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itsarttome · 3 years

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Armenian Women in Visual Arts

I took a class on Armenian culture and history in university that exposed me to this beautiful country and people and opened my eyes to the undeniable tragedy of the Armenian Genocide of 1915.

I’m not Armenian, but I’m Greek on my dad’s side which I found out is very similar. We both love our dolma’s and hate the Turks. But in all seriousness, we share a lot of similarities with Armenian culture, including its political history, which has helped me to further empathize with the current struggles they are facing as a country. It's heartbreaking to see that, just five years after the 100 year anniversary of the Armenian Genocide, Armenians appear to be facing a second genocide. Armenia’s neighboring country Azerbaijan has been ensuing deadly attacks against them for some time now with the aid of Turkey and the issue continues to be mostly ignored by the international community. Protests have been raging on both in the nation and diaspora. In no way do I consider myself to be an expert on this subject, but I feel responsible at least to educate myself and do my part as a citizen of the world.

There is no civilization in the world that, given it possess the resources and will, doesn’t have artists, doctors, lawyers, chefs, musicians, poets, farmers, accountants, etc... The meaning of this to me is that it is proof we are all valuable people, no matter where we come from or what we look like. Just think about how sand is made from millions of tiny parts but looks like one uniform blanket on the beach. If you were to put a handful of sand into a jar, and another handful into another jar, you’d find that each jar is made up of entirely different rocks. But somehow, both have all the elements needed to still look like a handful of sand. That’s how I view culture. Every culture is a handful of sand; they all have necessarily found their own way to explain the universe (religion), their own way to communicate (language), their own way to nourish themselves (diet), and so on... and each way is original and different. But somehow, all of the elements add up to create a civilization, a culture, and a people with a shared identity. The only thing that makes us different is that we’re arbitrarily placed into one jar and not another, but when you look at the big picture, we’re all the same.

As embarrassing as it is to admit, I think by human nature it’s much easier to care about someone else’s journey in life when they have something in common with you. What I love about art is that when you meet another artist, no matter who, you feel a sort of magical connection to that person and are bonded over your mutual appreciation of it. I am a woman and I am an artist, and because of that, I feel lucky and unworthy in saying I have something in common with these incredibly talented Armenian women that I’m about to share with you.

I. Zabelle Boyajian (1872-1957)

Zabelle C. Boyajian was a poet, painter and playwright of the Ottoman Empire, born in 1872 in Diyarbakir, one of the ancient Armenian capitals, ‘Tigranakert’. After the murder of her father during the Hamidian Massacres of 1895, she, her mother and her brother immigrated to London. She travelled extensively throughout her lifetime and learned to speak eight languages fluently, including Armenian, English, German, Italian, Greek, Turkish and Russian. Being skilled in so many languages, apart from the arts, she was a great contributor to the translation of many great Armenian works. For example, in 1948, she translated Avetik Isahakian’s epic poem “Abu Lala Mahari” and published it for the world to read. In 1938, thanks to her wide travels, she published several illustrations from her visit to Greece, entitled “In Greece with Pen and Palette”. Exhibitions of her art were held in London, Egypt, France, Italy, Belgium and Germany. She was close friends with Anna Raffi, the wife of the well-known Armenian novelist, Raffi. One of the leading female trailblazers of art, literature and translation, she published her first novel in 1901, entitled “Esther”. She is well known today for her gorgeous storybook illustrations.

II. Miriam Aslamazian (1907-2006)

Miriam Aslamazian, sometimes called the Armenian Frida Kahlo, was born on October 20th, 1907 in Alexandropol in the village of Bash-shirak. She was was a Soviet painter of Armenian descent recognized for her exquisite ceramic plates. In 1929, she graduated from the Yerevan Art-Industrial Technicum and later in 1933, from the Leningrad Academy of Art. In 1946, she became a member of the CPSU (the Communist Party of the Soviet Union). Her work is often described as decorative, flat still-life pieces as well as possessing dramatic, colorful themes. Many pieces of her artwork can be found today in the Aslamazian Sisters’ Museum in Gyumri. She was honored as People’s Artist of the Armenian SSR 1965 and People’s Artist of the Soviet Union in 1990.

III. Gayane Khachaturian (1942-2009)

Gayane Khachaturian, born May 9th, 1942 in Tbilisi, Georgia, was a Georgian-Armenian graphic artist and painter. She studied at the Nikoladze Art School and the Secondary School of Working Youth, where she graduated in 1960. Sergei Parajanov, who she was close friends with, was a major inspiration for her. Some of her works are permanently displayed and can be seen at the National Gallery of Armenia, the Yerevan Museum of Modern Art as well as the Sergei Parajanov Museum in Yerevan. Her works have also been purchased and are included in several private art collections. Her first informal solo exhibition was at Skvoznyachok Café in Yerevan in 1967.

IV. Sonia Balassanian

Sonia Balassanian is a mixed media artist, art curator, founder and Artistic Director of the Armenian Center for Contemporary Experimental Art in Yerevan, Armenia. Born in Iran of Armenian descent on April 8th of 1942, Balassanian uses her artwork to advocate for human rights and women's emancipation issues. In 1970, she obtained a BFA from the Pennsylvania Academy of Fine Arts and the following year worked on an independent study program at the Whitney Museum of American Art. In 1978, she completed her MFA from Pratt Institute in Brooklyn, New York. The following year, however, the 1979 events in Iran caused her to turn to “political art” as self expression. She is also a skilled writer, publishing several works, including, “There Might Have Been An Insane Heart” (1982), composed of selected poems written in the Armenian language, “Portraits” published in New York in 1983 and “Two Books” (2006), a publication of two books of poems in one combined.

V. Nora Chavashian

Nora Chavashian is an award-winning production designer, art director and set decorator, recognized for her sculptural stage sets, born in Philadelphia, PA on October 25th, 1953. OMG we have the same birthday, no wonder I like her! There, she studied sculpture at the Pennsylvania Academy of Fine Arts. In 1974, Chayashian graduated from the San Francisco Art Institute (SFAI). In 1984, she married Joe Morton, an American actor, director, writer, singer and songwriter, with whom she has three children, Hopi, Seta and Ara, and one grandson, Moses. In 1988, she and her family relocated to the East Coast. Her sculptures often have organic shapes and are reminiscent of nature.

VI. Anush Yeghiazaryan

Anush Yeghiazaryan is a painter, weaver and professor born on June 15th, 1965 in Yerevan, Armenia, known for her stunning tapestry creations. Hailing from the family of Karapet Yeghizaryan, patriarch of the Armenian school of art weaving, she has held up the traditional weaving techniques of her ancestors. From 1984 to 1990, she studied graphic design at the Yerevan State Fine Arts Academy. From 1991 to 1994, she worked on obtaining her PhD from the State Armenian Pedagogical University. In 1996, she became a member of the Armenian Union of Artists. In 2010, Yeghiazaryan joined the Pan-Armenian Painting Association. She has had her work presented in exhibitions around the world, from Yerevan to Paris, Moscow, Sankt Petersburg, Bouve, Plovdil, Tehran, Italy and Praha. Quoted for saying, “I have not chosen art, it’s in my blood. It’s my lifestyle and I love it up to sublimation degree”. Some of her pieces displaying masterful weaving techniques include,“If you live, create” (1998), “Once Upon a Time in Paris” (2003), and “Urbanization” (2006).

VII. Taleen Berberian

Taleen Berberian is a modern Armenian visual artist, specializing in mixed mediums, crafted fabric, clay sculptures, drawing and the use of the traditional Armenian sewing, embroidery and crochet techniques in unconventional ways. She is especially recognized for her famous sculptures of shoes. Berberian has been on the forefront of women’s issues, a theme that can be seen through her artwork. She is an active participant in both Los Angeles and New York’s art communities. In 1995, she obtained a BFA in Sculpture from the California College of the Arts in Oakland, California and in 1998 she continued on to achieve a MFA in Studio Art and Art Education from Pratt Institute in Brooklyn, New York. In 2009, she received her Initial Teachers’ Certification in Visual Art for grades K-12 and currently serves as a quilting and ceramics instructor.

VIII. Joanne Julian

Found out artist Joanne Julian and I are both CSUN alum and native Angelenos! Julian, who is of Armenian ancestry, says she has been highly influenced by her travels to Asia and thus became skilled in certain Asian techniques, such as mono printing and the “flung ink” or “Haboku” style. Her pieces possess a “Zen quality” to them, as portrayed in her “Zen Circle” series, illuminating the Yin and Yang of Taoist painting. She received her Bachelor’s of Arts and her Masters in sculpture and printmaking from California State University, Northridge. She later received her MFA from the Otis Art Institute of Parsons School of Design. She has participated in over sixty group exhibitions and twenty solo exhibitions nation-wide. Since 1973, Julian has served as the Chair of the Fine Arts Department and Gallery Director at the College of Canyons in Valencia, California. In 2008, from January 25th to February 23rd, she held an exhibition at CSUN’s Art Gallery entitled, “Counterpoints”.

All of the female artists I mentioned have given people a better look into what it means to be Armenian and how the community and its diaspora are trying to solidify the Armenian identity to enable its rich heritage and traditions to live on. And they are just a few of the proud Armenians who have helped raise awareness of the issues Armenians face, as well as give Armenians their due respect in the realm of International Art. And to go one step further, my deepest hope is that one day, art will overcome the war.

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advocator-in-action-blog · 7 years

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National Consortium on Leadership and Disability for anyone

DISABILITY HISTORY TIMELINE: Resource and Discussion Guide This disability history timeline is designed to help you learn about the rich history of people with disabilities. If you have a disability, this is about your history, but it may not be the history you know. Increasing your knowledge of disability history will help you inspire and lead others by telling the diverse stories of the many who have gone before. Starting shortly after the United States was founded, the disabilities timeline features examples of the remarkable diversity, creativity, and leadership that has shaped the disability community up through today. National Consortium on Leadership and Disability for Youth N C L D Youth Yoshiko Dart Note: Although designed for youth and emerging leaders with disabilities, the Disability History Timeline and related activities can be used to educate a broader audience. For example, the materials may be useful for training service providers on the importance of educating youth with disabilities about their history or as an orientation for program staff before working with youth with disabilities.

3 Founding Father Serves Despite Disability Stephen Hopkins, a man with cerebral palsy, is one of the signers of the Declaration of Independence. Hopkins is known for saying “my hands may tremble, my heart does not.” Improved Amputation Techniques Edward Alanson, an English surgeon, suggests a change in the way limbs are amputated, resulting in faster healing and less infection. This change has a positive impact on the quality of life for people who are amputees. Institution for Blind Children After seeing a group of blind men being cruelly exhibited in a Paris sideshow, Valentin Huay, known as the “father and apostle of the blind,” establishes the Institution for Blind Children to help make life for the blind more “tolerable.” Huay also discovered that sightless persons could read texts printed with raised letters. Mentally Ill Unchained Phillipe Pinel, a physician at La Bicetre, an asylum in Paris, removes the chains attached to people with mental illnesses. Some have been chained to walls for more than 30 years. 1770 1776 1784 1790 1793 National Library of Medicine Detail from Pinel Fait Enlever Les Fers Aux Aliénés De Bicêtre. Painting by Jean- Baptiste Pussin (1745–1811). National Library of Medicine Illustration (c.1700s) depicting surgical amputation of an arm. 1780 1782 National Library of Medicine Etching (1622) by Jacques Callot (1592–1635). Wikipedia 4 First Medical Classification of Mental Disorders Phillipe Pinel writes Treatise on Insanity in which he develops a fourpart medical classification for the major mental illnesses: melancholy, dementia, mania without delirium, and mania with delirium. Education for Mentally Disabled Jean-Marc Gaspard Itard establishes the principles and methods used today in the education of the mentally disabled through his controversial work with Victor, the “wild boy of Aveyron.” Mental Disorders Documented Dr. Benjamin Rush, considered the father of American psychiatry, publishes Medical Inquiries and Observations, the first modern attempt to explain mental disorders. Birth of Louis Braille Louis Braille is born on January 4, at Coupvray, near Paris. At three years of age, an accident caused him to become blind, and in 1819 he was sent to the Paris Blind School, which was originated by Valentin Huay. 1800 1798 1801 1805 1800 1809 National Library of Medicine National Library of Medicine Detail from wood engraving entitled, “A Blind Girl Teaching her Blind Brother how to Read.” Wikipedia Detail from poster for François Truffaut’s 1970 film l’Enfant Sauvage (The Wild Child), which dramatized Victor’s life. Wikipedia Wikipedia First Military Disability Law Detail from painting shows U.S. President John Adams signing the act for the relief of sick and disabled seamen, July 16, 1798. Wikipedia 5 Formal Deaf Education Begins in the U.S. Thomas H. Gallaudet leaves the United States for Europe in 1815 to learn how to teach the deaf. Upon his return, he founds the Connecticut Asylum for the Education and Instruction of Deaf and Dumb Persons in Hartford, Connecticut, with Laurent Clerc. It is the first permanent school for the deaf in America. The opening of its doors, on April 15, 1817, marks the beginning of efforts in America to educate people with disabilities. McLean Asylum for the Insane The first patient is admitted to the Charlestown branch of the Massachusetts General Hospital, which is later named the McLean Asylum for the Insane. The hospital will become one of the best-known mental health facilities in the country, with services attracting such artists as Sylvia Plath, Anne Sexton, James Taylor, and Susanna Kaysen (author of Girl, Interrupted). Braille Invents the Raised Point Alphabet Louis Braille invents the raised point alphabet that makes him a household name today. His method doesn’t become well-known in the United States until more than 30 years after it is first taught at the St. Louis School for the Blind in 1860. First “Sheltered Workshop” for the Blind The first “sheltered workshop” is developed for the blind at the Perkins Institution in Massachusetts. 1810 1815 1817 1840 1849 Thomas Hopkins Gallaudet (1787–1851) Gallaudet University 1818 National Library of Medicine McLean Asylum for the Insane, Somerville, MA. Engraving by H. Billings from a sketch by Seager (c. 1820s). 1820 1829 Braille alphabet 6 Founding of Precursor to the American Psychiatric Association The Association of Medical Superintendents of American Institutions for the Insane, the precursor to the American Psychiatric Association, is founded. First Facility for the Criminally Insane The New York State Lunatic Asylum for Insane Convicts in Auburn is the first such facility designed specifically to house convicted criminals deemed to be insane. Previously, they were kept in prisons or hospitals. First Steps in Identifying Cerebral Palsy In the 1860s, William Little makes the first step toward identifying cerebral palsy (CP) by describing children with stiff and/or spastic muscles in their arms and legs. That particular condition, known at the time as Little’s disease (now called spastic diplegia), is one of the major disorders included in CP. Little also correctly guesses that the condition is caused by lack of oxygen during birth. 1861–1865 American Civil War The American Civil War results in 30,000 amputations in the Union Army alone. This event brings disability issues to the American consciousness. 1861 1844 1865 National Library of Medicine Composite photograph of members of the Association of Medical Superintendents of American Institutions for the Insane. 1850 1855 1860 1860 Library of Congress Detail of photograph from the Civil War. Library of Congress 7 Birth of “The Elephant Man” Joseph Carey Merrick, better known in later years as “The Elephant Man,” is born in Leicester, England. Merrick’s head and body become covered in large tumors as a result of a rare nervous-system disorder, which is now known as neurofibromatosis and was diagnosed years after his death. He earns money by appearing in sideshows throughout England and is experimented on and tested on by a lot of doctors and scientists. Bell Invents Telephone Trying To Help the Deaf Alexander Graham Bell opens a speech school for deaf teachers in Boston. He invents the telephone while trying to develop a mechanical way to make speech visible. Bell reportedly believed that “deaf children should be educated orally and in dayschool situations.” 1870 1872 1862 1880 1881 1887 Library of Congress Freud, engagement photo, 1886. Library of Congress Photograph of Bell and his invention, the telephone. Library of Congress Helen Keller and Anne Sullivan. Photograph by Notman, 1897. Wikipedia Photograph of Joseph Carey Merrick, also known as the Elephant Man. Medical Degree For Freud After researching the central nervous system, at Vienna University, Sigmund Freud, age 24, qualifies as a doctor of medicine. The following year, he begins work at Meynert’s Psychiatric Clinic and begins to formulate the ideas that will comprise his theories of psychoanalysis. Helen Keller Meets New Tutor Helen Keller, a deaf-blind seven-year-old living in Tuscumbia, Alabama, meets her new tutor, Annie Sullivan. 8 Eugenic Sterilization Law Spreads Like Wildfire Indiana becomes the first state to enact a eugenic sterilization law—for ”confirmed idiots, imbeciles and rapists”—in state institutions. The law spreads like wildfire and is enacted in 24 other states. 1900 1918 1907 1919 1910 1917 Wikipedia Examples of Easter Seals stamps from the 1930s. The Great War’s Disabled Veterans After being caught in an explosion and diagnosed with shell-shock as a result of combat in the British Army in World War I, Wilfred Owen, 24, arrives at Craiglockhart Hospital near Edinburgh, Scotland. There he meets the poet and soldier Siegfried Sassoon, who later introduces him to Robert Graves. Literary works from these three men, often touching on the subject of men disabled in battle, form the literary historical record for all the countries involved in “The Great War.” Funding for Rehabilitation As a result of the large number of WWI veterans returning with disabilities, Congress passes the first major rehabilitation program for soldiers. In 1920, a bill funding vocational rehabilitation guarantees federal money for job counseling and vocational training for disabled in the general public. Easter Seals, Model Charitable Organization Edgar Allen, a businessman in Elyria, Ohio, founds the Ohio Society for Crippled Children, which becomes the national Easter Seals organization. It serves as a model for many of today’s charitable organizations—in its methods and, some activists say, in its exclusion of people from the community being helped. Library of Congress Detail from photo showing recovering soldiers posing in a park at an American base hospital in France. Library of Congress Detail from photo showing medics loading wounded into American ambulances on the French front. 9 1920 1925 1927 Library of Congress Diego Rivera and Frida [Kahlo] Rivera. Photographic portrait by Carl Van Vechten (1880–1964), March 19, 1932. U.S. Postal Service Postage stamp (released for 2001) based on Kahlo self portrait. Frida Kahlo (1907–1954) Frida Kahlo, 18, is injured in a bus accident in her hometown of Mexico City. Her spinal column, along with her collarbone, ribs, and pelvis, is broken. For a month, she remains in bed. Bored, she begins to paint, the first step toward becoming one of the most influential artists of the 20th century. Study of Dyslexia Samuel Orton begins his extensive study of dyslexia, hypothesizing that it could be neurological versus visual, and that it was likely connected to left-handedness. His first assumption is right. His second one, not so. Compulsory Sterilization Ruled Constitutional The Supreme Court rules in Buck v. Bell that the compulsory sterilization of mental defectives such as Carrie S. Buck, a young Virginia woman, is constitutional under “careful” state safeguards. Perhaps unbelievably, this ruling has never been overturned. In his opinion, Justice Oliver Wendell Holmes writes: “(It) is better for all the world, if instead of waiting to execute degenerate offspring for crime, or to let them starve for their imbecility, society can prevent those who are manifestly unfit from continuing their kind…Three generations of imbeciles are enough.” Library of Congress Oliver Wendell Holmes 10 Franklin D. Roosevelt Elected President Franklin D. Roosevelt becomes the 32nd president of the United States and is reelected for an unprecedented four terms before dying in office in April 1945. In August 1921, while vacationing at Campobello Island, New Brunswick, Roosevelt contracted an illness, believed to be polio, which resulted in total and permanent paralysis from the waist down. After becoming President, he helps found the National Foundation for Infantile Paralysis (now known as the March of Dimes). His leadership in this organization is one reason he is commemorated on the dime. California Council of the Blind At the age of 23, Jacobus tenBroek, blind since age 14, joins with Dr. Newel Perry and others to form the California Council of the Blind, which later becomes the National Federation of the Blind of California, a model for the nationwide organization he forms six years later. Signing of the Social Security Act President Franklin Delano Roosevelt signs the Social Security Act, establishing a program of permanent assistance to adults with disabilities. 1934 1935 1930 1932 Iron Lung To Combat Polio In 1927 Philip Drinker and Louis Shaw develop the iron lung, a chamber that provides artificial respiration for polio patients being treated for respiratory muscle paralysis. Centers for Disease Control Iron lung donated to the CDC by the family of a polio patient who used the device from the late 1950s until his death in 2003. Franklin D. Roosevelt Presidential Library Franklin D. Roosevelt with Ruthie Bie, the granddaughter of a friend, and presidential pet Fala at Hilltop Cottage in Hyde Park, New York, 1941. Social Security Administration President Franklin D. Roosevelt signing Social Security Act, August 14, 1935. 11 Ray Charles Blind by Age Seven At the age of seven Ray Charles Robinson (1930–2004) loses his sight completely due to glaucoma, which he’s had since the time of his birth in Albany, Georgia. He learns to read music in Braille and eventually drops his last name while performing on the Florida blues circuit. 1939 1937 Wikipedia Ray Charles rehearses for 1990 Grammys. Photo by Victor Diaz Lamich. 1935 Disability Protest Results in WPA Jobs To protest the fact that their requests for employment with the Works Progress Administration (WPA) have been stamped ‘PH’ (physically handicapped), 300 members of the League for the Physically Handicapped stage a nine-day sit in at the Home Relief Bureau of New York City. Eventually, they help secure several thousand jobs nationwide. The League of the Physically Handicapped is accepted as the first organization of people with disabilities by people with disabilities. Lou Gehrig Day On July 4, 1939, Lou Gehrig Day is held at Yankee Stadium in New York City. The first baseman, nicknamed the Iron Horse, had been diagnosed with amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS), but that day tells the world, “Today, I consider myself the luckiest man on the face of the earth.” His statement resounds long after his death in 1941. National Institutes of Health Lou Gehrig (1903–1941) Nazi Program Kills Thousands At the onset of World War II Adolph Hitler orders widespread “mercy killing” of the sick and disabled. Code-named Aktion T4, the Nazi euthanasia program is instituted to eliminate “life unworthy of life.” Between 75,000 to 250,000 people with intellectual or physical disabilities are systematically killed from 1939 to 1941. Wikipedia Schloss Hartheim, Austria, one of the main T4 killing centers. 12 Rosemary Kennedy Institutionalized after Failed Lobotomy John F. Kennedy’ s twenty-three year old sister Rosemary undergoes a prefrontal lobotomy as a “cure” for lifelong mild retardation and aggressive behavior that surfaces in late adolescence. The operation fails, resulting in total incapacity. To avoid scandal, Rosemary is moved permanently to the St. Coletta School for Exceptional Children in Wisconsin. Her sister, Eunice Kennedy Shriver, later founds the Special Olympics in Rosemary’s honor. 1948 1940 1941 1950 1950 Wikipedia A human brain that has undergone lobotomy, destroying large sections of the prefrontal cortex. National Library of Medicine Photo of NIH physician examining girl with Down’s syndrome. Beginning of National Barrier-Free Standards In the 1950s, disabled veterans and people with disabilities begin the barrier-free movement. The combined efforts of the Veterans Administration, The President’s Committee on Employment of the Handicapped, and the National Easter Seals Society, among others, results in the development of national standards for “barrier-free” buildings. National Library of Medicine The ARC Champions Abilities of Mentally Retarded Parents of youth diagnosed with mental retardation found the Association for Retarded Citizens (ARC). The association works to change the public’s ideas about mental retardation. Its members educate parents and others, demonstrating that individuals with mental retardation have the ability to succeed in life. The ARC works to ensure that the estimated 7.2 million Americans with mental retardation and related developmental disabilities have the services and supports they need to grow, develop, and live in communities across the nation. Rusk’s Theories Become Basis for Rehabilitation Medicine Dr. Howard A. Rusk founds the Rusk Institute of Rehabilitation Medicine in New York City, where he develops techniques to improve the health of injured veterans from World War II. His theory focused on treating the emotional, psychological and social aspects of individuals with disabilities and later became the basis for modern rehabilitation medicine. 13 Radiation Experiment Conducted Without Consent Clemens Benda, clinical director at the Fernald School in Waltham, Massachusetts, an institution for boys with mental retardation, invites 100 teenage students to participate in a “science club” in which they will be privy to special outings and extra snacks. In a letter requesting parental consent, Benda mentions an experiment in which “blood samples are taken after a special breakfast meal containing a certain amount of calcium,” but makes no mention of the inclusion of radioactive substances that are fed to the boys in their oatmeal. 1953 1957 1960 1961 1962 Photo by Agência Brasil. Billy Barty Organizes Little People Actor Billy Barty makes a national appeal to the little people of America to converge on Reno, Nevada. Twenty answer the call, creating the Midgets of America organization. Later renamed the Little People of America, his organization becomes the largest in the world devoted to people of short stature. Ed Roberts Fights for Admission to University Ed Roberts, a young man with polio, enrolls at the University of California, Berkeley. After his admission is rejected, he fights to get the decision overturned. He becomes the father of the Independent Living Movement and helps establish the first Center for Independent Living (CIL). Wikipedia UC Berkeley Library Don Galloway, manager of blind services, and Ed Roberts, executive director, of the fledgling Center for Independent Living at Berkeley in 1974. First Accessibility Standard Published The American Standards Association, later known as the American National Standards Institute (ANSI), publishes the first accessibility standard titled, Making Buildings Accessible to and Usable by the Physically Handicapped. Forty-nine states adapt accessibility legislation by 1973. Stevie Wonder Discovered Ronnie White (of The Miracles) discovers 11-year-old Steveland Judkins and arranges an audition with Motown CEO, Berry Gordy, who immediately signs the boy as “Little Stevie Wonder.” Little People of America 14 Federal Funding Set Aside for Disability Infrastructure Support The Mental Retardation Facilities and Community Mental Health Centers Construction Act of 1963 passes. The act sets aside money for developing State Developmental Disabilities Councils, Protection and Advocacy Systems, and University Centers. In 1984 it is renamed the Developmental Disabilities Assistance and Bill of Rights Act. Civil Rights Bill Bypasses Persons with Disabilities The Civil Rights Act is passed. While this act helps end discrimination against African Americans and women in the workplace, it does not make any provision for people with disabilities. Individuals with disabilities still lack opportunities to participate in and be contributing members of society, are denied access to employment, and are discriminated against based on disability. 1963 1965 1968 1964 Wikipedia Robert Weitbrecht shows off his TTY device. He is awarded a doctorate from Gallaudet College in 1974. Baudot Merged with TTY Communication In California, deaf orthodontist Dr. James C. Marsters of Pasadena sends a teletype machine (TTY) to deaf scientist Robert Weitbrecht, asking him to find a way to attach the TTY to the telephone system. Weitbrecht modifies an acoustic coupler, giving birth to “Baudot,” a code that is still used in TTY communication. Medicaid Help for Low-Income and Disabled Title XIX (19) of the Social Security Act creates a cooperative federal/state entitlement program, known as Medicaid, that pays medical costs for certain individuals with disabilities and families with low incomes. First International Special Olympics Games Eunice Kennedy Shriver founds the Special Olympics in 1962 to provide athletic training and competition for persons with intellectual disabilities. The organization grows into an international program enabling more than one million young people and adults to participate in 23 Olympic-type sports events each year. The first International Special Olympics Games are held in Chicago, Illinois in 1968. Wikipedia Opening Ceremonies for the 2003 Special Olympics World Summer Games, Dublin. 15 Educator and Disability Activist Judy Heumann sues the New York City Board of Education when her application for a teaching license is denied. The stated reason is the same originally used to bar her from kindergarten—that her wheelchair is a fire hazard. The suit, settled out of court, launches Heumann’s activism. She later founds the Independent Living movement with Ed Roberts and oversees education and VR programs in the United States during the 1990s. Governor Wallace of Alabama Paralyzed Governor George C. Wallace of Alabama is paralyzed after being shot during a presidential campaign rally in Laurel, Maryland. Public Entities Can’t Discriminate Section 504 of the Rehabilitation Act of 1973 makes it illegal for federal agencies, public universities, and other public institutions receiving any federal funds to discriminate on the basis of disability. Inaugural Convention of People First The first convention for People First is held in Portland, Oregon. People First is a national organization of people with developmental disabilities learning to speak for themselves and supporting each other in doing so. 1968 1970 1973 1972 1974 1970 Uniform Federal Accessibility Standards The Access Board develops and maintains Uniform Federal Accessibility Standards (UFAS), which serve as the basis for enforcing the law. Act Requires Accessible Buildings The Architectural Barriers Act of 1968 mandates the removal of what is perceived to be the most significant obstacle to employment for people with disabilities—the physical design of the buildings and facilities on the job. The act requires that all buildings designed, constructed, altered, or leased with federal funds to be made accessible. Wikipedia Governor Wallace (1919–1998). Detail from photo by NASA, June 9, 1965. Library of Congress 16 Last of “Ugly Laws” Repealed The last “Ugly Law” is repealed in Chicago, Illinois, in 1974. These laws allowed police to arrest and jail people with “apparent” disabilities for no reason other than being disfigured or demonstrating some type of disability. Law Guarantees Free, Appropriate, Public Education for All Disabled Children The Education for Handicapped Children Act of 1975—now called the Individuals with Disabilities Education Act (IDEA)—is signed into law. It guarantees a free, appropriate, public education for all children with disabilities in the least restrictive environment. Staten Island’s Willowbrook State School Finally Shuttered After a five year battle with parents and advocates, New York Governor Hugh Carey signs the Willowbrook consent order, closing down a state institution notorious for its horrible conditions—broken plumbing, not enough doctors or medical supplies, patients living in filthy residences with no clean clothing, to name a few. Governor Carey pledges to relocate patients in community-based settings. Willowbrook remains open until 1978, but forever changes ideas about community-based care for people with developmental disabilities. Deaf Actress Signs On with Sesame Street Deaf actress Linda Bove, graduate of Gallaudet College and veteran of the National Theater for the Deaf, signs a long-term contract to play Linda the librarian on public television’ s Sesame Street. James Earl Jones, a well known actor who has a speechrelated disability, also gets his start on Sesame Street. 1975 1977 1976 Disability Demonstrators Occupy Federal Office Demonstrators led by Judy Heumann take over the Health Education and Welfare (HEW) office in UN Plaza, San Francisco, California, in protest of HEW Secretary Califano’s refusal to complete regulations for Section 504 of the Rehabilitation Act of 1973, which made it illegal for federal agencies, public universities, and other public institutions receiving any federal funds to discriminate on the basis of disability. After 25 days, Califano relents and signs the regulations into effect, making this take-over event the longest occupation of a federal office by protestors in U.S. history. Photo of Joseph A. Califano, Jr., who served as HEW secretary, 1977 to 1979. Wikipedia 17 Disability Activists Protest Inaccessibility of Denver Buses In Denver, Colorado, nineteen members of the Atlantis Community block buses with their wheelchairs— chanting “We will ride!”—to demonstrate against the inaccessibility of public transportation. Organization for Hispanic Children with Disabilities Fiesta Educativa (Education Fest) is formed to address the lack of Spanish-speaking support services to families with disabled children in southern California. National Council on Disability Established The National Council on Disability is established as an advisory board within the Department of Education. Its purpose is to promote policies, programs, practices, and procedures that guarantee equal opportunity for all people with disabilities, regardless of the nature or severity of the disability, and to empower them to achieve economic self-sufficiency, independent living, and inclusion and integration into all aspects of society. 1978 1980 1980 Library of Congress National Council on Disabilities logo Institutions Can’t Hold People Against Their Will The Civil Rights of Institutionalized Persons Act (CRIPA) gives the Department of Justice power to sue state or local institutions that violate the rights of people held against their will, including those residing for care or treatment of mental illness. Diagnostic Criteria for Attention Deficit Disorder The term Attention Deficit Disorder is included for the first time in the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM), published by the American Psychiatric Association (APA). Wikipedia WMATA metrobus (1987), Washington, DC. Photo by Ben Schumin, 2005. 18 Down’s Infant Allowed To Die On April 9, “Baby Doe” is born with Down’s syndrome and an underdeveloped esophagus. Doctors advise the parents not to opt for surgery and to allow him to die. On April 15, the child dies in an incubator. UN Encourages Global Equality and Participation for the Disabled The United Nations General Assembly adopts “The World Program of Action Concerning the Disabled” in 1982 to encourage full participation and equality for people with disabilities around the world. Reich Founds National Organization on Disability Alan A. Reich founds the National Organization on Disability (NOD) in 1982. NOD’s mission is to expand the participation and contribution of Americans with disabilities in all aspects of life and to close the participation gap by raising disability awareness through programs and information. As president of NOD, Reich builds the coalition of disability groups that successfully fight for the inclusion of a statue of President Franklin D. Roosevelt in his wheelchair at the FDR Memorial. Reich is an international leader in the disability community until his death in 2005. ADAPT Campaigns for Transportation Access Americans with Disabilities for Accessible Public Transportation, now known as ADAPT, began its national campaign for lifts on buses and access to public transit for people with disabilities. For seven years ADAPT—under the leadership of Bob Kafka, Stephanie Thomas, and Mike Auberger—blocked buses in cities across the U.S. to demonstrate the need for access to public transit. After the passage of the ADA (and transit measures gained by ADAPT’s hard work), ADAPT began to focus on attendant and community based services, becoming American Disabled for Attendant Programs Today. 1983 1986 Air Carriers Can’t Discriminate Against Disabled The Air Carrier Access Act is implemented, which prohibits discrimination by domestic and foreign air carriers against qualified individuals with physical or mental disabilities. It applies only to air carriers that provide regularly scheduled services for hire to the public. Requirements include boarding assistance and certain accessibility features in newly built aircraft and new or altered airport facilities. 1982 Wikipedia WinAir Airlines Boeing 737-236. Photo by David Mueller in Long Beach, California, 1999. 19 Gallaudet’s “Deaf President Now” Protest Students, faculty, and the community at Gallaudet University in Washington, D.C. organize a weeklong protest on campus demanding the selection of a deaf president for the university. The protest is called “Deaf President Now” and the Dr. I. King Jordan is named. Mandated Accessible Housing in New Projects The Fair Housing Amendments Act of 1988 expands on the Civil Rights Act of 1968 to require that a certain number of accessible housing units be created in all new multi-family housing. The act covers both public and private homes and not only those in receipt of federal funding. Disabled Writer Burns Book In Protest Paul Longmore, noted disability historian, burns a copy of his book in front of the federal building in Los Angeles in protest of work disincentives, which stopped him from receiving payment as an author to keep his medical benefits. Assistive Technology Initiative Technology-Related Assistance for Individuals with Disabilities Act of 1988 is passed. This piece of legislation increases access to, availability of, and funding for assistive technology through state and national initiatives. McAfee Chooses Life, Becomes Advocate Larry McAfee is granted the right, by a Georgia court, to be given a sedative and be taken off a ventilator in order to end his life. He changes his mind and becomes a disability-rights advocate. 1988 1989 Gallaudet University Dr. I. King Jordan speaks to the press. Photo courtesy of the Gallaudet University Archives. Library of Congress Braille portable digital assistant (PDA) device 20 Americans with Disabilities Act Becomes Law The Americans with Disabilities Act (ADA) is signed into law by President George H. W. Bush (R) alongside its “founding father,” Justin Dart. The ADA is considered the most important civil rights law since Title 504 and has cross-disability support, bringing disability-specific organizations, advocates, and supporters all together for the same cause. Sitting alongside Dart and the President were Senators Harkin and Weiker and Congressmen Owens, Coehlo, and Hoyer. Terry Schiavo Suffers Severe Brain Damage Terry Schiavo is severely brain damaged after her heart stops because of a chemical imbalance that is believed to have been brought on by an eating disorder. Court-appointed doctors rule she is in a “persistent vegetative state” with no real consciousness or chance of recovery. Over a decade later, her case will spark much controversy and receive national media attention. 1992 1995 1990 1990 Equal Employment Opportunity Commission Detail from photo showing Justin Dart at the signing of the Americans with Disabilities Act by President Bush, 1990. American Association of People with Disabilities Paul Hearne, a longtime leader in the disability community, achieves his dream of creating a national association to give people with disabilities more consumer power and a stronger public voice, with the creation of the American Association of People with Disabilities. California Hosts First Youth Leadership Forum The first Youth Leadership Forum for youth with disabilities is developed in California by the Governor’s Committee for Employment of Disabled Persons. The U.S. Department of Labor funds other states to develop similar forums. By 2007, youth leadership forums are taking place in 23 states. California Youth Leadership Forum 21 1996 1999 Computer model of AIDS virus (HIV) by Richard Feldmann. Wikipedia Christopher Reeve (1952–2004) discusses the potential benefits of stem cell research at a neuroscience conference at MIT, March 2, 2003. Christopher Reeve Paralyzed in 1995 Christopher Reeve’s horse fails to complete a rail jump at an annual riding competition in Virginia. Reeve is thrown and sustains a severe C1–C2 vertebrae fracture that paralyzes him from the neck down. Best known for his Superman role, after the injury Reeve begins his own battle, searching for a cure to spinal cord injury. Though he dies in 2004 without seeing a cure, he receives both admiration and criticism for his attempts at finding one, leaving a legacy of ongoing research around spinal cord injuries. Accessible Computer and Telecomm Equipment The Telecommunications Act passes and requires that computers, telephones, closed captioning, and many other telecommunication devices and equipment be made accessible. Dentist Must Treat HIV-Positive Patient The Supreme Court, in Bragdon v. Abbott, extends ADA benefits to a woman with HIV who sued a dentist who refused to fill a cavity for fear of getting the disease himself. Persons with HIV/AIDS are considered disabled under the ADA. Disabled Golfer Has Right To Use Cart in PGA A federal judge rules that golfer Casey Martin— the first pro athlete to utilize the ADA to play a competitive sport—does have the right to use a golf cart in the PGA Tour tournaments due to a rare circulatory disorder that severely limits his ability to walk an entire course. Ergonomic split keyboard Soccer League Ordered To Allow Disabled Player In November, a U.S. District Court judge issues an emergency court order telling the Lawton, Oklahoma, Evening Optimist Soccer League to allow Ryan Taylor, a nine-year-old with cerebral palsy, to play in the league. His walker, referred to as a safety hazard by the defendants, is padded during games. 1998 Department of Justice NIAID, NIH Library of Congress Casey Martin, 2000. 22 2000 2004 2000 Benefits Protected for Some Who Return To Work The Ticket to Work and Work Incentives Improvements Act of 1999 (TWWIIA) expands the availability of Medicare and Medicaid so that certain disabled beneficiaries who return to work will not lose their medical benefits—the same issue Paul Longmore protests against back in 1988. Unnecessary Institutionalization Discriminatory In Olmstead v. L.C. the U.S. Supreme Court rules that unnecessary institutionalization of people with disabilities constitutes discrimination and violates the ADA, that individuals have a right to receive benefits in the “most integrated setting appropriate to their needs,” and that failure to find communitybased placements for qualifying people with disabilities is illegal discrimination. Genome Project Maps Human DNA Sequence The Human Genome Project nears completion. President Clinton and leading scientists announce the completion of a “rough draft” of the DNA sequence (linked strands of protein, the “building blocks” of life) for human life. While some advocates are encouraged with the hope of finding cures and medical breakthroughs, others fear an end of “disability” altogether. First Disability Pride Parade in Chicago A coalition of disability rights advocates and organizations holds the first Disability Pride Parade. Organizers expect 500–600 people to attend the event, which is designed to “change the way people think about and define disability, to break down and end the internalized shame among people with disabilities, and to promote the belief in society that disability is a natural and beautiful part of life.” Almost 2,000 attend. Wikipedia A graphical representation of the normal human karyotype, part of the DNA sequencing process undertaken to map of the human genome. Library of Congress Crowd at disability rights gathering. Feminist Response in Disability Activism (F.R.I.D.A.) 23 Tennessee Sued for Inaccessible Courts In 2004, the United States Supreme Court hears Tennessee v. Lane, a case in which individuals sue the state of Tennessee for failing to ensure that courthouses are accessible to people with disabilities. One plaintiff is arrested when he refuses to crawl or be carried up stairs. The state argues that they can not be sued under Title II of the ADA. The Supreme Court decides in favor of people with disabilities, however, ruling that Tennessee can be sued for damages under Title II for failing to provide access to the courts. Funding for Youth Information Centers The Administration for Developmental Disabilities begins to fund Youth Information Centers (YICs). Modeled after Parent Training and Information Centers, YICs are designed to be run by and for youth and emerging leaders with disabilities, promoting a youth-led agenda and providing services within the disability community. Cuts in Tennessee Medicaid Leads to Sit-In Upset by Governor Bredesen’s massive cuts to the state Medicaid System, TennCare, disability advocates in Tennessee begin a sit-in at the Governor’s office that lasts 75 days, replacing the record set in 1977 by the HEW office takeover. Schivao’s Husband Has Right To Let Her Die Terry Schivao’s husband Michael is given the right to remove her feeding tube. Terry dies at the age of 41 after living 15 years in a “persistent vegetative” state. Despite numerous protests by her parents, she dies from dehydration after the feeding tube is removed by court order. The case gains national attention and continues to direct public focus on living wills and other forms of life/estate planning. Schiavo left no written instructions concerning her wishes if she were to ever become so severely disabled. 2005 Wikipedia U.S. Supreme Court building State of Tennessee Phil Bredesen, Governor, State of Tennessee 24 2006 Gallaudet Students Protest New President I. King Jordan resigns from Gallaudet University. Students protest the hiring of his replacement, citing issues such as not being raised using American Sign Language (ASL) and her lack of familiarity with deaf culture. History of Disability Rights Enters Curricula The first bill requiring that students in a K–12 public school system be taught the history of the disability rights movement is passed, largely due to the efforts of 20 young people with disabilities from the state of West Virginia. 50-State Road-To-Freedom Tour The Road-to-Freedom tour kicked off on November 15th. This 50-state bus tour and photographic exhibit chronicles the history of the grassroots “people’s movement” that led to passage of the Americans with Disabilities Act (ADA). Library of Congress Gallaudet University, Washington, DC Sources for some events on this timeline include information excerpted from Project YIELDD (Youth Information, Education and Leadership for Developmental Disabilities); Access Living, Chicago; and Parallels in Time from the Minnesota Developmental Disabilities Council. Images published herein were obtained from the public domain as made available from public sources; are based on free licence use or fair-use rights for educational purposes; or are used by permission under rights-free, royalty-free agreements. Tom Olin STAFF NAME: DISABILITY HISTORY TIMELINE: Discussion Guide for Program Staff This resource and discussion guide is designed to help youth with disabilities and emerging leaders within the disability community learn about the rich history of people with disabilities. Increasing their knowledge of disability history will help them inspire and lead others by telling the diverse stories of the many who have gone before. Starting shortly after the United States was founded, the disabilities timeline features examples of the remarkable diversity, creativity, and leadership that has shaped the disability community up through today. National Consortium on Leadership and Disability for Youth N C L D Youth Note: Although designed for youth and emerging leaders with disabilities, the Disability History Timeline and related activities can be used to educate a broader audience. For example, the materials may be useful for training service providers on the importance of educating youth with disabilities about their history or as an orientation for program staff before working with youth with disabilities. Yoshiko Dart [Page intentionally left blank] Why Study Disability History? Research, conducted by the National Collaborative on Workforce and Disability for Youth in the field of transition, shows that youth with disabilities need exposure to disability history, understanding of disability public policy, and connections to role models and mentors in the disability community. Much of the Disability History Timeline was compiled, reviewed, refined, and chosen by youth and emerging leaders with disabilities. To reflect the diversity of the disability community, they also researched the many different disability populations to include as many as possible. These materials are part of a growing body of work that intends to help individuals working with youth with disabilities become empowered as leaders, and to learn about the rich history of people with disabilities in the United States. These following activity and worksheets were also developed by youth and emerging leaders with disabilities. ACTIVITY: Disability History Timeline Conduct this activity prior to distributing the Disability History Timeline to participants. Use the exercise as a means for introducing the timeline and subsequent worksheets. PURPOSE To give participants a base of knowledge about the history of people with disabilities in the United States, which starts shortly after the nation’s founding up until the present day. Rather than just handing out the timeline, this activity is designed to help apply information in a personal way to promote empowerment of participants. It works best when it’s interactive. TIME 45 minutes for preparation 20 minutes for the introductory activity 30-45 minutes for corrections 30-45 minutes for worksheet discussions Preparation 1. Become familiar with the dates and events depicted in the Disability History Timeline. 2. Decide whether or not you want youth to work individually or within groups. If working individually, use one date per student. If working in groups, staff can assign 3 or 4 events per group. 3. Select a number of specific dates to use in the activity, making sure to include a diverse group of disabilities across a wide spectrum of the timeline. 4. Print out the selected dates, with each date displayed horizontally across a piece of white 8.5” X 11” paper. Under page setup select the landscape option. (See below). 5. Make sure that the dates are printed large enough to be read from the back of the room. (Use a 200-point font size). 6. Print out the events that correspond with the selected dates. Make sure to print each event in a large font size on white paper. Print using the landscape option as well. Note: After conducting multiple trainings and testing out various date/event combinations, you may want to laminate a master set of the selected dates and events to cut printing costs and make the activity easier to repeat. Disability History Timeline DISCUSSION GUIDE 1787 Implementation 1. Post the dates on the wall from left to right, starting with the first date and ending with the last date. 2. Mix up the event cards and distribute them among the participants. Give participants 20 minutes to post event cards on the wall under the dates that best match the events. Facilitation Note: This part usually takes the longest. 1. Give a 5 minute warning, then after the 20 minutes are up, walk through the timeline discussing which events go where. For example, a group guesses that Deaf President Now took place in 1782. Ask, “What about this event made you think it took place then?” Or say, “Well, it actually took place in 1988 and let’s talk about why.” 2. When facilitating this portion be sure to: a. Define concepts and ideas in accessible language (e.g., sheltered workshops, eugenics, sterilization). b. Make the connections between the events described and the models of disability in use at the time, as well as policies that have an impact on people with disabilities. For example, discuss how imbecile changed to mental retardation, then mental retardation changed to developmental disability, and now developmental disability has changed to intellectual disability. 3. After reviewing the timeline and making the necessary corrections (i.e., moving an event from the incorrect date to the correct one), distribute the Disability History Timeline to participants. Suggested introduction: “This is a timeline of your history. It may not be a history you’re familiar with, but it is the history of people with disabilities in the United States starting in 1782 and continuing on until 2006.” 4. Distribute discussion questions—using either Worksheets 1, 2, or 3 or all three—for completion by the participants on their own or to facilitate discussion among all of the participants. DISCUSSION WORKSHEET 1: Processing the Timeline DISCUSSION WORKSHEET 2: Discussion Geometry This activity has been adapted by the National Consortium on Leadership and Disability/Youth from an activity facilitated by the Institute for Educational Leadership. DISCUSSION WORKSHEET 3: Look Into Your Crystal Ball Implementation This exercise can be completed independently using the worksheets or worksheet questions can be used to facilitate discussion in large or small groups with youth and emerging leaders. PROCESSING THE TIMELINE After you’ve had a chance to read some of the different events important in the history of people with disabilities in the Disabilities History Timeline, take some time to do some processing. How does this information impact us, our community, and society? Some people—both those with and without disabilities—think that the events depicted on the Disability History Timeline are only important for people with the types of disabilities listed. As a community, however, it’s important to share each other’s victories and to see them as steps in Disability History Timeline DISCUSSION GUIDE Discussion Worksheet 1 the progress for people with all different types of disabilities. As people with disabilities, our history is important on many levels. Instructions: Select three events you found interesting. After listing the first one, explain/discuss why the event is important to you as a person with a disability. For the second event, explain/discuss why the event is important to the disability community as a whole. For the third event, explain/discuss why it’s important that people without disabilities learn about this event. EVENT 1: Why is this event important to me as a leader? EVENT 2: Why is this event important to the disability community? EVENT 3: How could the non-disabled community benefit by knowing more about this event? NOTES: DISCUSSION GEOMETRY Now that you’ve had a chance to glance through the Disability History Timeline and read about some of the different events important in the history of people with disabilities, it’s time to do some processing. How does the information Disability History Timeline DISCUSSION GUIDE Discussion Worksheet 2 impact us and how do we react to it? Discussion Geometry provides a simple way to do this and helps us organize our ideas and responses to the Disability History Timeline. Just answer the questions below. l CIRCLE What is one idea or event that’s going around and around in your head after reading or discussing the timeline? n SQUARE What is one idea or event that squares (or is similar) to what you already knew? s TRIANGLE What are three things that you’re going to take away from this activity? HEXAGON What idea or event on the timeline made you feel uncomfortable or awkward, and why? LOOK INTO YOUR CRYSTAL BALL You’ve just had a chance to read and learn about a lot of different people and events in the Disability History Timeline that have had an impact on the lives of people with disabilities. Knowing about your past is important when thinking about what you want for your future! Take a moment to think about the future. Disability History Timeline DISCUSSION GUIDE Discussion Worksheet 3 In the space below, write or draw what you want to happen in the future that will improve the lives of people with disabilities. Remember, these are your predictions and goals! Make them about issues important to you. Example: In five years anyone with a disability will live at home with their families instead of in nursing homes! In five years: In ten years: In twenty years: In fifty years: In one hundred years: What are three things you’re going to do to help achieve one of your goals by the time you predicted?

For more information on this, or other products developed by the National Consortium on Leadership and Disability/Youth, please contact Rebecca Cokley at [email protected]. © 2007 by the Institute for Educational Leadership, Inc. This whole document or sections may be reproduced along with the attribution to IEL. ISBN 1-933493-20-8 N C L D Youth This publication was printed with the generous support of the HSC Foundation as part of its Transition Initiative. The National Consortium on Leadership and Disability for Youth (NCLD-Youth) c/o Institute for Educational Leadership 4455 Connecticut Avenue, NW, Suite 310 Washington, DC 20008 Telephone: 202-822-8405 www.ncld-youth.info

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