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#Anthropocentrism
a-dinosaur-a-day · 11 months
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Living Species, by the Numbers
Species of Mammals: ~5,500
Species of Birds: Between 10,000 and 20,000 (lots of disagreement)
Species of nonavian Reptiles: Between 10,000 and 20,000 (see above)
Species of Amphibians: more than 7,000
Species of "Fish": more than 33,000
Species of Echinoderms (star fish, sea urchins, etc.): ~7,500
Species of Arthropods: over 2,000,000 and growing (only 1,257,000 described but all researchers know that is a gross underestimate)
Species of Molluscs: > 100,000
Other Bilaterans (wormy things): ~85,000
Corals & Jellyfish: ~16,000
Sponges: ~11,000
Fungi: > 6,000,000
Plants: > 400,000 (plants species are weird)
"Protists": unknown, but more than 100,000 and is severely underestimated
"Bacteria": who the fuck knows. there are too many. Our bodies are half bacteria. possibly in the trillions.
This is what we mean by mammal bias: mammals are the smallest group on here, and yet, because we are mammals, they get the most research money, the most screen time, the most conservation funding, the most love, the most interest. That's ridiculous. That's patently nonsense. Mammals are not "more evolved" than anything on this list - we're all modern life and thus, equally evolved. The other groups of life deserve at least more attention, more care, more interest, even if we can never get it to be proportional. In fact, you can even see mammal bias in this list - because mammals are so well studied, that's the only species count that is NOT vague.
We rely on ALL of these creatures because we are part of a complex biosphere where all of these organisms work together to allow the flow of nutrients and energy through the system. We are all descendants of each biosphere that came before. Mammal bias - focusing only on things that we share the closest genetic ties to - is not only ignorant, its self defeating.
Kill the mammal bias in your head. Kill it now. Because its gross, its inaccurate, and mammals do not in fact rule the world. Bacteria do, and if we *must* give it to an animal, that animal would be Arthropods.
This has been a PSA. Please reblog to spread, because I'm tired of dealing with mammal bias in my own house.
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Naturalist Charles Darwin drafted a note to himself to “Never use the words higher or lower.” Apes did not appear just so they could morph into humans. Nor did reptiles evolve solely to give rise to mammals, nor fish to amphibians.
Frogs are perfectly happy being frogs. They are not frustrated creatures thwarted from attaining humanity. Further, frogs have many adaptions humans lack. Can you sit underwater for hours on end, or propel your tongue out of your mouth? Frogs’ incompletely divided hearts are often seen as makeshift transitions, but they divert blood from their lungs to their skin, where frogs can gain sufficient oxygen to sustain their low metabolism while resting underwater. Traits people often view as “imperfect” instead enable other species to attain outcomes humans could never achieve.
But it is not simply frogs, bacteria, and apes that are considered “less than” in the typical evolutionary story. Even other hominins—our closest ancestors—get short shrift. After seeing endless “March of Progress” memes, one might be forgiven for concluding that proto-humans existed on a straight and narrow path toward larger-bodied, bigger-brained hunters that directly replaced smaller, vegetarian ancestors. This is simply not true.
Robust herbivorous australopithecines, sometimes placed in the genus Paranthropus, continued to exist for at least a million or more years after smaller meat-eaters in the genus Homo appeared. Archaic Homo species did not disappear just as anatomically modern humans appeared, and Neanderthals had brains that were on average larger than those of our more gracile species.
Anthropologists studying genetic diversity have learned how fragile humanity is: During multiple population “bottlenecks,” our ancestors came within a hair’s breadth of extinction. Life has never been about attaining humanity. Humans evolved as a result of chance contingencies and random mutations.
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wealmostaneckbeard · 30 days
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Signalis and Dungeon Meshi: Unorganized Comparison
Both are about crawling through dungeons, fighting monsters, and picking things up to get into inaccessible places.
There's a pair of siblings and a lesbian couple, both are cruelly separated by powerful forces. The living half (Marcille Donato, Elster, Isa Itou, Laios Touden) is willing to do anything to bring back their loved one (Falin Touden, Erika Itou, Ariane Yeong) from the depths of the dungeon. The searchers are motivated not just by love but guilt too, a stubborn refusal to fail their beloved one last time by abandoning then.
Both stories are about the evils of anthropocentric ideologies. It is the inescapable first lense that we all see the world through. It is a subjective, selfish, and almost nihilistic view point. It is the belief that the universe cannot match the significance of humanities existence. For anyone who has loved another human, this is an easy ideology to embrace.
It's also the foundation for hierarchical authoritarianism which dictates that you are either a productive member of humanity or a nonhuman agent of a hostile universe. Those who try to view the universe as itself and not as a means of, or obstacle to, the gratification of human desire are put into the latter grouping. Those who conform are elevated to positions of power within the hierarchy. This is illustrated by the suffering of Ariane Yeong and Laios Touden. As well as the elevation of various political figures in Dungeon Meshi and Kommandant Falke in Signalis.
Both universes feature similar world building elements: a cosmic force grants individual humans their anthropocentric desires resulting in the formation of impossible things. In Signalis, bioresonance allows for the colonization of other worlds and the creation of replikas. In Dungeon Meshi, the Demon's intercession has resulted in the formation of different races, monsters, dungeons, and the magical arts.
And now we come to where the two narratives truly differ with each other:
The characters in Dungeon Meshi are able to triumph over anthropocentric thought and create a better world. Tragically, the characters in Signalis are not able to do the same and become trapped in a hellish existence. This isn't exclusively because of their traits, they are unconsciously conforming to a larger pattern.
In Dungeon Meshi, the natural world still exists and can be defended from corrupting supernatural influence. Even when the earth is devastated by magically augmented warfare, the world is big enough to recover. There are trained specialists, like the canaries, who are able to counter the expansion of dungeons and it's associated threats. Because magic is so important to the world dungeon meshi, knowledge is prevalent with a few severe restrictions.
In Signalis, Vineta/Earth was destroyed by the war between the Eusan Nation and Empire. The closest that people can get to nature is potted plants and a nights sky. The Eusan Nation limits knowledge about bioresonance so that no one can use that to challenge their authority. As a result, no one can understand what's happening during a bioresonance crisis.
In Dungeon Meshi, food preparation is a narrative focal point, it connects people to the world and each other. In Signalis, food is a secondary consideration, it is rationed out by the Eusan Nation, given to good citizens and denied to dissidents.
Ryoku Kui is a japanese manga creator and Rose Engine are a pair of german game developers. One could guess that the artistic differences between them are reflective of their nations history during a certain conflict that happened in the last century...
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palaeowhy · 11 months
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Documentary: look at all these cool mammals
>Goes outside
>sees a dozen types birds
>sees some fish
>sees about a bajillion different bugs
>only mammals i see are other humans and their dogs
Easiest way to realize mammal bias might be a thing is literally just to go outside
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astralarchilocus · 11 months
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I’m not normally the type to go on lengthy rants about stuff, but this shit has been frustrating me for such a long period of time that I need to get it off my chest. Biology based misinformation has always been widespread and problematic, but we’re entering a new era of this shit that’s reaching a whole new level of awful. “Pandas and koalas are evolutionary failures!” this, “honey badgers are immortal gods that fight whole lion prides and win” that, it’s all the same bullshit with the exact same set of origins. Carnivora fuckos, TierZoo, NatureIsMetal, Quora, etc. They’re all vile awesomebros or awesomebro infested hellscapes that have managed to successfully misinform a legitimately terrifyingly high amount of people. It’s actually horrifying that you often can’t talk about a lot of these animals without people immediately regurgitating awesomebro tripe straight at your face.
“But is this even a problem, Comet? It just seems like something you’ve been overexposed to because of you being a biology person above all else.” Yes it is, and it’s an enormous one at that! Such a rapid circulation of misinformation like this on such a scale is going to have cascading impacts on the general knowledge around animals and a lot of public perception around biology. And it’s likely going to pose a very legitimate threat to the conservation of a lot of animals. Remember how Jaws worsened already present stigma and misinformation present around sharks, and added to something that became so intense that it actually became a very serious threat to them as a whole? And that Jaws is a fictional story at the end of the day, and still managed to cause such immense misinformation in spite of that? This is literally that situation but with a much wider impact on animals as a whole (given that this insanity applies to animals in general instead of just one specific group), and with the misinformation being much more widely believed to be correct due to it not originating directly from a fictional book and film. Bit of a gross oversimplification, but it’s extremely bad. A prominent example of why this is such a big problem is the situation with cheetahs, who are literally only struggling because of issues (habitat loss and the accompanying population fragmentation and inbreeding) we caused, but are constantly being lambasted as evolutionary failures essentially solely because of the “horribly low hunting success” misconception and the fact they can’t fight predators that either outweigh them considerably, are social, or both, and that cheetahs literally cope fine with kleptoparasitism and just up the amount of kills they make in response to it with pretty little difficulty, on top of generally having the second highest hunting success rate among large-ish African mammalian carnivores. Cheetahs are getting all of their value as a species determined by whether they can fight other carnivores or not, and people try to sneakily obscure that fact by using the actually legitimate inbreeding issue as a strawman to support the “cheetahs are getting outcompeted and would go extinct anyways” bullshit. And this is all going to make conservation efforts to try and protect or save them that much more troublesome, because few are going to bother paying funds for something they deem a useless evolutionary failure. And getting the funds for such conservation efforts is difficult enough as is even without that being considered. Combine that with the fact that said conservation efforts are effectively useless at stopping or at least weakening the actual problems without enough funding to properly financially support such things, and I think it’s abundantly clear how much of a cascading impact this has on everything. And as said earlier, this isn’t only applying to cheetahs, but to so many other animals as well. We are entering what could legitimately turn into a dark age regarding biology stuff, and it is terrifying how omnipresent this shit is becoming. The misinformation is so widespread and commonplace among people currently that it’s almost definitely impossible to properly reverse by now, but that doesn’t mean we should just give up. Now more than ever, we need to fight back against this shit and keep it from getting even worse.
Oh, and to add insult to injury, there is a very strong correlation between awesomebros and bigotry, and most of the stuff just talked about almost definitely has inherent roots in anthropocentrism, general human bias, the aforementioned bigotry, etc. And if fighting back against bigotry isn’t enough of an additional motivator to fight back against this shit, I don’t know what is at this point.
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stoicmike · 4 months
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Try not to always be thinking like a human. -- Michael Lipsey
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The Green Curtain: What is Plant Blindness?
Imagine driving down a highway in a rural area with a group of other people. With every mile you pass literally millions of individual plants, from grasses to trees and all points in between. Yet with the exception of a few particularly odd, beautiful, or otherwise remarkable specimens, they go largely ignored as a backdrop to the trip, like a long green curtain lining either side of the road. On the other hand, let a deer graze in a field or a hawk land on a power line, and everyone in the car is likely to take notice and talk about it. This phenomenon of ignoring plants while giving extra attention to animals was termed “plant blindness” by J. H. Wandersee and E. E. Schussler.
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Before we go further, I want to discuss the term plant blindness itself. It was originally created to suggest that many people simply don’t see plants as individuals, and played on similar connotations of blindness as “blind spots” or being “blind to your faults”. In recent years this has come under fire as disability advocates have pointed out how this hangs a negative connotation on blindness. Biologist Kathryn M. Parsley wrote a detailed discussion of the problem with the term:
“Living life as a blind person is not a good example of, or metaphor for, the lack of visual attention to plants. Despite the fact that our visual systems do, quite literally, have something to do with ‘plant blindness,’ it is a metaphor that is insensitive to, and exclusive toward, members of the disabled community. As someone who is visually impaired myself, I can attest to how different the experience of living with a visual impairment is compared to that of simply being unaware of something in my environment.”
Dr. Parsley suggested “plant awareness disparity” instead of plant blindness. This term still centers the lack of attention we give to plants, but makes it more of a choice or habit rather than a complete inability to see them. It also doesn’t reinforce the negative stigma around visual disabilities. So for the remainder of this post I will be using this term rather than plant blindness.
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Homo erectus recreation at the Natural History Museum in Vienna. Photo by Jakob Halun, CCA-SA-4.0
Part of the problem is that we evolved to focus more on other animals as individuals. Our hominin ancestors spent millions of years having to watch their backs for larger, scarier predators, as well as the threat of enormous herbivores that could trample them at a moment’s notice. Once they became more omnivorous, it also paid for them to keep an eye out for smaller animals whose meat was a valuable source of protein and other nutrients. The plants they sought out, conversely, often grew in groups to be browsed, and instead of being focused on the entire plant, foraging hominins might only be interested in the high-calorie fruits.
But evolution isn’t the only reason we tend to look to animals more than plants. It’s cultural, too. Here in the United States, the bulk of biology class material is centered on animals, with less than 15% of the material focused on plants. Nature imagery is decreasing across the board as we become more urbanized and anthropocentric, and animals get the majority of what little is left, such as in the form of mascots and metaphors. People here are more able to name at least a few animal species, but often get stuck trying to list five plant species that grow in their own neighborhood.
And, to be quite honest, we’re rather self-centered. The more like us a living being is, the more importance we give to it. We love the symbolism of large, powerful mammals like bears, wolves, and elk, but we’re less enamored of smaller critters like mice, frogs, or goldfish. These still get more attention from us than plants or fungi, which usually only interest us if we can eat them, cultivate them, or make money off of them.
All of this leads us to seeing plants as the backdrop for the drama of animal experiences. Yet when you examine a healthy ecosystem in detail, you quickly realize that it is a complex interweaving of relationships among all of its living beings, including animals, plants, fungi, and an assortment of unicellular beings. The closest thing to a backdrop is the physical habitat in which these beings live, but even then geological, hydrological, and climatological forces all have frequent and often dramatic influences on the stories played out in a given ecosystem.
Look at the evolutionary history between an herbivorous animal and its preferred plant prey. Plants have evolved a wide variety of chemical and physical defenses to protect themselves against predation by animals. Thorns and other sharp things make eating these plants difficult to impossible. Chemicals make the plants unpalatable, or even poisonous. The herbivores, for their part, may evolve ways to get around these defenses and eat the plants anyway–at least until some random mutation gives an individual plant enough extra protection to help it survive a little better than its neighbors.
Not that every interaction between plants and other beings is adversarial, of course. Plants often provide shelter to animals, and some even entice animals to eat various bits and parts such as nectar or fruit. In return they may get protection from more dangerous animals, or help with reproduction and spreading their seeds around. There are countless examples of these entwined relationships in every ecosystem on the planet.
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Of course, you need to be paying attention to those relationships in order to learn anything about them, and we haven’t always been good about that. We humans tend to be biased toward our fellow animals in the grand scheme of things, especially in Western societies. When I was first learning about biology in a Midwestern elementary school in the 1980s, the living beings of the world were presented in a sort of evolutionary hierarchy where those that showed up earliest were considered more primitive, and newcomers were considered advanced. Mammals were the pinnacle of evolution, much better than our ancient reptile ancestors, and certainly more worthy of note than their predecessors the amphibians and fish, and the entirety of the invertebrate world. Plants, being largely sedentary and without the senses we take for granted, were barely worth mentioning outside of some basic cellular biology discussions and the process of photosynthesis.
Today we still often see plants as “lesser” beings than animals. Yet every plant species that is alive today is every bit an evolutionary success as we are, insofar as their ancestry all the way back to the spark of life is no shorter than ours. While countless animal and plant (and other) species and their evolutionary histories have gone extinct, we share the planet with millions of other species whose adaptations to life’s challenges have all been successful enough to get them to this point. (Whether we all survive the Anthropocene is another story, but I digress.)
In order to combat plant awareness disparity, it is often necessary to consciously cultivate connections with plants. This is best begun by having physical contact with them. Kids and adults both have fewer opportunities to explore the natural world than they did a few decades ago; economically disadvantaged populations have even scarcer opportunities for time in greenspace. The good news is that plants are among the easiest beings to interact with, as they don’t run away like animals do, and unlike the fruiting bodies of fungi plants can be easily observed year-round. Many plants can be safely handled and explored, which allows people of all ages to get to know them more deeply as individuals.
This helps to spark curiosity, but we also need to normalize learning about plants. Photosynthesis is a really fascinating starting point about what makes plants so cool, but we need to be able to build upon that and teach more about plant communities, behaviors, and adaptations. This curriculum should be presented not as “how are plants supporting characters to animals”, but “plants as protagonists in their own stories.”
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A plant community on the southwest Washington coast including, but not limited to, coast goldenrod (Solidago spathulata), common bracken (Pteridium aquilinum), salal (Gaultheria shallon), and rough horsetail (Equisetum hyemale)
Finally, I am a huge advocate for learning how to identify beings in nature, to include plants. When we can recognize a given species of plant, it suddenly stands out to us rather than being just a part of that green curtain. And this repeats itself every time you learn a new plant. Do this enough times, and you start seeing that complex community of plants, which ones happen to be found together in similar habitats, and what their preferences are as far as light, soil, and hydration go, among other things. The plants, over time, become as individualized as the animals. And the phenomenon of plant awareness disparity fades, to be replaced with a wider, deeper, and more varied awareness of a wealth of amazing living beings of all sorts.
Did you enjoy this post? Consider taking one of my online foraging and natural history classes, checking out my other articles, or picking up a paperback or ebook I’ve written! You can even buy me a coffee here!
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sebthedreamsmith · 11 months
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Basically, on Animism and Spirits,
Math exists as a fundamental part of reality but a Goldfish can never meaningfully engage with Calculus and need not concern itself with it
And some birds can have experiences of colors we will never be able to conceive of with our instantiation as humans
So “Spirituality” is but a Range of a larger Set of ways to engage with greater Reality. It’s the Human Range of the Set. We can safely assume any Entities within that range are part of the same “Ecosystem” as us. Anything “Spiritual” must be within the stomping grounds of Humanity’s Instantiation and therefore it’s not some terrible act for us to engage with the things within our native habitat through the lenses we have available to us
If something didn’t want to or needed not to engage with Humanity in some level, even the layers of “Nature Spirit” we can meaningfully engage with, we wouldn’t be able to in the first place I believe.
The ant cannot conceive of the Microbe or the Whale, but within its Scale of Being it is free to exist and act for that is where it Belongs
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runningfrompirates · 3 months
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Went to a valentines day party. Within 20 minutes, I was sitting on the floor explaining the philosophy of critiquing anthropocentrism to someone while about 8 people stood in a circle around us listening.
About an hour later, after that conversation ended and other socialization had happened, exactly the same thing happened with the same person, but this time I was explaining Baudrillard and Danger Days: National Anthem, as well as the dd plot overall.
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haggishlyhagging · 7 months
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The statement in Genesis that God created humanity to rule the earth has often been taken as a license for human beings to do whatever they want with nature. In the Bible, it clearly does not mean that. On the contrary, all of nature is seen as dependent upon the actions of humankind. Ancient thought sees nature, the animals, humanity, and divinity as lying along a continuum, with the gods, in a sense, mediating between humanity and nature:
HUMANITY———GODS———NATURE
In the Bible, the diagram is different:
NATURE———HUMANITY———GOD
God's actions towards nature depend on human activity. God cares about nature; after all, the purpose of giving laws immediately after the flood is precisely to prevent nature from being contaminated again. But God's behavior towards nature is reactive. In effect, humans determine what God does, not by prayers and manipulation, but by their behavior. In this way, humanity mediates between God and nature. The ultimate responsibility for what happens to the natural world rests on the behavior of human beings towards nature, towards God, and towards each other.
This monotheist conceptualization of the world is a stark philosophy of action. God's actions are predictable in fixed response to behavior. God's solo mastery would seem to lay stress on Israel's having liturgical and sacrificial interaction with God, to propitiate and manipulate the result. But, at the same time, the prophets announce that such ritual activity will not help. The prophets emphasize that neither Israel's history nor the fertility of her land depended on worship-rituals. Fertility rituals are condemned as faithlessness, and even the officially prescribed sacrificial worship can not ensure peace and fertility. Only non-ritual activity—fidelity and ethical behavior—bring about the well-being of the people.
This concept of fertility and natural survival puts enormous responsibility in human hands, for the whole world depends on human behavior. The "monotheist myth" in Psalm 82 relates that it was not always so: God had a council of divine beings who were charged with upholding social justice. When they did not do so, the whole world began to totter. As a result, God made these gods mortal. Since then, God has reigned alone over all the nations. There are no longer any gods—and it is up to humanity to ensure that the foundations of the earth do not totter. The way to do this is right behavior and social justice. This is an enormous task, but the way to accomplish it has been revealed: God has instructed and continues to instruct the people as to how they are to behave. The laws and instructions of Israel have a cosmic significance. The people have to listen, to learn, and to observe in order to fulfill their duty to uphold the universe. Disobeying these instructions can lead to catastrophe, and as pollution builds up, even repentance can no longer help.
This theology of God's reactivity locates the fault for disaster in Israel. Maintaining faith in the constant predictable behavior of God, it "blames the victim" with ever more exacting faults. After the exile, when droughts still continued, the prophet Haggai blamed the people for not having built a new temple, and the prophet Malachi attributed the droughts to the lack of full tithing. If God has absolute mastery, and God is always good, then evil and hardships must always be due to the evil of humanity.
The general problem of theodicy (the justification of God's behavior in the face of adversity) continues to occupy theological thought. The radical nature of fully developed biblical monotheism, with the great responsibility that it places on human behavior, has often been softened by belief in various supernatural powers. After the Babylonian exile, the skies are once again peopled with celestial beings, the angels. Still later, forces of evil were believed to be abroad in the world, rivaling the forces of light. The idea of ultimate human responsibility and divine reactivity has continued to be misunderstood into our own day. Western culture has assumed that dominion over the world implied a freedom to act at will without concern over neveative consequences towards the earth and its fertility. The modern ecology movement has sometimes sought to find a philosophical-theological rationale for its concern for the earth in the pagan continuum. The biblical theory of God's reactivity is biblical monotheism's way of grounding humanity in its interconnectedness with nature and its ultimate responsibility for nature's well-being and survival.
The absorption by God of all the forces of nature leads humanity onto center stage. Biblical monotheism is essentially anthropocentric, though not in the sense that the world exists to serve humanity. Rather, in the absence of other divine beings, God's audience, partners, foils, and competitors are all human beings, and it is on their interaction with God that the world depends.
-Tikva Frymer-Kensky, In the Wake of the Goddesses: Women, Culture, and the Biblical Transformation of Pagan Myth
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a-dinosaur-a-day · 10 months
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if I could erase the terms "Lower X" and "higher X" from all scientific literature, I would
this post is inspired by a paper I just had to cite that calls birds "lower vertebrates"
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paintbrushyy · 6 months
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Thought Tumblr would be interested in this excerpt from the article I'm reading for school. The entire article is fascinating but I particularly like these thoughts on the sexualization and gendering of nature through a anthropocentric lens.
You can read the whole essay here if you want.
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unfairtradeyward · 17 days
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an interesting interpretation of the centuries old question ✨Do you believe in god?✨
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fcu-bar · 2 months
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teacher’s pet getting all the attention 🥺
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pass-da-baton · 2 months
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People have no problem labeling animals as invasive species, but when it comes to the most destructive invasive species on this planet—humans, they start applying double standards and vehemently deny overpopulation by doing all kinds of mental gymnastics. Population control on other invasive animal species through means like euthanization and sterilization is okay, but advocating for humans to stop having kids is where you draw the line, because “muh autonomy” and “eugenics bad”. Sure, keep breeding at the current rate, keep stepping harder on the gas pedal as the vehicle accelerates towards the cliff. We’ll see where that takes humanity.
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Homo Sapiens Are Working Overtime to Join 'The Great Silence'
And if it does affect the economy, we’ll find a way to                      extract a profit from it…. Driven mostly by rising global temperatures from the continued burning of fossil fuels, extreme weather events such as typhoons, hurricanes, floods, heatwaves and drought are becoming more frequent, increasing 83% worldwide in the past 20 years (as of 2020), and the costs have increased by 800%…
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