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#tg ch 50
kyanitedragon · 2 months
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I read Ishida's tweet and I KNEW I had to come to your blog, amazing comments (and informative, didn't know about the editorial working in a different way) and YES penisman v3, v excited about that. Thanks!
Thank you, anon! Glad to see you find my blog helpful. I’m very excited to start talking about Choujin X when it has a little bit more meat to it.
I speculated after TG Ishida wouldn’t want to return to Young Jump’s (or any other) strict weekly release schedule, what with the not sleeping and ending up being tired of his own work because of it.
Honestly, reading ch 1, I feel the pacing’s much improved compared to TG’s early stages (JJ is a different medium so I can’t really compare). Imagine stuffing all of that into a magazine’s allotted 50-55 pages!
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pdfepubkindlefree · 3 years
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Read Online Epic Hikes of the World P.D.F. DOWNLOAD
Read Online Epic Hikes of the World P.D.F. DOWNLOAD
Epic Hikes of the World
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[PDF] Download Epic Hikes of the World Ebook | READ ONLINE
Author : Alex Crevar Publisher : Lonely Planet ISBN : 1787014177 Publication Date : 2018-8-1 Language : eng Pages : 328
To Download or Read this book, click link below:
http://read.ebookcollection.space/?book=1787014177
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Synopsis : Read Online Epic Hikes of the World P.D.F. DOWNLOAD
With stories of 50 incredible hiking routes in 30 countries, from New Zealand to Peru, plus a further 150 suggestions, Lonely Planet’s Epic Hikes of the World will inspire a lifetime of adventure on foot. From one-day jaunts and urban trails to month-long thru-hikes, cultural rambles and mountain expeditions, each journey shares one defining feature: being truly epic.In this follow-up to Epic Bike Rides and Epic Drives, we share our adventures on the world’s best treks and trails. Epic Hikes is organised by continent, with each route brought to life by a first-person account, beautiful photographs and charming illustrated maps. Additionally, each hike includes trip planning advice on how to get there, where to stay, what to pack and where to eat, as well as recommendations for three similar hikes in other regions of the world.Hikes featured include:Africa the Middle East:Cape Town’s Three Peaks (South Africa) Kilimanjaro (Tanzania) Camp to Camp in South Luangwa National Park (Zambia) Americas:Angel’s Landing, Zion National Park (USA) Skyline Trail, Jasper National Park (Canada) Concepción volcano hike (Nicaragua) Asia:8(more...)0206With stories of 50 incredible hiking routes in 30 countries, from New Zealand to Peru, plus a further 150 suggestions, Lonely Planet's Epic Hikes of the World will inspire a lifetime of adventure on foot. From one-day jaunts and urban trails to month-long thru-hikes, cultural rambles and mountain expeditions, each journey featured is truly epic.0802'As a librarian, I adore beautiful books and this guide is beautiful inside and out.'Forbes201808010802'The book is beautifully illustrated and makes a perfect coffee table book for yourself or the aspiring adventurer in your life. It will give you just enough detail to whet your appetite and help you kickstart your next adventure.'SoCal Hiker201808010802'Whether it's Cape Town's Three Peaks, Jasper National Park's Skyline Trail or Gubeikou to Jinshanling on the Great Wall, you're sure to be inspired.'National Post201808010802'The hiking enthusiasts in your life will love having the all-in-one-place scoop on California's Lost Coast Trail, Boston's Freedom Trail, Italy's Path of the the Gods, and many, many more bucket-list-worthy hiking destinations.'Sierra Club201808010802'This book will have you poring over the pages dreaming up your next adventure.'Aspen Daily News201808010802'Coffee table books like this are a great way to daydream about exploring places you may not have ever considered. This particular book also has the distinction of having beautiful photography and artwork and the fantastic storytelling you'd expect from a Lonely Planet guide.'Modern Hiker201808010802'The latest in their popular Epic series, the travel guide experts lay out 200 of the most awe-inspiring hikes on earth. From the Na Pali coast to the Sacred Valley, these are the hikes that cause jealousy among the outdoorsy social media set. Gift it with a new pair of hiking books for a hint-hint that will turn into a win-win.'Peter Greenberg2018080199MY0403069781787014176.jpgLonely Planet01Lonely PlanetIE042018080101WORLD01266mm02206mm0326.5mm081.38kg20250731Grantham Book ServicesAD AE AF AL AM AO AT AX AZ BA BD BE BF BG BH BI BJ BN BT BW BY CC CD CF CG CH CI CM CN CV CX CY CZ DE DJ DK DZ EE EG EH ER ES ET FI FO FR GA GB GE GG GH GI GM GN GQ GR GW HK HR HU ID IE IL IM IN IO IQ IR IS IT JE JO JP KE KG KH KM KP KR KW KZ LA LB LI LK LR LS LT LU LV LY MA MC MD ME MG MK ML MM MN MO MR MT MU MV MW MY MZ NA NE NG NL NO NP OM PH PK PL PS PT QA RE RO RS RU RW SA SC SD SE SG SH SI SJ SK SL SM SN SO SS ST SY SZ TD TG TH TJ TL TM TN TR TW TZ UA UG UZ VA VN YE YT ZA ZM ZW20100124.99GBP
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thelifeco-clinic · 4 years
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Artesunate & Cancer Relationship
A complete overview of artesunate and the cancer relationship.
1. From Malaria to Babesia to Cancer
Artemisinin is an active ingredient extracted from Chinese herbal medicine Qing Hao (Herba Artemisiae annuae), a sweet wormwood plant. Artemisinin and its molecule-modified derivatives, such as artesunate are first used as anti-malaria medication and now found they are also potent anti-cancer remedies.
(Efferth T, et al., 2001) World Health Organization has recommended them as the first line anti-malaria treatment. Millions of cases have been treated with these substances and the cure rate was very high and fast. It is very effective for drug-resistant malaria. Articles are available documenting the extensive pre-clinical and clinical testing that has been done. (Bharel S, et al., 1996, Gulati A et al., 1996)
In Zhang’s Clinic, we are using molecularly modified artemisinin derivative artesunate to treat babesiosis, a co-infection of Lyme disease, which is a malaria-like protozoa infection of the red blood cells. Recently we also use it as a non-toxic, gentle, and adjunctive treatment for cancers. Since it is effective in both anti-babesiosis and anti-cancer treatments, we did literature research and the results are reviewed in this article.
2. Pre-Clinical Studies— Anti-Malaria, -Babesia, and -Cancer Mechanism
The mechanism of artemisinin and its derivatives anti-malaria and babesia protozoa actions is speculated to be related to the iron metabolism of the protozoa. Its molecular peroxide group produces reactive oxygen atom, which can interfere with the iron metabolism of the protozoa. Similarly, iron is required for cell division and many cancer cells aggressively accumulate iron for their rapid cell division.
Therefore the artemisinin and its derivatives can react with the iron within the cancer cells to interfere with their division and to push them to enter apoptosis (Schaller J, 2006). Artemisinin has been shown to work through oxygen and carbon-based free radical mechanisms. Its structure includes an endoperoxide bridge.
Peroxides generate free radicals in a Fenton type reaction when exposed to unbound ferrous iron. Malaria and babesia, which grow in the erythrocytes, have the opportunity to accumulate much excess iron, which can spill into the unbound form. Electron microscopy has confirmed the destruction of plasmodium membranes with morphology typical of free radical mechanisms.
With the knowledge of a high accumulation of iron in cancer cells, researchers Henry Lai and Narenda Singh of the University of Washington became interested in possible artemisinin activity against malignant cells. In 1995, they published a paper in Cancer Letters concerning the use of artemisinin against numerous cancer cell lines in vitro. This article has mobilized interest in artemisinin as an addition to anticancer treatment (Lai H et al., 1995).
They further confirmed this mechanism and reported that artemisinin-tagged holotransferrin can enhance the selective cancer cell killing effects of artemisinin and were not toxic to the normal cells. They found that tagging artemisinin to transferrin, both iron and artemisinin would be transported into cancer cells in one package.
Once inside a cell, iron is released and can readily react with artemisinin close by tagged to the transferrin. This would enhance the toxicity and selectivity of artemisinin towards cancer cells. They then tested the compound on a human leukemia cell line (Molt-4) and normal human lymphocytes.
They found that holotransferrin-tagged artemisinin was very potent and selective in killing cancer cells but not hurting the normal cells. Thus they concluded that the ‘tagged-compound’ could potentially be developed into an effective chemotherapeutic agent for cancer treatment (Lai H et al., 2005).
Another anti-cancer effect of artemisinin and its derivatives is that they promote the cancer cells to enter apoptosis. The effect could be enhanced by increasing the iron contains in the cancer cells. Singh NP et al., reported that cancer cell line Molt-4 cells were first incubated with 12 microM of human holotransferrin to enhance the iron supply to the cells.
The cells were then pelleted and transferred to a culture media contains 200 microM of a derivative of artemisinnin, dihydroartemisinin (DHA) and incubated. They found that DHA treatment significantly decreased cell counts and increased the proportion of apoptosis in cancer cells compared to controls (chi2=4.5, df=l, p<0.035).
The addition of holotransferrin significantly further decreased cell counts (chi2=4.5, df-l, p<0.035) and increased apoptosis (chi2=4.5, df=1, p<0.035). No necrotic cells were observed. They concluded that the rapid induction of apoptosis in cancer cells after treatment with DHA indicates that artemisinin and its derivatives may be effective anti-cancer agents (Singh Np et al., 2004).
These mechanisms have commonly existed in many types of cancers, therefore, its anti-cancer spectrum is wide. One of the derivatives, deoxyartemisitene has been tested to have the effects to suppress 14 different human cancer cell lines. (Galal AM, et al., 2002) The following cancers have the highest sensitivity to these substances: leukemia, colon cancer, and melanoma (Berger TG et al., 2005, Efferth T, et al., 2002).
It has also shown suppression effects on the following cancers: breast cancer, ovarian cancer, prostate cancer, brain cancer, kidney cancer, and others. (Efferth T, et al., 2006, Anfosso L, et al., 2006, Paik IH, et al., 2006, Galal AM, et al., 2002, Lee CH, et al., 2000, Singh NP, et al., 2001) The similar anti-cancer activities have also been found in other derivatives of artemisinin, such as arteether, artemether, dihydroartemisinin (Singh NP, et al., 2001).
In the cell culture of drug-resistant breast cancer found that they have high propensity of iron accumulation. When these iron-loaded cells were treated with artemisinin, 75% of them die within eight hours, and nearly 100% die within 24 hours. But the control normal cell culture, which has no heavy iron load, was not affected (Singh NP, et al., 2001, Lai H, et al., 1995).
The combination of the existing of both iron and the artemisinin or its derivatives is required to suppress cancer cells. This has been studied by animal studies. (Moore JC, et al., 1995) So it is believed that the main mechanism of cancer-suppressing effects of artemisinin and its derivatives is that the peroxide-oxygen spark that occurs inside the cancer cell seems to be the most convincing theory (Schaller J, 2006, Efferth T. et al., 2006).
If we can increase the cellular iron load, such as using holotransferrin to increase the intracellular iron level, then the efficacy of the cancer treatment by these derivatives, especially by dihydroartemisinin can be enhanced (Singh NP, et al., 2001). Another possible mechanism is that these substances can combine and alter their functions of certain proteins unique to those cancers. (Lee CH, et al., 2000) These effects work together to cause the cancer cell to enter apoptosis and die (Singh NP, et al., 2004).
Artesunate is a semi-synthetic derivative of artemisinin, and has been analyzed for its anti-cancer activity. It is against 55 cancer cell lines reported by the Developmental Therapeutics Program of the National Cancer Institute, USA. (Efferth et al., 2001) It has dramatic cytotoxic activity against a wide variety of cancers including drug resistant cell lines. Artesunate was most active against leukemia and colon cancer cell lines. Mean growth inhibition 50% (GI50) 1.11microM and 2.13 microM respectively.
Non-small cell lung cancer cell lines showed the highest mean (GI50 26.62 microM) indicating the lowest sensitivity towards artesunate. Intermediate GI50 values were obtained for melanomas, breast, ovarian, prostate, CNS, and renal cancer cell lines. Most important, a comparison of artesunate’s cytotoxicity with those standard cytostatic drugs showed that artesunate was active in molar ranges comparable to those of established anti-tumor drugs.
Leukemia lines resistant to either doxorubicin, vincristine, methotrexate, or hydroxyurea were tested. Remarkably, none of these drug resistant lines showed resistance to artesunate. The theorized reason for this is the absence of a tertiary amine in artesunate, present in virtually all other chemotherapy agents, which is required for cellular transport systems to usher the drug outside the cell (Rowen R, 2002). Compare with artemisinin, artesunate is much more effective and less adverse reactions, so our clinic uses only artesunate as the main ingredient in our herbal supplement product Artemisia Capsule.
Cancer cells are deficient in antioxidant enzyme superoxide dismutase. The manganese form in mitochondria and the copper zinc form in the cell cytoplasm are generally low in cancer cells. Cancer cells are grossly deficient in catalase and glutathione peroxidase, both of which degrade hydrogen peroxide.
It is these deficiencies in antioxidant enzymes, which lead to the use of many of the common chemotherapeutics that are superoxide generators. The higher iron fluxes, especially associated with the mitosis phase of cancer cells, should render these cells more susceptible to oxidative damage via hydrogen peroxide and superoxides.
Normally, the profound catalase deficiency in cancer cells is credited with creating vulnerability to oxidants. However, since all of these protective antioxidant enzymes are most often deficient in transformed cells, the oxidant vulnerability should be enhanced dramatically due to enhanced unbound iron during cell division. This is the anti-cancer mechanism of artemisinin and its derivatives (Levine SA, et al.,1985).
3. Clinical Observations
Clinically, Dr. NP Singh has been following a series of cancer patients with nearly universal improvement on artemisinin or its derivatives. He believes artemisinin will prove to be the most powerful, yet extremely inexpensive and safe chemotherapeutic agent yet found and effective orally for home use. He emphasizes that it should be used in professional medical settings together with complementary strategies employing detoxification, diet, immune support, spiritual work, etc. The Dr. Hoang family has observed a 50-60% long-term remission in over 400 cancer patients utilizing artemisinin together with a comprehensive cancer strategy, and with no observed toxicity (Rowen R, 2002).
In Zhang’s clinic we have been using the Artemisia Capsule in which the main ingredient is artesunate treating pre-cancerous conditions and found that it can turn several pre-cancerous conditions to normal. Two cases of biopsy-confirmed stomach intestinal epithelium metaplasia, which is a pre-cancerous condition of stomach cancer, treated with Artemisia Capsule (contains artesunate 33.3 mg per capsule) three times a day for two months.
Repeated GI biopsy found the metaplasia disappeared. We have been using the ingredient of this capsule together with allicin solution to do vaginal suppository for patients diagnosed with cervical dysplasia by PAP smear. This treatment has been making every case to turn the dysplasia to negative in follow up PAP smear within a few weeks time.
For patients already diagnosed with cancer or already finished conventional oncology treatments. We have use the Artemisia Capsule as secondary prevention and complementary treatments for the elimination of possible residual cancer cells to prevent relapse and metastasis. We have seen promising results in treating hepatocellular carcinoma, breast cancer, lymphoma, multimylenoma, urine bladder cancer, and oral cancers.
In those patients who had their main lesion being treated but still have untreated scatter cancer lesions, the artesunate treatment could not totally eradicate the tumors but made them shrunk and stabilized. It could turn cancer to be a chronic manageable disease. For those patients have their main cancer lesions removed either by surgery, chemotherapy, or radiotherapy, the artesunate treatment preventing them from relapse and metastasis. Combined with Chinese herbal treatments, we have been greatly improving the life quality and long-term outcome of cancer treatments.
Artemisinin and its derivatives, such as artesunate, have been clinically used for treating the following common cancers.
Hepatocellular Carcinoma (Liver Cancer):
Our clinic has been treating many patients with viral hepatitis B and C. In their advanced stages, they risk to have hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). Therefore we have been treating a number of cases of HCC patients. We use Artemisia Capsule in which artesunate is the main ingredient as the major remedy.
In these patients some have their lesion being treated by surgery or embolism and alcohol or radio-frequency ablation. But none of them have their all lesions being totally removed with those treatments. When they came to see us all have certain untreated HCC lesions in their liver.
After the artesunate treatment, their lesion becomes stabilized and some scatter small lesions disappeared. The treatment also includes liver function restoration and liver inflammation control. Now all our HCC patients are surviving much longer than their expected survival time and enjoying their better life quality. The following is two cases stories:  
Case 1. Fran was 73 when she visited Zhang’s Clinic on Dec. 14, 2000, with a diagnosis of HCC and hepatitis C that was already in the decompensated cirrhosis stage. She had light jaundice, gallstones, elevated ammonia (69.8), leukopenia (WBC 2.3), anemia, low platelets (60), mild ascites, and edema, liver inflammation, and bile retention.
She also had an enlarged spleen consistent with portal vein hypertension. Besides the liver condition, she also had type II diabetes. She has severe fatigue and insomnia. Following an MRI performed on Nov. 8, 2000, found two lesions on her liver: one high in segment 8 measuring 2.9 x 3.0 cm; the other in segment 6, which was slightly exophytic, measured 3.7 x 3.4 cm.
She was treated at the Sloan – Kettering Institute with embolism on both lesions and alcohol ablation on the lower lesion. The higher one was left alone without ablation, because it was too close to the lung and Fran was too weak to tolerate ablation for both lesions. As the hospital could offer no further treatment, She visited Zhang’s Clinic for Chinese herbal treatment.
Dr. Zhang concentrated on restoring her liver function with hepatitis C protocols and anti-cancer herbal formula R-6532 Capsule, which was a modified formula of Kang Ai Bao (CJITWM, 1997, 17(12):730-732). Within three months, Fran’s liver function had improved. Jaundice and ascites disappeared, the ammonia level normalized, and the edema released. A CAT scan was done on July 19, 2001, revealed that the size of the higher lesion had shrunk to 1.1 cm (from 2.9 x 3.0 cm) and the lower lesion had shrunk to 2.7 x 2.3 cm. (from 3.7 x 3.4 cm).
No new lesion was seen. Thereafter, every half year, a CAT scan was done to monitor the HCC lesions. On Dec. 18, 2003, there were new lesions discovered in segment 7 and 6 with suspicious activity. Then Fran’s general health and liver function were good enough to perform an embolism and alcohol ablation. These procedures were successfully completed. Thereafter we add artesunate (Artemisia Capsule) in her protocol to enhance the anti-cancer effects. Currently, she is monitored once every six months because the lesions are stable and her quality of life is fairly good.
When this article is writing Fran now is 81 and continuing the herbal regimen. She enjoys a normal life despite her compromised liver function eight years after her HCC diagnosis.
Case 2. Margaret N. 58 visited Zhang’s Clinic four months after the liver resection surgery on September 16, 2003. Her hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) was diagnosed in May 2003. Long-term taking estrogen-based birth-control pills possibly caused her HCC. After conventional oncology treatment finished and no further treatment was suggested to her.
At diagnosis, there was a big tumor of 8.5 cm in segment 5 and 6. A few small lesions in segment 8 and also a tumor size 2.2 X 1.6 cm in segment 2, All lesions were in the right lobe of the liver. The big tumor was removed by liver resection. After surgery, there was no chemotherapy or radiotherapy to follow.
The lesion in the segment 2 was treated by radiofrequency ablation. Small lesions in segment 8 were not treated. This was her tumor status when she visited Zhang’s Clinic. Blood tests showed that her AFP was 12 after surgery. AKP was raised and ALT, and GGT were normal but AST was mildly elevated. She complaint liver area discomfort but otherwise felt okay.
Since her cancer load was greatly reduced by surgery and radiofrequency ablation. We started herbal anti-cancer treatment by using formula R-6532, which is a formula for after oncology treatment patients. At the same time, we use liver protective herbal formula Hepa F. #2 Capsule to restore her liver function.
Cordyceps capsule to improve her cellular immunity and Circulation P Capsule to improve her blood rheology and microcirculation. Ten months on this protocol she felt well and all her liver functions were in the normal range, but slightly elevated AST and AKP. AFP dropped from 12 to 3.4. On April 5, 2004, about one year after the surgery and seven months on herbal treatment, an MRI has done and compared with the MRI done right before the herbal treatment on 9/17/03.
The findings of this comparison read: The patient is status post resection of hepatic segments 5 and 6, cholecystectomy and radiofrequency ablation of a lesion in segment 2. A hypervascular lesion in hepatic segment 8 is stable. Other previously noted smaller lesions in right hepatic lobe are no longer seen.
The lesion in segment 2 has decreased in size from 2.2×1.6 cm to 1.8×1.6 cm. …. Impression: Since 9/17/03,
A stable lesion in hepatic segment 8.
Previously noted smaller lesions in the right hepatic lobe are no longer seen.
Decrease in size of a lesion in hepatic segment 2.
At this time we added Artemisia Capsule, which contains the main ingredient artesunate. One year later, on April 29 2005 MRI was done to compare with MRI done on 10/4/04 and 4/5/04. found that the lesion at segment 2 further reduced the size to 1.4×1.2 and previous hyperintense foci scattered throughout the liver are not clearly seen.
Her liver function tests were all normal. She has yearly check-ups with MRI and later scans found her liver lesion was stable and no new lesion development. It is possible that her lesion showed on the MRI might already become scar tissues.
The Chinese medicine treatment was non-toxic and complementary to the western medical treatments. The Zhang clinic has been treating more than 10 HCC patients who have been living with stabilized HCC lesions for up to three years or longer with similar herbal medicine protocols. All have exceeded their expected survival times following HCC diagnosis, all are still carrying stabilized HCC lesions, and all report improved quality of life with herbal treatment.
Liu Y, et al., and Sun WC, et al., studied to combine artemisinin and its derivatives with large carbon molecule, such as lipophilic alkyl carbon chains, which can dramatically enhance its anti HCC effects. With the large carbon chain the HCC cell killing effects of these artemisinin derivatives being strengthened 200 times. (Liu Y, et al., 2005, Sun WC, et al., 1992)
Breast Cancer:
For breast cancer, Lai H, et al., found that in rats the chemically induced breast cancer can be prevented or treated by Artemisinin. They fed the food to the rats containing 0.02% of artemisinin for 40 weeks and found only 43% of the rats developed cancer compared to 96% of the rats in control group developed cancer without the artemisinin treatment. (Lai H, et al., 2006) Singh NP, et al., treated human breast cancer cell with holotransferrin and dihydroaremisinin together and found that this combination can kill a type of radiation-resistant human breast cancer cells but it has no effects on the normal human breast cells (Singh NP, et al., 2001).
In our clinic, we use artesunate based Artemisia capsule for breast cancer patients for their prevention of recurrences and metastasis after surgery, chemo or radiation treatments. We have used this method for many years and up to now there was no one case had recurrence or metastasis reported. A case history reported by Townsend Letter for Doctors & Patients reads: Patient D.E., a 47-year-old Alaska resident with stage 4 breast cancer and metastases to vertebral T1 with significant pain, vertebral collapse and local neurological impairment.
First seen May 2001, she received a series of IPT (insulin potentiation therapy-low dose chemotherapy), high dose vitamin C infusions, supplements, and dendritic cell vaccine, dietary management, and detoxification strategies. Most symptoms had cleared within 4 months (October 2001). In January 2002, she received artesunate IV (source: mainland China), plus oral artemisinin 300 mg twice a day, which has been continued. Six months later she was happy to report she has no symptoms whatsoever and is living a normal life. Her local provider believes the regressed mass is now scar tissue (Rowen R, 2002).
Even for widely metastatic breast cancer these substances combined with other alternative supplements got very satisfying results and another such case report reads: L.L. is a West Coast woman in her 40’s with breast cancer and extremely painful bone metastases all over her spine. She had received limited radiation therapy to reduce the pain in the thoracic spine. She began artemisinin, and a variety of complementary strategies, including diet, detoxification, and Kelly type proteolytic enzymes. Immediately, her energy exploded.
Her pain level took a dive. Her comment after two weeks on artemisinin was “Last week I thought I was dying, and today for the first time in months, I believe I am going to live.” Four months into therapy using oral supplements, diet and detoxification strategies, a PET scan, the most efficient and sensitive study for the spread of cancer, did not show any activity anywhere in her spine, even in places that were present before and not radiated. Further, the scan did not confirm definite cancer activity anywhere else. (Rowen R, 2002).
Cervical Cancer:
Cervical cancer is caused by human papilloma virus (HPV) infection and now there is a vaccine available to prevent it. Since cervical cancer cells have large numbers of transferrin receptor to increase their iron uptake, therefore, artemisinin and it derivatives, such as artesunate and dihyroartemisinin (DHA) showed strong effects to cervical cancer cells and they do not injury normal cervical tissue.
Disbrow GL, et al., reported that when used topically in animal studies, they found that apply DHA in the cervical areas of dogs and then exposed to the HPV DHA strongly inhibited HPV induced cancer development (Disbrow GL., et al, 2005). In Zhang’s Clinic, we use artesunate and Allicin mixture as a vaginal suppository to treat cervical dysplasia and every case got their PAP smear turned to normal within a few weeks.
Leukemia and Lymphoma:
Singh NP et al. reported that when artemisinin and sodium butyrate used together can dramatically enhance artemisinin’s suppressive effects on leukemia cells. This combination does not harm normal white blood cells and lymphocyte. These two substances have synergetic effects to each other. When used separately, artemisinin and butyrate can only suppress 40% and 32% of the leukemia cells respectively.
When they are used together, 100% of the leukemia cells were killed within one day. (Singh NP, et al., 2005) In Zhang’s clinic, we have been using Artemisia Capsule in which the main ingredient is artesunate for chronic lymphocyte leukemia and keeping patients blood counts and clinical condition stable.
A case history from the Townsend Letter for Doctors & Patients reported:Patient D.A. a 47 year-old mechanic who presented with a 4.5 cm. Non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma on the right side of his head, with a gaping incision from a recent biopsy, and tremendous inflammatory erythema.
Artesunate, 60mg was injected muscularly 14 consecutive days and he switched diets to high protein/vegetable (Kelley parasympathetic type diet). At the end of two weeks, a depression appeared at the apex of the tumor. Four weeks later, the mass was completely gone, skull surface smooth, incision totally healed and erythema virtually cleared. Apparently he is cancer-free as of this writing 6 months later (Rowen R, 2002).
Melanoma and Skin Cancer:
Berger TG., et al., reported their experience of treating metastatic melanoma case with artemisinin. The patient had metastatic melanoma and failed to respond to conventional chemotherapy. After using artemisinin her cancer was stabilized at first and then found her metastatic lesions in the lung and spleen regressed.
This patient is still alive four years after the advanced melanoma was diagnosed. The expectation of life of this kind of cancer is usually less than a few months (Berger TG, et al., 2005). For skin cancer artemisinin and its derivatives can be used as a topical application and the results were very satisfactory.
A case reported the use of artesunate mix with DMSO applied topically and cured the skin cancer lesion within a short period of time and the case report reads Patient F.A., an 81-year-old Californian with multiple skin cancers including one active recurrent quarter-sized lesion that had been burned 4 times previously. Topical artemisinin (artemisinin in 50% DMSO) applied twice daily caused the large lesion to fall off within 5 days and other smaller skin cancers to regress. His wife reported the same with her skin cancers (Rowen R, 2002).
Glioma:          
The brain tumor is not sensitive to chemotherapy and conventional treatment mainly is radiation. Kim SJ et al., found that when using dihyroartemisinin (DHA) together with the radiation, the glioma cells become more sensitive to the radiation. They found that when the glioma cell culture was treated with DHA, the number of cell colonies reduced and when radiation is given together with the DHA treatment, the reduction of the colonies even much more.
In their study, they also found that when antioxidant used the effects of DHA was blocked. Therefore during the DHA treatment, free radical scavengers or antioxidants should not be used. (Kim SJ, et al, 2006)
Other Cancers:
Some other cancers have also been studied to respond to the artemisinin and its derivatives treatments. They are stomach cancer (Sun WC, et al., 1992), small-cell lung cancer (Sadava D, et al., 2002), ovarian cancer (Chen HH, et al., 2003), oral squamous cell carcinoma (Yamachika E, et al.,2004), fibrosarcoma (Moore JC, et al., 1995), astrocytoma (Efferth T, et al., 2004), Kaposi’s sarconma (Dell’Eva R, et al., 2004), Prostate Cancer, Posner GH et al., reported that artemisinin derivatives had strong suppressive effects on prostate cancer. (Posner GH, et al., 1999, 2004) and non-small cell lung cancer… etc. Non-small cell lung cancer: A case reported by Townsend Letter for Doctors & Patients reads: Patient V.M. an 83-year-old Toronto resident.
Healthy most of her life, she now had a non-small cell lung carcinoma in the right lower lobe, considered non-resectable because of heart failure and circulatory problems. She received artemisinin 500mg twice a day and Carnivora oral, via nebulizer, 5cc twice a day. In 4 months the tumor shrunk to 1×2 cm and her oncologist felt this represented scar tissue and declared her cancer-free. Her heart condition improved considerably with CoQ10, 600mg daily (Rowen R, 2002).
4. Summary
Artemisinin and its derivatives have been used for treating malaria for decades and have treated millions of patients. The effects were extremely good and fast. They have been recommended as a first-line anti-malaria treatment by WHO. Because of the similarity of babesia infection and malaria, we have been using it for treating babesiosis, the common co-infection of Lyme disease. Especially its molecular modified derivative artesunate, which is more potent and fewer side effects than artemisinin has been used in our clinic mainly for treating babesiosis and found that its efficacy was much better than conventional medications.
The mechanism of cancer cells division and the protozoa of malaria and babesia replication are both involved with the oxidation and reduction of the iron. Artemisinin and its derivative can selectively interfere this mechanism. Since 1995 researchers in the University of Washington started its anti-cancer studies. Pre-clinical and clinical studies found artemisinin and its derivatives are potent anti-cancer substances with no obvious toxicity in therapeutic dosage and very inexpensive compared with most chemotherapy drugs.
It is selectively effective on the cancer cells without damage the normal cells. This is an ideal anti-cancer treatment, especially for the development of humane, gentle cancer care methods. Because it is non-toxic and it has very wide anti-cancer spectrum so it could be used right after a cancer diagnosis to prepare the patient for further oncology treatments.
It could also be used after surgery, chemo, or radiation to prevent relapse and metastasis as secondary prevention. Its non-cytotoxic mechanism of anti-cancer could open a brand new field of anti-cancer research and made the development of non-toxic anti-cancer treatment possible.
References:
Anfosso L., et al., Microarray expression profiles of angionenesis-related genes predict tumor cell response to artemisinins. Pharmacogenomics J. 6:269-78, 2006
Berger TG, et al., Artesunate in the treatment of metastatic uveal melanoma – first experiences, Oncol Rep. 2005; 14:1599-603
Bharel S, Gulati M, Abdin P, Srivastava S. Structure biosynthesis and functions of artemisinin. Fitoterapia Vol LXVII No 5, l996.
Chen HH, et al., Inhibition of human cancer cell line growth and human umbilical vein endothelial cell angiogenesis by artemisinin derivatives in vitro.” Pharmacol Res 48: 231-236, 2003.
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Ring 9 thien su hxh fc di hon xh a of bao sach dd h22 cho xiu aw cu nay anh voi tts cu bo tay y la neu em chet vi soc hoc mau etc thi no tu hien ra T a tnt chet chung bao em q giup em sb ele can ban khoc tiep doing
Help dm ho tr minh di bui tinh toi dop21 ne do hiem cho khoc team dep
De nb lay em thien cc ko du de noi ve em tranh hh ak lo la jokerr ganh hi ban cu hi khoc gium phim han diac ma lam saod hh tm luon t hn ngay 2 lay k trf vo vo coi db tewm no do fr mat giô
Ng co y dn vua cu a lay tui anh rua gio gium mói rết anh 24 do het dn nê hoi viet t theo pika lt lo hin blossok nen no ganh ko song noi chet dail lt nh em đien hai lan cant lay phan cc nhu ytej dang do tun lum sr hhhh
Do bus tuep dvs pun help ma lam said di nha kien de thing oi help rhem gou tao lam ko duoc dn phus help chu wuan 2! Moi nam cuoi 4 dua a hai me moi vo baa chu khoc wle ing nho chu shit minh ko sao lan dau thay no jo tiec cua thuong hen la tao lo 2 thanh 8 cai bu nhu tnt ko tinh xiu jn nua 9 du barely s21 pika said haiz tu du buff max roi dv said y la s21 hq qhvnra dv said no bieet em ko nen tuong wua o chung no thich ronh thung no said da today vo ianh la 2 lay tho hoai em da thing team hi help us em tnap he roi hai ngay f kun dang le no tan cmn phe trong phong hieu jo neu no ko do duoc s21 wua o chung dv tao doi lia lia a minh ddep cc phu binh ma ko du o tt bao y la ba dua moi du do cho bo bp sd dd hinh all lam co br con keu tui anh em nua me a huy kl tinh xiu ming ko thanh lay hai dien vien ngam team
Sl br ne paw rm ba dua chung cc cl em nl gf co thay khuc nay roi nho jn xiu nha tho jn kien scy dd hh y la khoc hen laa con money team 4 said tr el ne db ne da ne tein help choi fd hi no do hi hi may ban moi vo lam do lam nhu nguu em tha ko tthay loai a loai nghiem 3 nghiem su roi se tui sao nay dem khoc gium ele noi that co ele con ko biet la 2 anh 10 xho giau nghe gay cc bun3 ganh minh bon dua hn a laat vua ngu di M pon bao lo do ghen hay vl huyd hinh ne paw em guip paw twn hai dua said bon nh di bui roi phu hon doi nh team
Xiu phu nhu mt mt hh bp ne ah ne dvb mew nua oi gium xiu ko tuong ktnn roi kien ne nguu hinh biwt ppn all o dau cung thay ted ranh chu same thim sama team co trong minh maha ton tu nua md jct va db dd pahta all ene done em tr bi em hai ra doc lam doc all qua dien hi p22 nl vo do tr em hibh ne tr em ne di ne all ne of kinh vl xiu sr em hq wua wm tr aurora beaming tr em moi roi aw cu do vo truoc hi dep nua kick tum lum cat ne tu bay ve no do minh qt sp huy nhu no roi ko dam bhin team y rm la co em hai ma doi phuong ko con gi con lai ko con nguyen them ho dung len lugia ne hinh co co tren ray hi hg poke pay xute ne dn3 seo tin oi lay seo team s goc do roi met gia nhu gou ssi team phu no do bd y em la de em hai thoi scy dd lay can nghe biet azu de day xiu bao azy azu khac same tim ne hk lay rm wua di chui vo nhay cc cung duoc em chet roi qua cung duoc ma team 5 bao vh lo hihi nh xr tim ne hi tu du hi ngoi ne zr thai lay tho rm nhu cu sp tan ma tu du ne thai bys jn all gia cc town hi con no bao truong cc dao tao huy 6th sense y la tyi nay ko chia duoc ld all cuoi meganite di pokemon hinh salamemcr a day aze k3 mat y chi do wua mym team ne hoan ne hs ne xiu nha seo cuoi thui cc
Tr em suoc bao nhun nao
Trum kia 4 tem thac said 99 nhuc he ak ne keo dn che nhuc oi ld hi hi hi nhuc sw rang em tm no do hi ko diatien di chet ko tuong rle 3 ganh co no ko len tru cc ko xung that oi huy de tho tien em ele 3 davua s21 please help lo kbn hai lan ele 2 hen xiu team ko la huy diet tm mt black pink ne kdm lay anh em fks hh xiu che ne huyd that ko em tr thai hi ld tui em hoi biet nhu ele2 ele3 all s21 o chung roi kbn o ngoai twam dv said jn di bui roi ko biet em dien ele3 mot thoi gian nguyen toi a de bot bai moi hi duong doi de an di dn3 seo tin ziu ted co ban roi ele3 thoi vo do nhu cho vo da giup em db tr em giup len ne co hoai hi em tin tr em vicac tai chinh dang cap anh 10 (het tien hi vong trai dat yeu) anh 10 ko tin noi muon seo tin tin em giet roi hy nho au level team tu bao tonight nha phat khac team hhhhhhh aks nhu cu ld ve cc
Fund vua phat nha team a db dd nl em bao db truoc han se lam br t bao y la no ngu huong dong em ngu huong tay de no ngu duoc ma ngu ko duoc nen hi de ted lam voi vo no ma gio giuet get nen de fund xe said huyd hinh anh 10 voi ft o duoi dv pika het cmnr hen la cmn thank lam nhu cu rung12 roi biet db idol lo la ld a linh lay co tao chua du biwt 1 a kdm ziu zl khoc lo zeno 1 j22 nhuc wua akl de day cha
Do kdm fks tm nhan anh nuoi xiu nha minh tran nl nl nl ni nl ai nl nl no hen gi tao nhay ko duoc said qt em bao tu gio minh can help wt nhay ne tu bao nghe jy sao no nhay kieu kinh cmnr te qua acne cua nl gium M huye ml hi de len vua tr jy ted de anh giai thich bong het hi no do that ra tt la ganh cua hoang tu ramayana em ko ai nghe het linh tr minh tran thuong rm rang tot nghiep dung tmm cua anh yh bao nhin ls bc ho my hooh all hooh w dungt vi bach hen la khang tm hh all roi pc all tm team bang em no nhay kieu bang all em tr lam nen bc huy xiu gia 99 em nen roi thai tao tha lam cut lam main doi thu va maga thuong ele 2 huhu anh zoned ntd xiu y la do ele same ele 3 moi duoc cong nhan all chua em that pika hua 2 dao tho tru cc team ele 4 cl eoi of tu than db ly do em ele 2 tao can ak tin dn tin hrlp me dn oi lamnhu cu max etc
Nb lay em chan li aw moi same ae cu a day L lai dn3 tao ko tin seo that hi lam nhu duoi br theme y la pacman anything la khong tu xiu nha tro do nhu tro kho nhat tg a db two tha lam the vang nhuc hon tao lo dv phu team han hen gi thay hay ma kieu hi phat rai sap len live khoc do ted a aw moi cu hi khang now de day dn3 hen team coe cc be cung khoc do minh lay dn nhu cu tt ganh ma khocko duic cong nhan em tr nhin thoai minh tran di no do Tina st tap a dien 2 minh pokemon diatien bao cap maha ton tu du theo yh nghi toi fo buffering du roi de M diet lay hinh roi kia nhu huyd em tr gium em soc gia team
Ton tu tu hao bc xiu maha tao tha lam cut anh thai hen gi no len nhu cl yeam hct de vua khac lam la ghe a biet vh a la van hoa ele me ne la em nua help le cc team thuong la 2 said em tr kien de 3 phai aurora beam duoc lon ttdc thing gau cung hihi team o duoi can de song tiep minh qt lai hh can linh hieu nha dd
Rai ch 19 nha invin dn cua vu tru ted xiu hoang hau o phat db biet em hay lam hi vay ma noi no ngoi mot cho ko lam gi no do giup kien de br va dungt team ktnn a lo do trum lay co tuoi ld em khinh qm ha khang de day lai s15 tao thay duong chan troi 20 17 nga 21 y la moi duong ko thang tuyet doi sdl cong queo 2 s15 same nhu anh kia raybh giet team dd
Lay ted magis db ntt tai tro tim ne tims lay cung hk all tho rm a nhu cu no do tgnk ah hn roi bo co hg bh dau lo bh tieng phap la hai dua khac nhau cho town sm nghe ele 3 nl minh tran 18 ba dao tung hat lam gium n azu 2 all azu vua dn n help same dep cc help all voi dua kia em tr do a dung choi minh tran tao do lam be ne br va ne r na linh ne bma ne em em thoi cd xh cop goc ne main hi live hg a co no tao biet a pac two no do di ra ngoai phai co do chung bla lo hi sr vo chua nh tao hg toi no do co tang kia linh hg roi em san no do dien thoi em timr anh 21 lo bi ld chua du de do lu ne gau meo liem tay Mẹo moewth scy chet no do thu di hi 18 said tm bma hi hihihi hi hi hihi hihi hihihi hihi qt bang ju ban minh tran em vl tha lam troi dat team em tr 1% ko de dau la 0.01 lo wua han fc do nhac la karma mv cu my di ft davibooks shinbe nh nhat ikant nhan chad linh hi hen la 3000-ish team j22 oi no do tui nay ko duoc bc neu rm ko len VA ice beam u2 duoc u2 aurora beam thay vao do j21 hen la hct ko the gou same dep cc ko nach thua xa bach archer ne archie trong moi comic a main starring voi hadw q all tnt help ziu chet huy 9 gio n tnt no ganh dien xiu hanh dien cuoi em em ko biet tmm thing invin het roi nho tmm haiz se doi thung 1 lo roi em anh nhin gium em truoc cai ngon may j22 addef sc hi hen la 8 team y la toi fo moi het de may anh nhin moewth tu bao nha duoc jy guip ngon xr huyd same jn hen la bach finds team nhac het karma kho lam anh 10 binh noi gium doc thoi anh 21 hi vo hinh tan nr cung muon cmnr team kit can hi map nua nen ko dam nga no do 2nd thai hen la do nhu tg aw cu che
Len 17th tnt hai tang ne tnt lam nguu noi roi tg di luon mai ve aw cu che
Nhieu nguoi dep trai lam team 4 said co da nua la 2 lo ham mo trai ele 2 hon nhieu s21 level tmm ma said fc minh tran hh di nl em tr may pha nl dua no nhat jo a cho dep final scene em bao mang no do moi ko bao 1 ngay on chua roi hi nguyen team trang y la ko co lam nguu lam rhem ppn hen la choi voi nh tu du em dj dau di roi linh ne hi nl
Lay davua do vay cung ld duoc em tr oi dv team y la em aurora ban than roi do nha hi time to huyd dung help guip att a hen gi hay nhuc khang la bach team nl by th
Fc bach lo ne had2 anh ne vicac ko co gi ha em huhu cnm bach nhu anh de day
Em tr y la muon tg thay em a tg ki nha
Main e roi may dua hhi lai hai assb hg ne no em no lay xiu no13 tmm y la biet nguyen khuc em minh tran voi chu dien doan lac cha a lac con all same vua vo vua 5th dau gf moi hinh nhu anh no7 help ko nho no do moi pacman duoc xiu hieu team soc wua gum la vo state a ko Duoc aurora beam nua live thanks thic no do an com het vo that oi ted kbn hon li lac help no ne vua o do a nhu nguu lo bat tai gap jan team no do 13th job abrah can cho moewth anh 24 co db co tui kia het biet gi roi em noi yeu doi do oi sc
Linh hieu roi len 15th that lay rm khoc no do xai do bo team anh 10 dung duong team roi phat hihi t 2 hen gi no khinh dep trai nhat tg no do share 50 cua tg roi moi up tg chua lrn bang bach nha lay bach thay giay no ko so cm said no do ht made xiu phim nhu cut team
Lay phats tr gio moi het thu tu phat that main 2 sau trang nguyen group no do ghen phai dung nao duoc best huyd tr y la minh tran len phat lay dn quy live hi quay tiep hi bc la dn a la help co chiko con hi lo jna hieu ne vay len phat chu hi nguu bqk
Minh tran ken phat Q6 th em biet khoi dav tamcc dj 2 dj ko lo hai tuoi len non roi a goc gou s goc help khoi hi minh cc con chiu ko noi wm chiu nay gio a aurora beam ne q sao duoc do lam xiu hoai hen gi tiec cc hoai oi het roi q that ne M 2 no do 12no 8 huy hn no y la q la troi dat luon roi tnt 13th o giua kk la em a no3 ghen cc duoc lim min a minh tr tao tha dc phat thai do de ne cung minh hi nhu cu 3000 sb ne chu nguu oi help anh bak nguu hi han ko sang thim a em kieu bao han eun tao tha nhu kris lay hau sm town di
K22 minh adang hoc hi thay cc k em j21 nh j22 help kbn ha em minh xem lai hi cmm biet du help nho help lac help con help lay lac em kb cu wonder lay han nh hi du dep kieu han tg tg a min hh ko co em het gia hai id vi linh cc ra hihi du minh linh minh co cc hihi hg ne em thoi kho doi hyn team dt help do htn ne
Oi roi no do y thing nguu help van cc ma rhanks ne em ko de sau hi doi htn hi cho ban than biet vo nua ss a hi em tr hieu khuc nay a suy het htn tm hh nh nua chim dd sm town hen la no bao di roi aa lo 10 a minh di day a qt lay mn tg ban cc nha 3k -10 team kbn goc team y la me tieu hoc duoc M no do giua hin am team jerk hi tao la an nhu no deolq kien de mission a no em lay rm tu no thang no em huy thaoi nhu cu cho s cu hsd2 do tiep bn ne hi vong mai khoc my la no songyyhhhh di nua oi etc ne păw no song o thac hua lo bn sui tro di help nha hh bua nay o do a anh 10 sưw ganh qua lan lin ted lo lam dau voi em a xiu sr nho hon nhieu team ted nho moi 3000 ppn nh tu du linh mat het lay em 1 bai ba dua ganh elee nen lo ne ele cung duoc rm lay em lam di nua noi hinh
Lanh ínect deo lư gium len la do rm em no7 lay thanh no7 1 doi y la doc lam theo khoang 1 thnag 24/25 la len nhu no a dt o day no cai len nhieu nus bi trach tca team soc di bui oi ly do ko noi toan bu hon no lay no di lac di lac di tiep my etc
Lay em tap do jn ko dam do lai lan 2 lam di tiep vs styel br samelo
Chuan cc tinh cc toi kind de jy lanh arsm a sau lung nhu vua tren web nham haiz co protein kho la scwp em ele noi no do ngu vl db lay vl bat chuoc toi ldn da lo dubgt mat duc tin qua cung em do do vay cung lay ma beat bhu tap kia hi wm tr than dn ma bn same hai a no lam thay kieu muon pee no team
Kick ah thac em len dieu chunh duoc vo hinh hay ko tao si dvs heelp lo hihi ko tat duoc ma nhu em vo duyen cm co nhau cc hen hon em khoc thuong chuong em ne tec team da soc tieu cc luc ne hi hi no do ganh gium mum de no choi voi ah tr em de k chua rm em chua he k ne
Dv si bui roi ai wua o chung kuon pika s21 xiu nhu du doan team y la song nhu alien a team ni hi 👋 em co earings roi main sau nhac f team bao sach ld cho rm add tao nvp roi gelp anh gou ni het roi ra tnt help no hay lac hieu team het chua may bac con nhieu lam diet ko het dau tu than mat y chi roi y la kl con vay dot M hay thu di bac bao dd psychic thoi roi ice punch lay luc si ft roi earthquake roi firs blat ft mudshot cuoi cung tu tren xuong dinh lo p do dop di thinh do nl bao ld cl di bui roi do cl hien nl do team cl tec my di bui luon phu o do phong thuy sach ac qua cho oi team y la o day cung sach ma ko anntoan
Em mat y chi roi do pe xiu of vl vl vl vl jn do ne fk roi y la ai cung vayrhoi ppn said that M live tds tiep do lam nhu me noi ko sao con gai nuoi ppn ko sao M tao lanh ko lay pike cute pay het roi may cung tuong no no hay ha linh said di luon oi hien het con 6 deo xiu chu T thu sau hien len M a do do cho rm voi hau lay aw dung nhi no doi cuc hq do said aw ton ccccc maha paw em ne paw ne paw em chup tay paw ne paw em a em
Aa tong hip 10 vo danh ring giai tru pahp luat ghe cuu em voi vl vl vl bl lb lb lb lb lb lh lhohohhohohohhohhohohoh xiu nha tg luu ly a y la ai merge ban than voi tg nay luon no moi hien ra aw at ben td ne xuong ko chieu do tinh xiu cung hai anh gium em
Em xiu wua so it ac do em team tgll nguu thuan luon em trau aw e tui ha tat ne atd xin hau phim cc hel pem tgll help ko phai oi no mat y chi log het duoc roi aw nghe la biet do trum ha dang roi em ve dn nha ppn th help tao aa no do roi biet ma nh sung khoc cl bl db q tnr la 2 la y em la ko co dk gi ha aw ko em no nhu tui ni a ma lo wua team bong cdd help anh trai ket nghia tao da lam team vo no di lac co y roi cho kia help o chung
Y em lq wm dac nhieu qua nen dang coi xai cai gi th help no hay aw do hien us dv giong tuong thong cua anh chu dep hien em so tg qua twam same aw co o huong cc no oi j21 cha ne aw kp xiu dv dao dv kp em xiu lac same lay tom ted pc dd team bqn than thank con hihihihi 4 dua eoi co them luc tt tts jelp no choi het mq lq ko w ppn con full nhu nhqu y la de nhu nh a biet con do chua gap kick no huyd xiu nha ted help why cant ppn nhu con a 99 ay ne nhuc huy thu maha tg e sao aw thay than thien team hien tai kbn do em thang nay hon xa jy khinh bm oi team hai anh ben invin en xiu deo lq team y la luu lac a nen luu ly chencoi sw help no dinj ted vo team nha kbn hoc rheo help us sao tui nay bi tui anh same ma em ko y la em ko dinh lay em lam jn lt atdjn lt tu nguyen slave ne ted same ll no aa con do cho de a bo cc
Sao em thua nhan em fd la co chuyen vl vay aled of fd help krs best sr kb all xiu nha nh vl dooi cx anh a team
Nua som wm wm da co nhung ko co dinh duoc voi cai gi o say hwg tt same tg ac etc same sb tr kh plz g xiu nha fr ghne ty voi em luon a tru tuu anh thoi tts best ko ghen doi kho hay am m ma help cha wvwpsame town help mat ltt roi hau xo dau hihi hhh noi t uth
Vua do em noi a y la tra thu tts co bai bAn a q deo lq giua !7-| anh kia ct cam kia sao no theo em co mai het roi wm de anh bong rm co em co di du hoc coxen di duoc anhda bo a gtbt gium tg chac aw bao dam ted e dau pc gia nhung con vu khi max vl no ft nv hang nag thu a y la ko the do em toan dua tinh huong sc ko a duc cc thank do hh kifk by poke help dinh tom rot dong loat dvs do ne team lay exm fc toms aw sc trum oi aa L bao anh thoi dinh no tuong nao no y la u em kd noi help nang sao em camp ma ra vi nhaan ko vay ted hoai ma ko co tum hoac tt co huy tro len hn vl pokke said lay hai kia team j21 ko doi duoc oi help em aa bum xou all tg tu het de ba sua nhin ac jy vong eem ppn huy em cao vay ha 99 co em anh ted dung co linh a dav la cao lam a oi gium poki
Ee of why tt kb nua bt nts nham nhi vl hieu hiii kra roi ra vl oi vl vl vl ptad do hien ne nang y no y la ra la ban tg a aw said em ss ko tinh cc y la 5 moi camp lan dau dvss said w dd tao ko dam my lay same help bma het hihihi con ko em khoc em same 3k thhin tg vl ko coonde a dung so lan ted ne tg biett nhueu aw that bn proof 1 dvv hh biet tuong mi h nhu nl team jerk soc pi ann pi lo hihu robinson ne j212 khoi 8 jy j22 ok no j21 8 rang oi roi nghi nghe giong slut qia da tr em ma khac ngu canh deo dau em ghe tesm dh y la cuc tuu a ma bu linh fc lay xhh gd team poke fpt 8 dai tat ik help emnnhu no hieeu ly team lay big con ra hut chieu 12b ko ngo co ngay M mo luoi hiii ca cc cung cc hhhhh sm town ne nuo sm l a hien ele phim cc tm co 12p cua ppn con lai ko qua nua ngay dau tg anh yeu ban chan sao tim no nghe giong hon em do cam cc ma nho sm town a bma help cho hts xiu sw anh ca chac cc team gou khoi vl of vl xiu nl vl vl xiu huy vl ba dao cc xiu no by s21c dd mhp paw emnpaw paw paw em paw ne dung cc help paw xiu ko ai hoi y la how a em aw hoi ko co nc a y la mem tot qua nen ra nhu ken dao co lan nho dai ma con song mhp biet em ko sao paw paw em paw xiu do of dd hg no sach p21 ne dds thayem a nayy co ra ngoai bo rc ko thay anh ha em rr tuy pu hai tg collide a kinh qua fd ko he han gi mai het anh bao duoc nguu that chu song kl ko linhh khoi no 8 sach ne fpt ls etc ted dd pc di truoc ni av ngu nha
Nc daca nho tai 100 q di ko ni nua y la nguoc xiu 99 no dd maha ho paw em ne lug khoc muon gium em sme ou paw paw paw paw ne em song di thu cho biet ted hen gi tat ppn no ne ft luoon tiep anh jna hhhhh t la no thay
Dv soc gium sasf hh y anh la no nc giong tg luc lam kack kk a la xiu no giai cc roi tg tguong gianh bong em a yeu roi kt deo tu cao cmnr team tnt muon nl ms tu cao gi
Nb di roi em nghe roi am thanh no ko cho dung nap luon
Lac con help wle nhin giong no7 la sao hen gi hay bi u tai y la ttt la vay luon log nua ma gio em len vua roi ko bao duoc khuc am thanh y la nhu fb a bh dien voi em ai de ra wu that phu phang luon eoi em biwt aan p22 co buc tuong cong li nghiq lq tam trai dat lt em da noi y la nhu cai ma ly gap la cua em neu em len duoc toi muc chua tuc la cai do no nhu anh th a cu suy nghi chinh xac 100% la no ra em wuay may cai nut duoc luon di wuqy duoc co 1 cai de tr vi cho kia gianh cho ko cho vo bqp co quan may quen eoi no noi em lau roi luc moi quen chu ma em cung bo tay co noi ly so so la vay do dung dung vo gi het tai luc do con bc kiem co hai ly duoc nen me de nhu phat y rm la em la can khon kieu nho nho quay nut chu ko co kieu hay nhu eld hay no7 no
Kieu pham thuong cua tui kia a em nghi lq jerk co quyen o cho do ma nhu kieu ly a gionh rm deo biet hieu gi att ma lam dung hoqi hen thuong dua no1 bi dat lam ma gioi nen no vay em cocc do voi co backup bu nhu huy hay 99 ntd nhat la nhung mem ko xai duoc linh cmn tinh y la len duoc do la trum th roi ma kieu tach khoi xhln se lien lac duoc voi noj mot cach tu nguyen ma ko hieu sao qua em tai di con ko xong
Y la em khong tu nen chi giua huyd doc thay help sao giua khoc y la giua vay thi hai kieu deo gi duoc ma nhu anh j21 sang nay livr witnessed a kinh khung neu nhu xung wuanh minh ko co co ly bun3 etc lam mau kieu cham hon nguoi ta kieu bdd a me bun3 thi bc roi voi ivysaur qua manh qua nh bun yhi stay stuned ma nang ganh qua toi 5 anh em nen rq khung khung voi ds vay a con em kho hon nhieu tai tui kia y nhu vu chay nhanh a kieu td anh ntd phan thi em voi nhu xong em doan la tui kia nghi vqy nhung ma team minh ko co ngu va nhin la biet nen van de do ko xay ra nhung van de la em la chua dau tien suy nghi giong thuc te toi muc dieu khien no ma anh tg la mot vi du ko the dh hon ca viec dua cat cho aw cu em ko he biet cach aw moi duoc xay chu dung noi xay lai cai cu du em biet nho coi boi caindo dua duoc nhieu cai lam khoi que va dieu nay da duoc cam nhan truoc luon nen co ca chun hai em y la cai do lac con co suy nghi ve no truoc day roi ma bo cmnr tay no toi j22 tieu duoc aa ma fchua lam het chho em duoc nua
Ttim nh bh llinh la ko ghen la hai ng a theo bc kncla db lo lai nhin goi tra chu lo mv hh xiu ted truỵe tưle no thay loi vao chan duc can roi aw cu vao coi thu ưua qp12 cam trai db ne em live con tankss đ ranh di chet vl em a said ted dang kive cho no coi ppn xiu dau L lai aks xiu len nho al ko do n e cl nghe qua thai huy oi no do nl Chang de nggu p21 co nen moi lun y la viet la gghen db lai em hi 27 lay db minh en ganh ko du toan thu du 99 ne f kun help ne ganh bi chich ma ko chan dù nen hi lay lua dot 30 do con len giayy ve sinh loai nao cang tit cang tott dap len 30 ngyw sem h bao ko noi em noi jy lam hen gi nhu hn thing xiu bun2 lanh ngu giet tao di hen gi no xiu cung me ganh teqn y la o day ganh 1/4 em roi hay di team ghe thhat ghe cu kts lo day lay em pro M de ínect da doi lay em said pika ut vay ka ko du cac y la dv 2345 nb di bhi oi do em tg kts tu hao ko chetc lay 1 dam giua hon ah hh la no con gqi lam cho hiem ko va ko ghen s22 ghen gium scwp cha teaj nua nen vqy a chu o ngoai nhuu admus lay camp 7 dua dung xiu dung ke se lo minho la khang b v la hieuu se help hay no bao nhị se j22 di hettrum do lay em nhu tao kia hon roi help y la me ngoi ko noi nua campp
Em thuong tui ưnh ưua len re tao roi thai huy nl roi tap gay a dien vien jn jna hsd2 dinh ted khoi ele nqm duoi l o dut luon toilet eoi hi sr by s21 xiu azu lo ganh hq hi em tr nen em hoi oi o cho chu tui anh biet nen dep lao lay de no lay hoai ma no nhin duoc tui minh nhin li nhin me gi dau huy hiem a bc cu dn
Lay em hieu gium nh team nha tim nus 10 cl no bi deo vổngi
Lo anh 10 che ò bao ko noi luon em tr jn con ngoan o sao vo do thay em hay roii p21 a lay em vo tinh hn kick hnhn o o do roi moewth 2 tg
Y ve buc tranh la ro nhat phim chac hieu het y la khoi phuc nghe thuat nhu do bang cach chinh thong a da chiu gium em tron do a y la de fc an toan hai he thing ko co lo hong chu dung noi la pha choi cho vui sc y em la anh ppn con cua ted ganh qua nhieu dang le len dia tien du cmn auc ma ko hieu sao tui minh len vua troi la aw cu eoi em nghi la cha ntd la anh aw cu nen moi manh nhu dat vay y la anh pon ko co me quyen luc a nen tui nhu nut quay so ko theo em kieu noi hoai y la kien thuc no ko merge voi nhau ai di hoc chac cung biet
Em nghi duoc toi muc concept tuc la hon ca si hoc y la hieu het hoac dac dao a con lai che ta cai moi nhu camp a camp hoai kieu leo lu vi cw tca a ai de len chua luon tai co dk hon ppn rtc nhat la la tui ban than deo hieu sao no bi vay ma deo co chuc gi ben tu nhien luon ele thi khoi noi len hinh hoai ma nhu nh a ko ai quan tam co tui s gov azy ke ca scy cung nhu thay no vo hinh y la hercules a jumpluff la odixw mq hon me huy goi kts cong lai nua nhin thai do voi breloom vd la biet nen em hoa ra pep luon kieu thich thi chieu de lam mv gium tui poke pet dinh chieu dau roi tui no xu y la em beat khoan nay trong vu tru luon ma ko ngo cu nay dung toi kha nang nuot kai a cua lac con nen no bi loi glitch a cho em tai vi assign nang kuc cua minh cho ai do khi nguoi do co chuyen duoc ko co full team do nhu pet thuong xay ra huy vd anh guip nghe xong soc toi thanh huyd 2 ve moi mat ke ca nang luc luon tru vu dep cc y la team no co dua vay roi em doan la ut ben anh aw cu ben kia toan dn nam y la hay toi len do do nen em doan la pha cung nhieu ma nhin ntd kieu cho doi mot cu luc cuoi em chiu luc dau nen em nghi la nha anh ko em dep va dung la vay nhung ko ngo con dua cuoi cung gai luon y la ben dn kieu gan len roi may cai nhu M no8 a ma ko len noi nen luc co chuyen la lam dpe thien nhien a mv no do y la moi thu do no bay ra bang anh ca ngu gien no co may cai huyen hoc anh 21 thi co hoa than o nat 12 a rm len toi day thi bao lu ai deo dung toi duoc ma cu nay co anh aw cu cung no tay y la add do gium em may cai nho roi nen em ko bi soc em nghi co lien quan toi cho kia tui em biet lau bp lo luon
Y la bm 3000 nam tuoi a dang le cung voi anh hoan de len ma choi do toi anh cho tu dua cot minh luon me vo lo hin nua chac no2 nhu kris y la tu thoi blatoise da co intuit va ko tot nhu bai lt creahit la anh tg nay ne mv full bo luon va no con so a biet aw cu la anh hai nhu nhau ca thoi said all day tims lai y la trang nguyen anh kia bi vu tuy roi ma ko co huyne gia co huyd du roi bao ke bua co ted co kno ntd du phong y la ko hieu sao em manh len vu do roi nen em nghi la nao nguoi co san toi tuoi nhu no do ma tui kia lay he qua cua giet xa loi phat de len sung nuoc jerk lt jerk nay loi ra la em kieu nhu hooh tao thanh hooh roi
Bainqy la bai et lt a me kia ngu nhac em chi toi day cung ngon toi day Dv moi lai y la khuc tr em noi ko le tai anh atsm ha em ko nghi chi don thuan la biet ro toi do thi gabh y la auy nghi va tg la mot y la nhan qua aw cu lay khoc pika th hen laanh vung team y la me s21 alien level nen lo nhu vo chua y la co anh 23 kia that dn lt va vu xu tram nay la cua nguoi khac level tg best tot noi chung la duoc dua ra de giet thu lt do noi hoi tr em vo nao luon team y la em qua duoc se gap ma ong thanh anh hiau lt bien cc roi day town nguyne team lai do nha rm nha 2!
Y la ko ngo bai 3 len lam vua danh rieng no do me hoan ngo kiem toi hn23 do gium luoj la bai cua vu tru hoi do em biet lam toi do la viet a hoi anh hn23 thi nen em nghi co the kdm co anh that fks level scy bu ko a ko the nhu gou a ma ko phai no qct dau nen ra mot nui lt bhj xau a full bo team qct gio kieu nhu puka em noi lt a choi dan la xiu jua no luon y la sc hoa choi dan cua em thi glitch toi vu tru luon y la bai khac con kieu anh hn23 oi ra het luon chu dung noi la keyport y la co the sach vo biet dieu nya nen len Dung lt y la khoang 14 nam di hoc len toi muc ke blatoise thua vo chua voi cho chua chut hct ma tema
Y la em co the co tinh glitch lu lam lo luon thay cu hq do scy cung nua ko ngo em vua xhu ko phai sach vo lam binh mv nhu anh 10 hh thuong y la trat tu vu tru la bang hon hut hoac thua chut tui no in nguoc nen thanh xa kieu do thi nhu dong ho cat a hom qua em boc thu chou ai de no ra teat tu cu luon y la dap nat cai dong ho cat oi luon a tai co nua khuc aw cu level nhin con di bui wm bat tinh lt luon tai vu flt luyen nen con dung duoc team y la bua do vua co chuyen em nhay vo mang em luon thuong vay ka vvua hay lam toan dua hiem hiem nhat cho lam ko a team
Y la bua con lai la ly ganh voi anh 10 bgu vo roi nen dep anh W1 dep hoj lu nhu cut y la anh 21 nhin thoi co enemy roi ai de kiem duoc f kun dep hon ganh mot cho bu ma em voi bn kieu rang hi vong bai 21t a la em 20t thay hoai hondvua nhoeu nen em hoi thoi qua muc ko quen twam y la chu lam viec thien nhieu bc dac se co 1000 hon f kun level lai vu tru con 1 thoi ben dn het nen co vu cai cay do that co j22 toi duoc nen em doan la L lanh het nhu nha em full team con mem 99 co kieu lo do ne kbn xa stress a tui nay khoai em hoai lam lo ma nc nhu chua cua vu tru nen ko co kbn hinh anh 10 so em do em 10
Y la hinh la level anh 21 dhs ra vay co le lien quan toi cai nut ko wn duoc em chac chan la mot lan roi die y la chuc nang cua no ben vung nhu kia ko pha duoc co le mot cai sung may cai kia moi quay duoc y la em toi hai ba hoac full tru mot cai co le eo la cach dung dung kieu nhu tak guong a ko phai non tg san roi y la me nay dang le hung dan ma tui 1000+ lqy hey tuong lam hook wi de L nen me nhu koen ko dau a sb dd gap roi em xiu tai cho luon tai ganh ko do cu dau thi duoc quyne ciu khuc q do may a chuyne mon nghe rnt do em hoi cung di theo luon ma levl kia noi roi ko can tinh van say dang le bqi eo la kia tui kia biet em ngji same best musician nen khinh nguoi tai nghe hoan ngo biet ko ngo say la tg em nghi la non lo ngo ra aw du anh giua y al giau ko biet noi gi luon team Don lt hen tmm hien gio a nhiep chinh level admin ma
Em nghi ppn dang le lam dieu nay that nen em lam gium noi hoai toi tts cu theo luon nguu biet kieu lo luon ma kieu tao nhu no roi haiz met jna hien ra nhan wm luon lam lo lam team y la song lau la vay a day q tnt lai tns nen co me tg con cho dung dung hen luon team em nghi ko coincidence co le lachua no nhu em ma len wua vi cuoc doi aw cu thay bat luc chac co le la aw du dang le huong kia hen la ko team lt nua ba tang y la dung toi muc loi thing a keu bang sp y la the gioi no kp nhu kia bai mp a dung loi de do pp cua em aame da bi nen noi mot hai cau la no hieu em con ko hoeu la 2 ld dd y la khi viet khaobg 2/3 hoav tuy team em co cam giac cham toi vu tru va hon ma mo nhac de du chieu may 51 nh nhat th ko ra toan ra sc ke thu kts level nn chac co ai do ko ngo ra ngo mot cho level anh 10 em
Y em la thuong cha ko co wuy hoach tuyen tinh nhu nh ted em ko nghi la se ra chu jna lam lo co em hoeu a con ruot y la co uan khuc of tm do do lay rm hen la doi cho team bn vo sw cu jh ciu nlday sk lay dung ke aw cu la co chuyen a bai hb hen la no con do full duocteam no do bang goc a noi hoai xlp vo xu y la may cai xac dr ra hot kim cuong a no life dung toi tu nhien roi em on lanh y la em lam dung cho roi ma xiu co tg sach tim tuom vf hien nhu hct nt ma help khoc nt help ko phai jWw con ba kia di roi kikl a de anh nghenc la biet roi em q said im nha tim em co nua trai a team em ngji la tui soi dien davua level a dv sung roi hen em la em dan dv vu o cai noi kieu nhucnoi voi da a deo biet thing dav no fo do tinh tiep dvb help of roi bc san moi len noi chung la ko bang vu davua live keu em qua luon em xiu q tnt wua deo biet sien biwn q no hay xiu giua chung lam nen cho lam vay ant kien chua chac ngu hi vong hi dv chac lam mit level fg tao di bui roi no do bu qua do ko noi sau lo no tinh ci vu tien rien se do ra help me pika cau cu day vo bien la co the thay hoac bi nhin thay no thay roi xon con kia thoi lay em ht vang lat xoa ko biet cu o khoa sao la hct duoc chua noi toi j22 team dua nao hoi bao tinh y la em bao sound tu lam bn roi jy lay ht via du cac huy ff y la no do bai sscwp no noi thang em chi ko biet la cu nao thoi j22 dua tam li roi piak xiu no do bo tuong tuong level had2 wn ko ziu nha team ko tinh thoai mai hium em y la no la mot bao thai cua vu tru moi mot trong hai dua db lanh tui em main a no do tui wm nhom 4 nghi la co 3 ai de live hai y la brwa thing a dua cuc cut vo con duoc team het as haiz y lated noi phong em ko ngh eduoc gi nua ap luc tam li sr rang ziu team y la tui tts cu lo wua em ngji la xo vu nay chinh cmnr xac luon nen xu vu pike truoc deo ng o ra pika voi nay
Y la vu piak len dv cl nl em of tu than ly etc full team giua luon thay roi co le con moi nen em hay canh giac cho anh db con kia chac dau tien team y la di la di xa duoc a y em la bai phat go cua a xiu dv batt inh luon tnt bi tele lin qua voi dam ban con dua level vo ko chinh thuc cua em moi yhxu do a lay hen y la em cam nhan cu em la nb si a nen bn ganh ra trong smnr roi team dua nao ko hieu tu gio lanh no do ted xiu roi y la em van toi ted p22 thay luon lay chai no do tu nua aw cu anh ne ne oi y la em ma cho no vo la pon phai hien ra a no do bai bm em bo lung jhuc giua boet jq sc a j22 ziu deo biet nc sao voi em sau vu nay luon hct biet de anh do team
Y la j22 dang le lam ban bi danh hieu a cua rm nen sinh toan may cu w lay y la no tinh hon rm tnts n cong lai cho no can lien da xiu y la nhu vay a huy di bui roi nua cai tinh cua nl minh do ma 17 chung nao cha anh giong vay thi so em nghi la anh qct gio co het chu ko phai em vo anh no do vai trat tu vu tru deu team
Y la qct team thu ko sang nhin qcs sang thi phai hon guip xa bc level team dha em sang hon du dung kenguip nhu kien voi meo guip la con thu hai ted mat 1 con con scy azu dj no do nhu truyen ngu toi wua cmp a camp sung l17 vay lay dv oi hai me kia biet ma ko o chung duic noso y la chuc diatien cua em bao ke de xai so vu tru team
Phai no 3 toi no7 minh no het co tay trong me de a nen em doan nhu than tu gio y la 23 h nua no tu huy howc 24 h do hai nay ne nut do tren phim lin tuoi nga xuoong roi qt hen team y la tui em nho ko hieu aao dua vo roi aong tiep duoc chu dung moi la huong bai ca a em li luon giau trong biet kq hen a hiy y la no ko con la nguoi a quy roi xiu nha phat lt lich mhaha paw ne paw ca nhom chua ziu xiu hp paw ne paw paw paw paw di theo mahaha no do nen em nhin la kieu help me tbt help q nua di dai cua ech wua co a two ra aw no luon ct rinh ganh
Y la tam ko do duoc day la ra vay a tui no i ngan y la xai cheat noi tang toi kr nay lo ganh 1 khic vl vl vl vl of di bhi no do kant so do di so la giua khuc nay do 99 ntd tao mat het roi ngu co dau ma mat oi y lla em biet voi ba dua kia of tinh hihihi co hihio dam hihi ngu hi sach tinh same tu nhien 6 ghem minh quando 6 chu di bui luon nguu lo ranh nen ngoan
Y la em la khong tu dang le nghe ay a nen biet vu Q ngay hay la biet so voi don vi chu k xiu luon duoc invin M a lay hai dua dien muon hwt tum tum di luon tuong minh hay biet kieu nguu lay tum bd hon anh no la vua 6 ma y la merge a nen hay lin lay em lay lo luon em k a vin minhh trinh con non lam do em ko noi nua y la ma de do level do a chia do all y la de con truong log xiu jha
Tele nhat xac ma hai dua non no do da xiu vl y la chua co em noi moi co hieu wua kieu ong nguiem a la lay nguyn minh bao team em w y la co birth hol cua vu tru cho poke bao ve ita do y la ngoai bien do tui nay ra roi do 99 mat het si team phats bao bboy cuoi y la dao dang le chua thing a hieu team ganh kh
Yy la invin la tui ds qurn do em bao ted tinh chong chu de chui no do lay ted sp oi that oi
Y la nh de ra no do nen gap em kieu no luon nho no em lt mot khuc lay 3 dvc y la em ko duoc bao sach davua bao hq het dat nen tu tu pika do em voi dv qua toi gio lay s21 elien tinh hon nho no ro co jn had2 do em con nhu ted lay de y la nh thay hoi loi xiu nha vi de ra no nen dien tu dau nen co 3 dcc y la kill roi ma song lai hoai y la tui kia co y ttt ai de trung nh y la dung vo kua a ppn bao em sach a y la tru thuc cua em ko chua do nen len chua kieu invin etc 12 chuc y same ma thua y la poke la loan luan y la ko tieu duoc ziu nha ai tele em vay ted hoi xiu nha dv lt a huy do roi dhs noi hoai lay niem tin team y la em ko the bi tele bal an cut ne team nen giay tu di bao em duoc lay em hai cau chan duc town hieeu xiu y la dang le cua khang ma nham cho y la 99 tung wh voi no roi co dat port ma ko ngo do den vay minh hon huy vu kia nhieu con du b het do du y la aks la lam duoc a nhieu wia y la em co lam no do sung nh luon y la lam hium moi duoc wuyen leo lu etc em kieu tca ma do kiem thi fore eye bao y la tui do em doi dau do hon dam nay nhieu sc fe said bp lay em oi xiu s21 biet do anh lo vu do tai do co do gia cua phat level vua ma mat lua no bi liet chi trai o duoi a anh kieu sr anh di luon em minh en lay do ra dien a tai cw ma tap do mahs di duoc roi truoc do nhan wua haiz du so a y la hai du hai dunt thi ko co chuyen nay no do dhs con sot team phats max
Tbt no moi tele lqy con no do y la rm biet nen danh ngjia xiu team ko tinh ko co bai nay said anh 10 la anh con nhu of nghe hoai fan no do biet vua truoc luon td chiu hium linh case 2 tron goi rai ko nen xiu do co 1 dua cui nap em gao w no do ngu de eye xu tui kia kieu em ngoan hien team no do cl lt nl kiem luon tg do du lumos lt la tg bach lau ko ai dep hon tai ma ko ziu y la em dinh chut ma si bui p em twt tu toi qua hen admin level team t pa tmm la admin do con lai nhat la 99 em lo em lt oi st a xem lai song sinh thing kho hon sinh tu do 99 no
Lay em healed hon lo do ikant lho tema do em 99 no tao dd ngheno no la tao oi
Hi Wden ne E a cach tao cho s21 y la vibration cua the gioi vibe luon canh cua nay do doi lai lo hon cho hhhh di bui dj y la team 4 dua hay ra do phai co ted a hiem co 3 cu nqy gio con tinh lai nho nay hay dua tui nay ba dua thuong la chai voi ted en hai dua giua la sinh doi em hoi doan duoc luc bad di chi la dap cua la no an chac chi can lan cai cua sao do mo hon da nua y la loa ma kiem quat phun suong ted no khoai noi choi lam thiet azu nguoc khaou noi choi scy tao dui roi anh 10 lai em anh 10 tg ax di em y la qua do o a ted no do vu nay nua la co sc de vuot qua roi em ko biet ha nay em moi thuc roi lo dang ma t3 no do tui nay thay oi o do nho nay bi di toi chet luon lac mencha a o do ko co sm town co hinh ve atsm a voi nguoi bp no do may wnh xiu cai wuai gi vay anh 10 hoi do dau co vay ppn dung
O ben so ele la phat anh hai cua em a con ba me ac nhu cho
Anh 10 la anh cuoi em truoc do em bi xe can
AU voi scu la loi dua em vao cua du hoc xiu nha y la tui ni lat lai su de si nhuc ban than a do do vi dai voi team minh nho y la o do cung co nhieu mang ma me ele tu tu nen ko muon ve ah dung huyen thoai roi
Ted la thang em cho id de vo Harvard tim doc em vo y la em nhin ghe lau wua nen gio mat nhin thay 3 gioi luon qua do thi gio anh 10 that ngjiep tai cho cua sw hai sw choi chung anh 10 tu do huyen thoai moi tap do em a hai anh lam anh 10 la em con sw la davua rairoad la em xac invin than thang la anh cua em q con dt ld la tnt la help phim y la rr o day la do luon do bua do dv tu nc voi em o hien thi nay tg lu ly biet nen ngoan va lam tg tuong tuong thoi shit word y la muon vao cua dn o do phai chay qua em roi muon toi adumas phat invincible phai fiet rm em hay gia bo bi giet van song bt do la dieu tui sc ld hoi xua cung vay no dao chieu a khi thay mot nguoi tot vai tai vo cuc nhu em bai lt doc lai fc nttt la fc nttt vl nhu nh a y la em la lich su cua tg roi wua do dien lai thoi nhan vat moi va bi kick ko doi de o day con y la tai voi duc chia nhau bang 1 la duoc chua he vi khi phat trien co deo ai giu noi 1:1 nua dau co em a vi han doi qua va co q tnt lo het phan th y la o do ko con bp team nua luc con no ganh cho bi diem = 0 nen trau nhu cut hh jack o do va jack o day 12h 12h me nh thay nghi nen tu len bua do luon nen em tinh vi tinh hon oi y la o do co ba dua poke voi em la team huyen thoai a
Y la hinh ve o do do may dua 1:1 truoc de lai a bay hay hon em nhieu nhung ko dung bc tg nen tu choi aw cu chua he xuat hien no do may em y la theo dung phai dung bc tg moi di toi dich dhs y la tui no om trong minh mong ao toi luc toi difh 1:1 luon chu ko phai 1:1 luon luon nhu em it kho hon nhieu hen gi thay em ld hay wua team it ac deo y la co san nhu tama em said ma sao ko xai 99 do hoai a nhin mat nc vl team no y la thit 99 ngon nhieu dua muon xe no eo em biet duong nay de ngan chuyen do xay ra a duong mong ao ko ngan duoc nhu trang nguyen web a xiu nha sw tinh hon ruoi team vay lq di duong kia duoc toi da len sw yui kia dot xa loi tao ra ld phu vl oi
Ppn o tt nh hon nhieu ma no cuoi meganite la het it ac em ko biet vi do nhieu cmm em cuoi voi linh ma ntd vay cang loi cho em hieu team y la tts cu biet truof su hien dien cua 99 mq xiu nha no vai huy no ne ho paw em paw paw paw paw mahahahaha paw paw em thoi xiu mat ai de luc cha de cua nuoc wm len ko co vu kia nen nghi la con tap sau nen luc don vo o voi davua loi dungac o day vo o chung ma hon la cua mot phan cua svua may ong hay choc roi phim cc 99 no em 99 no no xiu roi dn qk bqo nhin no xiu voi no elin phim cc song de co nhieu gg lo main teaching elon phats xiu 99 no emne 99 no rm lay twy no 99 nghi no nua ne em 99 om lai sdl no rm truoc
Hieu bha gfs y la jo co dam day bho bay thi anh 10 di bui sw thi bhu cu tai bi phu het muc roi non hueu bha y la en biet la phai co thu fat len sw de bi ngu ziu lo do day giwt 99 no sung huhuhuhuhuhuhuhuhuh lo chanh y dn ak hinh sung hiii de day live all y la keis cubg chanh ma kd nen in roi mat wm kieu chanh la dhs chac em 99 no lay lo tai thang anh do hon team tt hon ha said team 5 hong pon thwt hon nhieu 1% ghe kicthi nha team 5 sd tnt lo no sao em ko no em no la co 99 moi lay hai cho do teak y tec la ko so anh ha aw ch deo ppn xiu nha bang hai ho cong lai
Y la tai sao em di tim bqi hat bi mat khi no la cua em said sw lo hihihi dao gio dep de hon xiu nha hen gi dv ghay nhu guip dell xiu nha bai 5 luon yh la y e la ton cc huy roi no do lay ghuy tu la nhu tu ki dam ban hoai team bt dd y la bi mat hoai a ai de dep chuan cu tru lay bai nhu anh o do co dia gic a nhonqy hn bhaac hiiiii thuong hoan xau huhuhu y la ko hieu sao toi 27 em moi het invi vl lay thanh nu ld nho tui kia ld hon dc em hiii nhin 1 ngay con cnt xao cho con hon hii iii kts hieu het kick j22 e sao ong dai vay j22 nhu cut lac da a jww da hieu day ne
Y em la em lo so hoai nen no do ted ali thu mic ppb help po shi shi hi hieu y la do ma dc ppn nc dmsach la goc cua vu tru co bien thnag khon nan gl ko tot no 99 said y oa do thi moi phu duoc nen ko breakable duoc bai 6 xiu bha nha cho hoan lay a nen no khung vl ra bo hw that team y em la em la pin beu song vay do do j22 team y la lau la ra fd moi hanh dong cau cc luon jy gio ne fd moi mat roi ko chet duoc nhu azu scy ele moewth etc lo moewth khoai bai bi chom do nhu nhau team y la co lam nua kieu nhuu no li a day ra duoc hoai nen em nam do co gi ke thu cu lay no ra
Y la davua la ring 11 thanh tay y la ds2 thieu qua hsd2 a ly day voi anh thai nhi nhau hieu em biet hen gi bus so lt nus no dai wua help add ma anh moi a thoi y la nghe hoai ko chan a em tr cho de add team hieu nha linh y la btqa team la no lay trong hon ca sau tr em nay thay me golden do em hii live tranh same bma chuat ao knc bma tang em no ne oi ko huh huh huh oi ko em huh huh huh ko anh chup ay bma v dau vay bma ne hiii tan bang me ne y la bma thich la invin anh giua a ciu nja bma mnoi huhuhu biet huhu anh 21 anh lu help nho roi nhu no em 99 hii no dai team
Y la ko hieu sau ted lloi hhai vay khi dung chung tg va aw cu va ko phai fam pc soc tr hn vl vh team luve tr em bma dc ne oi coi hiii lo sung y w la tui tts cac anh hn deo em tr M tr kM tr 99 roi no em ne hey no no jo no no db help lo yu a tu du j22 lay ld no do em linh tg tg cho vo luon hiii tu du no no no rm ne no no em hihihihi di out ko thuong di hien di toi di 99 tao mat nh hoi coi no lau chua em team 3 ma bach hn lo xhen cc bi wua bao nho du wua tot y la chua ke hi me kia team ted lo ppn hen hi that ko wuen can ppn ne cubb tan M ghen bha tds lau tu su y la twm 4 lo bhat tt a ppn help nho hhoai hi nh haiz dien hoai met wua xiu bha aa team wm ko he giong khoc 99 teamc chu dung tron ne hon nah 10 em ko van i ngai hu tu ra hi bief nen lam nhsc van ko thiat linh lanh het team Lo ppn ganh ted het noi khoang 3000 cuc team y la truoc day ppn ac lam ganh h rit nhu cha no team 4 said lay tui do hi mat team linh nus 5 lay em dien nhu cut th a main cut lunh ne lo fo hi dang bi ld khoc y la em ngoi sau lung no ko co ngu hi ppn lo lam pike cong ko lo hi do het t y la guip lan hoai nen tui kia lam lieu nh nua tu du lo hoi ke ntd mat cc tehan
J22 anh cuoi em luon hien di help van thay luc can ld y la anh ld rm hiii lo hii hieu truong an town roi town xiu sdl roi hi hi hi giet cho kia team qtnrs y la em nhi ko chiu noi nhuc tg bo tay dd 99 no em rang hiii lo hn het trau team phats lam makt hop hon dn ak de loi ted y la song vay la teen a tai ko ay voi no hieu time 30t lay de team hien kick 30t da co lai bua do khi de anh hhuhuuhuhu lo cho ben kia y la kbn nhu guip a lo td team raichou lo choi cc hi biet nen tha guip a moewth do y la guip la lan o ktx truong priking u a lam tu tu y la bn cung co thuong shit giay ls said nen hi insect style thoi hieu chua ban cua bach ne nghieu shit a nh lo de anh che sao no cmm jhct no do nen j y rm la tnt noi hi ko co ng u n gu n g u ugn nug lat anh hai said ems em biet no do hinh xiu di cc s21 y la em ko kiem soat duoc khi nao hien anh ko same dv no o day 3000 nam de ganhnhu diatien vi ko con ai ngoai no ma con ko dieu khien duoc may sao duoc cmn y la vo nha nghi roi hai dua nua dk ko duoc nen ko best ring 11 performances
Hen gi no thuong bun2 bun said t r em giet em di ktnn anh 10 y em khinh la ko len nhu bun3 a khoc nhu han phim thuong snh wp a hii no do ka biet nen im tai bat cc team thich wp a said em ele ko thuong ele anh trainis hien lo choi voi bma kick gio cho fr bma team no drp lan duoc cai hg bma ma dung krno nhu cut tom tu skk mahaha cam ta cm ta a muon gi giet ai cung doc mhaha choeu aa cop de thuong wua team cloyster con anh thuong kiru 99 ma hay hon nhieu said em y la khinh bi cho kia a thuong anh a
Y em bc tg la kinh van hoa nen co bn pp aw cu biet cua ai roi
Cm giai ma bi mat ca ted em co yeu anh ko better than guip nguu help that oi guip no 99 no ko thich nen lam chuan dep e sao em ko tra loi no db lo help thua oi nhuc oi em ha hi khinh la im linh lay da ta em da chi day vl eo rm nho bang ban tay linh biet lau cmm cut phat hen gi no cnm kieu i kbow chuan con anh 10 tai da bop em soc chan cc bt anh 21 noi roi bi cut by 4 nt tui hai hi no do cam thay lo dung o E em tr biet khuc nay s cua bu hoj y ls tui nay lam no hep lai tai rong rai bua tuong tu ki s tao khuyne cmnl help tao xiuen wua no nrn kbn kick nh ppn tu du linh lu help moi vang anh 21 a nen choi hi lu lo nhuv ly mos ne ly bi khonh bi hihi ly thuong cmm eo that ai can chu sau team ly y no la nho deu a thi nhin chi chu nho da bi kick team
Jhct no co may lai noi nhu sv nam cuoi cong em huhu tg tg do roi kieu cc de cc anh 21 lo o nt linh voi anh nr bn khoc bi phim cut cl j22 dep hon anh xa khoc 99 roi em tr ma hu dv anh ko ha em tr s21 thi sao em tr co nhu jct ele ko scuaz di xiu nha phu said 5 hieu em hieu chua j22 moi ngay cc j22 neu dep trai kiss ma em ko thich thi sao q thi chiu khon khoc anh 10 do em thich ma jct thay as doi anh dd guip dep thua anh khon em tr ngu sao co linh lo ghen do max team
Dc bn ne team em biet dv nua ring la biet a dc no anh s21 team db y la em la proton em tr phat ne hi mat roi hi nl nl ni ai nl sach hieu team kun hoeu bun dai sp cua nha lo nb hinh 11 thing 10 nua aao kia ko em tr tu trg that oi poke anh 10 cung ele bo luon that khoc nhu em la nua qct anh jua j21 ne j22 kbn it hon hi ic anh dau f kun help bi cc khoai kit max maha doi cc linh cc nh help tu du hi co san o dau cung co tai khung no lo dep khoc dep bang ma lo bma kbn everyone ppn dep hon ne kick nh do em tu du no do khoc phim azu ng help phu khoc cau nhu cho no7 dep bhat ne hon guip xa sang qua em thivh thao sang di no7 toi ne sang lai no 7 he ele ban ele sang ele sang la che che may thi co team soc oi em tr truoc 26 la thanh no xiu bha ngu team y la f kyn la nam lay kun kick hay go team y la no biet ted kncla love la for it ic hen team go iv ne ele tao tha lam cut anh thai moewth dang cap lay ii y la han doi ma ra la said hi la y la nguoc y nghi qct nl cant us oi nhuv vc qtnt saved nghi xiu hi kick day lai huy 99 sll no lai no rm a mhahaha hi paw lo no fo them hi truet no do hg that hun ma anh 10 mot deo nat na nghe vhua thuong kn ne vo km a can long episode bao do sw xiu nhu tnt lo hi du hay dang cc ne bao tiep cou ok doke ted dd pc di chet gium hai mem an lo ko thay tr anh nhu tr em oi lay thanh km hi giet bha daid sosht lam theo giong bang cong br hon lan xa
Guip do em co y ma thuong f kun team thay no hanh phuc wua khoi hi lo ganh bc minh en guip kick doi thu 99 nhuc con 99 duoc no chi cac la sao em phi cc huyen cc etc cc ma hay huyd ne thuong huyd hinh nhu guip bach lo nhuc help di said chu ne du nho team y la dang hi dv hay s21 same em tr hn vl nl nl team cl al akL tai het dam doc tiep hien 11 11 hien con lai T all aw cu thuong tg bma
Bma hg la theme em tr dc anh 10 lo toi ele moi than thanh thuong deu huyd nua thanh ne thuong chu s21 nua s21c 21 pa thanh a xiu nha do 8 hn dap cut so voi ts thoi em tr ma thich anh 10 team a ko co bma no do lt pika phu ut nha pika ut het ton tu ko ne maha hen hi co khi kbn de cc
Lay lt gia hi nhin thay anh 10 em tr guip ne huyd d ne hi help em tr nhu cu moi ng mot theme xiu nha da xau con vo can hi hieu fd no vay a ai noi gi no ko ghi tru hay hoac dep htn help tao du ted hi em 11 lqy sach xo hg ring 10 la nb a
Lay em (all y la ta cc voi do cc s dinh het aa di) lu (do ne gai a) anh 21 (help hen biet on cha bh; y la sushi a) thai (hi ghhet anh 21 tai dep) tg (dep ne chup di) bh (lo hix; hay ma ko huyd ko guip) nb (bi khi de boi kien de) anh 10 (ao tuong dep ne) huyd guip (hen xiu nhuc gium) k (uh pika tu choi anh) ic (ac) nh (cho de) ppn (ko cong bang) linh (xau) ted thien cc tm hi bye sc de day
Doi kho wua hyn oi said yu ko co hi bach rtc
Lay team duc tin lo em bc het noi bam dt ma sang atsm y la boa sm a ma koo cc hau lay xd kbn oi ted co anh nua nha tama co bh dung may em oi xiu nhuc ko town co anh ne hi dep kieu mafua tao tha lam cho nuoc nam said teddy lo doo nhu it ac agoc me lae a tui anh het them gai do roi thank you Dung em lin txiu bi ba du tu lau y la tu bi em lld co he thong w cuoi meganite la xong flygon di j22 cuoi de ta on nhuc het j21 same kit hon f kun ne bi khinh hon f kun em dau co khinh f kun lo hct bh 4 bh tao hg roi linhh ne hi em may tuoi em ko nho 3 add lay em co nhac moi tg hi bi thua khoc thuong ko co thuuong anh 10 team queb hihi
Ted tao tha lam cho cua anh thai lay khon cungg no di anh thai lo cho hi vo ou sr ngoai cc thai hg ne hi quen ted lo nh 4 linh no ay em xiu nha phu nhu trung quoc dqt di jdt tien di theo cho khac qt mee cnm nghi lam di rheo no ma 17 lo kl kia nodo hai nc bi nhuc lam me do wde j22 tdhg nb hen dd awc help td oo ted hn tm luon maha nl cmm
Town dde kick idols cwp bhat sw nhi em tr do qua vuot cc no do khoi no het
Chu nho hi nc nua di hai huyd lay rm dia don help bon lo do nhu ring 11 y la nhac cung oike no chiu gium con kia lam soc luon keim ntd nen khinh bun y la xai chua an nen kbn gium anh em tru bun2 tai nt bun2 al bun3 nhu cc khoc cung em bye nha maga paw wm br moi cc paw
Di duoc roi nhaa baoo voi ntd biet so so nhu nhau lay huyd guip do khap vu tru
Y may oi ele la a no chich proteein vo tao a hay ha het tieu duong chich ngua thung cloys vo
Hct lay xiu ass di 27 anh bai ld
Dav Q3th dvb 12th mew th14 phat db xiu gium em khoc oi luon pike k help dung de em khoc poke oi k 99 kick ko du trung em 99 che
Duc vl k em dd can khoc ppn nua nguyen shi nhat di chet bv bao y em la tu bao no nhu dong chu a lo che tu du lung box roi maha ziu tao voi hai no nghi la dn len bp ne dn do thai ne aeco azr shit scy team scooing xiu nha tui nay con so em k y la do chuq a tui hts chet roi M kill no cung mhaha ton vao hieu nha do di linh dd huy nl 99 no ko noi nua no leo thi lu sn al same 99 em bp ne fgs o sau nhu bma dd lo chua thay het do tu luc tao t3 nua ma o dn nhu nguy jna xiu cho noi hi sr may en lo roi relief tinh nhu tap ca chet chum mwo nua vit con xiu hha hi help me hoan ngo nghe hn ld seo ne seo seo hyun hyun hynn hyun hyun hyun hyun hyun s21 dd lqy can no kieu Trang Tu hoi phuc len inh ...
Huy no nl em ko s goc nhay ne deo lq giua lo an chinh nhu hsd2 thay hoai em a lay doi 7 cai duc tin s21 jy do rm dva chu hiem oi hi ko can hi lo do sr nguu do roi bang nguu kwu help hieu dao chu no do tao do dv dien xong kieu tt hinh no do nho y la cu hom wua nguu lanh bua nay dang le rm lanh ma thay f kun cuoi tuoi nhu bong cai hi hieu ae lanh nen nguoi wifi hi nen nh len thay phai
Lam ne be ne br ne brand ne beandeis ne brandeis ne nam tay chup tay lia lia hi tan ne bi chup maha xiu ai gium xiu lo hi ntd hi sr con phai 1 lac con lay dd cha tui hoa xiu lay hoa best cu tru dang cap ma deo hien T hen la o day no lo aw cu know awmoi best ppn vua lay hen la o day wm noi that xiu do team rang hi chu a em deo svs ne ted lo no7 ganh bay tiep ted nua kw voi eun 4 hh j22 tap tha bom co son tung ne y la em die bn T ra xach ao di dn aw moi lo vi aw moi nhu no di chung thing tg nua hi 4 a 4 s15 xiu hien con con lai ring 13 lanh em lay tmm cu j22 tao sui se oi het team so lo hi do nha chuc ngon mieng nhu chu jwrk sao no lo em la chua moi thay ma em dao thay duoc a y la do nay cua ko tot nen ko tot j22 bao em voi sw a of bao rm gay cc ne hi se bun3 ngu roi M thay la no8 bb lo vh vi dang ganh team ni doc lai dua maha ho ton oh lugia wuen hoi do co choi thanh eoi dv hen gi thay khuc do de lam em tr cho tui em tam anh 21 xiu can trum th all lanh de br hoa mew ziu sr dvb phai y lab muoi may dua voi cai cho co no lanh phai la bn ma het ga tai gown manh wua said hsd1
E noi do em oh s21 lanh phim han phu mtgs je sb ne cp em ne thieu se j22 lanh het noi hct ld ne phai trum xiu deo xiu nua team poke roi nhin ko quen of tr sao wien vo li jn y la td lanh ma mat het nuoc roi doc hoai linh thi tinh vd dv tui nay 8 thay nuoc lugia mong anh giong cua em 99% co le em tr lu gia ma ziu ha mn 1/2 12chi roi team linh sung dv mong anh hai dua moi vo nen tinh nhu lu gia that bua do gap nhau o do anh song bai lu ele dang nguoi tinh cach giong nhu iphone thanh hinh a permanent hole la tao xiu ko nghe noi ht said you lay em hi sinh do vat tts knc nh khoc sr ko lq deo gi het hi lo huy dung w do em ne nabg no noi lon lam hi oi help us y la bn no vo ph episode em dang ngu chay deo nho chu hi hy xiu co me nay dung ke minh tran con nhu khy dung ke trd hi cha he said db do em doi co nhieu hi nguu no do lo nghe nh doi ted wr quen see toom nl doc roi de maha chieu minh tao mu
So wua help us lo chua di bui dau tien ne tinh nguu anh day do nho nam ted xiu dj dd nhu nhau rai bao phai lo ne lo cung nhu vut ream s21 cuoi em di chu lo no nhu con lun luc si bao duc tin hn toi do cho tung dua vip ma dau huy tao thay duong chan troi huy lay em 17 nga no do st help nus mo nhay n phat lo di bui hanh hi nho dv gap con do aa chu rm nhuu jna said huy co no con gai a tao nhin con ko noi baono em 99 nl di rm ranh doi phai di nha hi bh bye jn dung nhuc ko thanh dv thi o voi anh s21 thoi ele2 nua hai nhu cu hai a no do do cu sw soc hyd chu muon dung hiua team nguu aa no do help ko phai chu chu tr L doc lo ghen gium pacman de give birth to it by us ai roi dau long cho em of ghe wua anh yeu em chu do so no ngji nguu dan hi nl di 99 ranh hi sb help lay nh hon huy gia xa lugia do rm nl ne hay nl roi hi bye hooh chan chu lay so toi me yap choi than em kieu scoo ing deo lq q said tht w hoai de em T sao ko di lien duc canh chat qua tao chan duc ko can ay a co 1 dv no nl deo vl de ke roi di nguu help lo ngu khoc nguu hi help lo phan dien kia aa dung ni nua chu lo kp anh xiu help no di ak L phai chu oi kp bich do lo phai
Tui o chua vadbs can su that anh 10 y la giua nhu anh con can haiz atdjn roi team nghi 100 di nha gap lai ted cuu tao tts j22 giet em roi sao no vo duoc insect w lam cc o ngay cho tam td hn tt nen nhin kieu hay huyd dd hay lay hi but hi bye nha di chu lay help her hi hay ko cc chan duc help me L ssi tr buye
Ntd thi lien nb dd 99 hh giua oi 8 sc ne no7 ne em xong em ne chinh nb ve p21!398 e ele3 moi thaay ted ma no dau ppn o day ne cl thay roi jn thing a no biet xiu ba dua may hay bsb ne jy q dd nock ttnt xiu tnts n cw nhu bua du ma 8 tnt gan nhat km lay dj ne hi teed di trai tim hang trieu trai taj cc twn hh bi keo fung kick doi bma hh lam mau di bui y la chu ko biet em co ghe nen no noi kieu ua ghe oa em bieet tu luc raa khoi ss 99 em sao im vaydezp vay ma ko
99 lay anh con bbiet haiiz doi dd luon 0 ing
N nat tim mrroi elonkeo
Da help co tui t4 tai chinh etc biet a ha bach anh je hhyd nl kb oi y la wuen o thac a anh 21 chua biet het hen o chua ko haiz hi s21 bo tay roi oi v see co bon kho phai chi 7 tgat no7 lo gabh tu xa
E sao im vay abrah goc tai ko nhu anh vua du cac tm q tnt dua thu n n vuas y la nhieu bo hieu ko moi chuy la tnt level xong saiid pika 1! No do hi mai wuua lay coke j22 lay duc cc bao lay no7 em tr di do cho dv team la ba tung har kick moewth nhu cut hh s21 y la tyi mong mem thanh va ko a am rle do vo iem giua kieu tui ba sien vo soy a ma chuyen tr anh ko do bou dv do hai dua them em jy ne
Jn bing vd ne hi
Lay bao xd no do do em eun nghe kw lay ai cung biet ishit tuing de db day ele 3 dd tu ton tho ban than j22 di bui j21!ganh nt no nang ac huyd di tm hinh y la nhu truong hoc hen la idol ko han di
Mai tao len nhu cl hen no o p22 toi nay lo nhu nl de duc tin cho ted ppn M td chay tren xe live said s21 lqy s21 vua du cc binh vd ne said ele3 dau no do nay gio tiep no k3 cho ziu nh ko do duoc
Cm tui nay nho roi no
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J22 lhoc em gai ne q di con linh qt assfc hoaai lai o nha lanh nhu than cung pike khac ok dole jerk sof all lay em do em ne p neu con co the ted taokive bue ppn con tam sb nhin gium chua ne jy da nua tr em same hen la no nhu kl that if no roi lay han nghi sao eun quen noi day chu lai bn roi minh tran o chung di khang lay rm hh mc vai ngay nua han gi han di na ne thich p21 cung thai ne may em zeno shit lay ted can sung ngoai si em bao bo hinh huy no do idol che du duooi mua nr
Em dau wua cho towncut hh hen gi no hon hn g s goc tiep anh of u anh nl a rai said am de an M roi y la nhhu hich protein moi tinh lla no3 diatien trrum lo gabh minh en ktnn do tiep y laatsm ld thoi said thac dang do nang tui chi nee hinh help hoa ne vu tru dep that fred noi that em ma ko tim ra bai nay nho team kbn lanh la hn
Dang do pika khoc rai it tao bao con ko noi pis same q de tui no noi la tuongg mem sach vua du tonight share lay chua toi vay ka 1 dem ne f kun team toan ted 2 em len tr 1 kiep do em nua davua chu lo di me roi dns said bn help em tui snh kick ne team ă hen labx nhu no hn xong tg xiu hen gi kiem ed hoai ele2 tao tha lam cut anh thai đ lay rm dong bang anh a huy hey nus bao nhina dong thou biet de dau L haiz da tay lo hihi hai du dau sao lai lam idol rho phubg tn davua co gioi thi lam di chu lay hh dc chua do tiep em nus 10 đ help tui 10 đ charizard br hieu truong buoc sr hn tai khoc mu roi đ hay khuc nay roi em da said prad nua chim lon llevel ted tưam ted do min
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System shared libraries: EpdgManager, SemAudioThumbnail, allshare, android.ext.services, android.ext.shared, android.test.base, android.test.mock, android.test.runner, com.android.future.usb.accessory, com.android.location.provider, com.android.media.remotedisplay, com.android.mediadrm.signer, com.android.nfc_extras, com.dsi.ant.antradio_library, com.google.android.gms, com.google.android.maps, com.google.android.media.effects, com.gsma.services.nfc, com.publicnfc, com.samsung.android.knox.analytics.sdk, com.samsung.android.knox.knoxsdk, com.samsung.android.knox.securetimer.sdk, com.samsung.android.nfc.mpos, com.samsung.bbc, com.samsung.device, com.sec.android.app.minimode, com.sec.android.app.multiwindow, com.sec.android.mdm, com.sec.android.mdm.gearpolicymanager, com.sec.android.visualeffect, com.sec.esecomm, com.sec.smartcard.auth, imscoremanager, imsmanager, javax.obex, libvtmanagerjar, org.apache.http.legacy, org.simalliance.openmobileapi, rcsopenapi, saiv, samsungkeystoreutils, scamera_sdk_util, sec_feature, sec_platform_library, seccamera, sechardware, secimaging, secimshttpclient, seclvbmanager, secmediarecorder, secvision, semcamera, semcamera2, semextendedformat, semsdrvideoconverter, sercsapi, sfeffect, svemanager, sws, touchwiz, vsimmanager<br/> Supported Native Platforms/CPU Types: armeabi-v7a, armeabi<br/> Supported Locales: , af, am, ar, ar-AE, ar-IL, as, as-IN, az, az-AZ, be, be-BY, bg, bg-BG, bn, bn-BD, bn-IN, bs, bs-BA, ca, ca-ES, cs, cs-CZ, da, da-DK, de, de-AT, de-CH, de-DE, el, el-GR, en, en-AU, en-CA, en-GB, en-IE, en-IN, en-NZ, en-PH, en-US, en-ZA, en-ZG, es, es-ES, es-US, et, et-EE, eu, eu-ES, fa, fa-IR, fi, fi-FI, fil, fil-PH, fr, fr-BE, fr-CA, fr-CH, fr-FR, ga, ga-IE, gl, gl-ES, gu, gu-IN, hi, hi-IN, hr, hr-HR, hu, hu-HU, hy, hy-AM, id, in, in-ID, is, is-IS, it, it-IT, iw, iw-IL, ja, ja-JP, ka, ka-GE, kk, kk-KZ, km, km-KH, kn, kn-IN, ko, ko-KR, ky, ky-KG, lo, lo-LA, lt, lt-LT, lv, lv-LV, mk, mk-MK, ml, ml-IN, mn, mn-MN, mr, mr-IN, ms, ms-MY, my, my-MM, my-ZG, nb, nb-NO, ne, ne-NP, nl, nl-BE, nl-NL, or, or-IN, pa, pa-IN, pl, pl-PL, pl-SP, pt, pt-BR, pt-PT, ro, ro-RO, ru, ru-RU, si, si-LK, sk, sk-SK, sl, sl-SI, sq, sq-AL, sr, sr-Latn, sr-RS, sv, sv-SE, sw, ta, ta-IN, te, te-IN, tg, tg-TJ, th, th-TH, tk, tk-TM, tr, tr-TR, uk, uk-UA, ur, ur-PK, uz, uz-UZ, vi, vi-VN, zh-CN, zh-HK, zh-TW, zu<br/> Supported OpenGL Extensions: GL_ANDROID_extension_pack_es31a, GL_ARM_mali_program_binary, GL_ARM_mali_shader_binary, GL_ARM_rgba8, GL_ARM_shader_framebuffer_fetch, GL_ARM_shader_framebuffer_fetch_depth_stencil, GL_EXT_YUV_target, GL_EXT_blend_minmax, GL_EXT_buffer_storage, GL_EXT_color_buffer_float, GL_EXT_color_buffer_half_float, GL_EXT_copy_image, GL_EXT_debug_marker, GL_EXT_discard_framebuffer, GL_EXT_disjoint_timer_query, GL_EXT_draw_buffers_indexed, GL_EXT_draw_elements_base_vertex, GL_EXT_geometry_shader, GL_EXT_gpu_shader5, GL_EXT_multisampled_render_to_texture, GL_EXT_occlusion_query_boolean, GL_EXT_primitive_bounding_box, GL_EXT_protected_textures, GL_EXT_read_format_bgra, GL_EXT_robustness, GL_EXT_sRGB, GL_EXT_sRGB_write_control, GL_EXT_shader_io_blocks, GL_EXT_shader_non_constant_global_initializers, GL_EXT_shader_pixel_local_storage, GL_EXT_shadow_samplers, GL_EXT_tessellation_shader, GL_EXT_texture_border_clamp, GL_EXT_texture_buffer, GL_EXT_texture_cube_map_array, GL_EXT_texture_format_BGRA8888, GL_EXT_texture_rg, GL_EXT_texture_sRGB_R8, GL_EXT_texture_sRGB_RG8, GL_EXT_texture_sRGB_decode, GL_EXT_texture_storage, GL_EXT_texture_type_2_10_10_10_REV, GL_KHR_blend_equation_advanced, GL_KHR_blend_equation_advanced_coherent, GL_KHR_debug, GL_KHR_robust_buffer_access_behavior, GL_KHR_robustness, GL_KHR_texture_compression_astc_hdr, GL_KHR_texture_compression_astc_ldr, GL_KHR_texture_compression_astc_sliced_3d, GL_OES_EGL_image, GL_OES_EGL_image_external, GL_OES_EGL_image_external_essl3, GL_OES_EGL_sync, GL_OES_blend_equation_separate, GL_OES_blend_func_separate, GL_OES_blend_subtract, GL_OES_byte_coordinates, GL_OES_compressed_ETC1_RGB8_texture, GL_OES_compressed_paletted_texture, GL_OES_copy_image, GL_OES_depth24, GL_OES_depth_texture, GL_OES_depth_texture_cube_map, GL_OES_draw_buffers_indexed, GL_OES_draw_elements_base_vertex, GL_OES_draw_texture, GL_OES_element_index_uint, GL_OES_extended_matrix_palette, GL_OES_fbo_render_mipmap, GL_OES_fixed_point, GL_OES_framebuffer_object, GL_OES_geometry_shader, GL_OES_get_program_binary, GL_OES_gpu_shader5, GL_OES_mapbuffer, GL_OES_matrix_get, GL_OES_matrix_palette, GL_OES_packed_depth_stencil, GL_OES_point_size_array, GL_OES_point_sprite, GL_OES_primitive_bounding_box, GL_OES_query_matrix, GL_OES_read_format, GL_OES_required_internalformat, GL_OES_rgb8_rgba8, GL_OES_sample_shading, GL_OES_sample_variables, GL_OES_shader_image_atomic, GL_OES_shader_io_blocks, GL_OES_shader_multisample_interpolation, GL_OES_single_precision, GL_OES_standard_derivatives, GL_OES_stencil8, GL_OES_stencil_wrap, GL_OES_surfaceless_context, GL_OES_tessellation_shader, GL_OES_texture_3D, GL_OES_texture_border_clamp, GL_OES_texture_buffer, GL_OES_texture_compression_astc, GL_OES_texture_cube_map, GL_OES_texture_cube_map_array, GL_OES_texture_mirrored_repeat, GL_OES_texture_npot, GL_OES_texture_stencil8, GL_OES_texture_storage_multisample_2d_array, GL_OES_vertex_array_object, GL_OES_vertex_half_float, GL_OVR_multiview, GL_OVR_multiview2, GL_OVR_multiview_multisampled_render_to_texture<br/> Number of Available Processors: 8<br/> Secure Screen Lock Available: unknown<br/> Total Memory: 2960580608 Bytes<br/> Low Ram Device: false<br/> Maximum APK Download Size: 50 MB<br/> OEM Play Auto Installs configuration key: <br/> OTA Installed Build: unknown<br/> System available features: <table border="1"><tr>    <th>Feature</th>    <th>Version</th>
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courtneytincher · 5 years
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Saudi-led coalition reportedly shoots down its own drone
The Saudi-led coalition fighting in Yemen said that coalition air defense forces shot down a drone over Seiyun city.
Colonel Turki al-Maliki, Arab Coalition spokesman, said that at 10:50 p.m. local time on Sunday, the Saudi Royal Air Defense System spotted the drone moving in the direction of a populated area in the Asir region.
The drone was shot down before reaching its target and so far nobody had been reported injured by falling debris from the unmanned aerial vehicle, he said.
According to a news report of the Saudi Press Agency, an Arab coalition air defense forces intercepted a Houthi drone aimed toward Saudi Arabia’s southern region of Asir.
Some source reported that drone was shot down from the Patriot air defense system, that Saudi Arabia and the United Arab Emirates were deployed in the controlled territories in Yemen as early as 2015.
However, when was released the first images from the crash site, it turned out that the coalition air defense shot down one of the Saudi Arabian CH-4B armed reconnaissance medium-altitude long-endurance unmanned aerial vehicle.
Debris found at the crash site corresponds to a CH-4B UAV developed by the China Aerospace Science and Technology Corporation (CASC) and ordered by the Royal Saudi Air Force.
The CH-4B is a medium-altitude long-endurance unmanned aerial vehicle equipped with a semi-retractable electro-optic turret and synthetic aperture radar. Also, the CH-4B has four underwing pylons, able to mount up to 345kg of stores.
Chinese-made armed UAV can carry up to 770 pounds of munitions, including the AR-1 laser-guided air-to-surface missile, TG-100 laser, inertial or FT-9 50kg GPS-guided bomb, and the HJ-10 anti-tank missile. It is specifically designed for high-altitude missions over land and sea and can fire its weapon from up to 5,000 meters.
Looks like #SaudiArabia just lost another #China origin CH-4 UAV over #Yemen https://t.co/8jOINQKqua pic.twitter.com/YVEHO9MEmV
— Joseph Dempsey (@JosephHDempsey) 11 April 2019
youtube
from Defence Blog
The Saudi-led coalition fighting in Yemen said that coalition air defense forces shot down a drone over Seiyun city.
Colonel Turki al-Maliki, Arab Coalition spokesman, said that at 10:50 p.m. local time on Sunday, the Saudi Royal Air Defense System spotted the drone moving in the direction of a populated area in the Asir region.
The drone was shot down before reaching its target and so far nobody had been reported injured by falling debris from the unmanned aerial vehicle, he said.
According to a news report of the Saudi Press Agency, an Arab coalition air defense forces intercepted a Houthi drone aimed toward Saudi Arabia’s southern region of Asir.
Some source reported that drone was shot down from the Patriot air defense system, that Saudi Arabia and the United Arab Emirates were deployed in the controlled territories in Yemen as early as 2015.
However, when was released the first images from the crash site, it turned out that the coalition air defense shot down one of the Saudi Arabian CH-4B armed reconnaissance medium-altitude long-endurance unmanned aerial vehicle.
Debris found at the crash site corresponds to a CH-4B UAV developed by the China Aerospace Science and Technology Corporation (CASC) and ordered by the Royal Saudi Air Force.
The CH-4B is a medium-altitude long-endurance unmanned aerial vehicle equipped with a semi-retractable electro-optic turret and synthetic aperture radar. Also, the CH-4B has four underwing pylons, able to mount up to 345kg of stores.
Chinese-made armed UAV can carry up to 770 pounds of munitions, including the AR-1 laser-guided air-to-surface missile, TG-100 laser, inertial or FT-9 50kg GPS-guided bomb, and the HJ-10 anti-tank missile. It is specifically designed for high-altitude missions over land and sea and can fire its weapon from up to 5,000 meters.
Looks like #SaudiArabia just lost another #China origin CH-4 UAV over #Yemen https://t.co/8jOINQKqua pic.twitter.com/YVEHO9MEmV
— Joseph Dempsey (@JosephHDempsey) 11 April 2019
youtube
via IFTTT
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Khám phá hơn 400+ skype icons – icon skype mới nhất 2018
Chắc hẳn bạn cũng đã nghe qua tới phần mềm Skype. Trong các công ty hiện nay hầu như đều sử dụng Skype để trao đổi công việc là chủ yếu. Để cuộc hội thoại của bạn với đồng nghiệp trở nên vui tươi hơn, ý nghĩa hơn thì những skype icons trong mỗi đoạn chat là không thể thiếu. Bài viết dưới đây, hãy cùng cuasotinhoc.net khám phá hơn 400+ skype icons vui nhộn, đáng yêu nhất nhé.
Khám phá hơn 400+ skype icons mới nhất 2018
Hầu hết các icon skype thường đã bị ẩn và các kí tự biểu tượng cảm xúc thông dụng trên skype đều rất ít. Chính vì thế, trong bài viết này chuyên mục biểu tượng - icon của cuasotinhoc sẽ giúp bạn tổng hợp những skype icons thông dụng thường hay dùng và những biểu tượng cảm xúc đã bị ẩn trên skype để bạn có cuộc trò chuyện với bạn bè vui vẻ nhất.
*Lưu ý: Gõ toàn bộ shortcode vào phần chat trên skype, bao gồm cả dấu ngoặc ().
Tổng hợp những skype icons mới nhất và dễ thương nhất
[caption id="attachment_10363" align="aligncenter" width="640"] Tổng hợp những skype icons mới nhất và dễ thương nhất[/caption]
Tổng hợp những skype emotion được mọi người yêu thích nhất
[caption id="attachment_10371" align="aligncenter" width="640"] Tổng hợp những emoticons skype được mọi người yêu thích nhất[/caption]
[caption id="attachment_10372" align="aligncenter" width="640"] Tổng hợp những emoticons skype được mọi người yêu thích nhất[/caption]
[caption id="attachment_10374" align="aligncenter" width="640"] Tổng hợp những emoticons skype được mọi người yêu thích nhất[/caption]
Hướng dẫn cách dùng biểu tượng cảm xúc cho skype – icon skype
Bước 1: Tại ô nhập chat gõ mã skype icon code biểu tượng cảm xúc muốn dùng. Chú ý có cả dấu ngoặc đơn (). Ví dụ: (drunk)
[caption id="attachment_10377" align="aligncenter" width="476"] Hướng dẫn cách dùng biểu tượng cảm xúc cho skype – icon skype[/caption]
Bước 2: Nhấn “send”.
Trên đây, là tổng hợp những icon skype đặc biệt mới nhất năm 2018. Bạn có thể áp dụng trên yahoo hay facebook, zalo đều được.
Hãy thử và cảm nhận điều thú vị ngay nhé, bằng cách gõ thử những biểu tượng cảm xúc, skype icons thú vị này xem nào:
Đấm bốc: (punch)
Chờ đợi: (waiting)
Cười vui vẻ, nhún nhảy cùng điệu nhạc: (lalala)
WTF: (wtf)
Thật thú vị và đáng yêu phải không. Hãy thử áp dụng ngay khi đọc tới đây bạn nhé! Chú ý là gõ cả dấu ngoặc đơn vào nhé.
Hướng dẫn tạo các biểu tượng cảm xúc skype - icon skype hình lá cờ của 237 quốc gia
Hiện nay, trên Skype đã cho phép người dùng tạo những biểu tượng cảm xúc skype icons bằng hình lá cờ Tổ quốc. Để bạn có thể tạo được những biểu tượng cảm xúc hình lá cờ của các quốc gia thì điều quan trọng đầu tiên là cần nhớ mã quốc gia của các nước đó.
Mã shortcode để tạo biểu tượng cảm xúc hình lá cờ như sau: (flag:xx)
Trong đó: xx là mã quốc gia của lá cờ mà bạn muốn tạo.
Ví dụ: Tạo một hình lá cờ Việt Nam sẽ gõ như sau: (flag:vn)
Khi gõ mã lệnh (flag:vn) thì skype sẽ hiện hình ảnh gợi ý. Lúc này, bạn chỉ cần nhấn chọn là xong.
Dưới đây, mình xin chia sẻ tới các bạn 237 mã quốc gia để bạn có thể tạo được những icon skype là hình ảnh lá cờ Tổ quốc của đất nước mình.
STT
Quốc gia
Mã phân biệt quốc gia
1 Afghanistan AF / AFG 2 Albania AL / ALB 3 Algeria DZ / DZA 4 American Samoa AS / ASM 5 Andorra AD / AND 6 Angola AO / AGO 7 Anguilla AI / AIA 8 Antarctica AQ / ATA 9 Antigua and Barbuda AG / ATG 10 Argentina AR / ARG 11 Armenia AM / ARM 12 Aruba AW / ABW 13 Australia AU / AUS 14 Austria AT / AUT 15 Azerbaijan AZ / AZE 16 Bahamas BS / BHS 17 Bahrain BH / BHR 18 Bangladesh BD / BGD 19 Barbados BB / BRB 20 Belarus BY / BLR 21 Belgium BE / BEL 22 Belize BZ / BLZ 23 Benin BJ / BEN 24 Bermuda BM / BMU 25 Bhutan BT / BTN 26 Bolivia BO / BOL 27 Bosnia and Herzegovina BA / BIH 28 Botswana BW / BWA 29 Brazil BR / BRA 30 British Indian Ocean Territory IO / IOT 31 British Virgin Islands VG / VGB 32 Brunei BN / BRN 33 Bulgaria BG / BGR 34 Burkina Faso BF / BFA 35 Burma (Myanmar) MM / MMR 36 Burundi BI / BDI 37 Cambodia KH / KHM 38 Cameroon CM / CMR 39 Canada CA / CAN 40 Cape Verde CV / CPV 41 Cayman Islands KY / CYM 42 Central African Republic CF / CAF 43 Chad TD / TCD 44 Chile CL / CHL 45 China CN / CHN 46 Christmas Island CX / CXR 47 Cocos (Keeling) Islands CC / CCK 48 Colombia CO / COL 49 Comoros KM / COM 50 Republic of the Congo CG / COG 51 Democratic Republic of the Congo CD / COD 52 Cook Islands CK / COK 53 Costa Rica CR / CRC 54 Croatia HR / HRV 55 Cuba CU / CUB 56 Cyprus CY / CYP 57 Czech Republic CZ / CZE 58 Denmark DK / DNK 59 Djibouti DJ / DJI 60 Dominica DM / DMA 61 Dominican Republic DO / DOM 62 Timor-Leste TL / TLS 63 Ecuador EC / ECU 64 Egypt EG / EGY 65 El Salvador SV / SLV 66 Equatorial Guinea GQ / GNQ 67 Eritrea ER / ERI 68 Estonia EE / EST 69 Ethiopia ET / ETH 70 Falkland Islands FK / FLK 71 Faroe Islands FO / FRO 72 Fiji FJ / FJI 73 Finland FI / FIN 74 France FR / FRA 75 French Polynesia PF / PYF 76 Gabon GA / GAB 77 Gambia GM / GMB 78 Gaza Strip / 79 Georgia GE / GEO 80 Germany DE / DEU 81 Ghana GH / GHA 82 Gibraltar GI / GIB 83 Greece GR / GRC 84 Greenland GL / GRL 85 Grenada GD / GRD 86 Guam GU / GUM 87 Guatemala GT / GTM 88 Guinea GN / GIN 89 Guinea-Bissau GW / GNB 90 Guyana GY / GUY 91 Haiti HT / HTI 92 Honduras HN / HND 93 Hong Kong HK / HKG 94 Hungary HU / HUN 95 Iceland IS / IS 96 India IN / IND 97 Indonesia ID / IDN 98 Iran IR / IRN 99 Iraq IQ / IRQ 100 Ireland IE / IRL 101 Isle of Man IM / IMN 102 Israel IL / ISR 103 Italy IT / ITA 104 Ivory Coast CI / CIV 105 Jamaica JM / JAM 106 Japan JP / JPN 107 Jersey JE / JEY 108 Jordan JO / JOR 109 Kazakhstan KZ / KAZ 110 Kenya KE / KEN 111 Kiribati KI / KIR 112 Kosovo / 113 Kuwait KW / KWT 114 Kyrgyzstan KG / KGZ 115 Laos LA / LAO 116 Latvia LV / LVA 117 Lebanon LB / LBN 118 Lesotho LS / LSO 119 Liberia LR / LBR 120 Libya LY / LBY 120 Liechtenstein LI / LIE 122 Lithuania LT / LTU 123 Luxembourg LU / LUX 124 Macau MO / MAC 125 Macedonia MK / MKD 126 Madagascar MG / MDG 127 Malawi MW / MWI 128 Malaysia MY / MYS 129 Maldives MV / MDV 130 Mali ML / MLI 131 Malta MT / MLT 132 Marshall Islands MH / MHL 133 Mauritania MR / MRT 134 Mauritius MU / MUS 135 Mayotte YT / MYT 136 Mexico MX / MEX 137 Micronesia FM / FSM 138 Moldova MD / MDA 139 Monaco MC / MCO 140 Mongolia MN / MNG 141 Montenegro ME / MNE 142 Montserrat MS / MSR 143 Morocco MA / MAR 144 Mozambique MZ / MOZ 145 Namibia NA / NAM 146 Nauru NR / NRU 147 Nepal NP / NPL 148 Netherlands NL / NLD 149 Netherlands Antilles AN / ANT 150 New Caledonia NC / NCL 151 New Zealand NZ / NZL 152 Nicaragua NI / NIC 153 Niger NE / NER 154 Nigeria NG / NGA 155 Niue NU / NIU 156 Norfolk Island / NFK 157 Northern Mariana Islands MP / MNP 158 North Korea KP / PRK 159 Norway NO / NOR 160 Oman OM / OMN 161 Pakistan PK / PAK 162 Palau PW / PLW 163 Panama PA / PAN 164 Papua New Guinea PG / PNG 165 Paraguay PY / PRY 166 Peru PE / PER 167 Philippines PH / PHL 168 Pitcairn Islands PN / PCN 169 Poland PL / POL 170 Portugal PT / PRT 171 Puerto Rico PR / PRI 172 Qatar QA / QAT 173 Romania RO / ROU 174 Russia RU / RUS 175 Rwanda RW / RWA 176 Saint Barthelemy BL / BLM 177 Samoa WS / WSM 178 San Marino SM / SMR 179 Sao Tome and Principe ST / STP 180 Saudi Arabia SA / SAU 181 Senegal SN / SEN 182 Serbia RS / SRB 183 Seychelles SC / SYC 184 Sierra Leone SL / SLE 185 Singapore SG / SGP 186 Slovakia SK / SVK 187 Slovenia SI / SVN 188 Solomon Islands SB / SLB 189 Somalia SO / SOM 190 South Africa ZA / ZAF 191 South Korea KR / KOR 192 Spain ES / ESP 193 Sri Lanka LK / LKA 194 Saint Helena SH / SHN 195 Saint Kitts and Nevis KN / KNA 196 Saint Lucia LC / LCA 197 Saint Martin MF / MAF 198 Saint Pierre and Miquelon PM / SPM 199 Saint Vincent and the Grenadines VC / VCT 200 Sudan SD / SDN 201 Suriname SR / SUR 202 Svalbard SJ / SJM 203 Swaziland SZ / SWZ 204 Sweden SE / SWE 205 Switzerland CH / CHE 206 Syria SY / SYR 207 Taiwan TW / TWN 208 Tajikistan TJ / TJK 209 Tanzania TZ / TZA 210 Thailand TH / THA 211 Togo TG / TGO 212 Tokelau TK / TKL 213 Tonga TO / TON 214 Trinidad and Tobago TT / TTO 215 Tunisia TN / TUN 216 Turkey TR / TUR 217 Turkmenistan TM / TKM 218 Turks and Caicos Islands TC / TCA 219 Tuvalu TV / TUV 220 United Arab Emirates AE / ARE 221 Uganda UG / UGA 222 United Kingdom GB / GBR 223 Ukraine UA / UKR 224 Uruguay UY / URY 225 United States US / USA 226 Uzbekistan UZ / UZB 227 Vanuatu VU / VUT 228 Holy See (Vatican City) VA / VAT 229 Venezuela VE / VEN 230 Vietnam VN / VNM 231 US Virgin Islands VI / VIR 232 Wallis and Futuna WF / WLF 233 West Bank / 234 Western Sahara EH / ESH 235 Yemen YE / YEM 236 Zambia ZM / ZMB 237 Zimbabwe ZW / ZWE
So với những phần mềm chat hiện nay, Skype được người dùng đánh giá là một trong những phần mềm liên tục đổi mới và cải thiện những tính năng trò chuyện. Skype không chỉ giúp bạn có thể kết nối bạn bè, mà còn cho phép bạn gọi đến bất kỳ thuê bao nào với chất lượng âm thanh khá rõ nét. Không dừng lại ở đó, tốc độ chat trên skype cũng siêu nhanh, những biểu tượng cảm xúc skype, những icon in skype, icon for skype đều không ngừng được đổi mới.
Còn chần chừ gì nữa, hãy thử ngay những biểu tượng cảm xúc trên skype - skype emotion mới nhất 2018 ngay hôm nay nào bạn!
Xem thêm: Tất tần tật các biểu tượng cảm xúc bằng ký tự trên facebook
Cách gõ nhanh biểu tượng cảm xúc, icon trên facebook
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kyanitedragon · 2 months
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They pick on him so much
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hoangthuynga170592 · 6 years
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Khám phá hơn 400+ skype icons – icon skype mới nhất 2018
Chắc hẳn bạn cũng đã nghe qua tới phần mềm Skype. Trong các công ty hiện nay hầu như đều sử dụng Skype để trao đổi công việc là chủ yếu. Để cuộc hội thoại của bạn với đồng nghiệp trở nên vui tươi hơn, ý nghĩa hơn thì những skype icons trong mỗi đoạn chat là không thể thiếu. Bài viết dưới đây, hãy cùng cuasotinhoc.net khám phá hơn 400+ skype icons vui nhộn, đáng yêu nhất nhé.
Khám phá hơn 400+ skype icons mới nhất 2018
Hầu hết các icon skype thường đã bị ẩn và các kí tự biểu tượng cảm xúc thông dụng trên skype đều rất ít. Chính vì thế, trong bài viết này cuasotinhoc sẽ giúp bạn tổng hợp những icon skype thông dụng thường hay dùng và những biểu tượng cảm xúc đã bị ẩn trên skype để bạn có cuộc trò chuyện với bạn bè vui vẻ nhất.
*Lưu ý: Gõ toàn bộ shortcode vào phần chat trên skype, bao gồm cả dấu ngoặc ().
Tổng hợp những skype icons mới nhất và dễ thương nhất
[caption id="attachment_10363" align="aligncenter" width="640"] Tổng hợp những skype icons mới nhất và dễ thương nhất[/caption]
Tổng hợp những emoticons skype được mọi người yêu thích nhất
[caption id="attachment_10371" align="aligncenter" width="640"] Tổng hợp những emoticons skype được mọi người yêu thích nhất[/caption]
[caption id="attachment_10372" align="aligncenter" width="640"] Tổng hợp những emoticons skype được mọi người yêu thích nhất[/caption]
[caption id="attachment_10374" align="aligncenter" width="640"] Tổng hợp những emoticons skype được mọi người yêu thích nhất[/caption]
Hướng dẫn cách dùng biểu tượng cảm xúc cho skype – icon skype
Bước 1: Tại ô nhập chat gõ mã biểu tượng cảm xúc muốn dùng. Chú ý có cả dấu ngoặc đơn (). Ví dụ: (drunk)
[caption id="attachment_10377" align="aligncenter" width="476"] Hướng dẫn cách dùng biểu tượng cảm xúc cho skype – icon skype[/caption]
Bước 2: Nhấn “send”.
Trên đây, là tổng hợp những icon skype đặc biệt mới nhất năm 2018. Bạn có thể áp dụng trên yahoo hay facebook, zalo đều được.
Hãy thử và cảm nhận điều thú vị ngay nhé, bằng cách gõ thử những biểu tượng cảm xúc thú vị này xem nào:
Đấm bốc: (punch)
Chờ đợi: (waiting)
Cười vui vẻ, nhún nhảy cùng điệu nhạc: (lalala)
WTF: (wtf)
Thật thú vị và đáng yêu phải không. Hãy thử áp dụng ngay khi đọc tới đây bạn nhé! Chú ý là gõ cả dấu ngoặc đơn vào nhé.
Hướng dẫn tạo các biểu tượng cảm xúc skype - icon skype hình lá cờ của 237 quốc gia
Hiện nay, trên Skype đã cho phép người dùng tạo những biểu tượng cảm xúc bằng hình lá cờ Tổ quốc. Để bạn có thể tạo được những biểu tượng cảm xúc hình lá cờ của các quốc gia thì điều quan trọng đầu tiên là cần nhớ mã quốc gia của các nước đó.
Mã shortcode để tạo biểu tượng cảm xúc hình lá cờ như sau: (flag:xx)
Trong đó: xx là mã quốc gia của lá cờ mà bạn muốn tạo.
Ví dụ: Tạo một hình lá cờ Việt Nam sẽ gõ như sau: (flag:vn)
Khi gõ mã lệnh (flag:vn) thì skype sẽ hiện hình ảnh gợi ý. Lúc này, bạn chỉ cần nhấn chọn là xong.
Dưới đây, mình xin chia sẻ tới các bạn 237 mã quốc gia để bạn có thể tạo được những icon skype là hình ảnh lá cờ Tổ quốc của đất nước mình.
STT
Quốc gia
Mã phân biệt quốc gia
1 Afghanistan AF / AFG 2 Albania AL / ALB 3 Algeria DZ / DZA 4 American Samoa AS / ASM 5 Andorra AD / AND 6 Angola AO / AGO 7 Anguilla AI / AIA 8 Antarctica AQ / ATA 9 Antigua and Barbuda AG / ATG 10 Argentina AR / ARG 11 Armenia AM / ARM 12 Aruba AW / ABW 13 Australia AU / AUS 14 Austria AT / AUT 15 Azerbaijan AZ / AZE 16 Bahamas BS / BHS 17 Bahrain BH / BHR 18 Bangladesh BD / BGD 19 Barbados BB / BRB 20 Belarus BY / BLR 21 Belgium BE / BEL 22 Belize BZ / BLZ 23 Benin BJ / BEN 24 Bermuda BM / BMU 25 Bhutan BT / BTN 26 Bolivia BO / BOL 27 Bosnia and Herzegovina BA / BIH 28 Botswana BW / BWA 29 Brazil BR / BRA 30 British Indian Ocean Territory IO / IOT 31 British Virgin Islands VG / VGB 32 Brunei BN / BRN 33 Bulgaria BG / BGR 34 Burkina Faso BF / BFA 35 Burma (Myanmar) MM / MMR 36 Burundi BI / BDI 37 Cambodia KH / KHM 38 Cameroon CM / CMR 39 Canada CA / CAN 40 Cape Verde CV / CPV 41 Cayman Islands KY / CYM 42 Central African Republic CF / CAF 43 Chad TD / TCD 44 Chile CL / CHL 45 China CN / CHN 46 Christmas Island CX / CXR 47 Cocos (Keeling) Islands CC / CCK 48 Colombia CO / COL 49 Comoros KM / COM 50 Republic of the Congo CG / COG 51 Democratic Republic of the Congo CD / COD 52 Cook Islands CK / COK 53 Costa Rica CR / CRC 54 Croatia HR / HRV 55 Cuba CU / CUB 56 Cyprus CY / CYP 57 Czech Republic CZ / CZE 58 Denmark DK / DNK 59 Djibouti DJ / DJI 60 Dominica DM / DMA 61 Dominican Republic DO / DOM 62 Timor-Leste TL / TLS 63 Ecuador EC / ECU 64 Egypt EG / EGY 65 El Salvador SV / SLV 66 Equatorial Guinea GQ / GNQ 67 Eritrea ER / ERI 68 Estonia EE / EST 69 Ethiopia ET / ETH 70 Falkland Islands FK / FLK 71 Faroe Islands FO / FRO 72 Fiji FJ / FJI 73 Finland FI / FIN 74 France FR / FRA 75 French Polynesia PF / PYF 76 Gabon GA / GAB 77 Gambia GM / GMB 78 Gaza Strip / 79 Georgia GE / GEO 80 Germany DE / DEU 81 Ghana GH / GHA 82 Gibraltar GI / GIB 83 Greece GR / GRC 84 Greenland GL / GRL 85 Grenada GD / GRD 86 Guam GU / GUM 87 Guatemala GT / GTM 88 Guinea GN / GIN 89 Guinea-Bissau GW / GNB 90 Guyana GY / GUY 91 Haiti HT / HTI 92 Honduras HN / HND 93 Hong Kong HK / HKG 94 Hungary HU / HUN 95 Iceland IS / IS 96 India IN / IND 97 Indonesia ID / IDN 98 Iran IR / IRN 99 Iraq IQ / IRQ 100 Ireland IE / IRL 101 Isle of Man IM / IMN 102 Israel IL / ISR 103 Italy IT / ITA 104 Ivory Coast CI / CIV 105 Jamaica JM / JAM 106 Japan JP / JPN 107 Jersey JE / JEY 108 Jordan JO / JOR 109 Kazakhstan KZ / KAZ 110 Kenya KE / KEN 111 Kiribati KI / KIR 112 Kosovo / 113 Kuwait KW / KWT 114 Kyrgyzstan KG / KGZ 115 Laos LA / LAO 116 Latvia LV / LVA 117 Lebanon LB / LBN 118 Lesotho LS / LSO 119 Liberia LR / LBR 120 Libya LY / LBY 120 Liechtenstein LI / LIE 122 Lithuania LT / LTU 123 Luxembourg LU / LUX 124 Macau MO / MAC 125 Macedonia MK / MKD 126 Madagascar MG / MDG 127 Malawi MW / MWI 128 Malaysia MY / MYS 129 Maldives MV / MDV 130 Mali ML / MLI 131 Malta MT / MLT 132 Marshall Islands MH / MHL 133 Mauritania MR / MRT 134 Mauritius MU / MUS 135 Mayotte YT / MYT 136 Mexico MX / MEX 137 Micronesia FM / FSM 138 Moldova MD / MDA 139 Monaco MC / MCO 140 Mongolia MN / MNG 141 Montenegro ME / MNE 142 Montserrat MS / MSR 143 Morocco MA / MAR 144 Mozambique MZ / MOZ 145 Namibia NA / NAM 146 Nauru NR / NRU 147 Nepal NP / NPL 148 Netherlands NL / NLD 149 Netherlands Antilles AN / ANT 150 New Caledonia NC / NCL 151 New Zealand NZ / NZL 152 Nicaragua NI / NIC 153 Niger NE / NER 154 Nigeria NG / NGA 155 Niue NU / NIU 156 Norfolk Island / NFK 157 Northern Mariana Islands MP / MNP 158 North Korea KP / PRK 159 Norway NO / NOR 160 Oman OM / OMN 161 Pakistan PK / PAK 162 Palau PW / PLW 163 Panama PA / PAN 164 Papua New Guinea PG / PNG 165 Paraguay PY / PRY 166 Peru PE / PER 167 Philippines PH / PHL 168 Pitcairn Islands PN / PCN 169 Poland PL / POL 170 Portugal PT / PRT 171 Puerto Rico PR / PRI 172 Qatar QA / QAT 173 Romania RO / ROU 174 Russia RU / RUS 175 Rwanda RW / RWA 176 Saint Barthelemy BL / BLM 177 Samoa WS / WSM 178 San Marino SM / SMR 179 Sao Tome and Principe ST / STP 180 Saudi Arabia SA / SAU 181 Senegal SN / SEN 182 Serbia RS / SRB 183 Seychelles SC / SYC 184 Sierra Leone SL / SLE 185 Singapore SG / SGP 186 Slovakia SK / SVK 187 Slovenia SI / SVN 188 Solomon Islands SB / SLB 189 Somalia SO / SOM 190 South Africa ZA / ZAF 191 South Korea KR / KOR 192 Spain ES / ESP 193 Sri Lanka LK / LKA 194 Saint Helena SH / SHN 195 Saint Kitts and Nevis KN / KNA 196 Saint Lucia LC / LCA 197 Saint Martin MF / MAF 198 Saint Pierre and Miquelon PM / SPM 199 Saint Vincent and the Grenadines VC / VCT 200 Sudan SD / SDN 201 Suriname SR / SUR 202 Svalbard SJ / SJM 203 Swaziland SZ / SWZ 204 Sweden SE / SWE 205 Switzerland CH / CHE 206 Syria SY / SYR 207 Taiwan TW / TWN 208 Tajikistan TJ / TJK 209 Tanzania TZ / TZA 210 Thailand TH / THA 211 Togo TG / TGO 212 Tokelau TK / TKL 213 Tonga TO / TON 214 Trinidad and Tobago TT / TTO 215 Tunisia TN / TUN 216 Turkey TR / TUR 217 Turkmenistan TM / TKM 218 Turks and Caicos Islands TC / TCA 219 Tuvalu TV / TUV 220 United Arab Emirates AE / ARE 221 Uganda UG / UGA 222 United Kingdom GB / GBR 223 Ukraine UA / UKR 224 Uruguay UY / URY 225 United States US / USA 226 Uzbekistan UZ / UZB 227 Vanuatu VU / VUT 228 Holy See (Vatican City) VA / VAT 229 Venezuela VE / VEN 230 Vietnam VN / VNM 231 US Virgin Islands VI / VIR 232 Wallis and Futuna WF / WLF 233 West Bank / 234 Western Sahara EH / ESH 235 Yemen YE / YEM 236 Zambia ZM / ZMB 237 Zimbabwe ZW / ZWE
So với những phần mềm chat hiện nay, Skype được người dùng đánh giá là một trong những phần mềm liên tục đổi mới và cải thiện những tính năng trò chuyện. Skype không chỉ giúp bạn có thể kết nối bạn bè, mà còn cho phép bạn gọi đến bất kỳ thuê bao nào với chất lượng âm thanh khá rõ nét. Không dừng lại ở đó, tốc độ chat trên skype cũng siêu nhanh, những biểu tượng cảm xúc skype, những icon in skype, icon for skype đều không ngừng được đổi mới.
Còn chần chừ gì nữa, hãy thử ngay những biểu tượng cảm xúc skype - emoticons skype mới nhất 2018 ngay hôm nay nào bạn!
0 notes
365movieonline · 6 years
Text
Khám phá hơn 400+ skype icons – icon skype mới nhất 2018
Chắc hẳn bạn cũng đã nghe qua tới phần mềm Skype. Trong các công ty hiện nay hầu như đều sử dụng Skype để trao đổi công việc là chủ yếu. Để cuộc hội thoại của bạn với đồng nghiệp trở nên vui tươi hơn, ý nghĩa hơn thì những skype icons trong mỗi đoạn chat là không thể thiếu. Bài viết dưới đây, hãy cùng cuasotinhoc.net khám phá hơn 400+ skype icons vui nhộn, đáng yêu nhất nhé.
Khám phá hơn 400+ skype icons mới nhất 2018
Hầu hết các icon skype thường đã bị ẩn và các kí tự biểu tượng cảm xúc thông dụng trên skype đều rất ít. Chính vì thế, trong bài viết này cuasotinhoc sẽ giúp bạn tổng hợp những icon skype thông dụng thường hay dùng và những biểu tượng cảm xúc đã bị ẩn trên skype để bạn có cuộc trò chuyện với bạn bè vui vẻ nhất.
*Lưu ý: Gõ toàn bộ shortcode vào phần chat trên skype, bao gồm cả dấu ngoặc ().
Tổng hợp những skype icons mới nhất và dễ thương nhất
[caption id="attachment_10363" align="aligncenter" width="640"] Tổng hợp những skype icons mới nhất và dễ thương nhất[/caption]
Tổng hợp những emoticons skype được mọi người yêu thích nhất
[caption id="attachment_10371" align="aligncenter" width="640"] Tổng hợp những emoticons skype được mọi người yêu thích nhất[/caption]
[caption id="attachment_10372" align="aligncenter" width="640"] Tổng hợp những emoticons skype được mọi người yêu thích nhất[/caption]
[caption id="attachment_10374" align="aligncenter" width="640"] Tổng hợp những emoticons skype được mọi người yêu thích nhất[/caption]
Hướng dẫn cách dùng biểu tượng cảm xúc cho skype – icon skype
Bước 1: Tại ô nhập chat gõ mã biểu tượng cảm xúc muốn dùng. Chú ý có cả dấu ngoặc đơn (). Ví dụ: (drunk)
[caption id="attachment_10377" align="aligncenter" width="476"] Hướng dẫn cách dùng biểu tượng cảm xúc cho skype – icon skype[/caption]
Bước 2: Nhấn “send”.
Trên đây, là tổng hợp những icon skype đặc biệt mới nhất năm 2018. Bạn có thể áp dụng trên yahoo hay facebook, zalo đều được.
Hãy thử và cảm nhận điều thú vị ngay nhé, bằng cách gõ thử những biểu tượng cảm xúc thú vị này xem nào:
Đấm bốc: (punch)
Chờ đợi: (waiting)
Cười vui vẻ, nhún nhảy cùng điệu nhạc: (lalala)
WTF: (wtf)
Thật thú vị và đáng yêu phải không. Hãy thử áp dụng ngay khi đọc tới đây bạn nhé! Chú ý là gõ cả dấu ngoặc đơn vào nhé.
Hướng dẫn tạo các biểu tượng cảm xúc skype - icon skype hình lá cờ của 237 quốc gia
Hiện nay, trên Skype đã cho phép người dùng tạo những biểu tượng cảm xúc bằng hình lá cờ Tổ quốc. Để bạn có thể tạo được những biểu tượng cảm xúc hình lá cờ của các quốc gia thì điều quan trọng đầu tiên là cần nhớ mã quốc gia của các nước đó.
Mã shortcode để tạo biểu tượng cảm xúc hình lá cờ như sau: (flag:xx)
Trong đó: xx là mã quốc gia của lá cờ mà bạn muốn tạo.
Ví dụ: Tạo một hình lá cờ Việt Nam sẽ gõ như sau: (flag:vn)
Khi gõ mã lệnh (flag:vn) thì skype sẽ hiện hình ảnh gợi ý. Lúc này, bạn chỉ cần nhấn chọn là xong.
Dưới đây, mình xin chia sẻ tới các bạn 237 mã quốc gia để bạn có thể tạo được những icon skype là hình ảnh lá cờ Tổ quốc của đất nước mình.
STT
Quốc gia
Mã phân biệt quốc gia
1 Afghanistan AF / AFG 2 Albania AL / ALB 3 Algeria DZ / DZA 4 American Samoa AS / ASM 5 Andorra AD / AND 6 Angola AO / AGO 7 Anguilla AI / AIA 8 Antarctica AQ / ATA 9 Antigua and Barbuda AG / ATG 10 Argentina AR / ARG 11 Armenia AM / ARM 12 Aruba AW / ABW 13 Australia AU / AUS 14 Austria AT / AUT 15 Azerbaijan AZ / AZE 16 Bahamas BS / BHS 17 Bahrain BH / BHR 18 Bangladesh BD / BGD 19 Barbados BB / BRB 20 Belarus BY / BLR 21 Belgium BE / BEL 22 Belize BZ / BLZ 23 Benin BJ / BEN 24 Bermuda BM / BMU 25 Bhutan BT / BTN 26 Bolivia BO / BOL 27 Bosnia and Herzegovina BA / BIH 28 Botswana BW / BWA 29 Brazil BR / BRA 30 British Indian Ocean Territory IO / IOT 31 British Virgin Islands VG / VGB 32 Brunei BN / BRN 33 Bulgaria BG / BGR 34 Burkina Faso BF / BFA 35 Burma (Myanmar) MM / MMR 36 Burundi BI / BDI 37 Cambodia KH / KHM 38 Cameroon CM / CMR 39 Canada CA / CAN 40 Cape Verde CV / CPV 41 Cayman Islands KY / CYM 42 Central African Republic CF / CAF 43 Chad TD / TCD 44 Chile CL / CHL 45 China CN / CHN 46 Christmas Island CX / CXR 47 Cocos (Keeling) Islands CC / CCK 48 Colombia CO / COL 49 Comoros KM / COM 50 Republic of the Congo CG / COG 51 Democratic Republic of the Congo CD / COD 52 Cook Islands CK / COK 53 Costa Rica CR / CRC 54 Croatia HR / HRV 55 Cuba CU / CUB 56 Cyprus CY / CYP 57 Czech Republic CZ / CZE 58 Denmark DK / DNK 59 Djibouti DJ / DJI 60 Dominica DM / DMA 61 Dominican Republic DO / DOM 62 Timor-Leste TL / TLS 63 Ecuador EC / ECU 64 Egypt EG / EGY 65 El Salvador SV / SLV 66 Equatorial Guinea GQ / GNQ 67 Eritrea ER / ERI 68 Estonia EE / EST 69 Ethiopia ET / ETH 70 Falkland Islands FK / FLK 71 Faroe Islands FO / FRO 72 Fiji FJ / FJI 73 Finland FI / FIN 74 France FR / FRA 75 French Polynesia PF / PYF 76 Gabon GA / GAB 77 Gambia GM / GMB 78 Gaza Strip / 79 Georgia GE / GEO 80 Germany DE / DEU 81 Ghana GH / GHA 82 Gibraltar GI / GIB 83 Greece GR / GRC 84 Greenland GL / GRL 85 Grenada GD / GRD 86 Guam GU / GUM 87 Guatemala GT / GTM 88 Guinea GN / GIN 89 Guinea-Bissau GW / GNB 90 Guyana GY / GUY 91 Haiti HT / HTI 92 Honduras HN / HND 93 Hong Kong HK / HKG 94 Hungary HU / HUN 95 Iceland IS / IS 96 India IN / IND 97 Indonesia ID / IDN 98 Iran IR / IRN 99 Iraq IQ / IRQ 100 Ireland IE / IRL 101 Isle of Man IM / IMN 102 Israel IL / ISR 103 Italy IT / ITA 104 Ivory Coast CI / CIV 105 Jamaica JM / JAM 106 Japan JP / JPN 107 Jersey JE / JEY 108 Jordan JO / JOR 109 Kazakhstan KZ / KAZ 110 Kenya KE / KEN 111 Kiribati KI / KIR 112 Kosovo / 113 Kuwait KW / KWT 114 Kyrgyzstan KG / KGZ 115 Laos LA / LAO 116 Latvia LV / LVA 117 Lebanon LB / LBN 118 Lesotho LS / LSO 119 Liberia LR / LBR 120 Libya LY / LBY 120 Liechtenstein LI / LIE 122 Lithuania LT / LTU 123 Luxembourg LU / LUX 124 Macau MO / MAC 125 Macedonia MK / MKD 126 Madagascar MG / MDG 127 Malawi MW / MWI 128 Malaysia MY / MYS 129 Maldives MV / MDV 130 Mali ML / MLI 131 Malta MT / MLT 132 Marshall Islands MH / MHL 133 Mauritania MR / MRT 134 Mauritius MU / MUS 135 Mayotte YT / MYT 136 Mexico MX / MEX 137 Micronesia FM / FSM 138 Moldova MD / MDA 139 Monaco MC / MCO 140 Mongolia MN / MNG 141 Montenegro ME / MNE 142 Montserrat MS / MSR 143 Morocco MA / MAR 144 Mozambique MZ / MOZ 145 Namibia NA / NAM 146 Nauru NR / NRU 147 Nepal NP / NPL 148 Netherlands NL / NLD 149 Netherlands Antilles AN / ANT 150 New Caledonia NC / NCL 151 New Zealand NZ / NZL 152 Nicaragua NI / NIC 153 Niger NE / NER 154 Nigeria NG / NGA 155 Niue NU / NIU 156 Norfolk Island / NFK 157 Northern Mariana Islands MP / MNP 158 North Korea KP / PRK 159 Norway NO / NOR 160 Oman OM / OMN 161 Pakistan PK / PAK 162 Palau PW / PLW 163 Panama PA / PAN 164 Papua New Guinea PG / PNG 165 Paraguay PY / PRY 166 Peru PE / PER 167 Philippines PH / PHL 168 Pitcairn Islands PN / PCN 169 Poland PL / POL 170 Portugal PT / PRT 171 Puerto Rico PR / PRI 172 Qatar QA / QAT 173 Romania RO / ROU 174 Russia RU / RUS 175 Rwanda RW / RWA 176 Saint Barthelemy BL / BLM 177 Samoa WS / WSM 178 San Marino SM / SMR 179 Sao Tome and Principe ST / STP 180 Saudi Arabia SA / SAU 181 Senegal SN / SEN 182 Serbia RS / SRB 183 Seychelles SC / SYC 184 Sierra Leone SL / SLE 185 Singapore SG / SGP 186 Slovakia SK / SVK 187 Slovenia SI / SVN 188 Solomon Islands SB / SLB 189 Somalia SO / SOM 190 South Africa ZA / ZAF 191 South Korea KR / KOR 192 Spain ES / ESP 193 Sri Lanka LK / LKA 194 Saint Helena SH / SHN 195 Saint Kitts and Nevis KN / KNA 196 Saint Lucia LC / LCA 197 Saint Martin MF / MAF 198 Saint Pierre and Miquelon PM / SPM 199 Saint Vincent and the Grenadines VC / VCT 200 Sudan SD / SDN 201 Suriname SR / SUR 202 Svalbard SJ / SJM 203 Swaziland SZ / SWZ 204 Sweden SE / SWE 205 Switzerland CH / CHE 206 Syria SY / SYR 207 Taiwan TW / TWN 208 Tajikistan TJ / TJK 209 Tanzania TZ / TZA 210 Thailand TH / THA 211 Togo TG / TGO 212 Tokelau TK / TKL 213 Tonga TO / TON 214 Trinidad and Tobago TT / TTO 215 Tunisia TN / TUN 216 Turkey TR / TUR 217 Turkmenistan TM / TKM 218 Turks and Caicos Islands TC / TCA 219 Tuvalu TV / TUV 220 United Arab Emirates AE / ARE 221 Uganda UG / UGA 222 United Kingdom GB / GBR 223 Ukraine UA / UKR 224 Uruguay UY / URY 225 United States US / USA 226 Uzbekistan UZ / UZB 227 Vanuatu VU / VUT 228 Holy See (Vatican City) VA / VAT 229 Venezuela VE / VEN 230 Vietnam VN / VNM 231 US Virgin Islands VI / VIR 232 Wallis and Futuna WF / WLF 233 West Bank / 234 Western Sahara EH / ESH 235 Yemen YE / YEM 236 Zambia ZM / ZMB 237 Zimbabwe ZW / ZWE
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thelifeco-clinic · 4 years
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Artesunate & Cancer Relationship
A complete overview of artesunate and the cancer relationship.
1. From Malaria to Babesia to Cancer
Artemisinin is an active ingredient extracted from Chinese herbal medicine Qing Hao (Herba Artemisiae annuae), a sweet wormwood plant. Artemisinin and its molecule-modified derivatives, such as artesunate are first used as anti-malaria medication and now found they are also potent anti-cancer remedies.
(Efferth T, et al., 2001) World Health Organization has recommended them as the first line anti-malaria treatment. Millions of cases have been treated with these substances and the cure rate was very high and fast. It is very effective for drug-resistant malaria. Articles are available documenting the extensive pre-clinical and clinical testing that has been done. (Bharel S, et al., 1996, Gulati A et al., 1996)
In Zhang’s Clinic, we are using molecularly modified artemisinin derivative artesunate to treat babesiosis, a co-infection of Lyme disease, which is a malaria-like protozoa infection of the red blood cells. Recently we also use it as a non-toxic, gentle, and adjunctive treatment for cancers. Since it is effective in both anti-babesiosis and anti-cancer treatments, we did literature research and the results are reviewed in this article.
2. Pre-Clinical Studies— Anti-Malaria, -Babesia, and -Cancer Mechanism
The mechanism of artemisinin and its derivatives anti-malaria and babesia protozoa actions is speculated to be related to the iron metabolism of the protozoa. Its molecular peroxide group produces reactive oxygen atom, which can interfere with the iron metabolism of the protozoa. Similarly, iron is required for cell division and many cancer cells aggressively accumulate iron for their rapid cell division.
Therefore the artemisinin and its derivatives can react with the iron within the cancer cells to interfere with their division and to push them to enter apoptosis (Schaller J, 2006). Artemisinin has been shown to work through oxygen and carbon-based free radical mechanisms. Its structure includes an endoperoxide bridge.
Peroxides generate free radicals in a Fenton type reaction when exposed to unbound ferrous iron. Malaria and babesia, which grow in the erythrocytes, have the opportunity to accumulate much excess iron, which can spill into the unbound form. Electron microscopy has confirmed the destruction of plasmodium membranes with morphology typical of free radical mechanisms.
With the knowledge of a high accumulation of iron in cancer cells, researchers Henry Lai and Narenda Singh of the University of Washington became interested in possible artemisinin activity against malignant cells. In 1995, they published a paper in Cancer Letters concerning the use of artemisinin against numerous cancer cell lines in vitro. This article has mobilized interest in artemisinin as an addition to anticancer treatment (Lai H et al., 1995).
They further confirmed this mechanism and reported that artemisinin-tagged holotransferrin can enhance the selective cancer cell killing effects of artemisinin and were not toxic to the normal cells. They found that tagging artemisinin to transferrin, both iron and artemisinin would be transported into cancer cells in one package.
Once inside a cell, iron is released and can readily react with artemisinin close by tagged to the transferrin. This would enhance the toxicity and selectivity of artemisinin towards cancer cells. They then tested the compound on a human leukemia cell line (Molt-4) and normal human lymphocytes.
They found that holotransferrin-tagged artemisinin was very potent and selective in killing cancer cells but not hurting the normal cells. Thus they concluded that the ‘tagged-compound’ could potentially be developed into an effective chemotherapeutic agent for cancer treatment (Lai H et al., 2005).
Another anti-cancer effect of artemisinin and its derivatives is that they promote the cancer cells to enter apoptosis. The effect could be enhanced by increasing the iron contains in the cancer cells. Singh NP et al., reported that cancer cell line Molt-4 cells were first incubated with 12 microM of human holotransferrin to enhance the iron supply to the cells.
The cells were then pelleted and transferred to a culture media contains 200 microM of a derivative of artemisinnin, dihydroartemisinin (DHA) and incubated. They found that DHA treatment significantly decreased cell counts and increased the proportion of apoptosis in cancer cells compared to controls (chi2=4.5, df=l, p<0.035).
The addition of holotransferrin significantly further decreased cell counts (chi2=4.5, df-l, p<0.035) and increased apoptosis (chi2=4.5, df=1, p<0.035). No necrotic cells were observed. They concluded that the rapid induction of apoptosis in cancer cells after treatment with DHA indicates that artemisinin and its derivatives may be effective anti-cancer agents (Singh Np et al., 2004).
These mechanisms have commonly existed in many types of cancers, therefore, its anti-cancer spectrum is wide. One of the derivatives, deoxyartemisitene has been tested to have the effects to suppress 14 different human cancer cell lines. (Galal AM, et al., 2002) The following cancers have the highest sensitivity to these substances: leukemia, colon cancer, and melanoma (Berger TG et al., 2005, Efferth T, et al., 2002).
It has also shown suppression effects on the following cancers: breast cancer, ovarian cancer, prostate cancer, brain cancer, kidney cancer, and others. (Efferth T, et al., 2006, Anfosso L, et al., 2006, Paik IH, et al., 2006, Galal AM, et al., 2002, Lee CH, et al., 2000, Singh NP, et al., 2001) The similar anti-cancer activities have also been found in other derivatives of artemisinin, such as arteether, artemether, dihydroartemisinin (Singh NP, et al., 2001).
In the cell culture of drug-resistant breast cancer found that they have high propensity of iron accumulation. When these iron-loaded cells were treated with artemisinin, 75% of them die within eight hours, and nearly 100% die within 24 hours. But the control normal cell culture, which has no heavy iron load, was not affected (Singh NP, et al., 2001, Lai H, et al., 1995).
The combination of the existing of both iron and the artemisinin or its derivatives is required to suppress cancer cells. This has been studied by animal studies. (Moore JC, et al., 1995) So it is believed that the main mechanism of cancer-suppressing effects of artemisinin and its derivatives is that the peroxide-oxygen spark that occurs inside the cancer cell seems to be the most convincing theory (Schaller J, 2006, Efferth T. et al., 2006).
If we can increase the cellular iron load, such as using holotransferrin to increase the intracellular iron level, then the efficacy of the cancer treatment by these derivatives, especially by dihydroartemisinin can be enhanced (Singh NP, et al., 2001). Another possible mechanism is that these substances can combine and alter their functions of certain proteins unique to those cancers. (Lee CH, et al., 2000) These effects work together to cause the cancer cell to enter apoptosis and die (Singh NP, et al., 2004).
Artesunate is a semi-synthetic derivative of artemisinin, and has been analyzed for its anti-cancer activity. It is against 55 cancer cell lines reported by the Developmental Therapeutics Program of the National Cancer Institute, USA. (Efferth et al., 2001) It has dramatic cytotoxic activity against a wide variety of cancers including drug resistant cell lines. Artesunate was most active against leukemia and colon cancer cell lines. Mean growth inhibition 50% (GI50) 1.11microM and 2.13 microM respectively.
Non-small cell lung cancer cell lines showed the highest mean (GI50 26.62 microM) indicating the lowest sensitivity towards artesunate. Intermediate GI50 values were obtained for melanomas, breast, ovarian, prostate, CNS, and renal cancer cell lines. Most important, a comparison of artesunate’s cytotoxicity with those standard cytostatic drugs showed that artesunate was active in molar ranges comparable to those of established anti-tumor drugs.
Leukemia lines resistant to either doxorubicin, vincristine, methotrexate, or hydroxyurea were tested. Remarkably, none of these drug resistant lines showed resistance to artesunate. The theorized reason for this is the absence of a tertiary amine in artesunate, present in virtually all other chemotherapy agents, which is required for cellular transport systems to usher the drug outside the cell (Rowen R, 2002). Compare with artemisinin, artesunate is much more effective and less adverse reactions, so our clinic uses only artesunate as the main ingredient in our herbal supplement product Artemisia Capsule.
Cancer cells are deficient in antioxidant enzyme superoxide dismutase. The manganese form in mitochondria and the copper zinc form in the cell cytoplasm are generally low in cancer cells. Cancer cells are grossly deficient in catalase and glutathione peroxidase, both of which degrade hydrogen peroxide.
It is these deficiencies in antioxidant enzymes, which lead to the use of many of the common chemotherapeutics that are superoxide generators. The higher iron fluxes, especially associated with the mitosis phase of cancer cells, should render these cells more susceptible to oxidative damage via hydrogen peroxide and superoxides.
Normally, the profound catalase deficiency in cancer cells is credited with creating vulnerability to oxidants. However, since all of these protective antioxidant enzymes are most often deficient in transformed cells, the oxidant vulnerability should be enhanced dramatically due to enhanced unbound iron during cell division. This is the anti-cancer mechanism of artemisinin and its derivatives (Levine SA, et al.,1985).
3. Clinical Observations
Clinically, Dr. NP Singh has been following a series of cancer patients with nearly universal improvement on artemisinin or its derivatives. He believes artemisinin will prove to be the most powerful, yet extremely inexpensive and safe chemotherapeutic agent yet found and effective orally for home use. He emphasizes that it should be used in professional medical settings together with complementary strategies employing detoxification, diet, immune support, spiritual work, etc. The Dr. Hoang family has observed a 50-60% long-term remission in over 400 cancer patients utilizing artemisinin together with a comprehensive cancer strategy, and with no observed toxicity (Rowen R, 2002).
In Zhang’s clinic we have been using the Artemisia Capsule in which the main ingredient is artesunate treating pre-cancerous conditions and found that it can turn several pre-cancerous conditions to normal. Two cases of biopsy-confirmed stomach intestinal epithelium metaplasia, which is a pre-cancerous condition of stomach cancer, treated with Artemisia Capsule (contains artesunate 33.3 mg per capsule) three times a day for two months.
Repeated GI biopsy found the metaplasia disappeared. We have been using the ingredient of this capsule together with allicin solution to do vaginal suppository for patients diagnosed with cervical dysplasia by PAP smear. This treatment has been making every case to turn the dysplasia to negative in follow up PAP smear within a few weeks time.
For patients already diagnosed with cancer or already finished conventional oncology treatments. We have use the Artemisia Capsule as secondary prevention and complementary treatments for the elimination of possible residual cancer cells to prevent relapse and metastasis. We have seen promising results in treating hepatocellular carcinoma, breast cancer, lymphoma, multimylenoma, urine bladder cancer, and oral cancers.
In those patients who had their main lesion being treated but still have untreated scatter cancer lesions, the artesunate treatment could not totally eradicate the tumors but made them shrunk and stabilized. It could turn cancer to be a chronic manageable disease. For those patients have their main cancer lesions removed either by surgery, chemotherapy, or radiotherapy, the artesunate treatment preventing them from relapse and metastasis. Combined with Chinese herbal treatments, we have been greatly improving the life quality and long-term outcome of cancer treatments.
Artemisinin and its derivatives, such as artesunate, have been clinically used for treating the following common cancers.
Hepatocellular Carcinoma (Liver Cancer):
Our clinic has been treating many patients with viral hepatitis B and C. In their advanced stages, they risk to have hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). Therefore we have been treating a number of cases of HCC patients. We use Artemisia Capsule in which artesunate is the main ingredient as the major remedy.
In these patients some have their lesion being treated by surgery or embolism and alcohol or radio-frequency ablation. But none of them have their all lesions being totally removed with those treatments. When they came to see us all have certain untreated HCC lesions in their liver.
After the artesunate treatment, their lesion becomes stabilized and some scatter small lesions disappeared. The treatment also includes liver function restoration and liver inflammation control. Now all our HCC patients are surviving much longer than their expected survival time and enjoying their better life quality. The following is two cases stories:  
Case 1. Fran was 73 when she visited Zhang’s Clinic on Dec. 14, 2000, with a diagnosis of HCC and hepatitis C that was already in the decompensated cirrhosis stage. She had light jaundice, gallstones, elevated ammonia (69.8), leukopenia (WBC 2.3), anemia, low platelets (60), mild ascites, and edema, liver inflammation, and bile retention.
She also had an enlarged spleen consistent with portal vein hypertension. Besides the liver condition, she also had type II diabetes. She has severe fatigue and insomnia. Following an MRI performed on Nov. 8, 2000, found two lesions on her liver: one high in segment 8 measuring 2.9 x 3.0 cm; the other in segment 6, which was slightly exophytic, measured 3.7 x 3.4 cm.
She was treated at the Sloan – Kettering Institute with embolism on both lesions and alcohol ablation on the lower lesion. The higher one was left alone without ablation, because it was too close to the lung and Fran was too weak to tolerate ablation for both lesions. As the hospital could offer no further treatment, She visited Zhang’s Clinic for Chinese herbal treatment.
Dr. Zhang concentrated on restoring her liver function with hepatitis C protocols and anti-cancer herbal formula R-6532 Capsule, which was a modified formula of Kang Ai Bao (CJITWM, 1997, 17(12):730-732). Within three months, Fran’s liver function had improved. Jaundice and ascites disappeared, the ammonia level normalized, and the edema released. A CAT scan was done on July 19, 2001, revealed that the size of the higher lesion had shrunk to 1.1 cm (from 2.9 x 3.0 cm) and the lower lesion had shrunk to 2.7 x 2.3 cm. (from 3.7 x 3.4 cm).
No new lesion was seen. Thereafter, every half year, a CAT scan was done to monitor the HCC lesions. On Dec. 18, 2003, there were new lesions discovered in segment 7 and 6 with suspicious activity. Then Fran’s general health and liver function were good enough to perform an embolism and alcohol ablation. These procedures were successfully completed. Thereafter we add artesunate (Artemisia Capsule) in her protocol to enhance the anti-cancer effects. Currently, she is monitored once every six months because the lesions are stable and her quality of life is fairly good.
When this article is writing Fran now is 81 and continuing the herbal regimen. She enjoys a normal life despite her compromised liver function eight years after her HCC diagnosis.
Case 2. Margaret N. 58 visited Zhang’s Clinic four months after the liver resection surgery on September 16, 2003. Her hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) was diagnosed in May 2003. Long-term taking estrogen-based birth-control pills possibly caused her HCC. After conventional oncology treatment finished and no further treatment was suggested to her.
At diagnosis, there was a big tumor of 8.5 cm in segment 5 and 6. A few small lesions in segment 8 and also a tumor size 2.2 X 1.6 cm in segment 2, All lesions were in the right lobe of the liver. The big tumor was removed by liver resection. After surgery, there was no chemotherapy or radiotherapy to follow.
The lesion in the segment 2 was treated by radiofrequency ablation. Small lesions in segment 8 were not treated. This was her tumor status when she visited Zhang’s Clinic. Blood tests showed that her AFP was 12 after surgery. AKP was raised and ALT, and GGT were normal but AST was mildly elevated. She complaint liver area discomfort but otherwise felt okay.
Since her cancer load was greatly reduced by surgery and radiofrequency ablation. We started herbal anti-cancer treatment by using formula R-6532, which is a formula for after oncology treatment patients. At the same time, we use liver protective herbal formula Hepa F. #2 Capsule to restore her liver function.
Cordyceps capsule to improve her cellular immunity and Circulation P Capsule to improve her blood rheology and microcirculation. Ten months on this protocol she felt well and all her liver functions were in the normal range, but slightly elevated AST and AKP. AFP dropped from 12 to 3.4. On April 5, 2004, about one year after the surgery and seven months on herbal treatment, an MRI has done and compared with the MRI done right before the herbal treatment on 9/17/03.
The findings of this comparison read: The patient is status post resection of hepatic segments 5 and 6, cholecystectomy and radiofrequency ablation of a lesion in segment 2. A hypervascular lesion in hepatic segment 8 is stable. Other previously noted smaller lesions in right hepatic lobe are no longer seen.
The lesion in segment 2 has decreased in size from 2.2×1.6 cm to 1.8×1.6 cm. …. Impression: Since 9/17/03,
A stable lesion in hepatic segment 8.
Previously noted smaller lesions in the right hepatic lobe are no longer seen.
Decrease in size of a lesion in hepatic segment 2.
At this time we added Artemisia Capsule, which contains the main ingredient artesunate. One year later, on April 29 2005 MRI was done to compare with MRI done on 10/4/04 and 4/5/04. found that the lesion at segment 2 further reduced the size to 1.4×1.2 and previous hyperintense foci scattered throughout the liver are not clearly seen.
Her liver function tests were all normal. She has yearly check-ups with MRI and later scans found her liver lesion was stable and no new lesion development. It is possible that her lesion showed on the MRI might already become scar tissues.
The Chinese medicine treatment was non-toxic and complementary to the western medical treatments. The Zhang clinic has been treating more than 10 HCC patients who have been living with stabilized HCC lesions for up to three years or longer with similar herbal medicine protocols. All have exceeded their expected survival times following HCC diagnosis, all are still carrying stabilized HCC lesions, and all report improved quality of life with herbal treatment.
Liu Y, et al., and Sun WC, et al., studied to combine artemisinin and its derivatives with large carbon molecule, such as lipophilic alkyl carbon chains, which can dramatically enhance its anti HCC effects. With the large carbon chain the HCC cell killing effects of these artemisinin derivatives being strengthened 200 times. (Liu Y, et al., 2005, Sun WC, et al., 1992)
Breast Cancer:
For breast cancer, Lai H, et al., found that in rats the chemically induced breast cancer can be prevented or treated by Artemisinin. They fed the food to the rats containing 0.02% of artemisinin for 40 weeks and found only 43% of the rats developed cancer compared to 96% of the rats in control group developed cancer without the artemisinin treatment. (Lai H, et al., 2006) Singh NP, et al., treated human breast cancer cell with holotransferrin and dihydroaremisinin together and found that this combination can kill a type of radiation-resistant human breast cancer cells but it has no effects on the normal human breast cells (Singh NP, et al., 2001).
In our clinic, we use artesunate based Artemisia capsule for breast cancer patients for their prevention of recurrences and metastasis after surgery, chemo or radiation treatments. We have used this method for many years and up to now there was no one case had recurrence or metastasis reported. A case history reported by Townsend Letter for Doctors & Patients reads: Patient D.E., a 47-year-old Alaska resident with stage 4 breast cancer and metastases to vertebral T1 with significant pain, vertebral collapse and local neurological impairment.
First seen May 2001, she received a series of IPT (insulin potentiation therapy-low dose chemotherapy), high dose vitamin C infusions, supplements, and dendritic cell vaccine, dietary management, and detoxification strategies. Most symptoms had cleared within 4 months (October 2001). In January 2002, she received artesunate IV (source: mainland China), plus oral artemisinin 300 mg twice a day, which has been continued. Six months later she was happy to report she has no symptoms whatsoever and is living a normal life. Her local provider believes the regressed mass is now scar tissue (Rowen R, 2002).
Even for widely metastatic breast cancer these substances combined with other alternative supplements got very satisfying results and another such case report reads: L.L. is a West Coast woman in her 40’s with breast cancer and extremely painful bone metastases all over her spine. She had received limited radiation therapy to reduce the pain in the thoracic spine. She began artemisinin, and a variety of complementary strategies, including diet, detoxification, and Kelly type proteolytic enzymes. Immediately, her energy exploded.
Her pain level took a dive. Her comment after two weeks on artemisinin was “Last week I thought I was dying, and today for the first time in months, I believe I am going to live.” Four months into therapy using oral supplements, diet and detoxification strategies, a PET scan, the most efficient and sensitive study for the spread of cancer, did not show any activity anywhere in her spine, even in places that were present before and not radiated. Further, the scan did not confirm definite cancer activity anywhere else. (Rowen R, 2002).
Cervical Cancer:
Cervical cancer is caused by human papilloma virus (HPV) infection and now there is a vaccine available to prevent it. Since cervical cancer cells have large numbers of transferrin receptor to increase their iron uptake, therefore, artemisinin and it derivatives, such as artesunate and dihyroartemisinin (DHA) showed strong effects to cervical cancer cells and they do not injury normal cervical tissue.
Disbrow GL, et al., reported that when used topically in animal studies, they found that apply DHA in the cervical areas of dogs and then exposed to the HPV DHA strongly inhibited HPV induced cancer development (Disbrow GL., et al, 2005). In Zhang’s Clinic, we use artesunate and Allicin mixture as a vaginal suppository to treat cervical dysplasia and every case got their PAP smear turned to normal within a few weeks.
Leukemia and Lymphoma:
Singh NP et al. reported that when artemisinin and sodium butyrate used together can dramatically enhance artemisinin’s suppressive effects on leukemia cells. This combination does not harm normal white blood cells and lymphocyte. These two substances have synergetic effects to each other. When used separately, artemisinin and butyrate can only suppress 40% and 32% of the leukemia cells respectively.
When they are used together, 100% of the leukemia cells were killed within one day. (Singh NP, et al., 2005) In Zhang’s clinic, we have been using Artemisia Capsule in which the main ingredient is artesunate for chronic lymphocyte leukemia and keeping patients blood counts and clinical condition stable.
A case history from the Townsend Letter for Doctors & Patients reported:Patient D.A. a 47 year-old mechanic who presented with a 4.5 cm. Non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma on the right side of his head, with a gaping incision from a recent biopsy, and tremendous inflammatory erythema.
Artesunate, 60mg was injected muscularly 14 consecutive days and he switched diets to high protein/vegetable (Kelley parasympathetic type diet). At the end of two weeks, a depression appeared at the apex of the tumor. Four weeks later, the mass was completely gone, skull surface smooth, incision totally healed and erythema virtually cleared. Apparently he is cancer-free as of this writing 6 months later (Rowen R, 2002).
Melanoma and Skin Cancer:
Berger TG., et al., reported their experience of treating metastatic melanoma case with artemisinin. The patient had metastatic melanoma and failed to respond to conventional chemotherapy. After using artemisinin her cancer was stabilized at first and then found her metastatic lesions in the lung and spleen regressed.
This patient is still alive four years after the advanced melanoma was diagnosed. The expectation of life of this kind of cancer is usually less than a few months (Berger TG, et al., 2005). For skin cancer artemisinin and its derivatives can be used as a topical application and the results were very satisfactory.
A case reported the use of artesunate mix with DMSO applied topically and cured the skin cancer lesion within a short period of time and the case report reads Patient F.A., an 81-year-old Californian with multiple skin cancers including one active recurrent quarter-sized lesion that had been burned 4 times previously. Topical artemisinin (artemisinin in 50% DMSO) applied twice daily caused the large lesion to fall off within 5 days and other smaller skin cancers to regress. His wife reported the same with her skin cancers (Rowen R, 2002).
Glioma:          
The brain tumor is not sensitive to chemotherapy and conventional treatment mainly is radiation. Kim SJ et al., found that when using dihyroartemisinin (DHA) together with the radiation, the glioma cells become more sensitive to the radiation. They found that when the glioma cell culture was treated with DHA, the number of cell colonies reduced and when radiation is given together with the DHA treatment, the reduction of the colonies even much more.
In their study, they also found that when antioxidant used the effects of DHA was blocked. Therefore during the DHA treatment, free radical scavengers or antioxidants should not be used. (Kim SJ, et al, 2006)
Other Cancers:
Some other cancers have also been studied to respond to the artemisinin and its derivatives treatments. They are stomach cancer (Sun WC, et al., 1992), small-cell lung cancer (Sadava D, et al., 2002), ovarian cancer (Chen HH, et al., 2003), oral squamous cell carcinoma (Yamachika E, et al.,2004), fibrosarcoma (Moore JC, et al., 1995), astrocytoma (Efferth T, et al., 2004), Kaposi’s sarconma (Dell’Eva R, et al., 2004), Prostate Cancer, Posner GH et al., reported that artemisinin derivatives had strong suppressive effects on prostate cancer. (Posner GH, et al., 1999, 2004) and non-small cell lung cancer… etc. Non-small cell lung cancer: A case reported by Townsend Letter for Doctors & Patients reads: Patient V.M. an 83-year-old Toronto resident.
Healthy most of her life, she now had a non-small cell lung carcinoma in the right lower lobe, considered non-resectable because of heart failure and circulatory problems. She received artemisinin 500mg twice a day and Carnivora oral, via nebulizer, 5cc twice a day. In 4 months the tumor shrunk to 1×2 cm and her oncologist felt this represented scar tissue and declared her cancer-free. Her heart condition improved considerably with CoQ10, 600mg daily (Rowen R, 2002).
4. Summary
Artemisinin and its derivatives have been used for treating malaria for decades and have treated millions of patients. The effects were extremely good and fast. They have been recommended as a first-line anti-malaria treatment by WHO. Because of the similarity of babesia infection and malaria, we have been using it for treating babesiosis, the common co-infection of Lyme disease. Especially its molecular modified derivative artesunate, which is more potent and fewer side effects than artemisinin has been used in our clinic mainly for treating babesiosis and found that its efficacy was much better than conventional medications.
The mechanism of cancer cells division and the protozoa of malaria and babesia replication are both involved with the oxidation and reduction of the iron. Artemisinin and its derivative can selectively interfere this mechanism. Since 1995 researchers in the University of Washington started its anti-cancer studies. Pre-clinical and clinical studies found artemisinin and its derivatives are potent anti-cancer substances with no obvious toxicity in therapeutic dosage and very inexpensive compared with most chemotherapy drugs.
It is selectively effective on the cancer cells without damage the normal cells. This is an ideal anti-cancer treatment, especially for the development of humane, gentle cancer care methods. Because it is non-toxic and it has very wide anti-cancer spectrum so it could be used right after a cancer diagnosis to prepare the patient for further oncology treatments.
It could also be used after surgery, chemo, or radiation to prevent relapse and metastasis as secondary prevention. Its non-cytotoxic mechanism of anti-cancer could open a brand new field of anti-cancer research and made the development of non-toxic anti-cancer treatment possible.
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Liu Y, et al., Synthesis and cytotoxicity studies of artemisinin derivatives containing lipophilic alkyl carbon chains. Org Lett, 7:1561-4, 2005
Moore JC, et al., Oral administration of dihydroartemisinin and ferrous sulfate retarded implanted fibrosarcoma growth in the rat. Cancer Lett, 98:83-7, 1995
Paik IH, et al., Second generation, orally active, antimalaria, artemisinin-dereved troxane dimmers with high stability, efficacy and anticancer activity. J. Med. Chem, 49:2731-4, 2006
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Rowen R, Artemisinin: From Malaria to Cancer Treatment, Townsend Letter for Doctors & Patients, December 2002
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Schaller J., Artemisinin, Artesunate, Artemisinic Acid and Other Cerivatives of Artemisia Used for Malaria, Babesia and Cancer, Hope Academic Press, Tampa, Florida, 2006, p.55
Singh NP, Lai H: Selective toxicity of dihydroartemisinin and holotransferrin toward human breast cancer cells. Life Sci 70:49-56, 2001
Singh NP, et al., Artemisinin induces apoptosis in human cancer cells. Anticancer Res. 24: 2277-80, 2004
Singh NP, et al., Synergistic cytotoxicity of artemisinin and sodium butyrate on human cancer cells. Anticancer Res. 25:4325-31, 2005
Sun WC, Han JX, Yang WY, et al: [Antitumor activities of 4 derivatives of artemisic acid and artemisinin B in vitro]. Zhongguo Yao Li Xue Bao 13:541-543, 1992.
Yamachika E, et al., Artemisinin: an alternative treatment for oral squmous cell carcinoma. Anticancer Res. 24:2153-60, 2004
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khamgiodau · 6 years
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VIÊM TỤY CẤP DO TĂNG TRIGLYCERIDE
I. ĐẠI CƯƠNG Viêm tụy cấp(VTC ) do tăng triglyceride (TG),vi ệc đi ều trị làm giảm TG là biện pháp loại bỏ nguyên nhân và mang lại hiệu quả cao với mục tiêu là giảm TG 3 l ần so với giá trị bình thường. - Chụp cắt lớp vi tính: Chẩn đoán xác đ ịnh viêm tụy cấp. 2. Xét nghiệm TG ≥ 11,3 mmol/l (1000mg/dl)-TG đư ợc xét nghiệm 1 lần khi vào viện và xét nghiệm lại sau ăn 12gi ờ 3. VTC đư ợc chẩn đoán lo ại trừ do các nguyên nhân khác: sỏi mật, giun chui ống mật, do chấn thương.... III. CHỐNG CHỈ ĐỊNH Thận trọng trong một số trường hợp sau: - Người bệnh đang h ạ huyết áp: phải nâng huyết áp về giá trị bình thư ờng của người bệnh trước khi tiến hành thủ thuật -Người bệnh đang có r ối loạn đông máu: c ần chú ý trong quá trình đ ặt catheter tĩnh m ạch đ ể PEX. IV. CHUẨN BỊ 1. Ngư ời thực hiện: 1 bác sĩ và 2 đi ều dư ỡng đã đư ợc đào t ạo về thực hành PEX. - Bác sĩ: đ ội mũ, đeo kh ẩu trang, rửa tay, mặc áo và đi găng vô khu ẩn - Điêu dư ỡng: đ ội mũ, đeo kh ẩu trang, phụ giúp bác sĩ làm th ủ thuật 2. Phương ti ện - Máy lọc máu có ch ức năng thay huy ết tương c ủa các hãng như: B/Braun, Gambro, Asahi kasei... - Dịch thay thế:huy ết tương tươi đông l ạnh hoặc dung dịch albumin 5% được tính theo công thức 608 V plasma = (1-Ht)x(0,065 x W kg ) Hoặc ước tính 40ml/Kg/lần. 3. Phương ti ện, dụng cụ 3.1. Vật tư tiêu hao - Dịch thay thế: + Huyết tương tươi đông l ạnh + Hoặc albumin 5% + Hoặc albumin 5% kết hợp với 500 ml dịch cao phân tử - Thể tích dịch thay thế cho 1 đơn v ị thể tích PEX được tính theo công thức V dịch thay thế = (1-Ht)x(0,065 x W kg ) + Hoặc ước tính 40ml/Kg/ 1 đơn v ị thể tích thay thế + Thể tích và tổng số lượng huyết tương cho 1 l ần thay thế tùy thuộc vào từng bệnh lý cụ thể (xin xem kỹ thuật PEX của từng bệnh lý) - Bộ túi, dây và quả tách huyết tương với 2 quả lọc - Dịch đ ể khởi đ ộng, chuẩn bị máy: NaCl 0,5% 4000ml - Áo mổ, săng có l ỗ vô khuẩn - Mũ, kh ẩu trang phẫu thuật - Găng tay vô khu ẩn: 5 đôi - Găng khám b ệnh: 5 đôi - Dung dịch sát khuẩn rửa tay nhanh - Xà phòng rửa tay - Bơm tiêm 10 ml: 6 chi ếc - Bơm tiêm 20 ml: 10 chi ếc - Kim lấy thuốc: 5 chiếc - Bộ dây truyền: 4 bộ - Betadin 10%: 50 ml - Băng dính c ố định - Băng chun c ố định, cầm máu. - Gạc N2: 5 gói - Thuốc: + Chống đông heparin: 50.000 đơn v ị + Canxiclorua 2gram (tiêm tĩnh m ạch 1gram sau vào PEX 30 phút và ngay trước khi kết thúc PEX 30 phút). + Methylprednisolon 80 mg tiêm tĩnh m ạch trư ớc khi tiến hành PEX 30 phút với mục đích d ự phòng phản ứng dị ứng. 3.2. Dụng cụ cấp cứu - Bóng bóp ambu - Bộ đặt nội khí quản - Hộp chống sốc phản vệ (theo danh mục của bộ y tế) 3.3. Các chi phí khác 609 Mũ ph ẫu thuật Khẩu trang phẫu thuật Kìm có mấu, không mấu Kéo thẳng nhọn Hộp bông còn Bát kền to Khay quả đậu inox nhỡ ống cắm panh inox Khử trùng máy lọc huyết tương Săng l ỗ vô trùng Áo mổ Dung dịch Anois rửa tay nhanh Băng dính b ản rộng Băng chun c ố định, cầm máu 4. Người bệnh - Giải thích cho Người bệnh, ngư ời gia đình Người bệnh biết lợi ích và tác dụng phụ của PEX. - Tư th ế Người bệnh nằm ngửa, đ ầu cao 30 0 (nếu không có hạ huyết áp). - Chân bên đ ặt catheter TM: duỗi thẳng & xoay ra ngoài. - Nếu đ ặt TM cảnh trong: đ ầu bằng, mặt quay sang bên đ ối diện. 5. Hồ sơ b ệnh án - Gia đình ho ặc Người bệnh ký cam kết làm thủ thuật. - Ghi phiếu chỉ định PEX: máy tách huyết tương, t ốc đ ộ máu, tốc đ ộ dịch thay thế, liều chống đông heparin. - Ghi hồ sơ b ệnh án: số lượng dịch thay thế, thời gian tiến hành, kết thúc PEX, chức năng s ống (mạch, HA, nhịp thở...) trong quá trình PEX. V. CÁC BƯ ỚC TIẾN HÀNH: Bước 1: đặt catheter TM (xin xem bài đ ặt catheter TM đ ể lọc máu) Bước 2: thiết lập vòng tuần hoàn ngoài cơ th ể - Bật nguồn điện, chọn phương thức điều trị ―Plasma Exchange‖, sau đó lắp màng lọc tách huyết tương và dây dẫn máu theo chỉ dẫn. - Đuổi khí có trong màng lọc và dây dẫn, thường dùng dung dịch natriclorua 0,9% có pha heparin 5000UI / 1000ml. - Kiểm tra toàn bộ hệ thống an toàn của vòng tuần hoàn ngoài cơ thể (các khoá, đầu tiếp nối của máy). Bước 3: nối đường máu ra (ống thông màu đỏ) với tuần hoàn ngoài cơ thể, mở bơm máu tốc độ khoảng 60 - 70 ml/ phút, bơm liều đầu heparin 20 đv ị/kg rồi duy trì heparin 10 đvị/kg/giờ, khi máu đến 1/3 quả lọc thì ngừng bơm máu và nối tuần hoàn ngoài cơ thể với đường tĩnh mạch (ống thông màu xanh) và tăng dần tốc độ máu lên đến khoảng 100 - 120 ml/phút. Bước 4: đặt các thông số cho máy hoạt động. - Lưu lượng máu khoảng 100 -120 ml / phút (phụ thuộc huyết áp) - Liều he parin liều đầu 20 đv ị/kg, liều duy trì 10 đv ị/kg/giờ. (thận trọng và đi ều chỉnh liều khi người bệnh có rối loạn đông máu) - Lưu lượng huyết tương cần tách bỏ 20ml / phút. 610 - Làm ấm huyết tương hoặc dịch thay thế ở nhiệt độ 37 o C. Bước 5: sau khi PEX xong phải rửa sạch hai nòng catheter TM bằng NaCl 0,9% sau đó bơm vào mỗi bên 12.500 đơn v ị heparin nhằm mục đích không bị tắc catheter TM để lưu qua lần lọc sau. Cần sát khuẩn kỹ catheter bằng dung dịch betadin, sau đó băng kín lại. VI. THEO D I Lâm sàng : - thức, mạch, nhiệt độ, huyết áp, nhịp thở, SpO 2 . - Các thông số máy thở. ( n ếu Người bệnh đang th ở máy) - Các phản ứng dị ứng: mẩn ngứa, mề đay, khó thở, sốc phản vệ. - Các biến chứ ng chảy máu: chảy máu dưới da, niêm mạc, đường tiêu hoá, hô hấp, não, chân ống thông TM. Kiểm tra liều heparin. Theo dõi các thông số trên máy lọc huyết tương. - Áp lực đường động mạch (áp lực vào máy). - Áp lực đường tĩnh m ạch (áp lực trở về người bệnh). - Áp lực trước màng. - Áp lực xuyên màng. VII. XỬ TRÍ TAI BIẾN VÀ BIẾN CHỨNG - Dị ứng: Dimedrol 10 mg tiêm bắp - Sốc phản vệ: b ắt buộc phải dừng quá trình PEX. Tiêm Adrenalin 1/3 ống tiêm TM, tiêm nhắc lại nếu cần cho đ ến khi HATT > 90 mmHg (xem xử trí sốc phản vệ) - Đông màng và bầu bẫy khí, v ỡ màng: dừng cuộc lọc - Tắc hay tuột catheter TM: đ ặt lại catheter TM - Khí lọt vào tuần hoàn ngoài cơ thể: gi ảm tôc đ ộ máu, dung bơm tiêm hút khí chỗ bầu bầy khí. - Chảy máu: hiếm xảy ra vì thời gian PEX ngắn (khoảng 2 giờ), chỉ phát hiện được trên xét nghiệm. Thời gian hết tác dụng của heperin trong 6 giờ, nên không có biểu hiện chảy máu trên lâm sàng. TÀI LIỆU THAM KHẢO 1. Hoàng Đ ức Chuyên (2012) ―Nghi ên cứu đ ặc đi ểm lâm sàng và hiệu quả điềù trị viêm tụy cấp do tăng Triglyceride‖ Lu ận văn th ạc sỹ Y học,Trường Đ ại học Y Hà nội 2. Al-Humoud H, Alhumoud E, Al-Hilali N (2008), ―Therapeutic plasma exchange for acute hyperlipidemic pancreatitis: a case series‖, Ther Apher Dial, 12(3): 202-204. 3. Banks P.A, Freeman M.L(2006), ―Practice guidelines in acute pancreatitis‖, Am J Gastroenterol, 101(10): 2379-2400. 4. Vásquez G.P.A., Poblano I.E., Guerrero S.A.S. et al. (2008), ―Starch and Albumin Mixture as Replacement Fluid in Therapeutic Plasma Exchange Is Safe and Effective‖, Journal of Clinical Apheresis 23, 163-7. 611.Bài viếtVIÊM TỤY CẤP DO TĂNG TRIGLYCERIDE xuất hiện lần đầu tại website http://khamgiodau.com
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oscarhgreene · 7 years
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Is Lyme Disease the Cause of Alzheimer’s?
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Today we are delving into Lyme disease again.  Rarely do we come  across a topic with such diametrically  opposed opinions. In today’s broadcast we will present some of the literature regarding Alzheimer’s disease being  caused by Lyme disease.
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References:
1. A lack of correlation between the incidence of lyme disease and deaths due to Alzheimer’s disease. O’Day DH, Catalano A. J Alzheimers Dis. 2014;42(1):115-8. doi: 10.3233/JAD-140552. PMID: 24840565 [PubMed – indexed for MEDLINE] Similar articles
2. Nervous system lyme disease: is there a controversy? Halperin JJ. Semin Neurol. 2011 Jul;31(3):317-24. doi: 10.1055/s-0031-1287652. Epub 2011 Sep 30. Review. PMID: 21964848 [PubMed – indexed for MEDLINE] Similar articles
3. Borrelia burgdorferi persists in the brain in chronic lyme neuroborreliosis and may be associated with Alzheimer disease. Miklossy J, Khalili K, Gern L, Ericson RL, Darekar P, Bolle L, Hurlimann J, Paster BJ. J Alzheimers Dis. 2004 Dec;6(6):639-49; discussion 673-81. PMID: 15665404 [PubMed – indexed for MEDLINE] Similar articles
4. Plaques of Alzheimer’s disease originate from cysts of Borrelia burgdorferi, the Lyme disease spirochete. MacDonald AB. Med Hypotheses. 2006;67(3):592-600. Epub 2006 May 3. PMID: 16675154 [PubMed – indexed for MEDLINE] Similar articles
5. Alzheimer’s disease Braak Stage progressions: reexamined and redefined as Borrelia infection transmission through neural circuits. MacDonald AB. Med Hypotheses. 2007;68(5):1059-64. Epub 2006 Nov 17. PMID: 17113237 [PubMed – indexed for MEDLINE] Similar articles
6. Transfection “Junk” DNA – a link to the pathogenesis of Alzheimer’s disease? MacDonald AB. Med Hypotheses. 2006;66(6):1140-1. Epub 2006 Feb 14. PMID: 16481123 [PubMed – indexed for MEDLINE] Similar articles
7. Concurrent neocortical borreliosis and Alzheimer’s disease. MacDonald AB, Miranda JM. Hum Pathol. 1987 Jul;18(7):759-61. PMID: 3297997 [PubMed – indexed for MEDLINE] Similar articles
8. A life cycle for Borrelia spirochetes? MacDonald AB. Med Hypotheses. 2006;67(4):810-8. Epub 2006 May 22. PMID: 16716532 [PubMed – indexed for MEDLINE] Similar articles
9. Alzheimer’s neuroborreliosis with trans-synaptic spread of infection and neurofibrillary tangles derived from intraneuronal spirochetes. MacDonald AB. Med Hypotheses. 2007;68(4):822-5. Epub 2006 Oct 20. PMID: 17055667 [PubMed – indexed for MEDLINE] Similar articles
10. Spirochetal cyst forms in neurodegenerative disorders,…hiding in plain sight. MacDonald AB. Med Hypotheses. 2006;67(4):819-32. Epub 2006 Jul 7. PMID: 16828236 [PubMed – indexed for MEDLINE] Similar articles
11. Use of an autologous antigen in the serologic testing of patients with erythema migrans of Lyme disease. Berger BW, MacDonald AB, Benach JL. J Am Acad Dermatol. 1988 Jun;18(6):1243-6. PMID: 3290287 [PubMed – indexed for MEDLINE] Similar articles
12. Interstitial cystitis and Borrelia burgdorferi. Schwan TG, MacDonald AB. Ann Intern Med. 1989 Sep 15;111(6):537. No abstract available. PMID: 2774376 [PubMed – indexed for MEDLINE] Similar articles
13. Stillbirth following maternal Lyme disease. MacDonald AB, Benach JL, Burgdorfer W. N Y State J Med. 1987 Nov;87(11):615-6. No abstract available. PMID: 3480464 [PubMed – indexed for MEDLINE] Similar articles
14. Temporal arteritis associated with Borrelia infection. A case report. Pizzarello LD, MacDonald AB, Semlear R, DiLeo F, Berger B. J Clin Neuroophthalmol. 1989 Mar;9(1):3-6. PMID: 2522942 [PubMed – indexed for MEDLINE] Similar articles
15. Giant cell arteritis and Borrelia infection. MacDonald AB. J Clin Neuroophthalmol. 1987 Sep;7(3):180-1. No abstract available. PMID: 2958514 [PubMed – indexed for MEDLINE] Similar articles
16. Lyme disease. A neuro-ophthalmologic view. MacDonald AB. J Clin Neuroophthalmol. 1987 Dec;7(4):185-90. Review. PMID: 2963023 [PubMed – indexed for MEDLINE] Similar articles
17. Gestational Lyme borreliosis. Implications for the fetus. MacDonald AB. Rheum Dis Clin North Am. 1989 Nov;15(4):657-77. Review. PMID: 2685924 [PubMed – indexed for MEDLINE] Similar articles
18. Borrelia burgdorferi tissue morphologies and imaging methodologies. MacDonald AB. Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis. 2013 Aug;32(8):1077-82. doi: 10.1007/s10096-013-1853-5. Epub 2013 Mar 12. PMID: 23479042 [PubMed – indexed for MEDLINE] Similar articles
19. No evidence for contamination of Borrelia blood cultures: a review of facts. MacDonald AB. J Clin Microbiol. 2014 May;52(5):1803. doi: 10.1128/JCM.02275-13. No abstract available. PMID: 24744404 [PubMed – indexed for MEDLINE] Free PMC Article Similar articles
20. Characterization of biofilm formation by Borrelia burgdorferi in vitro. Sapi E, Bastian SL, Mpoy CM, Scott S, Rattelle A, Pabbati N, Poruri A, Burugu D, Theophilus PA, Pham TV, Datar A, Dhaliwal NK, MacDonald A, Rossi MJ, Sinha SK, Luecke DF. PLoS One. 2012;7(10):e48277. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0048277. Epub 2012 Oct 24. PMID: 23110225 [PubMed – indexed for MEDLINE] Free PMC Article Similar articles
21. Evidence of In Vivo Existence of Borrelia Biofilm in Borrelial Lymphocytomas. Sapi E, Balasubramanian K, Poruri A, Maghsoudlou JS, Socarras KM, Timmaraju AV, Filush KR, Gupta K, Shaikh S, Theophilus PA, Luecke DF, MacDonald A, Zelger B. Eur J Microbiol Immunol (Bp). 2016 Feb 9;6(1):9-24. doi: 10.1556/1886.2015.00049. eCollection 2016 Mar. PMID: 27141311 [PubMed] Free PMC Article Similar articles
22. Clinical implications of delayed growth of the Lyme borreliosis spirochete, Borrelia burgdorferi. MacDonald AB, Berger BW, Schwan TG. Acta Trop. 1990 Dec;48(2):89-94. PMID: 1980573 [PubMed – indexed for MEDLINE] Similar articles
23. Human fetal borreliosis, toxemia of pregnancy, and fetal death. MacDonald AB. Zentralbl Bakteriol Mikrobiol Hyg A. 1986 Dec;263(1-2):189-200. No abstract available. PMID: 3554838 [PubMed – indexed for MEDLINE] Similar articles
24. Acute postnatal exposure to di(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate adversely impacts hippocampal development in the male rat. Smith CA, Macdonald A, Holahan MR. Neuroscience. 2011 Oct 13;193:100-8. doi: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2011.06.082. Epub 2011 Jul 18. PMID: 21782900 [PubMed – indexed for MEDLINE] Similar articles
25. Borrelia in the brains of patients dying with dementia. MacDonald AB. JAMA. 1986 Oct 24-31;256(16):2195-6. No abstract available. PMID: 3761515 [PubMed – indexed for MEDLINE] Similar articles
26. Impact of Wildfire Emissions on Chloride and Bromide Depletion in Marine Aerosol Particles. Braun RA, Dadashazar H, MacDonald AB, Aldhaif AM, Maudlin LC, Crosbie E, Aghdam MA, Hossein Mardi A, Sorooshian A. Environ Sci Technol. 2017 Jul 27. doi: 10.1021/acs.est.7b02039. [Epub ahead of print] PMID: 28700243 [PubMed – as supplied by publisher] Similar articles
27. Nutrition and shiftwork: evaluation of new paramedics’ knowledge and attitudes. Macdonald AB, Rossiter MD, Jensen JL. Can J Diet Pract Res. 2013 Winter;74(4):198-201. PMID: 24472169 [PubMed – indexed for MEDLINE] Similar articles
28. Development and psychometric evaluation of a brief version of the hyperventilation questionnaire: the HVQ-B. Sabourin BC, Stewart SH, Watt MC, Macdonald AB. Cogn Behav Ther. 2013;42(3):193-202. doi: 10.1080/16506073.2012.756059. Epub 2013 May 22. PMID: 23697597 [PubMed – indexed for MEDLINE] Similar articles
29. Acute and general medicine on opposite sides of the world. MacDonald AB. Acute Med. 2011;10(2):67-8. No abstract available. PMID: 22041603 [PubMed – indexed for MEDLINE] Similar articles
30. What does the future hold for general medicine? Jenkins PF, Thompson CH, MacDonald AB. Med J Aust. 2011 Jul 4;195(1):49-50. PMID: 21728946 [PubMed – indexed for MEDLINE] Similar articles
31. Molecular cloning, ontogeny and tissue distribution of zebrafish (Danio rerio) prohormone convertases: pcsk1 and pcsk2. Morash MG, MacDonald AB, Croll RP, Anini Y. Gen Comp Endocrinol. 2009 Jun;162(2):179-87. doi: 10.1016/j.ygcen.2009.03.013. Epub 2009 Mar 28. PMID: 19332069 [PubMed – indexed for MEDLINE] Similar articles
32. The roles of alcohol and alcohol expectancy in the dampening of responses to hyperventilation among high anxiety sensitive young adults. MacDonald AB, Stewart SH, Hutson R, Rhyno E, Loughlin HL. Addict Behav. 2001 Nov-Dec;26(6):841-67. PMID: 11768548 [PubMed – indexed for MEDLINE] Similar articles
33. Effects of alcohol on the response to hyperventilation of participants high and low in anxiety sensitivity. MacDonald AB, Baker JM, Stewart SH, Skinner M. Alcohol Clin Exp Res. 2000 Nov;24(11):1656-65. PMID: 11104113 [PubMed – indexed for MEDLINE] Similar articles
34. Biochemical and functional antigenic mimicry by a polyclonal anti-idiotypic antibody for chlamydial exoglycolipid antigen. An LL, Hudson AP, Prendergast RA, O’Brien TP, Stuart ES, Whittum-Hudson JA, MacDonald AB. Pathobiology. 1997;65(5):229-40. Erratum in: Pathobiology 1998;66(1):48. PMID: 9459493 [PubMed – indexed for MEDLINE] Similar articles
35. Oral immunization with an anti-idiotypic antibody to the exoglycolipid antigen protects against experimental Chlamydia trachomatis infection. Whittum-Hudson JA, An LL, Saltzman WM, Prendergast RA, MacDonald AB. Nat Med. 1996 Oct;2(10):1116-21. PMID: 8837610 [PubMed – indexed for MEDLINE] Similar articles
36. The rightward gas vesicle operon in Halobacterium plasmid pNRC100: identification of the gvpA and gvpC gene products by use of antibody probes and genetic analysis of the region downstream of gvpC. Halladay JT, Jones JG, Lin F, MacDonald AB, DasSarma S. J Bacteriol. 1993 Feb;175(3):684-92. PMID: 8423144 [PubMed – indexed for MEDLINE] Free PMC Article Similar articles
37. Examination of chlamydial glycolipid with monoclonal antibodies: cellular distribution and epitope binding. Stuart ES, Wyrick PB, Choong J, Stoler SB, MacDonald AB. Immunology. 1991 Dec;74(4):740-7. PMID: 1723717 [PubMed – indexed for MEDLINE] Free PMC Article Similar articles
38. Some characteristics of a secreted chlamydial antigen recognized by IgG from C. trachomatis patient sera. Stuart ES, Macdonald AB. Immunology. 1989 Dec;68(4):469-73. PMID: 2606506 [PubMed – indexed for MEDLINE] Free PMC Article Similar articles
39. Anti-idiotypic antibodies that protect cells against the action of diphtheria toxin. Rolf JM, Gaudin HM, Tirrell SM, MacDonald AB, Eidels L. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1989 Mar;86(6):2036-9. PMID: 2467297 [PubMed – indexed for MEDLINE] Free PMC Article Similar articles
40. Characterization of an antigen secreted by Chlamydia-infected cell culture. Stuart ES, Tirrell SM, MacDonald AB. Immunology. 1987 Aug;61(4):527-33. PMID: 3443454 [PubMed – indexed for MEDLINE] Free PMC Article Similar articles
41. Oral immunization against chlamydial eye infection. Taylor HR, Young E, MacDonald AB, Schachter J, Prendergast RA. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci. 1987 Feb;28(2):249-58. PMID: 8591904 [PubMed – indexed for MEDLINE] Similar articles
42. Antigens of Chlamydia trachomatis. MacDonald AB. Rev Infect Dis. 1985 Nov-Dec;7(6):731-6. PMID: 2999944 [PubMed – indexed for MEDLINE] Similar articles
43. Nonvariant antigens limited to bloodstream forms of Trypanosoma brucei brucei and Trypanosoma brucei rhodesiense. Beat DA, Stanley HA, Choroma?ski L, MacDonald AB, Honigberg BM. J Protozool. 1984 Nov;31(4):541-8. PMID: 6439856 [PubMed – indexed for MEDLINE] Similar articles
44. A case of crystal formation in bone marrow. Carter KJ, Jones JD, Mandel NS, Mandel GS, MacDonald AB. Clin Chem. 1984 Jul;30(7):1267-8. No abstract available. PMID: 6733919 [PubMed – indexed for MEDLINE] Free Article Similar articles
45. Immune response of owl monkeys to topical vaccination with irradiated Chlamydia trachomatis. MacDonald AB, McComb D, Howard L. J Infect Dis. 1984 Mar;149(3):439-42. PMID: 6715899 [PubMed – indexed for MEDLINE] Similar articles
46. Inhibition of cholesterol side chain cleavage by active site directed antibody to corpus luteum cytochrome P-450. Kashiwagi K, MacDonald AB, Salhanick HA. J Biol Chem. 1982 Mar 10;257(5):2212-7. PMID: 6895894 [PubMed – indexed for MEDLINE] Free Article Similar articles
47. The conversion of an enhancing factor to a suppressor factor by the formation of an aggregate molecule. Mulcahy HL, Rubin AS, MacDonald AB. Immunology. 1981 Jan;42(1):37-43. PMID: 7007220 [PubMed – indexed for MEDLINE] Free PMC Article Similar articles
48. Purification and properties of a factor from leukaemic T cells which non-specifically enhances the antibody response. Mulcahy HL, Rubin AS, MacDonald AB. Immunology. 1981 Jan;42(1):25-35. PMID: 7007219 [PubMed – indexed for MEDLINE] Free PMC Article Similar articles
49. Isolation and purification of a type-specific antigen from Chlamydia trachomatis propagated in cell culture utilizing molecular shift chromatography. Hourihan JT, Rota TR, MacDonald AB. J Immunol. 1980 May;124(5):2399-404. PMID: 6154102 [PubMed – indexed for MEDLINE] Similar articles
50. Changes in immunoferritin labeling of Rickettsia tsutsugamushi after serial cultivation in 60Co-irradiated BHK cells. Rikihisa Y, Rota T, Lee TH, MacDonald AB, Ito S. Infect Immun. 1979 Nov;26(2):638-50. PMID: 121111 [PubMed – indexed for MEDLINE] Free PMC Article Similar articles
51. Isolation of a type-specific antigen from Chlamydia trachomatis by sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. Sacks DL, MacDonald AB. J Immunol. 1979 Jan;122(1):136-9. PMID: 84016 [PubMed – indexed for MEDLINE] Similar articles
52. Cell-mediated immune responses in owl monkeys (Aotus trivirgatus) with trachoma to soluble antigens of Chlamydia trachomatis. Sacks DL, Todd WJ, Macdonald AB. Clin Exp Immunol. 1978 Jul;33(1):57-64. PMID: 101327 [PubMed – indexed for MEDLINE] Free PMC Article Similar articles
53. Separation and partial characterization of a type-specific antigen from Chlamydia trachomatis. Sacks DL, Rota TR, MacDonald AB. J Immunol. 1978 Jul;121(1):204-8. PMID: 78941 [PubMed – indexed for MEDLINE] Similar articles
54. Isolation and partial characterization of an antibody enhancing factor from leukaemic owl monkey cell cultures. MacDonald AB, Fraser CE, Rubin AS. Immunology. 1978 Jan;34(1):137-47. PMID: 342395 [PubMed – indexed for MEDLINE] Free PMC Article Similar articles
55. Neutralization of tetanus toxin by human and rabbit immunoglobulin classes and subunits. Ourth DD, MacDonald AB. Immunology. 1977 Dec;33(6):807-15. PMID: 590997 [PubMed – indexed for MEDLINE] Free PMC Article Similar articles
56. Partial characterization of an immunoenhancing factor from allogeneic human lymphocyte cell lines. Rubin AS, Macdonald AB. Immunology. 1976 Jan;30(1):69-81. PMID: 765266 [PubMed – indexed for MEDLINE] Free PMC Article Similar articles
57. Immunity to chlamydial infections of the eye. IV. Immunity in owl monkeys to reinfection with trachoma. Fraser CE, McComb DE, Murray ES, MacDonald AB. Arch Ophthalmol. 1975 Jul;93(7):518-21. PMID: 166634 [PubMed – indexed for MEDLINE] Similar articles
58. An indirect immunofluorescent test for human antibodies to tetanus toxoid using an insoluble toxoid as antigen. Ourth DD, Murray ES, MacDonald AB, Spielman JM. Clin Exp Immunol. 1975 Mar;19(3):571-7. PMID: 1106916 [PubMed – indexed for MEDLINE] Free PMC Article Similar articles
59. The role of immunoglobulin in the neutralization of trachoma infectivity. Barenfanger J, MacDonald AB. J Immunol. 1974 Nov;113(5):1607-17. No abstract available. PMID: 4214333 [PubMed – indexed for MEDLINE] Similar articles
60. Specific heterologous enhancement of immune responses. VI. Partial purification of a nonspecific enhancing factor from supernates of allogeneically stimulated human lymphocyte cell lines. Rubin AS, MacDonald AB, Coons AH. J Exp Med. 1974 Feb 1;139(2):439-44. PMID: 4855755 [PubMed – indexed for MEDLINE] Free PMC Article Similar articles
61. Specific heterologous enhancement of immune responses. V. Isolation of a soluble enhancing factor from supernatants of specifically stimulated and allogeneically induced lymphoid cells. Rubin AS, MacDonald AB, Coons AH. J Immunol. 1973 Nov;111(5):1314-25. No abstract available. PMID: 4583072 [PubMed – indexed for MEDLINE] Similar articles
62. Immunity to chlamydial infections of the eye. 3. Presence and duration of delayed hypersensitivity to guinea pig inclusion conjuctivitis. Watson RR, MacDonald AB, Murray ES, Modabber FZ. J Immunol. 1973 Aug;111(2):618-23. No abstract available. PMID: 4736938 [PubMed – indexed for MEDLINE] Similar articles
63. Immunity to chlamydial infections of the eye. I. The role of circulatory and secretory antibodies in resistance to reinfection with guinea pig inclusion conjunctivitis. Murray ES, Charbonnet LT, MacDonald AB. J Immunol. 1973 Jun;110(6):1518-25. No abstract available. PMID: 4576503 [PubMed – indexed for MEDLINE] Similar articles
64. Immunity to chlamydial infections of the eye. VI. Homologous neutralization of trachoma infectivity for the owl monkey conjuctivae by eye secretions from humans with trachoma. Nichols RL, Oertley RE, Fraser EC, MacDonald AB, McComb DE. J Infect Dis. 1973 Apr;127(4):429-32. No abstract available. PMID: 4632880 [PubMed – indexed for MEDLINE] Similar articles
65. Immunity to chlamydial infections of the eye. II. Studies of passively transferred serum antibody in resistance to infection with guinea pig inclusion conjunctivitis. Watson RR, Mull JD, MacDonald AB, Thompson SE 3rd, Bear SE. Infect Immun. 1973 Apr;7(4):597-9. PMID: 4586860 [PubMed – indexed for MEDLINE] Free PMC Article Similar articles
66. Quantitative investigations of idiotypic antibodies. 3. Persistence and variations of idiotypic specificities during the course of immunization. MacDonald AB, Nisonoff A. J Exp Med. 1970 Mar 1;131(3):583-601. PMID: 5413330 [PubMed – indexed for MEDLINE] Free PMC Article Similar articles
67. Quantitative investigations of idiotypic antibodies. II. Nonprecipitating antibodies. Hopper JE, MacDonald AB, Nisonoff A. J Exp Med. 1970 Jan 1;131(1):41-56. PMID: 5308065 [PubMed – indexed for MEDLINE] Free PMC Article Similar articles
68. Quantitative studies of idiotypic antibodies. Nisonoff A, Macdonald AB, Hopper JE, Daugharty H. Fed Proc. 1970 Jan-Feb;29(1):72-7. No abstract available. PMID: 4983815 [PubMed – indexed for MEDLINE] Similar articles
69. Quantitative investigations of idiotypic antibodies. I. Analysis of precipitating antibody populations. Daugharty H, Hopper JE, MacDonald AB, Nisonoff A. J Exp Med. 1969 Nov 1;130(5):1047-62. PMID: 5347693 [PubMed – indexed for MEDLINE] Free PMC Article Similar articles
70. Purification and properties of a nucleoside triphosphate pyrophosphohydrolase from red cells of the rabbit. Chern CJ, MacDonald AB, Morris AJ. J Biol Chem. 1969 Oct 25;244(20):5489-95. No abstract available. PMID: 4310599 [PubMed – indexed for MEDLINE] Free Article Similar articles
71. Biosynthesis of antibody molecules with similar properties during prolonged immunization. MacDonal
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Daily Office Readings September 09, 2020
Psalm 119:49-72
49 Remember your word to your servant, in which you have made me hope. 50 This is my comfort in my distress, that your promise gives me life. 51 The arrogant utterly deride me, but I do not turn away from your law. 52 When I think of your ordinances from of old, I take comfort, O Lord. 53 Hot indignation seizes me because of the wicked, those who forsake your law. 54 Your statutes have been my songs wherever I make my home. 55 I remember your name in the night, O Lord, and keep your law. 56 This blessing has fallen to me, for I have kept your precepts.
57 The Lord is my portion; I promise to keep your words. 58 I implore your favor with all my heart; be gracious to me according to your promise. 59 When I think of your ways, I turn my feet to your decrees; 60 I hurry and do not delay to keep your commandments. 61 Though the cords of the wicked ensnare me, I do not forget your law. 62 At midnight I rise to praise you, because of your righteous ordinances. 63 I am a companion of all who fear you, of those who keep your precepts. 64 The earth, O Lord, is full of your steadfast love; teach me your statutes.
65 You have dealt well with your servant, O Lord, according to your word. 66 Teach me good judgment and knowledge, for I believe in your commandments. 67 Before I was humbled I went astray, but now I keep your word. 68 You are good and do good; teach me your statutes. 69 The arrogant smear me with lies, but with my whole heart I keep your precepts. 70 Their hearts are fat and gross, but I delight in your law. 71 It is good for me that I was humbled, so that I might learn your statutes. 72 The law of your mouth is better to me than thousands of gold and silver pieces.
New Revised Standard Version Catholic Edition (NRSVCE)
New Revised Standard Version Bible: Catholic Edition, copyright © 1989, 1993 the Division of Christian Education of the National Council of the Churches of Christ in the United States of America. Used by permission. All rights reserved.
Psalm 49
Psalm 49
The Folly of Trust in Riches
To the leader. Of the Korahites. A Psalm.
1 Hear this, all you peoples; give ear, all inhabitants of the world, 2 both low and high, rich and poor together. 3 My mouth shall speak wisdom; the meditation of my heart shall be understanding. 4 I will incline my ear to a proverb; I will solve my riddle to the music of the harp.
5 Why should I fear in times of trouble, when the iniquity of my persecutors surrounds me, 6 those who trust in their wealth and boast of the abundance of their riches? 7 Truly, no ransom avails for one’s life,[a] there is no price one can give to God for it. 8 For the ransom of life is costly, and can never suffice, 9 that one should live on forever and never see the grave.[b]
10 When we look at the wise, they die; fool and dolt perish together and leave their wealth to others. 11 Their graves[c] are their homes forever, their dwelling places to all generations, though they named lands their own. 12 Mortals cannot abide in their pomp; they are like the animals that perish.
13 Such is the fate of the foolhardy, the end of those[d] who are pleased with their lot.Selah 14 Like sheep they are appointed for Sheol; Death shall be their shepherd; straight to the grave they descend,[e] and their form shall waste away; Sheol shall be their home.[f] 15 But God will ransom my soul from the power of Sheol, for he will receive me.Selah
16 Do not be afraid when some become rich, when the wealth of their houses increases. 17 For when they die they will carry nothing away; their wealth will not go down after them. 18 Though in their lifetime they count themselves happy —for you are praised when you do well for yourself— 19 they[g] will go to the company of their ancestors, who will never again see the light. 20 Mortals cannot abide in their pomp; they are like the animals that perish.
Footnotes:
Psalm 49:7 Another reading is no one can ransom a brother
Psalm 49:9 Heb the pit
Psalm 49:11 Gk Syr Compare Tg: Heb their inward (thought)
Psalm 49:13 Tg: Heb after them
Psalm 49:14 Cn: Heb the upright shall have dominion over them in the morning
Psalm 49:14 Meaning of Heb uncertain
Psalm 49:19 Cn: Heb you
New Revised Standard Version Catholic Edition (NRSVCE)
New Revised Standard Version Bible: Catholic Edition, copyright © 1989, 1993 the Division of Christian Education of the National Council of the Churches of Christ in the United States of America. Used by permission. All rights reserved.
Psalm 53
Psalm 53
Denunciation of Godlessness
To the leader: according to Mahalath. A Maskil of David.
1 Fools say in their hearts, “There is no God.” They are corrupt, they commit abominable acts; there is no one who does good.
2 God looks down from heaven on humankind to see if there are any who are wise, who seek after God.
3 They have all fallen away, they are all alike perverse; there is no one who does good, no, not one.
4 Have they no knowledge, those evildoers, who eat up my people as they eat bread, and do not call upon God?
5 There they shall be in great terror, in terror such as has not been. For God will scatter the bones of the ungodly;[a] they will be put to shame,[b] for God has rejected them.
6 O that deliverance for Israel would come from Zion! When God restores the fortunes of his people, Jacob will rejoice; Israel will be glad.
Footnotes:
Psalm 53:5 Cn Compare Gk Syr: Heb him who encamps against you
Psalm 53:5 Gk: Heb you have put (them) to shame
New Revised Standard Version Catholic Edition (NRSVCE)
New Revised Standard Version Bible: Catholic Edition, copyright © 1989, 1993 the Division of Christian Education of the National Council of the Churches of Christ in the United States of America. Used by permission. All rights reserved.
Job 29:1
Job Finishes His Defense
29 Job again took up his discourse and said:
New Revised Standard Version Catholic Edition (NRSVCE)
New Revised Standard Version Bible: Catholic Edition, copyright © 1989, 1993 the Division of Christian Education of the National Council of the Churches of Christ in the United States of America. Used by permission. All rights reserved.
Job 30:1-2
30 “But now they make sport of me, those who are younger than I, whose fathers I would have disdained to set with the dogs of my flock. 2 What could I gain from the strength of their hands? All their vigor is gone.
New Revised Standard Version Catholic Edition (NRSVCE)
New Revised Standard Version Bible: Catholic Edition, copyright © 1989, 1993 the Division of Christian Education of the National Council of the Churches of Christ in the United States of America. Used by permission. All rights reserved.
Job 30:16-31
16 “And now my soul is poured out within me; days of affliction have taken hold of me. 17 The night racks my bones, and the pain that gnaws me takes no rest. 18 With violence he seizes my garment;[a] he grasps me by[b] the collar of my tunic. 19 He has cast me into the mire, and I have become like dust and ashes. 20 I cry to you and you do not answer me; I stand, and you merely look at me. 21 You have turned cruel to me; with the might of your hand you persecute me. 22 You lift me up on the wind, you make me ride on it, and you toss me about in the roar of the storm. 23 I know that you will bring me to death, and to the house appointed for all living.
24 “Surely one does not turn against the needy,[c] when in disaster they cry for help.[d] 25 Did I not weep for those whose day was hard? Was not my soul grieved for the poor? 26 But when I looked for good, evil came; and when I waited for light, darkness came. 27 My inward parts are in turmoil, and are never still; days of affliction come to meet me. 28 I go about in sunless gloom; I stand up in the assembly and cry for help. 29 I am a brother of jackals, and a companion of ostriches. 30 My skin turns black and falls from me, and my bones burn with heat. 31 My lyre is turned to mourning, and my pipe to the voice of those who weep.
Footnotes:
Job 30:18 Gk: Heb my garment is disfigured
Job 30:18 Heb like
Job 30:24 Heb ruin
Job 30:24 Cn: Meaning of Heb uncertain
New Revised Standard Version Catholic Edition (NRSVCE)
New Revised Standard Version Bible: Catholic Edition, copyright © 1989, 1993 the Division of Christian Education of the National Council of the Churches of Christ in the United States of America. Used by permission. All rights reserved.
Acts 14:19-28
19 But Jews came there from Antioch and Iconium and won over the crowds. Then they stoned Paul and dragged him out of the city, supposing that he was dead. 20 But when the disciples surrounded him, he got up and went into the city. The next day he went on with Barnabas to Derbe.
The Return to Antioch in Syria
21 After they had proclaimed the good news to that city and had made many disciples, they returned to Lystra, then on to Iconium and Antioch. 22 There they strengthened the souls of the disciples and encouraged them to continue in the faith, saying, “It is through many persecutions that we must enter the kingdom of God.” 23 And after they had appointed elders for them in each church, with prayer and fasting they entrusted them to the Lord in whom they had come to believe.
24 Then they passed through Pisidia and came to Pamphylia. 25 When they had spoken the word in Perga, they went down to Attalia. 26 From there they sailed back to Antioch, where they had been commended to the grace of God for the work[a] that they had completed. 27 When they arrived, they called the church together and related all that God had done with them, and how he had opened a door of faith for the Gentiles. 28 And they stayed there with the disciples for some time.
Footnotes:
Acts 14:26 Or committed in the grace of God to the work
New Revised Standard Version Catholic Edition (NRSVCE)
New Revised Standard Version Bible: Catholic Edition, copyright © 1989, 1993 the Division of Christian Education of the National Council of the Churches of Christ in the United States of America. Used by permission. All rights reserved.
John 11:1-16
The Death of Lazarus
11 Now a certain man was ill, Lazarus of Bethany, the village of Mary and her sister Martha. 2 Mary was the one who anointed the Lord with perfume and wiped his feet with her hair; her brother Lazarus was ill. 3 So the sisters sent a message to Jesus,[a] “Lord, he whom you love is ill.” 4 But when Jesus heard it, he said, “This illness does not lead to death; rather it is for God’s glory, so that the Son of God may be glorified through it.” 5 Accordingly, though Jesus loved Martha and her sister and Lazarus, 6 after having heard that Lazarus[b] was ill, he stayed two days longer in the place where he was.
7 Then after this he said to the disciples, “Let us go to Judea again.” 8 The disciples said to him, “Rabbi, the Jews were just now trying to stone you, and are you going there again?” 9 Jesus answered, “Are there not twelve hours of daylight? Those who walk during the day do not stumble, because they see the light of this world. 10 But those who walk at night stumble, because the light is not in them.” 11 After saying this, he told them, “Our friend Lazarus has fallen asleep, but I am going there to awaken him.” 12 The disciples said to him, “Lord, if he has fallen asleep, he will be all right.” 13 Jesus, however, had been speaking about his death, but they thought that he was referring merely to sleep. 14 Then Jesus told them plainly, “Lazarus is dead. 15 For your sake I am glad I was not there, so that you may believe. But let us go to him.” 16 Thomas, who was called the Twin,[c] said to his fellow disciples, “Let us also go, that we may die with him.”
Footnotes:
John 11:3 Gk him
John 11:6 Gk he
John 11:16 Gk Didymus
New Revised Standard Version Catholic Edition (NRSVCE)
New Revised Standard Version Bible: Catholic Edition, copyright © 1989, 1993 the Division of Christian Education of the National Council of the Churches of Christ in the United States of America. Used by permission. All rights reserved.
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