#pre colonial africa

[nickysfacts]

I love how Bantu Knots are not only a beautiful hairstyle, but also has had so many different meanings behind it!

💜🇿🇦

#history #bantu knots #hairstyle #zulu #south africa #pre colonial africa #womens history #black hairstyles #bantu #femininity #isicholo #african women #black girl magic #south african history #language #black coquette #black femininity #soft girl #girly things #zulu history #african femininity #hair #bjork #african history #feminine #coquette #feminine history #african culture #historical hairstyles #nickys facts

[vikkicomics]

Tanzania enroute to Japan, 1907. I now have two illustrations of Vincent Odinkirk in East Africa. :3

White is colonial parade dress, Kahki is colonial walking out dress (both German). These are pieces of concept art for Moth, the script has clear anti-colonial themes.

#ottoway spin-off #moth #historical fiction #pre-war #early edwardian period #colonial uniforms #german military history #east africa #tanzania #art

[ancientorigins]

The Kingdom of Loango was rich and successful, but had its darker side too. From the encounters with European explorers to the complex dynamics of trade and slavery, the triumphs and tribulations of this remarkable pre-colonial state impacted and shaped what would become Western Congo.

#Kongo #Africa #kingdom #Pre-Colonial #slavery #ancient #history #ancient origins

[shirkers2018dirsanditan]

i'll tell you one thing that absolutely threw me and that i will be laughing about all week. i turned to tiffany cross' show and she was interviewing this african historian about the new woman king movie and she had asked him about the dahomey tribe's role in the transatlantic slave trade, but toward the end of the segment she asked if african tribes involved in the slave trade should have to pay reparations to black americans (and the rest of the diaspora i guess). and WHEW. LMFAO i know she was just asking a question related to what she has seen in the discourse online but bro LMFAO. oh my God. can you imagine if people were seriously arguing that any random group of africans on the continent should have to pay money en masse to americans. whew boy

#the social significance of tribes in the africa of 200-500 years ago obviously is not the same now #but slavery is one of the world's oldest institutions and it existed in africa for a very long time #this idea that there is an 'us' and a 'them' when it comes to the slave trade is crazy #they were all africans lol...the home countries of enslaved people also suffered from the slave trade AND africans were enslaved in europe #and inside the continent on colonial plantations and the like #many people were sold to european traders by members of their own tribes #and slavery could also be punishment for a crime or other social transgression #and just because someone was given or sold to europeans doesn't mean the people doing the selling had any idea what fate awaited them #but also. yeah this is the problem with being obsessed with african royalty and elite in the pre-modern period #all royals are royals at the expense of others lol.........we know slaves built egypt but y'all worship the pharaohs anyway. #mansa musa had slaves but y'all worship him anyway #whew Lord that is going to give me comedic material for days. yeah i'm waiting on my check from some mf in angola RIGHT NOW...tick tock! #honestly if you want reparations from africa you'll have to get them from europe and the us anyway #how about we call it even after liberia huh #God can you imagine how insane you have to be to really be suggesting that like on a serious level. whew

[twothirdsgenius]

mfw someone casually attributes the advanced knowledge of astronomy in ancient non-white cultures to aliens

#it happens more frequently than you might think lmao #“this pre-colonial civilization in central africa knew that the earth orbited the sun? sounds fake it must’ve been aliens” #makes me so fucking mad

[deepseacityunderground]

ive said this before but so much of what Retvrn Freaks glorify in early modern european art are just components inherent to the mediums being used at the time as opposed to like. an example of heightened skill that has been supposedly Lost in these degenerate times.... oil paint just looks like that. its very tonal and rich and even an artist with mediocre rendering skills will have their rendering skills improved by painting in oil. old oil paintings took years to complete not because the artists doing them were very skilled but because oil takes months to dry and they built up subtle washes over dried paint. tracing was also commonly utilized during that time period, and artists also often had small armies of apprentices who would do the hard work for them with no credit. these huge highly tonal oil paintings become significantly less impressive when you actually learn about their context.

#this isnt to like. diss or hate on oil painters or even all art made in europe during that time period #there are lots of great artists from that time period #but i also dont think that sort of art is more valuable than any other artistic movement #and i think posing these two very culturally european mediums as like the Pinnacle of art is stupid #another issue which isnt really to do with what im talking about here is like cultural ideals surrounding art... #if youre educated in a western tradition youre sort of encouraged to idolize realism and its associated artistic skills #eg: (anatomical accuracy - rendering skills - perspective) #and then favor mediums which lend better to those ideals. and then when you look at art from other cultural traditions #where the focus may have been on something different like color or symbol or narrative over realism you sort of see them as “lesser” #or theres the assumption that the artists who made those pieces were worse at art or unable to make highly realistic pieces #which is of course nonsense and also often racist (eg. colonizers in west africa assuming there must have been a greek colony #there because they found realistic statues and couldnt understand how people who currently made more stylized art could have made them) #but you even see this in popular assumption about european art pre-enlightenment too #like all those memes making fun of medieval manuscript faces. they drew like that because the narrative was more important than the realism #because the artists drawing them were basically illustrating bible stories #medium at hand also has a big hand to play here. art made for woodcut is gonna look different to art made for fabric #and oil paints arent uniquely european but they arent as widespread as clay or textile

[dragoneyes618]

"Jews have lived throughout the Middle East and North Africa for thousands of years, of ten in communities that long pre-dated the Islamic conquest. But during the mid-twentieth century's tumultuous power shifts in the region between colonial and post colonial control, political instability, and antisemitic violence intensified to create a vast exodus, driving nearly a million Jews to emigrate to Israel and elsewhere, leaving entire countries all but dead of Jews - and leaving behind synagogues, schools, and cemeteries that served these communities for generations. The circumstances of this mas migration varied. In some places, like Morocco, the Jewish community's flight was largely voluntary, driven partly by sporadic antisemitic violence but mostly by poverty and fear of regime change. At the other extreme are countries like Iraq, where Jews were stripped of their citizenship and had their assets seized, and where, in the capital city of Baghdad, a 1941 pogrom left nearly two hundred Jews murdered and hundreds of Jewish-owned homes and businesses looted or destroyed." 

- Dara Horn, People Love Dead Jews: Reports from a Haunted Present

#dara horn #people love dead jews #antisemitism #history #jewish history #arab history #arab communities #baghdad #morocco #pogrom

[bijoumikhawal]

anyway I am going to spoil everyone's fun. The Mummy is a racist movie, it's frustrating that it's popular and no one discusses that, and let me explain why

Whitewashing/brownface/self orientalism. The Carnahan's are meant to be mixed race. Their actors are white. Oded Fehr is white and a significant portion of his career has been playing exotic brown people in media made for white people, specifically while weaponizing the ethnic ambiguity he does have. Imhotep is white- insult to injury, his actor is an Afrikaner! Playing a pre-colonial African character! The only Egyptians played by people who arent white are the sex pest warden, Dr. Bey (also a minor character who dies), and Anck-su-namun. None of their actors are Egyptian.

The portrayal of Egyptian men. The warden and Jonathan are both portrayed as pathetic, weak, morally circumspect, and the warden is a pervert. Imhotep is also a pervert, frankly. The Egyptian public at large- mostly male crowds and male workers- are literally canon fodder and senselessly killed on multiple occasions. They're turned into mindless zombies, with no consideration given to what happens to them afterwards. Did hundreds of people just die? In public? The only two Egyptian men that aren't utterly horrible are Evie's boss, Dr. Bey, and Ardeth.

The portrayal of Egyptian women. The only two we actually hear speak is Evie and Anck-su-namun, both of whom have orientalist tropes applied to them- Evie, when they make her dress "local", and Anck-su-namun with the whole titlating "the pharaoh has me walk around naked and covered in wet body paint so no one can touch me without him knowing" nonsense- similar tropes are applied to Ardeth, frankly, with how his tattoos are portrayed, his ethnic background, etc. They specifically chose tattoos a Western audience would still find sexy (which aren't based on the actual local tattooing traditions). Face veils in early 20th century Egypt didn't really look like that, even the ones you might call flirty, and I find portrayals that make Ancient Egyptian society's overall often greater comfort with bared skin into titillation for the audience pretty offensive, especially as there are currently existing cultures in Africa viewed through lenses like that. It's not merely ahistorical, it's apart of a broader issue with how living people are viewed by others.

This is more of a me thing, other Egyptians may not agree: I think mummies as a horror trope are racist. The key fear to mummy movies is that white people might get punished for disturbing the graves of the honored dead. You are asked to identify with literal colonizers and view the local population as antagonistic (past and present in this case), especially in this movie, which is set before England started pretending it wasn't controlling Egypt (and by the damn way, ask ANY Egyptian when the country got independence and we'll say 1956. Between 22 and 56, England still had explicit control over some of the government, notably foreign relations and military, it used this an excuse to justify control of Sudan, and it was militarily occupying the country, especially the Suez area. When King Farouk tried to make a decision they didn't like, they put his palace under seige. That is not independence. Whoever made the 1922 declaration the first result on Google is manufacturing apologia for imperialism).

#cipher talk #There is a great deal of complexity with the Abdeen Palace incident and I don't think Farouk was in the right- I think the royal fam were #Fucking idiots frankly and I'm glad we're rid of them. But the fact that it happened??? #the mummy 1999 #ardeth bey #Like Britian didn't have moral reasons to oppose Farouk's politics. It was purely a matter of who they were allied to #Anyway. Duh the stupid mummy movie is racist but I have personal beef with the stupid mummy movie

[nickysfacts]

African Homophobia is a lasting legacy of Colonialism.

🏳️‍🌈🇰🇪🏳️‍⚧️

#history #mugawe #kenya #lgbt #african history #meru #kikuyu #lgbt history #pre colonial africa #traditional africa #kenyan history #colonization #british empire #transgender #pride #gay #homophobia #lgbtq #lgbtq history #africa #love not hate #east africa #african culture #colonial africa #indigenous people #nickys facts

[stirringwinds]

I can't agree more with your post about how natural languages are intimately tied to power dynamics, culture and personal identity. To make the nation personifications magically understand each other all the time is removing the depth and potential of their relationships with each other.

Since you mentioned that Alfred's first language was a Native American language, it sounds like he was close to the Native Americans as a child, and not only the English settlers. My thought is that Alfred, the personification of what would become the USA, was only "born" after the English settlers arrived. He was raised by Pilgrims, spoke only English and didn't have meaningful contact with the Native Americans. I'm not a fan of the idea that Alfred was a Native American personification who was born before the arrival of the colonists and was "kidnapped" by Arthur, as it implies that the tribe that he represented was the foundation of the modern USA. It makes more sense to me that he was a personification of the Pilgrim settlements when he was born. What are your thoughts on Alfred's "birth" and his relationships with the personifications around him as a child?

hello, thanks for your question!

to start off, i don't headcanon that nations are born the human way, but when they come into being, there are real cultural/linguistic links they have to other nations which I model on historical interactions and influences. my conception of Alfred is that his "birth"/beginnings are linked to Roanoke (aka the so-called "Lost Colony") and Jamestown (and its famine)—less so the Pilgrims/Mayflower in Massachusetts. but that difference aside, Alfred's 'beginnings' in my view certainly stem from British imperialism and European colonisation all the same. so he is not the personification of "Native America", because this would indeed be racist and homogenising: there can't be such a singular personification but would have to be multiple personifications to begin with. All of whom are much older and culturally distinct just like how Asia/Europe/Africa as a continent doesn't have one personification. this is a similar approach I take with my Mexico OC; she is Indigenous/European and spoke Nahuatl and Spanish, but she herself didn't come into being until Spanish colonisation—and there are other older personifications like Tlaxcala and Mexica (who was the head of the Triple Alliance/what we call the Aztec Empire and rivals with Tlaxcala, another pre-Columbian political entity).

so, for me Carolina Algonquian is one of Alfred's first languages—the other is English. the reason why I think he speaks Carolina Algonquian: the real-life interactions (from cooperative (barter, trade) to neutral to hostile—conflicts that happened since obviously the colonists were encroaching on other people's land) that occurred between the colonists and Algonquian-speaking peoples (such as Croatan and also Powhatan) occurred. All these were central to the history and trajectory of the early colonies. further, the research material on early colonial America I based his character on examined the experiences of biracial/multiethnic people and the dynamics of assimilation & cultural imperialism into Englishness that occurred. i'm from an ethnically-mixed family myself, which experienced cultural assimilation because of British imperialism that also resulted in a deprioritisation and loss of our other ancestral languages, so the cultural dimension of imperialism: how people navigate these faultlines, and pass or don't pass as a dominant group is something I'm interested in exploring.

hence, while i personally headcanon Alfred as mixed-race, he is certainly not an older personification that predates European colonisation of the Americas, and Arthur claims him as his son when he finds him with the Jamestown colonists, after the famine—so he isn't really 'kidnapped' because he isn't the personification of a pre-existing, Native nation. the Jamestown colonists don't really 'raise' him either—he appears to them as a young child who can already talk and walk, and they assume he is an orphan of sorts—after which Arthur comes into the picture. Arthur asserted his power by claiming Alfred as his son—just as the English politically claimed their colonial holdings, but Alfred certainly interacted with other personifications like Croatan or Powhatan and others, because that's who the English colonists themselves in Roanoke and Jamestown met. this contact imo, was meaningful in the sense that it was important and extensive—though obviously not wholly peaceful or conflict-free. So, in my headcanon, before Arthur arrived with the relief ship that met the starving Jamestown colonists, Alfred was regarded with some curiosity and at least distinct wariness, if not apprehension, by other nations because despite his familiarity with Carolina Algonquian, they know he is clearly linked to the encroaching English colonists—and they've heard similar stories already, about Mexico and Cuba.

overall, yes, the political/cultural origins of the United States are very much connected to the British Empire's settler-colonialism. For that reason Alfred is Arthur's 'son', because he is English—but he is not just English or European, because the truth of the British Empire is that while there was a racial and class hierarchy that privileged Englishness and then whiteness generally, the actual human communities that shaped the colonies were never homogeneous ethnically/culturally. Biracial/mixed people existed—and those European colonies as a whole were shaped by the varied dynamics of Native and other non-European influences and contact—whether it was involuntary or voluntary, cooperative, neutral or hostile. that's the angle I've personally chosen to take—and I would end off with emphasising that this is just my approach—because I think there's certainly more than one way to approach Alfred's beginnings and cultural identity.

#hetalia #hetalia headcanons #i hope that explains things! #hws america #long post

[iridescent-moonbeam-witchcraft]

Give me witchcraft books to buy. I'm looking for

* tarot

* Norse paganism

* herbal magic

* kitchen witchery

* candle magic

* crystals

* history of witchcraft in any area of the world (Europe, the Americas, Asia, Africa, anywhere. Even specific places like the 13 Colonies in pre US America, or specific countries or something- however these need to be written from a neutral POV by non faith based scholars. I don't want a bias)

Thank you for your recommendations. I love learning and having these things are important to me. Thanks again!

#witchcraft #norse pagan #kitchen witch #witchblr #crystals #books #book recommendations #witchcraft books

[handweavers]

working on a research paper for my african civs class and im currently going through every resource i can find on pre colonial african textile trade routes, history of natural dyes and pigments in africa, etc. and seeing what patterns emerge and i can feel my heart singing . btw

#jstor ancient dyes research is basically sex for me

[kemetic-dreams]

THE ANCIENT GREAT BENIN EMPIRE

The Benin Kingdom was a flourishing ancient city situated in modern day Nigeria. During pre colonial era, Benin was one of the many highly developed cultures in Africa. This kingdom got its start up around 900 CE when Edo people settled in the tropical rainforest of West Africa.

The walls of Benin City and its surrounding kingdom was the world’s largest earthworks carried out prior to the mechanical era, and was featured in the Genius Book Of Word Record. Benin City was also one of the first cities to have a semblance of street lighting. Huge metal lamps, many feet high, were built and placed around the city, especially near the king’s palace. Fuelled by palm oil, their burning wicks were lit at night to provide illumination for traffic to and from the palace. When the Portuguese first visited the city in 1485, they were stunned to find this vast kingdom made of hundreds of interlocked cities and villages, calling it "Great city of Benin".

#kemetic dreams #benin #great city of benin #african #africa #portuguese #edo #nigeria #west africa

[alpaca-clouds]

What if Colonialism had not happened?

(Completely honest here: I did not plan that this blog fell onto this week. I mean, while I had suspicions for a while that Nocturne was gonna feature colonialism this heavily, I did not know. I just planned out the times for my posts and this happened...)

Let me talk a bit about history and once more about the fact that, no, history is not inevitable.

A lot of alternate history tends to be more right leaning. And it tends to be very eurocentric. Even if we talk about "what if Columbus did not come to America" it ends up being about how it would have changed European history. Not about what it would have meant for literally everyone else.

Now, we could talk a lot about "how could it not have happened?", but the thing is that there are so many little things that could have done different. For once, of course, if the crusades had happened differently, colonialism probably would not have happened the way it did. (Because boy howdy, those things were connected.)

If the Reconquista movement of Spain had failed, there is a good chance that Columbus never would have gotten the funds to do his expedition to find India the long way around - and hence would never have gotten to America. Which might not have guaranteed that Africa, Asia and Pacifica would not have been colonized, but if that had happened it would have changed the way it happened considerably.

The reason I pose the question however is, to make clear another thing. See, one of the reasons that a lot of alternate history tends to be so completely desinterested in what happened outside of Europe and MAYBE (East) Asia, is the racist believe that outside of Europe and (East) Asia there was basically no civilization going on. The idea that basically outside of Europe and Asia people were some hunter/gatherer normads without... anything. Sure, people tend to be somewhat aware of the the Maya and the Mexico (Aztec) people, but not much outside of it. But there were. There were cities and there was agriculture. There were so many different cultures in the Ameircas alone.

And of course it was not just the Americas. It was Afrika, too. It was the parts Asia that folks tend to act as if they were not civilized.

And yes, that is the reason that I pose the question. It is not that I have an answer. Because it is hard to say what would have happened in that way. There is a good chance that the pre-colonial empires still might have fallen one way or another. There is a good chance that some of the cultures that were eradicated through genocide might have died off in some other way, too.

But we also know is that millions, who died through the volence colonialism would have lived. Not all of them would have had full lives, of course not. But many more than had in the real world, in the real history.

We often look at history and accept it as inevitable in one way or another. But it wasn't. There were people that made the active decisions to do all those horrible things. Not only those in power, but also those following orders.

Just to make it clear: There is a good chance that something between 80 and 100 million people lived in the Americas alone before contact with Columbus. And now just look at the figures above and realize... how many people were just... killed in one way or another.

#history #alternate history #colonialism #anti colonialism #pre-columbian america #indigenous rights #land back

[scientia-rex]

I am crushing it at Christmas gifts this year. I think. I never know for sure until people report back several months later but apparently my oldest nephew (the funny smart kid who’s also a complete dumbass, turning 16 this year) ended up really liking the skincare kit I got him last year even though on Christmas Day he was like “I don’t need this, my skin is perfect, people always tell me that” so if the day of goes a little rough just know they might realize they love it down the line. My goth weeb nibling, who is his younger sibling, will like what I got them because I shopped as if for my younger self and the only real difference between us is that I didn’t get into anime. I bought designer purses on a great sale for my sisters in law, nice shoes (he made a comment about it last spring, “some nice Italian leather loafers,” and he might have been joking but hey it’s an idea) for my one good brother in law, a rocking camping chair for my worst brother in law, and nothing for my ex brother in law because if he shows up at Christmas he’s getting something from the Box of Generic Gifts (mostly plaid throw blankets from Five Below). I bought my mother in law a real cashmere sweater (not like 400 dollar nice but still nicer than the “this is technically cashmere” I always see in the mall) and a rose gold and pearl necklace (pearl pricing is stupid and insane, but a solid gold chain is worth something if she ever needs to sell it for cash). The hubs is working on a genuinely nice idea for a present for his dad. I’m going to get my mom jewelry again and my dad can suck eggs. Probably get him a box set of Why Racism Is Bad Actually books or something. I like passive aggressive presents, like the year I sent him a DVD set of documentaries on pre-colonial African civilizations. Mom made a genuine lemon face about that one. Maybe Dad needs to hear more about how the Europeans deliberately separated Africa into countries where the borders would actively create strife. I got my MA a bottle of perfume because she noted out loud how good one patient smelled and it’s an easy to find fragrance (Victor & Rolf, Flowerbomb).

I love shopping, I love Christmas, I love getting people presents. I just wish my worst brother in law would stop trying to ruin family Christmases like it’s his job. It’s been 15 long, long years of knowing him, and in that time I have never ONCE slipped him a sedative, and I deserve a martini and a medal for that. I could 100% poison that man and get away with it and I WON’T because MORALS.

[bfpnola]

image description by @swosheep

ID 1: All images are screenshots of a post made by walidalwawi on Instagram. They are all of black text on a plain white background. The first image is titled "Indigeneity in Palestine and Israel's Co-Opting of Indigenous Struggles" in large font. The body text, much smaller, reads: "Any discussion of Indigeneity regarding a group of people must delve into colonialism, particularly settler colonialism." Below the body text there is text reading: "1/10", with an arrow pointing left.

ID 2: The second image is titled: "1. What Is Indigeneity?" in underlined text. The body text reads: "In a broader scientific context, the term 'Indigeneity' or 'Indigenous' refers to the origin of a species or organism from a specific location. However, when referring to a people in the context of human rights and international law, 'Indigenous' refers to the original inhabitants of a particular region who have lived there for generations before the arrival of colonial settlers from another country. The immigrants view the natives as detrimental to the colony; therefore, they dispossess them of their lands, resources, and cultural heritage and marginalise or suppress their rights and identities."

ID 3: The third image reads: "In 2007, The UN formally recognised the rights of indigenous peoples by adopting the United Nations Declaration on the Rights of Indigenous Peoples (UNDRIP). The working definition of 'Indigenous Peoples': '…those communities, peoples and nations who, having a 1. historical continuity with pre-colonial and/or pre-settler societies that developed on their territories, consider themselves 2. distinct from other sectors of the societies now prevailing in those territories, or parts of them. They 3. form at present non-dominant sectors of society and are 4. determined to preserve, develop and transmit to future generations their ancestral territories, and their ethnic identity, as the basis of their continued existence as peoples…'"

ID 4: The fourth image reads: "Example of indigenous people: - First Nations, Inuit and Métis in Canada - Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander people in Australia A group is not referred to as indigenous if they are not within or experienced a colonial power structure, even if they practically originate from their current locality, for example: - Frankish People in France - Anglo-Saxon Englishmen in the British Isles - Dutch, Italians, Germans. In face, Indigenous groups may cease to be referred to as indigenous if their colonial relation is dismantled. Thus, to Identify the Indigenous we must identify the coloniser as the two are often closely intertwined."

ID 5: The fifth image is titled: "2. Israel, A Proud Colonial State." In underlined text. The body text reads: "Historically, colonial expansion was a source of European pride, with no understanding of Indigeneity as a right to land but as a negative status indicating savagery and backwardness. Political Zionism, a movement that emerged in late 19th century Europe, was heavily influenced by colonial ideologies of the time, a fact that is well- documented in the writings of Zionist thinkers and politicians, including Theodor Herzl, regarded as the 'Father of Modern Zionism.' In his quest for support and recognition, Herzl sought alliances with colonial powers such as France and the United Kingdom and other settler colonial states like the United States and Canada."

ID 6: The sixth image reads: "In 1902, Herzl famously wrote to Cecil Rhodes, one of the most significant British colonial figures in Africa, seeking support for his Zionist endeavour:". A block quote, all in underlined text, reads: "You are being invited to help make history. That cannot frighten you, nor will you laugh at it. It is not in your accustomed line; it doesn't involve Africa, but a piece of Asia Minor, not Englishmen but Jews. But had this been on your path, you would have done it by now. How, then, do I happen to turn to you, since this is an out-of-the-way matter for you? How indeed? Because it is something colonial.!" Body text continues: "In his address to the first Zionist Congress, Herzl rationalises his colonial mission in Palestine:". Another block quote with underlined text reads: "It is more and more to the interest of the civilised nations and of civilisation in general that a cultural station be established on the shortest road to Asia. Palestine is this station and we Jews are the bearers of culture who are ready to give our property and our lives to bring about its creation."

ID 7: the seventh image reads: "Jabotinsky, a Russian Jewish Zionist leader and founder of the Zionist terrorist organisation Irgun which helped establish israel. Wrote in his book The Iron Wall:". A block quote, all in underlined text, reads: "'Zionist colonisation must either be terminated or carried out against the wishes of the native population. This colonisation can, therefore, be continued and make progress only under the protection of a power independent of the native population an iron wall, which will be in a position to resist the pressure to the native population. This is, in toto, our policy towards the Arabs…' "'If you wish to colonise a land in which people are already living, you must find a garrison for the land, or find a benefactor who will provide a garrison on your behalf…. Zionism is a colonising venture and, therefore, it stands or falls on the question of armed forces.'" Body text continues: "This colonial history is not limited to the past, as we can see it vividly today in israel's colonial practice of daily oppression against the Palestinian natives."

ID 8: The eighth image reads: "Examples of standard methods used by settler colonies to oppress indigenous peoples: a. Land Theft and Dispossession: 1948, upon the establishment of israel, around 700,000 Palestinians were forced to flee or were expelled from their homes by israeli forces 1950, israel established the "Absentee Property Law", which allows the israeli government to seize control of land belonging to Palestinians who fled or were forced to leave during the 1948 war. b. Forced Assimilation: The "Judaization" of Palestinian neighbourhoods by promoting Jewish settlement and adopting Hebrew as the official language in education and public life while restricting Palestinian cultural expression, including banning books, films, and other media that are critical of israeli policies. E.g. The ban of the Palestinian flag in the occupied Gaza Strip and West Bank in 1967 and the prohibition of artworks containing the flag's four colours in 1980. c. Economical Exploitation: israel controls the majority of the water resources in the region as well as exploits Palestinian natural resources, including minerals, quarries, and agricultural land. Palestinian farmers have reported that israeli settlers have uprooted their olive trees, destroyed their crops, and polluted their farmland."

ID 9: The ninth image is titled: "Israeli Exploitation Of Indigeneity." in underlined text. The body text reads: "The international community's significant shift towards acknowledging indigenous people's struggles against colonisation, and the broad negative sentiment towards colonialism, forced israel to rethink its history and create a new narrative to legitimise its presence in the region and strip Palestinians from their indigenous status. By reframing its colonial mission as one of indigenous people's decolonisation of their rightful territory, israel appropriates the rhetoric of indigenous empowerment while in contradiction continuing to seek funding and legitimisation from other settler colonial states, who continue to suppress other indigenous groups, as well as openly and publicly practices settler colonial oppression against the Palestinians."

ID 10: The tenth image reads: "israel bases its argument on a supremacist ethno-nationalist and misleading definition of Indigeneity, claiming it to be an innate Jewish characteristic and not one imposed by colonialism. Such a claim severely harms indigenous groups on their mission to decolonisation by providing a legitimising framework for colonial tactics like ethnic cleansing, land theft and genocide to any group that claims ancestral ties to the land. Yet, even if one was to entertain the Zionist claim of Indigeneity through lineage, multiple genetic studies have already shown that many Jews and Palestinians share ancestry, rendering such claim unjustifiable, as the ethnically cleansed Palestinian are population shares the same ancestral history."

#reaux speaks #israel #free palestine #palestine #zionism #anti zionism #indigenous #indigeneity #language