing exudates and infectious material [11,12]. It is indicated for patients with chronic, acute, traumatic, sub-acute and dehisced wounds, partial-thickness burns, ulcers (such as diabetic, pressure or venous insufficiency], flaps and grafts. The Negative Pressure wound therapy is an effective barrier to bacterial penetration and may help reduce infection [13,14].

Contraindications

Do not place foam dressings of the Negative Pressure Wound Therapy System directly in contact with exposed blood vessels, anastomotic sites, organs, or nerves. Negative Pressure Wound Therapy is contraindicated for patients with:

a. Malignancy in the wound b. Untreated osteomyelitis c. Non-enteric and unexplored fistulas d. Necrotic tissue with eschar present e. Vasculitis f. HIV and HbsAg positive Patients g. Sensitivity to products used in dressing

After debridement of necrotic tissue and complete removal of eschar, Negative Pressure Wound Therapy may be used.

Mechanism of Action

The Negative Pressure Wound Therapy is the first active, non-invasive wound care product, used by a secure local regulated sub-atmospheric pressure technique. The exact mechanisms to explain this treatment are not known yet. Researches by Argenta et al. [12,13] postulated that interrelated factors are the basis for the success of the technique. These factors can be devised in 3 subgroups:

Removing

Tissues surrounding the chronic wounds are characterized by localized collection of interstitial or third-space fluid. This third space fluid or edema caused by increased capillary permeability in wound. Wound cell and nourishment of wound decrease due to Edema fluid oxygenation. This collection of third-space fluid contains factors which inhibits or suppresses mitosis, protein synthesis and fibroblasts collagen synthesis. An active withdrawal of this fluid removes the excess of third space wound fluid and its inhibitory factors. The active withdrawal also results in the removing of wound debris.

Improving

The collection of third space fluid mechanically compromises the micro-vascularisation and lymphatic system. By removing the third space fluid and its inhibitory factors, this result in increased vascularisation, reduced venous after load and an increased delivery of oxygen and nutrients as well. These changes improve the rate of granulation formation and the concentration of growth factors. An additional mechanism of the Negetive Pressure Wound Therapy is the mechanical stimulation of cells migration by tensile forces placed on the surrounding tissues [10]. Adequate wound perfusion essential for tissue repair. Blood supply required for delivery of cells, factors & elements like Platelets, Neutrophils, Monocytes, Nutrients, and Oxygen etc. Peripheral blood supply essential for wound healing processes to continue. It Helps fight infection and Delivers oxygen & nutrients for healing [11,12,13].

Reducing

Besides reducing of third space fluid, We know that successful wound healing correlates with bacterial counts of less than 1,00,000 organism per gram of tissue. Bacterial counts of human wounds treated by Negative Pressure Wound Therapy have demonstrated a significant decrease after 3-4 days usually until less than 1000 per gram of tissue [14,15].

NPWT for Split Thickness Grafts

NPWT has been used instead of traditional bolstering methods to provide skin graft fixation. Improved qualitative skin graft take and quantitative improvement in skin graft success (e.g. repeat grafts) have been described in observational studies and two randomized trials [16,21]. Moisidis E & Heath T, et al. [17] conducted a trial in which 60 patients are randomly assigned to NPWT dressing connected to An aspiration to NPWT dressing connected to aspiration system versus NPWT dressing not connected to an aspiration system after STSG. NPWT was associated with significant reduction in graft loss.

1. Loss of graft area: zero versus 4.5cm2 in control group 2. Median duration of hospital stay: 13.5 versus 17 days

In our study, median duration of hospital stay was 11 days for split thickness skin graft with NPWT. Median duration of hospital stay was 13 days for flaps. Moisidis and colleagues compared a standard bolster dressing with an NPWT dressing, although quantitative graft take was similar between two groups but NPWT significantly improved the qualitative appearance of the graft.

NPWT for Flaps

The usefulness of NPWT over vascularised flaps is controversial. Morgan and colleagues specifically reported that NPWT does not increase the risk of flap failure rates or complication. However NPWT has also been shown to reduce tissue edema and improve venous congestion and contouring of flaps all of which consider beneficial. Eisenhardt, et al. [18] specifically reported that NPWT does not increase the risk of flap failure rates or complication. In our study there was reduction of tissue edema and there is no flap failure with NPWT.

Discussion

In the present study of Use of Negative Pressure Wound Therapy in Post-operative Patients with Skin Grafts and Flaps, 30 cases admitted in our ward were studied. Maximum (90.0%) numbers of patients in this study were males. Most of the patients admitted with soft tissue defect were suffered from road traffic accident and Most of the populations in road traffic accidents are males (Figure 1)In our study maximum number of population was between age group of 40 to 60 years (30%), followed by young population between 10 to 20 years (20%) and 20 to 30 years (20%). Least number of patients is above 60 years of age (Figure 2)Causes aft raw area and soft tissue defect in our study was road traffic accident (73.33%) followed by post cellulites raw area (13.33%), post operative dehisced flaps (6.66%) and chronic ulcers (6.66%) (Figure 3) Maximum numbers of patient were having less than 50cm (70%) area for application of negative pressure wound therapy Five patients are having surface area of 50 to 100cm. There are three patients with size more than 200 cm and one patient with size between 100 to 200cm(Figure 4) In our study 63% patients are having good amount of healthy granulation over wound most of which achieved by pre operative application of negative pressure wound therapy. 36% patients are having unhealthy granulation tissue (Figure 5)93.33% Patients treated with gauze application. 6.66% patients treated with presterilised foam application (Figure 6)Only one patient is having is having graft take less than 70%. 41% patients are having graft take of a 100%. 29% patients are having graft take of 95%. Patients having 90% and 80% of graft take are 12.5 percentages each (Figure 7)Maximum no. of patient treated with split thickness skin grafting [19] with excellent results. 3 patients were treated with transposition flap and application of negative pressure wound therapy to both transposition flap and adjacent graft, 2 patients were having gastrocnemius flap for upper third defect of leg. In 2 patients negative pressure wound therapy applied over reverse surely artery flap after division and inset. 2 patients are of fillet flap of great toe. In One patient NPWT applied over groin flap after division and inset and in one patient NPWT it is applied over abdominal flap after dehiscence of suture line after division and inset (Figure 8). 1 patient with split thickness skin grafting was having infection in scar, while 1 patient was having pain over dressing area. One patient with gastrocnemius flap was having skin rash at edge of flap area which is managed by daily dressing (Table 1)Maximum Patients with split thickness skin grafting were given 2 settings of negative pressure wound therapy each of 3 days (50.00%) out of 24 patients (Figure 9)Out of 30 patients 19 patients (63.33) were having negative culture reports. 4 patients were having proteus mirabilis (13.33), 5 patients were having pseudomonas (16.66), 2 patients (6.66%) were having klebsiella organism in there bacteriological culture. One patient with pseudomonas culture on raw area shoes graft take of 70%. As end point of result was complete graft take and flap settlement there is no organism were found on bacteriological culture (Figure 10) Out of 19 patients with split thickness graft 16 patients((63.33%) were treated with intermittent NPWT and 3 patients were treated with continuous NPWT. 9 patients (81.81%) of flaps treated intermittent NPWT 2 patients were treated with continuous NPWT (Figure 11)Acute and Chronic wound management represents a considerable burden on health services and requires considerable manpower, frequent consultations and adjunct therapies. Chronic wounds affect patient's ability to function in their environment causing financial social and psychological consequences as well as affecting their quality of life [1-6]. Regardless of etiology, wounds are difficult to treat if coexisting factors (e.g., infection or diabetes mellitus) prevent regular wound healing [22,23]. Wounds represent a significant risk factor for hospitalization, amputation, sepsis, and even death, and from the patient's perspective, wound therapy is often uncomfortable or painful. Topical Negative pressure devices are believed to hasten the take of graft, removing wound exudates, increasing local blood flow, provide immobilization of graft, applying mechanical pressure to promote wound closure and reducing bacterial load in the wound. In addition to providing an optimal wound bed environment, topical negative pressure has been shown to increase local blood flow to the wound site in initial animal studies. Adequate perfusion is essential to proper take of the graft in order to provide nutrients and to remove inflammatory mediators to the wound and to remove local edema. An important factor in wound healing is the growth of granulation tissue. Initial studies by Morykwas et al. [24,25,26] showed a significant increase in rate of granulation tissue formation in wounds treated with NPWT Device compared with control wounds treated with saline-moistened gauze. Argenta et al. [22] reported finding from animal study as well as human clinics trials showing that a fourfold increase in blood flow levels when 125mmHg sub-atmospheric pressures was applied. A significantly increased rate of granulation tissue formation (p<= 0.5) was reported with continuous (63.3% -/+ 26.1%) and intermittent (103% -/+ 35.3%) application of negative pressure wound therapy.

Complication

Minimal complication encounters in present study. Bleeding occurs in one patient with operated case of gastrocnemius flap with application of NPWT over surface. There is a discontinuation in application of NPWT in one patient due to excessive pain. One of the patients with NPWT develops peripheral skin infection leading to discontinuation of NPWT [23]. Even unethical given the large effects observed in uncontrolled studies. Clinical and economical importance of NPWT has increased in recent times because it is an innovative and commercially successful concept for the management of difficult to treat wound of nearly every etiology [19,20]. The results of our study showed that indigenous NPWT is an effective tool in management of Split thickness graft, post surgical dehisced wounds and flaps. It is cost effective as compared to imported / local commercial NPWT devices available in the market. Indigenous NPWT is safe with minimal adverse events.

Results

A. Negative pressure wound therapy is cost effective as compared to commercially available negative pressure wound therapy B. Negative pressure wound therapy improve quantitative take of graft and decreases hospital stay. C. Negative pressure wound therapy is useful option on dehisced flap to reduce edema and for early settlement of flap (Figures 12-25)

Case 1

Case 2:

28 year old male with history of post traumatic raw area over dorsum of foot.

Case 3:

Crush injury to right hand due to hand caught in ganna machine.

Case 4:

Operated case of crush hand injury of right hand with filleting of second and third digit with raw area over dorsum of hand.

Conflict of Interest

None

To read more articles in Journal of Orthopedic & Orthoplastic Surgery

Click on https://juniperpublishers.com/jojoos/index.php

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#Operated case #dorsum of hand

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elefteriamantzorou · 2 years

Photo

Wild mustard greens (Sinapis spp. known as "vrouva" in Greece)! Learn more about our online courses on herbal medicine & aromatherapy in jointheflow.net Discover my books on bodywork and more: amzn.to/3xhaNey The yellow flowers of the plant produce glabrous or sparsely bristled siliquae. Each fruit (silique) contains roughly a half dozen seeds. The plants are harvested for their seeds just prior to the seed pods (siliquae) becoming ripe and bursting open (dehiscing). White mustard seeds are hard spheroid seeds, usually around 1.0 to 1.5 mm (0.039 to 0.059 in) in diameter, with a color ranging from beige or yellow to light brown. They can be used whole for pickling or toasted for use in dishes. When ground and mixed with other ingredients, a paste or more standard condiment can be produced. Sinapis alba is used to make the commonplace yellow table mustard, with additional yellow coloring provided by turmeric in some formulations. The seeds contain sinalbin, which is a thioglycoside responsible for their pungent taste. White mustard has fewer volatile oils and the flavor is considered to be milder than that produced by black mustard seeds. In Greece, the plant's leaves are eaten during the winter, before it blooms. Sprouting the seeds is a great idea! Another idea is to preserve the leaf in lacto-fermentation. Nutritional value of seeds: 500 Calories per 100g Water : 0% Protein: 27.2g; Fat: 35g; Carbohydrate: 34g; Fibre: 6g; Ash: 4.5g; Minerals - Calcium: 500mg; Phosphorus: 800mg; Iron: 16mg; Magnesium: 0mg; Sodium: 5mg; Potassium: 732mg; Zinc: 0mg; Vitamins - A: 400mg; Thiamine (B1): 0.5mg; Riboflavin (B2): 0.37mg; Niacin: 8mg; B6: 0mg; C: 0mg; Text Source: Wikipedia, PFAF. Photo taken by me, all rights reserved. #sinapis #sinapisalba #wildmustard #Brassicaceae #eatweeds #sprouting #greekflora #greekherbs #herbnerd #wildherbs #botany #botanicalmedicine #medicinalherbs #myherbalstudies #healingherbs #foraging #herbalistsofinstagram #herbalremedies #primitiveskills #survivalskills #urbanherbalist #herbalremedies #apothecary #ethnobotany #ethnobotanist (at Athens, Greece) https://www.instagram.com/p/CaodUztMTYg/?utm_medium=tumblr

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juniperpublisherscasestudies · 3 years

Text

Juniper Publishers- Open Access Journal of Case Studies

First Trimester Medical Pregnancy Termination: When Bleeding and Pain are not Caused by Expulsion. A Case Report of Uterine Rupture

Authored by Matthey Page C

Abstract

Introduction: Uterine rupture is a rare complication of misoprostol when used to induce first trimester medical termination of pregnancy.

Case: A 35-year-old patient gravida 5, para 3, known for a scarred uterus and hospitalised for onsite first trimester termination at 8 weeks and 2 days of pregnancy. After receiving her first dose of 400mcg of oral misoprostol, the patient developed acute abdominal pain associated with heavy vaginal bleeding. Vaginal ultrasound showed the retention of the pregnancy without sign of uterine rupture. A second dose of 400mcg of oral misoprostol was administered. We noticed persistent moderate vaginal bleeding and moderate abdominal pain without expulsion. We then proceeded to remove the pregnancy surgically. Following dilatation and curettage, a perforation of the anterior uterine wall was suspected. During laparoscopy, the complete rupture of the uterine scar covered with peritoneum was diagnosed.

Conclusion: Uterine rupture is a rare complication of misoprostol use, especially during first trimester pregnancy termination. We suggest a low threshold of suspicion in patients presenting abdominal pain with a known scarred uterus.

Keywords: First trimester medical pregnancy termination; Misoprostol; Uterine rupture

Introduction

Misoprostol is used off label in gynecology to induce uterine contractions. Its use in association with mifepristone is considered to be a safe method for pregnancy termination in the first trimester [1].

Most frequent side effects of misoprostol involve the digestive system (abdominal pain, diarrhea) or fever [2]. Uterine rupture has also been described in the literature in association with the use of misoprostol [3]. The incidence is low. The risk is known to increase throughout the pregnancy and in scarred uterus. Nevertheless, seldom cases of uterine rupture have been reported after the use of misoprostol in the first trimester. Here, we report the case of a patient, known for 3 prior caesareans, who suffered a uterine rupture after the use of misoprostol, even though the pregnancy was described by ultrasound to be located away from the uterine scar.

Case

A 35-year-old patient, gravida 5, para 3, with three prior C-sections underwent a first trimester medical termination at 8 weeks and 2 days. The patient was known for a prior first trimester medical termination, first caesarean for fetal distress more than 6 years ago, a second caesarean in an emergency setting for uterine rupture and 2 years ago a third elective caesarean with an asymptomatic dehiscence of the uterine scar discovered during the surgery. The intra-uterine localisation was confirmed by vaginal ultrasound. The lower uterine segment was not described Figure 1.

Following our hospital protocol and in accordance to international guidelines [4], we proceeded with delivering one dose of Mifepristone 200mg followed two days later by two doses of 400mcg of oral misoprostol at 3 hours interval. The patient entered our hospital for the first dose of misoprostol with a hemoglobin of 111G/l. She received the first dose of misoprostol in association with 500mg paracetamol, 30mg of Codeine and 600mg of Ibuprofen. One hour later, she suffered from acute abdominal pain (pain scale 9/10) associated with heavy vaginal bleeding (300ml in total). No change in hemodynamic parameters was reported. A uterine rupture was suspected. An emergency vaginal ultrasound showed the retention of the pregnancy without sign of intra-abdominal bleeding. A control blood count showed a stable hemoglobin of 109G/l. The pain and the bleeding spontaneously decreased (pain scale 5/10). The favorable development without medical intervention led us to decide for a stationary observation in the hospital.

After 3 hours of expectant management, without any new reappearance of acute pain, we administered a second dose of 400mcg of misoprostol. After the second dose, persistent moderate bleeding associated with moderate abdominal pain was observed, without resurgence of acute pain, for which we suggested an oversight in the hospital. At this time, the total blood loss was estimated to be 450ml.

Constant pain (5/10), increasing bleeding, associated with a drop of hemoglobin up to 73G/L motivated the decision of an emergency surgical removal of the pregnancy. A repeated ultrasound before the surgery showed the persistence of the pregnancy without any sign of intra-abdominal fluid.

In the operating room, we confirmed moderate to heavy vaginal bleeding. The cervix dilatation was spontaneously evaluated ad Hegar 10. The aspiration of the pregnancy was uncomplicated. The introduction of a curette lead to the suspicion of an anterior uterine wall dehiscence. We converted the surgery to laparoscopy. As we entered the camera in the abdomen, there was no sign of uterine rupture. Only a small amount of blood in the vesico-uterine pouch was visible.

A curette was inserted again intra-vaginaly which allowed us to see a covered perforation of the uterine wall by the peritoneum. The incision of the peritoneum revealed the complete rupture of the uterine scar Figure 2.

Cystoscopy was undertaken to exclude an extension of the tear to the bladder. The rupture was sutured during the laparoscopy procedure Figure 3.

In the post-operative setting, the patient was transfused with 2 units of blood before being discharged home the next day. An ultrasound two months later confirmed a healing scar Figure 4.

Discussion

The clinical symptoms associated with a complete rupture of the uterine scar, suggest that the uterine rupture took place after the first dose of misoprostol. This hypothesis explains the persistent pain presented by the patient and the absence of expulsion (no uterine contraction possible). Uterine rupture can present itself with intra-abdominal heavy bleeding. As demonstrated in this case, only moderate signs such as constant vaginal bleeding associated with one acute episode of abdominal pain and the absence of expulsion can also be the only symptoms present.

Misoprostol is considered safe during first trimester termination of pregnancy. Nevertheless, this case is a good reminder that a medical pregnancy termination should never be undertaken lightly. First and foremost, intra-uterine pregnancy needs to be confirmed. For patient who underwent a previous caesarean, the location of the pregnancy and trophoblast away from the uterine scar must be asserted. Ultrasonographic criteria for a definitive diagnostic have been postulated in different studies. The presence of a healthy myometrium between the bladder and the gestational sac must be established [5]. For patients who underwent multiple anterior caesarean, to our knowledge, there is no study showing a threshold in size for the inferior uterine wall. It is debatable whether the risk of misoprostol use is greater than a surgical aspiration for these patients.

When uterine dehiscence or rupture is suspected in a stable patient, ultrasonography may be a useful tool to confirm the diagnosis [6]. As shown in our patient, the ultrasonography can also be misleading, showing no sign of intra-abdominal fluid and falsy suggesting that the pain experienced by the patient was connected to uterine contractions and not rupture.

The recommended dose of misoprostol in first trimester pregnancy termination does not differ depending on the route of administration. Similarly, there is no required adaptation necessary for patients with previous caesarean under 26 weeks of gestation [7]. The recommended dose for misoprostol in first trimester termination in the new FIGO guidelines is 800mcg sublingual, per vaginal or buccal every 3 hours for 2 to 3 doses. Our hospital protocol delivers two doses of 400mcg of misoprostol. The symptoms suggest that the rupture occurred already after the first dose. This fact suggests that the risk of rupture could be better linked to the use of misoprostol than the actual dosage. Uterine rupture has also been described in the literature after the use of misoprostol in unscarred uterus [3].

It is therefore critical before any pregnancy termination in the first trimester to evaluate the risk of uterine rupture for each patient (previous caesarean, number of anterior uterine surgery, uterine wall disease). Most of all, this case is a good reminder that even though the risk of uterine rupture is low, it is inherent to the prescription of drugs inducing contractions such as misoprostol.

Conclusion

Uterine rupture is a rare complication associated with the use of misoprostol in first trimester pregnancy termination. Nevertheless, it is necessary to have a low suspicion threshold for patient with a scarred uterus. There is no consensus as to whether it is necessary to measure the inferior uterine wall for patient with prior caesarean who undergo a first trimester pregnancy termination. We suggest that these patients should receive medical abortion in the hospital setting or a surgical removal of the pregnancy under ultrasound.

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Lupine Publishers | Impact of Some Fertilization Treatments on Crop and It’s Atrebuites on “Fuerte” Avocado Trees

Abstract

This study was carried out throughout two successive seasons 2015 and 2016 at Horticulture Research Station at El-Kanater El-Khayria, Qalyubeia Governorate on 20-year-old avocado trees (Persea americana Mill.) “Fuerte” cultivar grafted on Dayouk rootstock and irrigated with through farrow (surface) irrigation system. In this sequence (N1) as the control or untreated trees and other trees were treated with four treatments of different addition times of nitrogen soil fertilization (N2, N3, N4 and N5) all only once and once with boron and zinc as foliar spraying in concentrations (1, 2 and 3 g/L) beside combination between them. Nitrogen fertilization rated 1200g /tree in 3 times as (NH4No3) 33. 5%. Boron was used as sulaphate boron (17, 5%) and zinc was used as sulphate zinc (34%) each treatment was sprayed independently or in combination three times during (October, January, April). Pollen germination, fruit set as well as yield, fruit weight, flesh weight, oil content percentage and vitamin C were determined to assess the effect of the treatments. The obtained results showed that nitrogen soil application time and boron and zinc foliar spraying were significantly affected on improving all the tested parameters compared with control trees. The study also showed that, nitrogen soil application time N2 with boron and zinc combination at 1g/L/tree was more effective than the other treatments and gave significantly the highest values in comparison of other testes treatments in both seasons of study.

Keywords: Avocado; Fuerte; Nitrogen; Boron; Zinc, Foliar spraying; Application time; Fruit set; Fruit quality and oil content

Introduction

The avocado Persea Americana, Mill belongs to the family Lauraceae. It has developed into three horticultural races (West Indian, Guatemalan and Mexican [1], which are adaptable to a wide range of soil and climatic conditions. Avocado which has been referred to as the most nutritious of all fruits [2], has gained worldwide recognition and significant volume in international trade. Although relatively new in international commerce, this unique fruit has been appreciated and utilized for at least 9000 years in and near its center of origin in Meso-America [3]. Avocado is a relatively new crop in areas of the world outside its native range in the American tropics. In 2013, world production of avocados was 4.7 million tons, with Mexico alone accounting for 32% (1.47 million tons) of the total production. Other major producers include Dominican Republic, Colombia, Peru and Indonesia, together totaling 1.26 million tons or 28% of world production (FAOSTAT of the United Nations 2013). “Fuerte” is one of the most common avocado cultivars in the international market. “Fuerte” accounts for about 55% of the production in Mexico and California and is important in other countries [4] and [5]. In Egypt, the avocado was grown in limited areas in El-Delta, in 50s and 60s of the previous centuries. Only Fuertre and Dayouk were grown in these areas until recent were new areas as El-Nubaria, Ismailia and El-Khatatba started to be grown with avocado.

“Fuerte” the most spread cultivar is a Mexican _ Guatemalan hybrid, Trees are large, with spreading crowns; leaves have aniseed smell when crushed, red flecking on wood of new shoots; flower Group B, fruit pyriform with distinct neck but variable ranging from elongated with long narrow neck to dumpy with short broad neck, medium to large size weighing 170–500 g, skin thin, green, medium gloss, supple leathery texture, pimpled surface, seed size is Medium to large, conical with pointed apex, early maturing with pale yellow flesh, 75–77% recovery, excellent quality with flavoursome, nutty after-taste, good on-tree storage, but short shelf-life when ripe. The chemical composition of avocado depends on the cultivar and stage of ripening [6]. In Egypt, “Fuerte” is harvested all year round but its’ main season is from October to December. Main problems facing avocado plantations are slow to reach production, low yields in cooler climates with a marked tendency for erratic cropping and sensitivity to low temperatures during flowering and fruit set [7].

Nitrogen seems to be the most important element in avocado nutrition. Deficiencies of nitrogen in avocado result in small, pale leaves, early leaf drop, and smaller and fewer fruits [8]. In addition, nitrogen deficient trees were found to be more susceptible to frost damage [9]. Boron is essential for pollen germination, for successful growth of the pollen tube through the stigma, style and ovary to the ovule [10]. On worldwide basis zinc (Zn) is a very critical microelement because the avocado is very susceptible to their deficiency. Symptoms of Zn deficiency are observed in acid soils from which it is easily leached at a low pH and in calcareous soils in which it is fixed in unavailable forms. Early deficiency symptoms are mottled, narrow, disproportionately small leaves at the terminals, usually light green or chlorotic in color. Leaf margins are necrotic, and internodes are shortened in advanced cases [11].

Numerous fertilization regimes were proposed by several scientists to overcome cropping problems [12] studied the effect of nitrogen fertilizer application times and rates on “Hass” avocado to increase total yield without reducing fruit size and found that application time proved to be an important determinant of total yield lower annual N would reduce fertilizer expense and protect the environment. Boron sprays applied either during fall or spring on trees not deficient in boron (based on leaf analyses) have been effective in increasing fruit set in a number of deciduous tree fruit, nut crops and in avocado [13]. [14] on avocado trees proved that B and Zn were significantly improved pollen germination; fruit set number as well as yield per tree and increased fruit weight, length and breadth of fruits. They showed that the combination of B+Zn had positive synergistic effect and gave the highest values in the tested parameters. According to [15] Zn level at (0.5 %) improved fruit set wheras levels (0.25, 0.5 %) were more effective on fruit drop number and enhanced production of piryform fruits with more elongation. The scope of the present study was to illustrate the impact of nitrogen fertilization regimes with or without foliar sprays of both zinc and boron on the performance of Fuerte avocado trees.

Materials and Methods

This investigation was carried out through the two successive seasons of 2015 and 2016 on 20-year-old avocado trees (Persea Americana, Mill.) “Fuerte” cultivar grown in the experimental orchard of the Horticulture Research Station located in El-Qanater El-Khayreia, Qalubia Governorate, Egypt. Trees were planted at 7x7 meters (86 trees/ feddan (. One hundred and fifty Feurte cultivar trees grafted on Dayouk rootstock were chosen for this study. The chosen trees for the investigation were uniform in their vigor, size, shape and disease free, grown on loamy clay soil and irrigated with a farrow (surface) irrigation system. Trees were subjected to normal cultural practices recommended by the Ministry of Agriculture except for the treatments of this investigation. Experimental design followed the complete randomized block design. The following regimes were conducted each on three separate trees (each acting as a replicate).

Considered fertilization regimes

Nitrogen fertilization regimes: All trees used in this investigation were fertilized by broadcast with 1200 gm N as the recommendation of ministry of Agriculture (the fertilizer ammonium sulfate 20% N was used). Five regimes were considered based on percentage and time of application. The considered regimes were:

N1: Control as farm’s regime. Fertilizer was split into 3 doses i.e. November 400 g/tree (33.3%), 400 g/tree (33.3%) in January and 400 g/tree (33.3%) in May.

N2: Fertilizer was split into 3 doses 240g/tree (20%) in (January), 600 g/tree (50%) in (May) and 360 g/tree (30%) in (August).

N3: 600 g/tree (50%) in (January), 360 g/tree (30%) in (May) and 240 g/tree (20%) in (August).

N4: 600 g/tree (50%) in (January) and 600 g/tree (50%) in (May).

N5: 600 g/tree (50%) in (May) and 600 g/ tree (50%) in (August).

Boron and zinc regimes

B: boron the product boron sulphate (17. 5% B) was used in three concentrations (1, 2, 3 g/L) / tree i.e. (175, 350, 525 ppm) respectively as B1, B2 and B3.

Zn: zinc the product zinc sulphate (34.5% Zn) was used in the same concentrations (1, 2, 3 g/L) / tree (345, 690, 1035 ppm) respectively as Zn1, Zn2 and Zn3.

B+Zn: combination between them as (B1+Zn1, B2+Zn2 and B3+Zn3) in (1, 2, 3 g/L) / tree.

Treatments were sprayed with a mechanical sprayer until runoff each for three times, the first at the beginning of flower bud induction in (October), the second spray was at bud burst during (January) and the last and third one was at anthesis in (April). Fifty treatments were performed each on 3 separate trees as follows: N1, N1+B1, N1+B2, N1+B3, N1+Zn1, N1+Zn2, N1+Zn3, N1+B1+ Zn1, N1+B2+ Zn2 and N1+B3+ Zn3 and the same way with the treatments N2, N3, N4 and N5.

The following parameters were assessed to evaluate the comparative effects of the conducted treatments.

a) Pollen grains germination percentage

Five inflorescences were chosen randomly on each of the considered trees to assess comparative effects of conducted treatments on this parameter and the fruiting parameters. Pollen germination (%), Pollen grains were collected during anthesis stage. Flower in the male stage of the reproductive cycle were collected in paper bags then transferred to the laboratory. After anther dehiscence when pollen shed they were collected and incubated in Petri dishes on a medium containing 15% sucrose and 0.8% agar according to [16]. Pollen germination was recorded after 6 hours as the percentage of germinated pollen in a total of 500 grains from different areas of plat. Each pollen sample was replicated three times. Pollen was considered to have germinated if pollen tube length was at least twice as long as the diameters of grain, samples were observed by Optical microscope.

b) Yielding Parameters

In both seasons, fruit set was determined by marking five flowering branch ends around the circumference of each treated trees two weeks after full bloom and fruit set percentage was calculated. On the last week of August just at harvest time the number of fruit/ branches was counted to estimate the final fruit set (number of fruits per branch/number of initial flowers *100). At harvest, fruits of each tree were picked, counted and weighed with a digital balance in Kgs. The yield (Kg) was determined as total number of fruit / tree *Average fruit weight (gm)/1000).

c) Fruit quality Parameters

Mature Fuerte fruits were harvested at the 3rd week of September maturity according to [17]. Samples of five representing fruits from each considered tree are harvested, cleaned packed in carton boxes in one layer and transferred to laboratory then both of physical and chemical parameters were assessed.

i. Physical Parameters

The following parameters were determined: fruit weight (g) and flesh weight (g) by using a digital balance.

ii. Chemical Parameters

Free fatty acids were determined by comparison of retention time of the gas chromatographic peaks with these of commercial free fatty acid methyl ester standards, then automatically computed as a percentage by the data processor (Chrom card) from the ratio of individual peak area to the total peaks area of fatty acids. Vitamin C as mg ascorbic acid/100 gm fruit weight was determined and estimated/ 100 ml fruit juice, according to [18].

d) Statistical design and data analysis

Experimental design followed the complete randomized block design. The obtained data was subjected to factorial analysis according to [19]. Attained means were compared by using New LSD method at 5%.

Results and Discussion

Fruit set parameters

Table 1: Effect of nitrogen soil application time, boron and zinc foliar spraying on pollen germination percentage per tree.

Pollen grains germination (%): Data presented in Table 1 showed that pollen germination percentage significantly varied with adopt treatments. With respect to nitrogen regimes, on the average the highest significant percentage attained was dedicated to (N2) treatment amounting to (77.36 &77.74 %) for both seasons respectively whereas, the significantly the lowest percentage was due to (N1) treatment (control) amounting to (59.04 & 59.23 %) for both seasons respectively. With respect to the foliar spray treatments on the average the applied treatments increased this parameter in the first season significantly compared with control except for (B3, Zn3 & B3+Zn3) treatments whose effects were statistically equal to control. In the second season however, treatments (B1, Zn2, Zn3 & B3+Zn3) did not induce any significant effect compared with control. The other treatments resulted in significantly higher percentages. Highest significant germination percentage was attributed to (B1+Zn1) treatment in both seasons amounting to (76.59 & 77.55 %) in both seasons respectively.

Interaction between the two main factors was significant. The highest values of pollen germination percentage (84.33 & 86.13 %) and (84.50 & 84.17 %) in both of seasons respectively were dedicated to (N2+ B1+ Zn1) and (N3+ B1+ Zn1). While the lowest percentage (553.57 & 55.27%) were due to (N1) and (N1+B3) treatments respectively in the first season. While in the 2nd season they were (53.27 & 54.63%) for both with (N1+Zn3) and (N1+B3) respectively. The obtained results are in line with the finding of [20] who proved that effect of combination of these nutrients positively affected pollen germination. [21] reported that boron plays an important role in pollen germination and pollen tube growth.

Fruit set (%): Table 2 showed that the on the average the applied nitrogen regimes in the both seasons were more effective significantly than control with (N1) which resulted in the lowest percentages (50.183 & 50.08 %) respectively whereas, (N2) treatment recorded the highest significant percentage (54.59 & 55.69 %) for both seasons respectively. With respect to foliar treatments, on the average their effects varied. Highest significant percentage in both seasons were attributed to B1Zn1 in both seasons amounting to 55.39 & 57.36 respectively and B1 treatment in the first season (53.94%) while (B3+Zn3) and (Zn3) recorded the lowest values (50.75 & 49.87 %) and (49.87 & 49.77 %) for both seasons respectively.

Table 2: Effect of nitrogen soil application time, boron and zinc foliar spraying on fruit set percentage per tree.

Furthermore, interaction between nitrogen soil application regimes and boron and zinc foliar spraying application during both seasons was significant. Data showed that the combined (N2+B1+Zn1) induced the highest fruit set percentage amounting to (57.2 & 60.37 %) in both seasons respectively. These findings are in agreement with [22] who found that increase in fruit set due to boron might be attributed to its role in maintaining high pollen viability and germination. also, it seems that the improvement in fruit set percentage could be explained as a result of increase pollen tube elongation due to boron treatments [23]. [24] on date palm found that (N, P, K and Zn) spray application can improve fruit set, yield and fruit size without thinning. In addition, zinc is involved in protein synthesis, influence on electron transfer reaction including those in the Kreb’s cycle and subsequently on energy production in the plant and also directly involved in the synthesis of indole acetic acid [11].

Yield (Kg)/tree: It is obvious from data in Table 3 that in both seasons of study on the average yield significantly varied in response to nitrogen soil application regimes. The highest significant yield (106.60 & 107.33 kg) in both seasons respectively was attributed to (N2), while significantly the lowest yield (74.49 & 75.42 kg) was obtained from (N1) treatment as control in both of seasons. On the other hand, yield of avocado varied on the average due to foliar treatments. Supreme crop was attributed to the (B1+Zn1) treatment in both seasons (102.66 & 104.59 kg). Whereas both (Zn3) and (B3+Zn3) resulted in statistically the least crop in both seasons amounting to (87.82 & 89.01 kg) and (82.58 & 84.71 kg) respectively.

Table 3: Effect of nitrogen soil application time, boron and zinc foliar spraying on fruit weight (g) /tree.

Interaction between the studied factors was statistically significant which referred to that nitrogen soil application and boron, zinc foliar spraying act dependently in this concern. The highest yield (113.9 & 116.1 kg) was attributed to from (N2+B1+Zn1) treatment in both seasons respectively, while the lowest yield (69.2 & 64.4 kg) and (68.1 & 65.7 kg) were obtained from (N1+B3+ Zn3) and (Zn3 treated in both seasons, respectively. Enhancements in crop due to the afore mentioned treatments are basically due to their effects on increasing both the pollen grain germination percentage and fruit set percentage .The available reports concerning the effect of nitrogen application time, boron and zinc foliar spraying on avocado yield are in agreement with the results of [14] on avocado and [15] on guava, they found that foliar sprays either boron or zinc increased tree yield.

Physical fruit parameters

Table 4: Effect of nitrogen soil application time, boron and zinc foliar spraying on flesh weight (g)/tree.

Fruit weight (g): Table 4 indicated that in both of seasons on the average all considered N regimes significantly increased the average fruit weight than control. Highest significant effect was due to (N2) treatment (298.9 & 306.6 g). While, (N1) control showed the lowest values (262.5 & 264.4 g) for both seasons respectively. With regards to boron and zinc foliar spraying treatments on the average, (B1+Zn1) induced the highest significant fruit weight in both seasons (286.7 & 305.5 g) respectively. While both (Zn3) and (B3+Zn3) treatments showed statistically the lowest values (268.0 & 266.1 g) and (262.3 & 259.4 g) respectively. On other hand, interaction between nitrogen soil application and foliar spraying of boron and zinc was significant. Data cleared that fruit weight also attained significantly the highest magnitude due to. (N2+B1+Zn1) treatment resulted (308.2 & 349.0 g) respectively in both tested seasons. Whereas control (N1) in both seasons with (Zn3) and (B3+Zn3) treatments induced the least fruit weight (255.3 & 250.0 g) and (255.5 & 253.3 g). These results are in general concurrence with [25] and [26,27].

Flesh weight (g): Data in Table 5 showed that flesh weight was significantly affected by applied nitrogen regimes on the average. Significantly the heaviest flesh weight was attributed to (N2) treatment (249.0 & 256.7 g). Whereas, control in both seasons and (N5) treatment in the second one showed the lowest flesh weighted. Concerning boron and zinc foliar spraying treatments, on the average significantly the heaviest flesh weight recorded was (244.3 & 264.7 g) was due to (B1+Zn1). Whereas, (B3+Zn3) in both seasons (206.1 & 195.9 g) and (Zn3) (208.5 g) in the first season showed significantly the lowest values. Interaction between the two main factors was significant. The highest magnitude of flesh weight in both of seasons was dedicated to (N2+ B1+Zn1). The obtained results are in line with the finding of (Kumar and Verma 2004) on lichi.

Table 5: Effect of nitrogen soil application time, boron and zinc foliar spraying on flesh weight (g)/tree.

Chemical fruit characters

Oil content (%): Oil content as affected by conducted treatments is presented in Table 6. Data showed that on the average (N2) treatment resulted in the highest significant oil content (15.70 & 15.85 %) for both considered seasons respectively. On the contrary showed (N1) induced significantly the lowest content amounting to (15.05 & 15.08 %) for both seasons respectively with insignificant differences from (N5). As for average effect of foliar treatments, (B1+N1) treatment showed the highest significant oil content amounting to (15.79 & 15.87 %) for both seasons respectively. Whereas, unsprayed trees bore fruits with significantly the lowest oil content (14.96 & 15.04 %) for both considered seasons respectively). Differences from (Zn3) treatment were insignificant. Interaction data were significant. Data showed that highest oil content was attributed to (N2+B1+Zn1) and (N2+ B2+Zn2) treatments with insignificant differences between them. While the lowest content was attributed to N1& no spray treatment in both seasons. These results are in no agreement with those of [15] who illustrated that there was no significant different were observed in fat percentage, however this result in the line with agree with [28] and [29].

Table 6: Effect of nitrogen soil application time, boron and zinc foliar spraying on oil content percentage.

Vitamin C (mg/100g): It’s obvious from Table 7 that (N2) recorded the highest fruit vitamin C content in both of seasons (10.75 & 10.36 mg/100g). Whereas, (N5) treatment showed the lowest magnitudes. As for the average effects of spraying treatment, as (B1+Zn1) was the most effective treatment in this respect in vitamin C with values (10.88 & 10.69 %) respectively compared with the combination of boron and zinc at 3 g/L treatment. The combination of boron and zinc at 1g/L and nitrogen application time treatment (N2) as (N2+B1+Zn1) increased vitamin C fruit content (mg/100g) in both seasons (11.63 & 11.13), while the treatment (N5) with boron and zinc combination in concentration 3g/L as (N5+B3+Zn3) showed the lower values in both seasons with (9.33 and 8.56) respectively. [30] reported that B and Zn sprays enhanced ascorbic acid content in guava.

Table 7: Effect of nitrogen soil application time, boron and zinc foliar spraying on vitamin C (mg/100g).

In Conclusion the Present Study Clearly

Illustrate that nitrogen fertilization regimes clearly affect the cropping and its’ attributes in avocados. also, for foliar application of boron and zinc in combination, it showed clear enhancements in terms of increasing pollen grains germination percentage leading to increasing the crop. Also, their application showed enhancements in crop physical and chemical characteristics [31-33].

As a Recommendation

It is preferable to fertilize avocado trees cv. Feurte with nitrogen at 240g/tree during (January), 600g/tree during (May) and 360 g/ tree during (August) combined with 3 foliar application of boron and zinc at 1g/L at for three times, the first at the beginning of flower bud induction in (October), the second spray at bud burst during (January) and the last and third one was at anthesis in (April).

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