#anthroponymics

[useless-catalanfacts]

I'm guessing now it's the same as Spanish because of imperialism, but did Catalan names originally follow the First name + Second name + Father's surname + Mother's surname naming system?

Yes, nowadays we use both surnames. We can't be sure of what would have happened, but the two surnames we have now were a Spanish imposition in most cases.

Before the 19th century, most Catalan men used only one surname. Only the upper classes had more surnames, since they often wanted to keep stacking titles (think of those really long names of nobles, if you marry into another powerful family and yours is powerful too you wouldn't want either of the lineages to get lost, the most titles you can "collect" the better!). Women could often use two surnames after getting married (their father's and their husband's).

In 1870, the Spanish law decided that civil register should have 2 surnames (first the father's and secondly the mother's) for each person to identify them better. That's how people started to have two surnames.

The most visible effect of this law, however, is the spelling. When Spanish-speaker state officers had to write down Catalan surnames, they would write them down according to Spanish spelling rules. That's why many Catalan surnames have a "Spanishified" spelling, like "Peña" instead of Penya, "Calzada" instead of Calçada, "Lladó" instead of Lledó, etc.

(As for first names, usually we only have 1 except you've been baptized, but that's not an official name and how much those 1 or 2 extra names are counted as part of your name depends on each person or family)

More information about the origin of Catalan surnames below the cut.

In the Middle Ages, Catalans had a name and a "nickname", often referred to a characteristic. Many of our surnames come from here. For example, physical attributes like Roig ("red", red-haired), Tort ("hooked"), Petit ("small"), Rossell ("blond"), Calvet ("balding"), etc; or jobs like Ferrer ("blacksmith"), Fuster ("carpenter"), Carnisser ("butcher"), Oller ("potter"), etc.

Among Catalan people, the use of surnames started being generalized in the 9th century.

In legal documents of the time, we see people are referred by who their father is. If the text was in Latin (even though people already spoke Catalan, Latin was still the most used language in writing), the first name would be in nominative case and the father's name in genitive case; if the text was in Catalan, it would be after the preposition "de", meaning "of" (same meaning as the cases in Latin). For example, Berenguer son of Ramon was Berengarius Raimundi in Latin and Berenguer de Ramon in Catalan.

Genitive case often ends in -is, that's why in Spanish and Aragonese you can find lots of surnames that come from a name+ez. For example: Sánchez would be the son of Sancho, Hernández of Hernán, López of Lope, González of Gonzalo, Rodríguez of Rodrigo, Martínez of Martín... Even nowadays, in Spain, 14 out of the 17 most common surnames are a name+ez! (Source)

This is not the case in Catalan. This Latin-derived surnames didn't become used. We only have 3 surnames with this origin (Peris, Sanxís, and Llopis) and they arrived to us from influence of Aragon, Castile and Navarre. Besides, neither of them is very common, unlike their Spanish equivalents. There was an exception in the Valencian Country, because some areas had a lot of Aragonese people as well as Catalan people or at least a strong Aragonese influence, so there existed more surnames related to the Aragonese ones.

From the 11th century on, the nobles started using the name of their lands as a surname, either after "de" (de Barcelona, d'Empúries...) or in adjective form (Barceló, Tarragó, Giró, Tàrrec). This started in the nobility to know who inherited what territories, but it was soon followed by the lower classes as well.

Lower class people often didn't have a territory to refer to and so they would use a name that made reference to their farmhouse, where they live, or other geographical terms. From here we get many of the most common Catalan surnames such as Riera ("stream"), Torrent ("watercourse"), Puig ("hill"), Pujol ("hill"), Vall ("valley") or Valls ("valleys"), Coma ("mountain pass"), Pomar ("apple orchard"), Vinyes ("vineyards"), Rovira ("oak tree forest"), Ribes ("shores") or simply the names of towns or areas like Solsona, Bages, Segarra, Agramunt, Vila, Canet, Cardona, Cabrera, Güell, Barberà, Cerdà...

All of this applies to men, but it worked differently for women because they weren't considered carriers of lineage in the same right as men, and were seen as under the property of a man (father or husband). In the Middle Ages, Catalan women usually had a feminine version of the father's surname (for example, if the father is Ferrer, she would be Ferrera). After getting married, women sometimes had both the father's and husband's surnames or only the husband's.

Source: Janer Torrens, Antoni (2014), "L'origen dels noms i cognoms catalans. Les arrels antroponímiques que marquen una identitat", II Congrés de la Societat d'Onomàstica i la XXVII Jornada d'Antroponímia i Toponímia de la UB. PDF.

#ask #anonymous #història #llengua catalana #onomastics #name #names #surnames #history #languages #langblr #cultures #catalan #etymology #coses de la terra #anthroponymy #anthroponymics #anthroponomastics #onomatology

[beautiful-basque-country]

Some new conclusions regarding the Hand of Irulegi

The stippled text can be read as follows:

sorioneku ⋅ kunekebeekiŕateŕe/ /n oTiŕtan ⋅ eseakaŕi eŕaukon ⋅

The script used for the text on the Irulegi hand clearly belongs to the family of the Palaeohispanic semi-syllabaries. 18 different signs can be discerned. The presence of the T sign in a non-numismatic text is highly significant, because it demonstrates that this sign was used in multiple epigraphic contexts and because it confirms the existence of a graphic subsystem that, considering its geographical distribution and the increasingly solid linguistic evidence associated with it, must be described as a ‘Vasconic script’. Where and how such an adaptation occurred are aspects about which we currently know very little.

None of the words identified can be directly related to Vasconic or Iberian anthroponyms. The remarkable similarity between the first word in the text, sorioneku, and the Basque word zorioneko—‘of good fortune’, a flection-derivation of the sequence zori ‘fortune’ + (h)on ‘good’—could be taken to be a coincidence, were it not for the evident symbolism of the artefact and its findspot at the heart of Vasconic territory. Both words are of early date within the Basque vocabulary; even the union of both elements is recorded in the oldest Basque documents (e.g. zorionean ‘fortunately’ used by both Joan Perez Lazarraga and Bernat Dechepare in the 16th century).

The sgraffito version, however, offers sorioneke. The reason for this difference is obscure; the final -(e)ke may be the ending of some Basque-Aquitaine divinities recorded in Latin inscriptions on altars, such as the theonyms Larrahe and Herauscorritsehe. This word could mention the divinity, be it Good Fortune or another deity, to which the inscription would have been dedicated.

In line 3 it is possible to isolate oTiŕtan. This could be interpreted as a toponym given the possible presence of a formative suffix ta [da] in its lexical structure, (which is identical to that of the well-known toponym iltiŕta = Ilerda) as well as the Vasconic locative -n desinence. Depending on the value given, it would be the toponym Osserda or Ol(l)erda in its Latin transcription.

Among the rest of the words identified, eŕaukon is the most likely to be a verbal form, both because of its form and its final position. Its form recalls the Basque form of the past tense of the auxiliary verb zeraukon, used in eastern dialects; it is a form of *eradun—causative of *edun—‘to make have’ > ‘to give’, marginally used as an autonomous verb still in the sixteenth century, prior to its use as an auxiliary. The meaning of this verb would make sense in the case of a votive dedication, although several aspects are debatable.

The rest of the inscription on the Irulegi hand remains quite obscure. While here are problems in relation to the Basque words adduced as parallels, the inscription can be interpreted as a dedication to a divinity named at the beginning (sorioneke /-ku), with a dedication verb at the end (eŕaukon) whose object would go immediately before (ese-agaŕi). A place (oTiŕtan) may likewise be indicated, leaving the expression of the individual making the dedication and some other specification in the obscure line 2.

The inscription provides support for a growing awareness that the ancient Vascones knew and made use of writing, at least to a degree.

The use of sorioneku or sorioneke at the beginning of the text, isolated from what follows as an introduction admits comparison with Basque zori (h)on (‘good fortune’), and other elements, such as the verbal form eŕaukon or the locative in -n of a place-name, suggest that the inscription is in the Vasconic language, the longest and earliest known to date.

The implications of the discovery of the Irulegi hand for the epigraphic and historical understanding of the Vasconic territory, as well as the possible linguistic connections between the Vasconic, Iberian and modern Basque languages, require further in-depth analysis. Given the scarcity of other firm evidence, the Irulegi hand and its inscription will henceforth constitute an indispensable starting point for the establishment of a linguistic map of the region and any debate on the origin and development of the Vasconic language and script.

Full article

Eskerrik asko @glendathegoodone for sharing this!

#euskal herria #pays basque #basque country #pais vasco #euskadi #culture #hand of irulegi #irulegiko eskua #irulegi #nafarroa #history #linguistics #archaeology #news #vascones

[my3dartblog]

General Specifications: Artist: I2DCompatible Figures: Genesis 9 MalesCompatible Software: DAZ Studio 4.21 All Bridges (Maya. 3ds Max, Unity, ...) and DSON Poser Required Products: - Genesis 9 Starter Essentials, or- Genesis 9 Starter Essentials Bundle. Description. According to anthroponymic studies, the meaning of the proper name David is a common masculine given name. It is of Hebrew origin, and its popularity derives from King David, a figure of central importance in the Hebrew Bible and in the religious traditions of Judaism, Christianity and Islam. - Characteristics: Overall, the personality of someone with the name David is often strong, confident, and determined. They are natural leaders and have a strong sense of justice and loyalty. They are creative and have a strong work ethic. They are also very passionate and romantic - Love: - He is a romantic and loving partners. LT David HD is a boy who has a strong personality and can be used in any project that requires a character that imposes presence and harmony. Due to the strong meaning of this name, we have developed this realistic product for Genesis 9. Its textures are incredibly realistic based on human skin, this product has multiple uses due to its versatility, we wanted to give you some ideas in our promotional images, giving the character clothes with different styles and colors, Clothing, hair, environment and other products that are not included in the product description below are not included in LT David HD for Genesis 9. With Morphs for LT Fede HD for Genesis 9 you can give it the look your project needs. Make sure you have in your library, this incredible character of a young human, brave, leader, etc... to create fantastic and realistic adventures in any world of the universe. It is versatile and of great quality. Thanks for your interest in our products. Buy It Now!!!! What's Included and Features: - Custom LT David HD Morphs for Genesis 9. (.DSF).- Custom LT David HD Mouth Morphs. (.DSF). - Actor: - LT David HD for Genesis 9. (.DUF). - Shapes: (.DUF). - LT David HD Fullbody Apply.- LT David HD Fullbody REM.- LT David HD Head Apply.- LT David HD Head REM.- LT David Body HD Back Waist Depression REM.- LT David Body HD Back Waist Depression.- LT David Body HD Details REM.- LT David Body HD Details.- LT David Body HD Fitness Details REM.- LT David Body HD Fitness Details.- LT David Body HD Fitness REM.- LT David Body HD Fitness.- LT David Body HD Height Proportion REM.- LT David Body HD Height Proportion.- LT David Body HD Thin Waist REM.- LT David Body HD Thin Waist.- LT David HD Body Apply.- LT David HD Body REM.- LT David Navel Size HD Apply.- LT David Navel Size HD REM. - Materials (Only IRAY): (.DUF). - LT David HD All Maps.- LT David HD Default Eyelashes.- LT David HD Eyelashes 01.- LT David HD Gens 01.- LT David HD Gens 02.- LT David HD Mouth.- LT David HD Skin HD.- LT David HD Tear. - Eyes:- LT David HD Eyes 01.- LT David HD Eyes 02.- LT David HD Eyes 03.- LT David HD Eyes 04.- LT David HD Eyes 05.- LT David HD Eyes 06.- LT David HD Eyes 07.- LT David HD Eyes 08.- LT David HD Eyes 09.- LT David HD Default Eyes. - Right:- LT David HD Eyes 01.- LT David HD Eyes 02.- LT David HD Eyes 03.- LT David HD Eyes 04.- LT David HD Eyes 05.- LT David HD Eyes 06.- LT David HD Eyes 07.- LT David HD Eyes 08.- LT David HD Eyes 09.- LT David HD Default Eyes. - Left:- LT David HD Eyes 01.- LT David HD Eyes 02.- LT David HD Eyes 03.- LT David HD Eyes 04.- LT David HD Eyes 05.- LT David HD Eyes 06.- LT David HD Eyes 07.- LT David HD Eyes 08.- LT David HD Eyes 09.- LT David HD Default Eyes. - Textures: 54 Textures, Bump, Subsurface, Specular. Ambient Occlusion Weight,... Maps (4096 x 4096px) (png and .tif). This Character uses the Genesis 9 Base UV Maps. Daz Studio Iray Material Presets (.DUF) File Types: .DUF Compatible Software: - Daz Studio 4.21.- DSON Importer for Poser.- Daz to Maya Bridge.- Daz to Blender Bridge.- Daz to C4D Bridge.- DAZ to Unreal Engine 5. Compatible Figures: - Genesis 9. Genre: Males Real World. Categories: 3D Models and Assets/People and Wearables/Character/Genesis 9. Installation: DAZ Install Manager - Unzip the zip file to a temporarily folder- Copy the 'data, People and Runtime' folders in the unzipped folder and paste them into your DAZ 3D Library folder. (e.g. C:Users/Public/Documents/My DAZ 3D Library) COPYRIGHT & LICENSE - Personal Use Only License.- Don't attempt redistribution. 95198 LT David HD for Genesis 9, Copyright & TM 2023 BY I2D. All rights reserved.Not intended for redistribution. I2DEuropean Community. Coming soon: https://3d-stuff.net/ #daz3d #dazstudio #3drender #3dart #daz3dstudio #irayrender #3dartwork #blender #blenderrender #blenderart #noaiart #noaiwriting #noai https://3d-stuff.net/

[jclr]

An Investigation of Culture Specific Items in English Textbooks Taught at Iraqi State-run High Schools and Private Institutes

Introduction: The issue of culture has been a controversial topic in foreign language teaching. One of the best resources for familiarizing foreign language learners with another language culture is textbook. Therefore, the current study aimed to investigate the culture-specific items in in terms of Kachru’s (1985) concentric circles in English textbooks used in state-run schools and private language institutes in Iraq.    Methodology: Two textbooks of New Interchange series and English for Iraq series were analyzed in terms of their culture-specific items using Newmark’s (1988) framework. Cultural items related to categories of ecology, material culture, social culture, organizations, customs and ideas, gestures and habits as well as anthroponyms, were identified, and their frequency counts were computed. The Chi-square test was run to test the significance of each category. Results: The results of a Chi-square test indicated that there were no significant differences between NewInterchange and English for Iraq series in terms of culture-specific items related to “the expanding circle”. However, a significant difference was found between the two series of textbooks as to the culture-specific items related to “the inner circle”. With regard to cultural items related to the Iraqi native culture, Organizations, Customs, Activities, Procedures, and Concepts were found to be the most frequent items, while Anthroponyms turned out to be the least frequent cultural items reflected in English for Iraq series of textbooks. Conclusion: It can be concluded that English textbooks published in English speaking countries (inner circle) and those published in non-native countries, such as Iraq, include items from expanding circle countries.

Journal of Contemporary Language Research (JCLR)

Rovedar publication

[21stcentury01]

Gilbert Luis R. Centina III (May 19, 1947 – May 1, 2020) was a Filipino-American award-winning Roman Catholic poet who was the author of nine poetry books, two novels and a book of literary criticism. Respected for his poetry,his works have been anthologized in Philippine high school and college textbooks and published in the Philippines, Spain, Canada and the United States.

Besides English, he also wrote in Spanish and in two Philippine languages, Hiligaynon and Tagalog. He received the Catholic Authors Award in 1996 from the Asian Catholic Publishers and the Archdiocese of Manila under Cardinal Jaime Sin.

For his body of poetic work in Spanish which over the years "has become an anthroponymic treasure, memory of parishioners, companions and friends who give title to a fresco of earthly life, with its glories and miseries...," he was posthumously awarded the Premio José Rizal de las Letras Filipinas 2020.

[auda-isarn]

Intéressant point de vue sur le roi Arthur dans Martin Aurell, la légende du roi Arthur :

" Cet anthroponyme ( " Arth-gwr " en gallois ) semble pouvoir ce traduire par " Ours-homme. " À l'époque les combattants germaniques, ennemis des Celtes, ce couvrent de peaux de fauves, apparaissant comme des Berserkir ( guerriers à envellope d'ours ), voir comme des lycanthropes ou loups-garous. Mais le rapport des guerriers païens est plus profond qu'un simple accoutrement. Pour intégrer le monde des guerriers adultes ou pour faire partie des sociétés secrètes d'hommes-fauves ( Männerbund ) , les jeunes germains doivent chasser, seuls, un animal dangereux, auquels ils s'identifient ensuite de façon mythique, lui empruntant la férocité.

De plus, à la suite de beuveries et de banquets rituels, où ils consomment des boissons, ou des hallucinogènes, ils ce laissent envahir par le " Wut " , que les clercs chrétiens traduisent , de manière scandalisés, par " furor " ( folie furieuse), une fureur sauvage qui les entraînent hardiment à la bataille.

Même si elles ne sont pas attestées, des pratiques similaires d'initiation juvénile et d'entraînement au combat ont du exister dans le monde celtique. Elles ne sont peut-être pas étrangères à l'adoption de noms comportant le préfixe " Arth " ( ours ) dans l'anthroponymie insulaire ".

[capibarae]

Женская фамилия в мужском роде. Интересно, в 55 году уже так было, или позже. #anthroponym #gender https://www.instagram.com/p/Cb5xw8HrINT/?utm_medium=tumblr

#anthroponym #gender

[derzwiebel-blog]

Wer sich schon immer gefragt hat, was es mit Namen wie Hake, Wiebke oder Amke auf sich hat, sollte mal unseren neuen Blogpost bei derzwiebel.wordpress.com lesen. Wo sie herkommen, was sie bedeuten und wo man sie am häufigsten antrifft - alles in Blogpostform gepackt. Danke an alle, die bei der Umfrage hier oder auf Twitter mitgemacht haben! Hat jemand Interesse an einem weiteren Beitrag über Namen, die mit -ken aufhören? Die kamen ja während der Umfrage ein paar mal vor und sind auch spannend.

#blog #derzwiebel #Name #Onomastik #Vorname #Anthroponym #deutsch #deutsche Sprache #Sprachwissenschaft #Linguistik #linguistics #tumblinguistics #tumblinguists

[jackredfieldwasmyjacob]

PRE-RROMAN IBERIA

So, I wanted to do a series of posts talking about the Iberian peninsula (+ Balearic and Canary islands) throughout history and its divisions. For that, I wanted to talk a bit in-depth about pre-Roman Iberia and the kind of peoples that inhabited it. So, first of all, here's the canonical map we usually use in class when we study all of this stuff.

It's in Portuguese, but it's pretty easy to understand. First of all, there are two big pre-Roman groups that inhabited the Peninsula: the indigenous and the exogenous groups.

The indigenous groups generally can be divided into two big "groups": Iberians and Celts. These two groups were so strongly divided that the Hispanic Roman author Martial wrote that he was descendant "of iberians and celts" all the way in the 2nd century CE. Of course, as you can see in the map, this was not as easy as that, and there were some groups that can't be classified into these two groups, namely the vasconi (direct antecessors of the modern Basque people), turdetani (descendants of Tartessos), and of course the indigenous Canarian people, the guanches.

The exogenous groups are basically Greeks and Phoenicians / Punics. Greeks stablished a polis in what's now Ampuriès, the city of Emporion; while Phoenicians were all over various points of the southern coast, with very very important trade routes.

Keep in mind, the names of the tribes and groups are all Roman, as well as the location of each of the groups; we don't know how much longer did one group inhabited a particular area. We also know that some of these groups didn't coexist; for example the contestani ruled over the territory where the edetani should be.

Not all groups produced a written script, in fact, we only have various iberian scripts that, even though can be read, aren't desciphered. Other than that, we mostly have toponyms and antroponyms, as well as some lusitanian words in latin script, again, without being desciphered. Linguistically, the lusitani and vettoni didn't speak a celtic language, which differentiated them with the rest of celtic groups. Of course, turdetani and vasconi also had a unique language.

These groups have a chronology of about the 13th century BC until the late 2nd century BC, when Rome started its conquest of the peninsula. Nevertheless, toponyms and anthroponyms, as well as some religious practices and other cultural stuff survived well into the Roman Empire.

As for the guanches, an Amazigh group, they have a chronology of about the 5th century BC until the 15th century, where the Spanish colonizers wiped out the locals.

I'll be doing individual posts on the exogenous first and then indigenous groups, and down below you'll have the complete list of everything i'll be talking about; I'll be linking all posts so you can take a look at them as I make them:

Exogenous groups:

Greeks

Phoenicians / Punics

Indigenous groups:

Turdetani and Tartessos

Bastetani

Oretani

Contestani

Edetani

Ilercavoni

Northeastern Iberian Groups (lacetani, indiketi, ilergeti...)

Middle Ebro Iberians

Celtiberians

Vaccaei

Vettoni

Carpetani

Celtici

Conii

Lusitani

Turduli

Galaici

Asturi & Cantabri

Vasconi

Balearics

Guanches

#typicalspanish #ancient iberia masterpost

[countrymadefoods]

"The outdated traditional viewpoints that link the presence of the Turks in Asia Minor to Middle ages are found to contradict the stories of European authors of the 7th -14th centuries about Turkic origins of the Trojans.

According to the Fredegar Chornicle of the 7th century, the Turks and the Franks left Troy after its collapse. The Turks settled the Scythian lands, while the latter migrated to Pannoya (Hungary) and the territory by the Rhine.

The Trojan - Turkic kinship was mentioned later in Gesta Francorum of the 12th century.

Nicole Gilles considered the Turks to have descended from the Turcos of the Trojan origin.

Tyreli William, a 12th century historian, considered Turcos to have been the father of the Turks, who moved to the Scythian lands after the collapse of Troy.

Andrea Dandalo, a 14th century historian, associated the Turks with Turcos of Troy, at the same time he considered them to have arrived once from the Caucasian mountains.

Antoninus of Florence, Bracciolini, Poggio, Isidor, Ficcino and others shared the opinion of Trojan ancestry of the Turks.

Felix Fabri, a German author, even referred the Turkic history of Troy to the older period - to the time of Teucros, the son of the prince Hesione. According to him, after the collapse of Troy the Trojan refugees controlled by Franco, Hector`s son, moved to Germany, Franconia, while the others crossed the Rhine and settled in the territory of Modern France.

The other part of the Trocans controlled by Turcos settled Asian Scythia [...]

Giovanni Mario Filelfo informs in his work ``Amyris`` that Mehmed the 2nd had relationship with Troy. He presented his victory over the Greeks as a triumph of justice. To him, with the conquest of Istanbul the Turks revenged the Greeks who had once occupied it [...]

Sultan Mehmed knew the history of Troy. It is not by chance that having visited the ruins of Troy he had bowed his head down and told. ``God kept me till this time as an ally of this city and its people. We gained a victory on the enemies of this city and got it back. We revenged the Greeks for their bad behaviour against us - Asians, although long time has passed since then [...]

The European sources of the 7th century and of the later period would have had no reason to fabricate false stories about Troy. They were based on the real historical facts they were well-informed about by that time. Of this evidence not only historijal facts, but also the transparent old Turkic names of the Trojans. We discover both the name of Priam, the last Trojan king, and the names of his people - Alber, Askan, Eney, Atas, Aytilla and others in old Turkic onomasticon. Priam was the name of a Turanian (Old Turkic) commander in an old Turkic epic.

The Trocans, the early inhabitants of the eastern coast of the Aegean sea, originated from the Dardanians - a Thracian tribe. Their being of Thracian origin is mentioned in the classical literature and is identified in onomastic material. For instance, Dardan, described in the ``Iliad`` as the ancestor of the Trojans, personifies the Dardanians. Dardania, a province in Troy, was the place the Dardanians settled in.

The toponym Taruisha (``Troy``), mentioned in the Annals of Tudhalias, a Hittite ruler of 1250-1220 B.J., permits us to refer the history of Troy to a period much older than the time of Homer.

The personal names of the Trojans have reasonable Turkic interpretation denoting mostly the moral and physical advantages of the people, heroism [...]

Priam, the name of the last Trojan king, is obviously the same Priyam, the name of a Turanian commander, described in an old Turkic (Kazakh) epic [...] the Trojans a whole group of Turkic names, which have evident counterparts in the old Turkic, Kazakh, Kirghizian, Chuvash and other Turkic languages.

Dardan, an ancestor of Priam`s generation, is the same Kirghizian Dardan - a personal name.

Dardan was also a provincial name in Troy and the name of a mountain in Kazakhstan.

Turkic Dardan stems from the Kirghizian appellative dardan, which forms the personal name meaning ``healthy``, ``enormous``, ``clumsy``. The name Dardan, used today by the Bulgars to mean ``strong man``, is the same Kirghizian personal name. The Bulgarians must have borrowed this name, like many other Turkic anthroponyms, from their Turkic ancestors, the old Bulgarians.

This semantics of the appellative is also adequate to form the name of mountain (Dardan in Kazakhstan): the element dar in dardan means ``as big as a mountain`` ``enourmous`` in the Kazakh language.

Alber, the name of a Trojan commander, is the same old Turkic Alper, denoting ``hero``, ``brave`` [...]

Alper was widely used as a component of Old Turkic personal names, and in the name of Alper Tonga, a Turanian ruler.

The Trojans, who settled in North Europe after the collapse of Troy, left this name in old Germanic sagas. ``The saga about Nibelungs`` tells us about the albs (``heroes``) and their king Alberikh - Trojan by origin.

Askan, the name of a Trojan hero, is completely consonant with an Old Turkic personal name - Askan, used by the Huns. Today it is observed in the anthroponomy of the Turkic Altays.

Its origin stems from the appellative askan (``violent``, ``naughty``), the Chuvash variant of the Turkicazhgın.

Paris, the name of Priam`s son, is consonant with the Turkic (Khakas) Paris, a variant of the personal names Baris/Barys/Barysh/Bars, used in other Turkic languages. It is derived from the Turkic parys/pars/bars (``ounje``, ``snow leopard``) and used as the symbol of strength in Turkic anthroponomy. It is also observed in such compound personal names as Barsbeg, Barskan, Barısbek (Kazakh), Barisbi (Karachay - Balkar), etc..

Atas, the name of another son of Priam, can be compared with Atas, a Kazakh personal name, derived from the Turkic ata (``father``) with the unprodujtive suffix s, denoting likeness, similarity: atas ``like father``, ``similar to father``. The analogical word is observed in the Bashkir language (atas ``like father``).

Il. In ancient literature Il is presented as the son of Dardan. Its Turkic counterpart is the personal name Il, used by the Tatars, Bashkirs and Karakalpaks.

It is derived from the Turkic polysemantic word il/el (``people``, ``folk``, ``state``, ``power``), denoting ``man of power``. It is also observed in Turkic compound personal names such as Ilmekey, Ilmet, Ilmorsa, etj., old Turkic Ilbilge, El Temür, El Bugha, etj..

Aytilla. To Apollodoros, Aytilla was Priam`s sister. An analogical name is now used in the Kirghizian language as a male name.

Personal names that belong to both men and women are often observed in Turkic languages.

Batiya. This female personal name is referred to the daughter of Teucros, the first king of Troy. The same female name (Batiya) is used in the Kazakh anthroponomy.

Dolon. This Trojan personal name sounds completely the same as the Turkic personal names Dolon in Kirghizian and Dolan in Kazakh languages.

In genealogies Dolon is presented as the ancestor of the Kirghizian tribes. In a 16th century source, for instance, we see a person by the name Dolon-biy among the ancestors of the Kirghizians.

Koon, a Trojan personal name, is consonant with Koyon (Kirghizian), a personal name of zoological origin (koyon ``rabbit``).

Thus, we find the names of both Priam and his generation in Turkic anthroponomy.

So many parallels can never be incidental, particularly in the light of old European stories informing of the Turkic origin of the Trojans and the Thracians.

Parallels, discovered in other spheres of onomasticon, reveal that Troy and Turyana/Turan, the country o fol Turks, represented the same nation, or at least the different branches of the proto-Turks.

Tarna, the name of a Trojan province, is the same old Turkic Tarna - a Khazar tribal name.

Traces of this ethnonym are found in Azerbaican and the whole Caucasus, where tribesmen of Tarneans were settled.

Gargar is an important ethnomym which ties the Mediterranean to the Turkic world. A town by the name Gargara was situated near Troy. A province under this name is mentioned in the ``Iliad``. To these can also be added an old Italian province by the name of Gargaria which is surely connected with the Trojan migration to Italy.

As was mentioned above, the identical names - Gargar/Karkar were spread in the Turkic onomasticon as the names of tribes (Azerbaican, Turkmenistan), mountains (Azerbaijan, Kazakhstan), and as a personal name in ``Manas``, a Kirghizian epic.

Killa, the name of a Trojan town, derived from the appellative killa (``home``, ``temple``), was associated with the temple of Apollo located there. Western researchers interpret the name as originating from the Hittite word hila (``home``) and Lycian word kla (``temple``. These words could have been borrowed from early Mediterranean languages. For instance, the Hittite is known to have had a huge number of non-Indo- European lexicon, although its grammar is Indo-European by origin. One of them was the word killa (``home``) - a local Mediterranean element.

The same word is used in the modern Chuvash (Turkic) language (kil ``home``) which was also a component of the names Sarkel or Shrkil (``white home``), a well-known city of the Turkic Khazars.

Bayana. This non-Greek theonym was Athorodita`s epithet in Troy. In Greek mythology Athorodita was known as the goddess of marriage, birth and nursing. The same function belonged to the Turkic Goddess, Bayana, which has obvious Turkic roots. Composed of the Turkic bay (``protectress``, ``great``, ``sacred``) and ana (``mother``), the theonym denotes ``the protectress of the tribe``, ``the great mother of the tribe``.

After Troy was destroyed by the Greeks, its population migrated in different directions, among which two of them are of particular interest: those who migrated to Italy founded the Etruscan civilization and those who settled in the north of Europe were dealt with in old Germanic sagas as the Turkic kings of Sweden and Norway [...]

The Etruscan texts found in Italy are now proved to have been written in an Old Turkic language [...] Some European linguists yet in previous centuries kept the idea that the Etruscans were of Turkic origin.

Sultan Mehmed, Turkish sultan, who was well-informed about Turkic origins of Troy, was right to consider the conquest of Istanbul as vengeance for Troy. Later in the 20th century Mustafa Kemal Ataturk considered his victory on foreign invaders as vengeance for Ektor, a Trojan hero, the son of the last Trojan king - Priam.

In fact these Turkish victories were not at all invasion, but liberation of old motherland and vengeance for Troy of which evidence the European sources of 7th-15th centuries."

[intervieweird]

@perladivenezia​ asked: “👁‍🗨”    

send 👁‍🗨 for my my muse’s first impression of yours

He’d chased Armand, too, sometimes. He’d cracked open dusty library books and rifled through card catalogues for anthroponyms - Balkans, he thought, or something south. Greece? Something east? - and chased the history of the Théâtre des Vampires, but he had never known more than Louis had known, and it had always ended in fire.

He’d laid back, blind with imagined memories and could only vainly reach for this distant history. It receded when he struck out for it, grasping and desperate, plunging himself towards the people he’d never know. Armand’s mortal life. Had they all been this glittering? He couldn’t have known. He could never have known.

But he could recognize like for like. Make patterns. Connections. Draw the line across the map. Push the pin. He could guess. He wants to guess. And, Jesus, she makes him want to pull out every notecard he’d ever jotted notes down in his frantic, cramped handwriting. He wants to shuffle through every book of genealogy or Sotheby’s historic portraiture auction schedules, he wants to find her, because he knows she had to have been somebody. She’s radiant. Daniel feels like a smear against her light.

There’s something about her smile that fascinates him, that tugs him closer despite the inherent danger he senses behind it. There’s some pull of the muscle of her cheek, some subtle shape in the set of her brows that he can’t put his finger on, that he feels he could understand if he just got close enough to see it. This is how flytraps get their bait, he thinks. He wishes the thought’d be enough to stop him.

#perladivenezia #asks. #(feel free to turn this into anything or come and plot!) #(i didn't know whether to go with PL or some other period so I left it ambiguous!)

[mitzvatemet]

Jewish cemetery in Dushanbe, Tajikistan

https://bit.ly/382hfd3 - online burials catalog. 

Bukharian Jews settled in Dushanbe from the second half of the 19th century. By the beginning of the 20th century, there was already a Jewish cemetery on the territory of the settlement. After the Bolsheviks established control over Tajikistan, the Jewish community of Dushanbe was replenished with Ashkenazi from the European part of Russia, and then from other parts of the USSR.

In the late 1980s, the Jewish population of Dushanbe exceeded 12.2 thousand people. After the civil war and mass migration, by 2000 more than 200 Jews lived in the city. Despite the absence of a numerical Jewish population, the Jewish cemetery is well maintained and cataloged.

Bukharian Jews living abroad regularly come to Dushanbe to visit the graves of their relatives. This is evidenced by the inscriptions on individual graves. For example, on the tombstone of Natan Rabikayevich Abayev (1937-1974), whose grave is located in the Nizhneye Cemetery, there is an inscription: "From his wife, son and daughter from Vienna."

The World Congress of Bukharian Jews (New York) created the "Tajikistan Foundation", which allocates funds to help the remaining Jews in Tajikistan and maintain the Jewish heritage. Also, the Congress appointed Executive Director Mikhail Kalantarov, whose responsibilities include supporting the functioning of the synagogue in Dushanbe and caring for the Jewish cemetery.

In the fall of 2021, Kalantarov arrived in Dushanbe to begin repairing the cemetery. It is located on the side of a mountain and floods the graves during heavy rainfalls. Therefore, the reconstruction of the cemetery began with the strengthening of the mountainside. It is planned to renovate the stairs leading from the upper cemetery to the lower one, restore tombstones and monuments, as well as build a gatehouse and a house for ablutions.

There are several types of graves in the cemetery: from traditional matzevahs to sarcophagi, stelas, graves with horizontal slabs, tombstones and headstones typical of the Soviet period.

The inscriptions on the tombstones are in Russian and Hebrew. Moreover, on some graves, inscriptions in Hebrew predominate. In Russian, they only contain the anthroponymical data of the deceased. For example, in the Nizhneye cemetery there is the grave of Abo Matatov (1878-1969), on which only the first and last names are written in Russian. At the top is a seven-branched candlestick framed by a Hebrew inscription. Below it is information in Hebrew.

Also, inscriptions in Hebrew predominate on the gravestone of the burial of Avrekh Khanarovich Abramov (1938-1974). In the upper part of the gravestone there are a seven-branched candlestick and two Stars of David.

#mitzvatemet  #JewishGenealogy

[tolkien-polyglot]

J.R.R. Tolkien famously discussed the etymology of his own surname in a letter to his American publisher, Houghton Mifflin in 1955, where he also seemed to register some annoyance at repeated misspellings of it. This misspelling probably owes something to the frequency of a similar suffix, –stein, in German names; I run into the same thing myself when people assume that my last name must be spelled Fischer —which I hate.

Even when there’s a logical reason, misspelling a prominent individual’s name is simply careless, and I can certainly understand why Tolkien would have lost patience with it. And as if spelling it incorrectly weren’t enough, many people mispronounce it, too. Tolkien himself explained: “I am nearly always written to as Tolkein [sic] (not by you): I do not know why, since it is pronounced by me always –keen.” [1] But I digress ...

Of his cognomen, Tolkien wrote the following note:

My name is TOLKIEN (not –kein). It is a German name (from Saxony), an anglicization of Tollkiehn, i.e. tollkühn. But, except as a guide to spelling, this fact is as fallacious as all facts in the raw. For I am neither ‘foolhardy’ nor German, whatever some remote ancestors may have been.” [2]

Here we have Tolkien’s typical sense of philological humor, as the German tollkühn, of course, means “foolhardy” in English. It’s a compound, actually; just as “foolish” and “hardy” are more or less antonymic in English, so are German toll “mad, crazy” and kühn “bold”. Tolkien puns on his own name in The Notion Club Papers with the invention of Rashbold — so far as I know, unattested as an anthroponym, but actually attested as an English calque for Germanic dummkúhn “foolhardy, rash, rashbold, temerarious”. [3] I wonder whether Tolkien knew this (apparently unique) source!

#tolkien #etymology #names

[orishaaganju-blog]

Ifa, Oshumare, Obatala and RNA are one

Oshumare the irunmọlẹ of the rainbow whose odu is known unarguably to also be Otura Irẹtẹ is none other than Ọbatala – white consists of the colours of the rainbow. The anthroponym Oshumare can also be shortened as Oshu (Ashkenazi Yeshu and Yeshua) which the oyinbo family who call themselves Jews transliterate as Yeshu and Yeshua. Kindly note that I’ll refer to some bible verses as part of my…

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#Ọbatala #DNA #Edi #Ela #Ifa #Oshumare #RNA #Satan

[thebronzehorsemandaily]

characters + etymology: Alexander

The earliest attested form of the name is the Mycenaean Greek feminine anthroponym 𐀀𐀩𐀏𐀭𐀅𐀨, a-re-ka-sa-da-ra (transcribed as Alexandra), written in the Linear B syllabic script. The name was one of the titles ("epithets") given to the Greek goddess Hera and as such is usually taken to mean "one who comes to save warriors". In the Iliad, the character Paris is known also as Alexander. The name's popularity was spread throughout the Greek world by the military conquests of King Alexander III, commonly known as "Alexander the Great". Most later Alexanders in various countries were directly or indirectly named for him.

#thebronzehorsemanedit #tbhedit #alexander belov #Alexander Barrington #alexander #etymology #graphics #by thequeenoflakeilmen #thebronzehorsemandaily #The bronze horseman

[the-great-captain]

About the name..

The name Alexander is derived from the Greek Ἀλέξανδρος (Aléxandros), meaning "Defender of the people" or "Defending men" and also, "Protector of men", a compound of the verb ἀλέξειν alexein, "to ward off, to avert, to defend" and the noun ἀνήρ anēr, "man" (GEN ἀνδρός andros).It is an example of the widespread motif of Greek (or Indo-European more generally) names expressing "battle-prowess", in this case the ability to withstand or push back an enemy battle line.

The earliest attested form of the name is the Mycenaean Greek feminine anthroponym a-re-ka-sa-da-ra (transcribed as Alexandra), written in the Linear Bsyllabic script.

The name was one of the titles ("epithets") given to the Greek goddess Hera and as such is usually taken to mean "one who comes to save warriors". In the Iliad, the character Paris is known also as Alexander. The name's popularity was spread throughout the Greek world by the military conquests of King Alexander III, commonly known as "Alexander the Great". Most later Alexanders in various countries were directly or indirectly named for him. In Greek mythology this was another name of the hero Paris, and it also belongs to several characters in the New Testament. However, the most famous bearer was Alexander the Great, King of Macedon. In the 4th century BC he built a huge empire out of Greece, Egypt, Persia, and parts of India. Due to his fame, and later medieval tales involving him, use of his name spread throughout Europe.The name has been used by kings of Scotland, Poland and Yugoslavia, emperors of Russia, and eight popes. Other notable bearers include English poet Alexander Pope (1688-1744), American statesman Alexander Hamilton (1755-1804), Scottish-Canadian explorer Sir Alexander MacKenzie (1764-1820), Russian poet Alexander Pushkin (1799-1837), and Alexander Graham Bell (1847-1922), the Scottish-Canadian-American inventor of the telephone. Some variants of the name could be: -Iskandar (Arabic) -Alistair (Scottish) -Xandinho (Portuguese) -Olek (Polish) -Sasha, Shura (Russian) -Santtu (Finish) Source: Wikipedia, Behind the name

#Shura #alexandros #rp #headcanon