#qazaq history

[aoawarfare]

The Russian Revolution and the Alash Orda

It’s 1917 and Central Asia is adjusting to a Tsarless reality. To briefly recap, because a lot has already happened and it’s about to get even more complicated:

Russian settlers created the Tashkent Soviet in the city, Tashkent. It is purely Russian managed and was created in response to indigenous organizing.

Various indigenous peoples such as the Jadids, the Ulama, and even the Alash Orda spent all year organizing different organs of government, ending 1917 with the Kokand Autonomy. This is an independent state created in Kokand, a city that neighbors Tashkent, in response to the Tashkent Soviet.

The Bukharan Emir kicked out his Jadids and relied on conservative elements in his society to strengthen his hold on power before Russia returns.

The Khiva Khanate is dependent on a warlord that is planning a coup.

Up to this point, we’ve focused on an Uzbek/Tajik Jadid perspective. Today we’ll be switching focus to the Kazakh and Kyrgyz intellectuals in the Steppe and the creation of the Alash Orda government and the Autonomous Alash state.

Alash Origins

As we discussed in our interview with Dr. Adeeb Khalid, the Muslim world was going through severe soul searching in the 1900s as they tried to understand the rise of European empires and the crumbling foundation of, not just the Ottomans, but Islamic nations in general. This was true in the Kazakh Steppe as well, although for the Kazakh intellectuals, it wasn’t just a question of how does Islam survive, but how do we define Kazakhnessand how do we ensure it survives?

The Kazakh identity crisis was sparked by the land crisis. We’ve talked about this in some of our other episodes, but starting in 1890, Russian settlers streamed into the Kazakh lands, taking important arable land that the nomadic Kazakhs relied on to survive. The Russians performed several exhibitions and surveys in the region between 1890 and 1912 and the Kazakh land grew ever smaller and smaller. Of course, this came to a head in 1916 and by 1917 the Tsar was gone, Russia was in disarray, and the Kazakh peoples had an opportunity to create their own government and address land rights.

Yet, while there was a real threat from Russian incursion, the Kazakhs also took advantage of opportunities the Russian presence offered. Many Kazakhs learned Russian and went to school in Russian run schools as well as local Kazakh schools (as opposed to the madrasa education mandated in places such as Tashkent and Bukhara), they had a long history of trading and even working with Russians, and the Kazakhs were also familiar with the Tatars and even the indigenous people of the Siberian oblast that the Russians relied on to support their colonial administration. And in an odd way the land crisis brought the Kazakhs closer to their Kyrgyz and Bashkir neighbors because they were experiencing the same problem.

This connection with Siberia seems to have provided the Kazakh intellectuals the support they needed to survive Russian persecution and take their ideas and grow it into a full-fledged movement. In fact, there is a great article by Tomohiko Uyama which details how the Russia attempts to banish important Kazakh activities such as Akhmet Baitursynov and Mirjaqip Dulatov to the outskirts of the Steppe (and sometimes in Siberia itself) allowed them to make widespread connection with other activities as well as each other and only fanned the flames of their work.

Akhmet Baitursynov described this time in Kazakh society as being caught between “two fires”: the influence of Muslim culture and the influence of Russian and Western culture. Out of this tension came the Alash, modernizing intellectuals. But even the Kazakh intellectuals couldn’t decide what was the best way to save Kazakhness, so they split into two big-picture groups: the Western-centric modernizers who were the editors for the newspaper Qazaq and the Islamic-centric modernizers who were the editors for the newspaper Aiqap. Some of the most important editors of the Qazaq newspaper was Akhmet Baitursynov, who was editor-in-chief, Alikhan Bokeikhanov, and Myrzhaqyp Dulatov, and they would go forth to become key members of the future Alash state. Some of the most important editors of the Aiqap newspaper were Mukhamedzhan Seralin, Bakhytzhan Qaratev, and Zhikhansha Seidalin.

What was the Alash platform? The two key pillars of their platform were land rights and preserving Kazakh identity.

Akhmet Baitursynov, Alikhan Bokeikhanov, and Myrzhaqyp Dulatov

[Image Description: An image of three Asian men sitting together. The man on the left has short black hair and a droppy mustache. He is wearing glasses and a white shirt, black tie, and black suit. The man in the middle has shaved black hair and a heavy mustache. He is also wearing a white shirt, black tie, and black suit. The man on the right has black hair and thin mustache. he is wearing a white shirt, a black bowtie, and a grey suit.]

Land Rights

We’ll start with land rights, because that is why really differentiates the Steppe from the rest of Central Asia. As we mentioned, the Russians were taking Kazakh land, and making land ownership dependent on one’s sedentary behavior. The Russians also published numerous pieces of propaganda belittling nomadic life. So, the Kazakhs had to determine whether to maintain their nomadic lifestyle or adopt a sedentary lifestyle.

Bokeikhanov, an editor of Qazaq newspaper, argued that the Russians wanted the Kazakh to settle down so they could give even more land (and most certainly the best land) to the Russians while giving the useless land to the Kazakhs and then blaming them for failing. Baitursynov picked up that argument and pointed out that the Kazakhs could not succeed unless they first learned how to farm, but the Russians weren’t interested in that aspect of sedentary life at all. They just pushed the Kazakhs to settle down and worry about the rest later. This could have come out of Russia’s (and the Tatar’s) lack of knowledge of the Kazakh situation but could have also been purposeful ignorance.

Bokeikhanov and Baitursynov argued for a gradual transition to sedentarization due the Steppe’s climatic conditions and lack of agricultural knowledge otherwise they would risk starvation (which Stalin proved in the 1930s). In a series of article, they argued that:

“If we ask what kind of economy is more suitable for Kazakhs-the nomadic or the sedentary-the question is incorrectly posed. A more correct question would be: what kind of economy can be practiced under the climatic conditions of the Kazakh steppe? The latter vary from area to area and mostly are not suitable for agricultural work. Only in some northern provinces do the climatic conditions make it possible to sow and reap. The Kazakhs continue wandering not because they do not want to settle down and farm or prefer nomadism as an easy form of economy. If the climatic conditions had allowed them to do so, they would have settled a long time ago.” - Gulnar Kendirbai, '"We are Children of Alash...", pg. 9

Displaying a better understanding of the science behind climate and agriculture than the Russians or the Soviets that would follow, the editors argued that the climate was the number one factor in nomadism and the Kazakhs could not become sedentary until they learned how to adjust to the demands of the land. Another article argued that sedentarism would lead to failed farming which would lead to wage work which led to great abuses and a higher chance of being converted to Christianity, so the Kazakhs must also learn handicrafts in addition to science. They described the Russian’s disinterested in their arguments as

“One may compare it with the dressing some Kazakh in European fashion and sending him to London, where he would either die or, in the absence of any knowledge and relevant experience, work like a slave. If the government is ashamed of our nomadic way of life, it should give us good lands instead of bad as well as teach us science. Only after that can the government ask Kazakhs to live in cities. If the government is not ashamed of not carrying out all the above-mentioned measures, then the Kazakhs also need not be ashamed of their nomadic way of life. The Kazakhs are wandering not for fun, but in order to graze their animals.” - Gulnar Kendirbai, '"We are Children of Alash...", pg. 10

It should be noted that the Alash did not equate nomadism with Kazakh identity. Instead, they argued that the Kazakhs (and I would argue extend that to the Kyrgyz and Bashkirs) were nomadic for a sensible and scientific reason and if the Russians were truly interested in helping the Kazakhs successfully transition to sedentarism, then they needed to provide the tools otherwise they were setting the Kazakhs up for failure.

Mukhamedzhan Seralin, an editor of the Aiqap newspaper, believed that the sooner the Kazakhs settled down the sooner they could gain a European level education and become competitive in the modern world while increasing the role of Islam in Kazakh society. He argued that:

“We are convinced that the building of settlements and cities, accompanied by a transition to agriculture based on the acceptance of lands by Kazakhs according to the norms of Russian muzhiks, will be more useful than the oppose solution. The consolidation of the Kazakh people on a unified territory will help preserve them as a nation. Otherwise, the nomadic auyls will be scattered and before long lose their fertile land. Then it will be too late for a transition to the sedentary way of life, because by this time all arable lands will have been distributed and occupied.” - Gulnar Kendirbai, '"We are Children of Alash...", pg. 10

The editors of Aiqap argued with the others on the need for greater education, various options for work, etc., but they believed that the Kazakhs could never have these things untilthey became sedentary whereas the editors of Qazap believed that the Kazakhs could not become sedentary until they had those things.

Kazakh identity

This leads to the second pillar in the Alash platform: preserving Kazakh identity.

For the Kazak intellectuals of all stripes, the second most important element of Kazakh society was education and literature. They were worried about the poor education opportunities that centered Kazakhness instead of Russianness, available to Kazakh children. Even after primary school, the Kazakh educational options were limited: either they try to get accepted into a madrassa or go to Russia for further education. The Kazakh intellectuals learned of the new teaching methods the Jadids championed via their southern neighbors as well as the Tatars in the area and used literature to encourage the Kazakh people to focus on schooling.

Akhmet Baitursynov was focused on reforming primary schools and the lack of teaching materials, especially on the Kazakh language. The Qazap newspaper was the only newspaper who wrote in pure Kazakh. Baitursynov answered their detractors as followed:

“Finally, we would like to tell our brothers preferring the literary language: we are very sorry if you do not like the simple Kazakh language of our newspaper. Newspapers are published for the people and must be close to their readers.” - Gulnar Kendirbai, '"We are Children of Alash...", pg. 19

The Kazakh intellectuals resisted the Tatar clergy’s attempts to subsume Kazakh language to the Tatar language, eventually arriving at a compromise. This pressure around language inspired Akhmet Baitursynov to reform the Kazakh language, creating spelling primers, and improving the Kazakh alphabet multiple times. This book was soon used in primary schools. He also published a textbook on the Kazakh language which studied the phonetics, morphology, and syntax of the Kazak language as well as a practical guide to the Kazakh language and a manual of Kazakh literature and literary criticism.

Meanwhile Bokeikhanov focused on creating a unified Kazakh history, believing that “History is a guide to life, pointing out the right way.” Together Bokeikhanov and Baitursynov focused on collecting Kazakh folklore, the history of their cultures and traditions, and shared world history with other Kazakhs through their newspapers. They encouraged Kazakh writers to write down their poems and stories, fearful that they would be lost if Kazakhs stuck purely to an oral tradition.

For intellectuals like Bokeikhanov and Baitursynov, Kazakhness was connected to a cultural identity as opposed to a religious identity. Bokeikhanov supported the idea of separation between religion and state and resisted the Aiqap’s call for introduction to Sharia law. Bokeikhanov believed that they should codify and record Kazakh laws, customs, and regulations to counter corruption and bribery, instead of relying on Sharia law. The Kazakh people had a different relationship to Islam than the other peoples of Central Asia (which may have been why the Russian missionaries were initially confident the Kazakhs would be easiest to convert). While the editors of Aiqap believed that sedentary life would create closer ties to Islam, the editors of the Qazap newspaper believed that Islam was a part of Kazakh society but didn’t equal Kazakh society.

1905 Russian Revolution

We’ve talked quite a bit about what the Alash stood for, but how did this translate into political action? The Kazakhs, like many other Central Asians, were initially excited about the 1905 Revolution, which created a State Duma that “welcomed” Central Asians as members for about two Dumas. When the Kazakhs could participate, they sent Alikhan Bokeikhanov and Mukhamedjan Tynyshpaev.

After the Second Duma, the Kazakhs were no longer permitted to send their own deputies, so they either had to rely on the Tatar deputies of the Muslim Faction of the Russian Duma or find support elsewhere. The Kazakh intellectuals believed that the Tatars had no real knowledge of Kazakh needs and distrusted them. So, they turned to the Russian Constitutional-Democratic Party i.e., the Kadets.

The Kadets sold themselves as an umbrella party that advocated for civil rights, cultural self-determination, and local legislation that would allow for the use of native languages at schools, local courts, administrations, and institutions. Even though the Kadets and the Alash didn’t agree on land rights, they still became allies. The tension between the two parties would not disappear, especially following the 1916 Revolt (which the Alash, like the Jadids, tried to prevent), but they also acknowledged that the Kadets were the only game in town.

1917 Russian Revolution

The 1917 Revolution changed all of that by allowing the indigenous peoples and settlers to create their own forms of government. In April 1917, they would form their own All-Kazakh Congress in Orenburg where they passed a resolution calling for the return of Steppe land to Kazakh peoples, control over local schools, and the expulsion of all new settlers in Kazakh-Kyrgyz territories.

The Alash used 1917 to win local support, focusing on winning the support of the most influential leaders of the local communities and trusting the elders to use tribal affiliations to mobilize the people under the Alash banner. The Kazakh intellectuals dug deep into Kazakh history to unify the people under Alash, the father of all Kazakhs, creating a unified history from creation to modernity. This can be thought of as similar to the Jadids attempts to trace Uzbekness back to Timur.

They also worked with the Provisional Government in Russia, and with the various councils and meetings held by their Jadid counterparts in Turkestan, but ran into great friction because their Tatar, Uzbek, Tajik, etc. counterparts didn’t truly appreciate how important the land issue was for the Kazakhs. They were also wary of the Ulama’s version of a council, wanting to maintain the traditionally limited role of Islam in Kazakh society.

Because of the differences in priorities and the role of Islam, the Alash would go their own way while continuing to support the efforts of other indigenous peoples. They would continue to serve on the various councils and even took part in the creation of the Kokand Autonomy, but knew they needed their own Congresses and their own autonomous state to protect their people and achieve meaningful land reform.

The Kokand Autonomy created three seats for Alash members, believing that two southern Kazakh oblasts would be part of the Kokand Autonomy whereas the Alash wanted a unified Kazakh state. Bokeikhanov explained the Alash’s position as follows:

“Turkestan should first become an autonomy on its own. Some of our Kazakhs argue it would be correct to join the Turkestanis. We have the same religion as the Turkestanis, and we are related to them. Establishing an autonomy means establishing a country. It is not easy to lead a country. If our own Kazakhs leading the country are unfortunate, if we make the argument that Kazakhs are not enlightened, then we can argue that the ignorance and lack of skill among the people of Turkestan is 10 times higher than among Kazakhs. If the Kazakhs join the Turkestani autonomy, it would be like letting a camel and a donkey pull the autonomy wagon. Where are we headed after mounting this wagon?” - Ozgecan Kesici, 'The Alash Movement and the question of Kazakh ethnicity', 1145

The Alash similarly considered joining the Siberian Autonomy movement but broke away once more over the issue of Kazakh autonomy. As Bokeikhanov explained:

“In practice, the autonomy of our Kazakh nation will not be an autonomy of kinship, rather, it will be an autonomy inseparable from its land.” - Ozgecan Kesici, 'The Alash Movement and the question of Kazakh ethnicity', 1146

Failing to find neighbors who would respect their autonomy and facing extreme violence because of the Russian Civil war that was working itself way through Siberia, the Alash would proclaim the creation of the Alash Autonomy during the Second All-Kazakh Congress in December 1917. This would be the first time a Kazakh state existed since the Russian invasion in 1848. This autonomous state would be ruled by the Alash Orda, a government made up of many of the modernizing intellectuals who worked at the Qazap and Aiqap newspapers. Alikhan Bokeikhanov was elected its president. Whatever relief they may have felt at creating a state government must have been quashed by the understanding that civil war was at the Steppe’s door and sooner or rather they would have to choose a side and risk their long fight for autonomy.

References

'Challenging Colonial Power: Kazakh Cadres and Native Strategies' by Gulnar Kendirbai, Inner Asia 2008, Vol 10 No 1

'"We are Children of Alash..." The Kazakh Intelligentsia at the beginning of the 20th century in search of national indeitty and prospects of the cultural survival of the Kazakh people' by Gulnar Kendirbai, Central Asian Survey, 1999, Vol 18 No 1

'The Alash Movement and the question of Kazakh ethnicity' by Ozgecan Kesici, Nationalities Papers, 2017, Vol 45 No 6

'Repression of the Kazakh Intellectuals as a sign of weakness of Russian Imperial Rule'by Tomohiko Uyama Cahiers du Monde russe 2015 Vol 56, No 4

Making Uzbekistan: Nation, Empire, and Revolution in the Early USSR by Adeeb Khalid

Russia and Central Asia: Coexistence, Conquest, Coexistence by Shoshana Keller Published by University of Toronto Press, 2019

#history blog #season 2: central asia #central asian history #central asia #kazakhstan #qazaqstan #qazaq history #kazakh history #alikhan bukeikhanov #Akhmet Baitursynov #Spotify

[istern99]

Almaty historical museum 👍

#almaty #qazaqstan #qazaq #history

[tomirida]

Qazaq-language newspaper "Sotsiyaldı Qazağıstan", written in the Yañalif script. Qazaq SSR, 1937.

#central asia #history #the steppe only seems flat #ussr #the text shows the qazaq ssr's constitution

[unhonestlymirror]

Today's menu is: a vatņik soup

What an interesting three-of-a-kind. Let's look at it closer:

The first photo: a russian artist with an interesting nickname. If you transcribe it on russian Cyrillic and then go back to English, it turns out to be "moscow police." Let me remind you that moscow police is not only participating in killing, raping and torturing Ukrainians, Belaruthians, Qazaqs, Crimean Tatars, and other people who are not "Great Arian Russian", but are also the same people who kill and torture average russians, whom Americans care so much for, as well. Just like in the teract in Krokus City Hall. The moscow police is the organisation that works directly for putin and kremlin. It's like being a German artist during WW2 and having a nickname Schutzstaffel. Although I doubt people in hetalia even know what this word means because they are not interested in studying history, after all.

The more I am here, the more I believe such a kind of artist is just paid by russia to draw this bullshit. And people who share this - yeah, it's about 50-100 of them, but they are all the same faces, every time. Seems like there's an organised community that brings confusion to other people and spreads disgraceful and dangerous ideas about my long-suffering people and land. That's a thing I wish Tumblr staff paid closer attention to. I would not be surprised if the artists who promote russia here actually work for KGB (officially FSB, but it's just the renamed CSS).

"The house which Ivan built" - impressive, very nice. Now, let's see the news from my country:

"Kharkiv, April 4th, a young firefighter cries at the scene of the attack, where russians cynically killed his father, a 52-year-old rescuer, a few minutes ago. On this hellish night, immediately after the first explosions, the father and son and their colleagues immediately left for the place of impact.

Vladyslav and Volodymyr worked next to each other, literally a few houses away from each other. When a powerful explosion rang out, the son immediately understood that it had most likely flown to where his father was."

And these are the remains of a missile. In russian Cyrillic, it is written "for Krokus City Hall". A teract there was organised by.... moscow police! And some ISIS and Hamas representatives, whom moscow police carefully helped to leave the crime scene.

Second art - also russian artist (who could have thought!). They call Belarus (and, apparently, Ukraine... or maybe even all former soviet union states) "Russia's family". Belarus is holding a book "1000 and 1 reason to love the brother". Laughing out loud. Belarus never was russia's sibling, and moreover, it never loved russia. Belarus hates russia more than Lithuanians and Ukrainians hate it altogether. They just can't say it outloud. Yet.

You know? Such kind of art makes Belaruthians feel unsafe. That's why there are so many russians drawing our land and claiming we are their siblings who love them. Belaruthians just avoid anything that makes them feel unsafe. Too many Belaruthians were killed already. Belaruthians and their families are being persecuted all over the world for speaking Belaruthian language, for wearing white-red-white stuff, for making art in Belaruthian language. We feel in danger - and this website, especially this fandom with the tag of our own fucking country, doesn't help us feel safer.

Russians murdered about 60%, if not more, of all the people of Belarus, including Litvaks, especially Litvaks, just during the soviet union. Nowadays, russia doesn't want Belarus to exist either - thus, the russian artists like the fairytale about Belarus loving and wanting to unite with russia.

One day, prorussian propaganda will be condemned the same way we condemn nazis. One day, this becomes true.

Third art - the artist is... no, not russian. Chinese! What a poor dude, I feel nothing but pity, really. "Ivan is terrified" - good! :D Finally, some nice fucking art. /sarcasm. This dude is doing a great job in presenting their country as a country of uneducated idiots. The tendency is concerning.

I wish all the prorussian artists in hetalia "to taste their own medicine". To have nightmares for years. To be scared for your loved ones every single day. To lose hair, weight, and teeth. To not feel safe ANYWHERE. To see your close ones falling into depression and be able to do nothing about it. To lose your home. Your pets. Your plants. Your plans. Your friends. Especially I want this for Hidekaz Himaruya.

#stop russian aggression #support ukraine #genocide of ukrainians #russia is a terrorist state #belarus #ukraine #hetalia #hws belarus #aph belarus #hws ukraine #aph ukraine

[samodivas]

i'm glad you're interested in qazaq names! most of them are dithematic of mixed turkic, arabic + persian origin, and the stress is on the last syllable except for foreign names which i'll mention a bit later. popular elements for girls are ay (moon, turkic), nur (light, persian) & gül (flower, persian), f.ex. aynur (moonlight; fun fact: this is a feminine name in qazaq, but masculine in tatar), aygül (moon+flower), aysuluw (moon+beautiful, both turkic). bek (prince), han (khan), sultan are popular for boys, like aysultan, imanbek. of course we also use religious names like musa, iliyas, and it's not unusual to mix them with the above elements, like nurislam, älihan (äli-ali the caliph). some names can be standalone, like arman (masc, dream) or gauhar (fem, diamond). there are also superstitious feminine names to give parents a son, like ulbolsın (let there be a boy), uldämet (desire a boy), ultuwar (she'll give birth to a boy), ulbala (male child). i actually hate that tradition bc it's basically telling your child you were disappointed in their sex and you wanted someone else :( other superstitious names are names with bad meaning to protect from the evil eye, usually masculine, like kötibar (he has a butt), names with the qul (slave) element (älimqul–scholar+slave), or "traded" children, like tölegen (paid for), satıbaldı (bought), satılğan (sold). a longed for son can be named tilegen (wished for), qudaybergen (the qazaq bogdan basically—we have 3 words for god so there are variants too). there are few unisex names, quanıc (joy) and jeñis (victory) are the first to come to mind, but i can't think of many others. some foreign names are commonish, like elvira, zhanna, albina, while others have a distinct soviet vibe like roza, klara (all feel dated though). marat, damir, & dias, common masculine names, are also of alleged soviet origin—i can see it for the former two, but dias besides the spanish communist has arabic origins (bright) so i'm not as sure about that one. history-inspired names are trendy nowadays, like tomiris & zarina after the saka queens, alan (masc) after the ancient alans. typical qazaq nicknames are formed using the first syllable or letter and adding -äke (æ-KEH) to it, f.ex. maqsat (masc, goal, any other M name) - mäke, jandos (masc, soul+friend, any other J name) - jäke. -jan (soul, persian) is an affectionate suffix, like -ka in slavic languages so to speak, so älim can become älimjan. more russian suffixes also persist, like gulya for gül names. feminine qazaq names don't typically end in -a, so if you see one, it's probably russified (gülnar-gulnara, iñkär-inkara). it used to be more common in soviet times, when russian nicknames were used for qazaq names, f.ex qurmanay (fem, sacrifice+moon) would become katya instead. as for surnames, in soviet times you'd get a slavic suffix (-ev, -ov, -in) but nowadays more and more people remove them, so qanat (masc, wing) tastemirov (rock+iron) becomes qanat tastemir, plus there's the grandfather thing i talked about. parents can choose to give their child a russian or qazaq-style patronymic, like kayratovich/kayratovna (qayrat - will, energy) or qayratulı/qayratqızı. matronymics aren't a thing as far as i'm aware. in official docs we use surname - name - patronymic but outside of that the usual order is name - surname or name - patronymic - surname (or name - patronymic if the patronymic IS the surname!). when addressing a senior (in age or rank) in a russophone environment we use name - patronymic, in a qazaq speaking environment however we use name - mırza (sir) / hanım (ms), f. ex qayrat mırza, gülnar hanım. i tried fitting in everything i could and even then i'm sure i probably forgot something—sorry for the wall of text😵‍💫if you wanna share any bulgarian naming customs i'd love to hear them!

That's super interesting, thank you!

We have some similarities but I'll put them under a cut to make the post more compact on people's dashboards.

The first thing I want to mention is a naming practice, which is relatively new - from the past 30 - 40 years, I believe, maybe just a bit older.

Typically, naming your child after a relative (usually your own parents) is the way it goes. So you have Georgi, his son Ivan, and the grandson is Georgi, and then he names his own son Ivan and so on and so forth. I've seen this which much less common names and my own family has this tradition on nearly every side. The names are cyclical -they come back in a generation or two, grandparents to grandchildren is usually the row.

However, it's increasingly common to "name" your child after someone by using no more than the first letter of their name. Grandma Sevda gets a grandchild named Sonya and the parents tell her "It starts with the letter S for you!"

Personally, I think it's a little bit insulting because it's essentially saying "well, see, grandpa Tzonko (version of Stanko, meaning "stay with me"), your name is just so fucking ugly I could not bear the thought of my child having it, but I wanted to stroke your ego. So meet baby Tzvetan ("flower") because the first letter is all I could tolerate!"

But on the other hand, it lets you be a lot more creative with names. Instead of having your child be Maria the 17th in your family line, they can be something unique that you still feel is connected to the tradition. A girl I know has a similar tradition in her family where they cyclically use the letter V to name the next generation, which is kind of nice because it isn't totally restrictive, like having to name your kid Vasil or Vasilena - they can be anything, like Velichko, Veneta, Venera, Vurban, etc.

Origin of names.

Bulgarian names are also of mixed origin, most commonly Slavic and Greek, often with Hebrew origin if they are biblical, and with occasional Turkic, Arabic, and Persian influence or meaning.

Slavic names tend to have "enchanting" or literal meanings, so they wish for certain characteristics upon the child, such as being "red" (Rumen, Rumyana), "kind/good" (Blaga, Blagoi), "healthy/sturdy/strong" (Zdravko, Zdravka). Snezhana (snow) is likely to be born when there's a lot of snow, Zornitsa (morning star) in the morning, Nedelcho, Nedyalko, and Nedelin ("not-doing"/Sunday) - on a Sunday.

Names of Greek origin are Bulgarized so Dimitrios is Dimitar (endless nicknames: Mitko, Mite, Mitak, Dimo, Dimcho, Dimi, Mityo, etc.) and Georgios is Georgi (nicknames: Gosho, Gogo, Zhoro, Zhore, Gyore, etc, etc.) and sometimes regional variants like Gyurgi or Gyorgi. These names have mostly come into use through religion, so all of them are usually connected to saints and feast days that people celebrate.

Turkic (and Turkish) names are usually avoided because of a lingering distaste for Ottoman rule, but elements like Gül are persistent and it's not too uncommon to find someone Bulgarian named Güla or Gülka.

For Arabic and Persian, the most common and beloved name I can think of right now is Biser (pearl) with the feminine equivalent Biserka. There was a theory that it's one of the only Proto-Bulgarian words (i.e: Turkic or Indo-Iranian origin, depending on which camp your theory is in) but it's much likelier to simply be an Arabic loan that made itself at home.

Christian Bulgarians use translated/Slavicized versions of Biblical names (Ivan and Yoan = John, Yordan = Jordan, Lazar = Lazarus, etc.) and Muslim Bulgarians tend to go for Arabic names from the Quran (Ali, Hassan, Ibrahim, Nebahad, Shaban).

I'm making the distinction that Muslim Bulgarians typically use Arabic names because Muslim Turks in Bulgaria most commonly use Turkish adaptations of Arabic names. It's just a small detail that's been emphasized to me both academically and in the flesh by a religious Muslim Bulgarian before.

The most common historical names are names of Tsars - Simeon, Samuil, Petar, Asen, Kaloyan, Ivan, Aleksandar, and Boris. Also khans, from the beginning of the country's history as a state, with the most popular choices being Asparukh and Krum.

Some foreign names have been replacing Bulgarian ones, so instead of "Elisaveta" you get "Elizabeth" and instead of "Stefan" you get "Steven" (but written in Bulgarian Cyrillic which honestly makes them painful to read like... Стивън just ain't it). Names like Alice and Vivian and others have also been increasingly more common. Personally, I don't like some of them as much as others. And it is 100% a personal bias because I will absolutely judge someone naming their child Kristin instead of Hristina but I won't judge my best friend for doing it with a less basic Western name. (e.g: Vivienne, Carolina, Pascalina)

Pronunciation/stressed syllables.

I feel like this is entirely intuitive and prone to constant change but maybe that's because I pronounce Todor differently every time I say it... I believe the stress depends on the length of a name.

Three syllables or more - stress on the second syllable. e.g: KrisTIna, DiMItar, EvGEniya, AlekSANdar, etc.

Two syllables or less - stress on the first syllable. e.g: KRIsi, MItko, ZHEni, SAsho.

Superstitious names.

The name „Момчил“ (Momchil) is given to a boy that was very wanted, as it basically means "male child" but I'm not sure if girls have ever received „Момчила“ (Momchila), however, there is another type of "enchantment" people used to put on their kids.

Names like Stoyan, Stoil, Stoyko, Stanko, Tzanko, and Tzonko are all names that say "stay with me". Trayan (or Trajan, if you're in the Western Balkans) is also common but it has one more meaning (Slavic origin would say sturdy, withstanding, etc. But the Roman origin is the name of an emperor + likely meaning "the Thracian")

Another common practice in the past was that people who had many daughters (or many children in general) would name the final one "Stiga" (literally the word for "Enough") to prevent future (female?) children from being born.

We've also had superstitious names with bad meanings for protection! (And I admit that Kötibar made me giggle.)

The most common "bad" name would be Grozdan or Grozdanka meaning "ugly" (grozen). But it's appeared more in fairytales than in kindergartens in the past decades. It's also very similar to the word "grozde" which means grapes, so I think it's a name that combines both meanings somewhere in its past.

Unisex names.

There aren't many unisex names left in Bulgarian, if there were many. The most common one would probably be "Tony" - short for feminine and masculine forms of Antonio, Antoanette, Antoan, Anton, etc. But interestingly enough a lot of old-timey male names used to sound a lot more feminine than they do today.

e.g: instead of "Andrey", it was "Andrea"; names like "Dragota" and "Enravota" are also uncommon now. "Nane" is a very colloquial name that I haven't heard used for an actual person but it's like in the English "Tom, Dick, and Harry" type anecdotes. It's also debatable if "Nane" is the vocative case for "Nanyo" or "Nancho" or something else entirely. It's usually a man in the anecdotes but it can easily be from "Nanka", which is feminine.

Most common nicknames just shorten a name to its first two syllables and end with „и“ (-ee), e.g: Hristina = Hrisi, Teodor = Tedi, Viktoria = Viki. For some names, you choose a more comfortable syllable. Antonio = Toni; Aleksandra = Sani, etc. Some names you end with "-sho", like Petar = Pesho, Mihail = Misho, Todor = Tosho, Aleksandar = Sasho, Aleksandra = Sasha, etc. Another common theme is using the first syllable of a name (or nickname) and then repeating it. So Maria becomes Mimi, Bilyana = Bibi, Dilyan = Dido, Dilyana or Diana = Didi, etc.

It's a very rich nickname economy here.

Official names.

Most documents here are NAME - PATRONYMIC - SURNAME, so I was always surprised as a child when TV shows had Americans writing their last name first. I think the only exceptions here are your ID card and passport because those are international documents, but most things you would sign with your name requires all three in their usual order.

It's interesting that Qazaks sometimes use patronymics as a last name because this was also an option during the regime here. Some teachers (and some of my relatives) used to use their patronymics very strictly. I think it has to do with honouring their fathers. I recently spoke to an old lady talking about how strictly she made everyone refer to her as her patronymic because she was proudly her father's daughter.

We usually address each other by first name only but if you want to be formal, you can avoid a name entirely and use "Miss/Mr/Mrs" (we don't have that neutral Ms that English speakers use to not disclose marital status) and use the plural form of the "you" pronoun as a form of respect.

There's definitely more to be said but I think we were thorough enough for an impromptu off-the-top-of-your-head type of explanation 😄

#p: inbox #tomirida #qazak names #qurmanay is so much better than katya though.... truly gorgeous name #bulgarian names #everyone is welcome to add something or correct something if they feel the need

[eruverse]

Primer on the history of Uzbeks and the birth of Uzbekistan and Kazakhstan (headcanon)

Brief history of Uzbek designation

The word Uzbek was first known as the name of a Muslim Khan of Golden Horde, Uzbek Khan, who assumed the throne of the Right Wing of Golden Horde (Western Half; Blue Horde) in 1313 and commanded massive conversion of his population to Islam. Subsequently, his Muslim population and followers were known as Uzbeks according to sources such as Timurid, Mamluk, and Ilkhan texts, and his ulus too became known as Uzbek Ulus. From his reign onwards Islam became the state religion of Golden Horde, and all Khans born after him were Muslim.

This Uzbek term was first used to refer to all of Golden Horde (both Western and Eastern Wings) at least until the reign of Tokhtamysh (ended in 1380), but then it stopped being used for the Western Wing while the Eastern Wing (which comprised of the descendants of Toqay-Temur (including Qazaq-Uzbeks/Kazakhs) and Shibanid Uzbeks (core part of Uzbekistan) would continue to use it.

Golden Horde itself was last united in 1419 by Edigu. After that it remained as a shrunken rump state called Great Horde centered around Sarai, and all other ambitious Chinggisid princes would go on to establish their own polity/khanates such as Kazan Khanate, Crimean Khanate, Astrakhan Khanate, Nogay Horde from the Western Half, and then Abulkhairid polity and Kazakh Khanate on the Eastern half. These new Khanates no longer acknowledged the supremacy of Golden Horde through Great Horde and even were hostile to it at times.

Birth of Uzbek Abulkhairid polity (my headcanon = Uzbekistan)

Abu al-Khair Khan, who was a Shibanid Uzbek (an Uzbek from the line of Shiban, Jochi’s fifth son) was elected Khan of the Eastern Wing/White Horde in 1428 and successfully consolidated most of the nomads there. He even expanded his power beyond Eastern Qipchak steppe (present day Kazakhstan) toward Transoxiana (in today’s Uzbekistan). Consequently, he was said to be the greatest ruler of Golden Horde at that time. In my headcanon, this polity of Abu al-Khair Khan is what would be Uzbekistan in present time, so it was safe to say that Uzbekistan the personification was born the moment, or immediately before, Abulkhair polity was formed.

(I wrote it as a polity not a khanate, because while it was ruled by a Khan I saw no evidence of it being actually named a khanate, unlike say, Kazakh Khanate.)

Unfortunately, the strong Abulkhairid polity was short lived due to severe attacks by Oirats, and Abu al-Khair Khan met his death in 1468. His successor Shaikh Haidar was also killed, which resulted in the polity’s disintegration and the scattering of Abulkhairids/Shibanid Uzbeks throughout the steppe and beyond on a struggle to consolidate another (Shibanid) Uzbek state.

Abu al-Khair Khan was also unfortunately oppressive toward his subjects which bred resentment among other princes, notably Janibek Khan and Giray Khan (also spelled Kerei) who descended from Jochi’s thirteenth son Toqay-Temur. The two princes then fled the Abulkhairids, amassed followers and became known as Qazaq-Uzbeks or Uzbeks who became political rebel vagabonds away from their former group and having to resort to plundering in fringe remote areas. These Qazaq-Uzbeks would then found Kazakh Khanate in 1465 and removed the word ‘Uzbek’ from their designation so that they were only Qazaq (Kazakh). The personification of Kazakhstan was born the moment, or immediately before, Kazakh Khanate was founded.

The Qazaq-Uzbeks/Kazakhs were involved in a rivalry with Abulkhairids/Shibanid Uzbeks, led by Muhammad Shibani Khan and Mahmud Sultan who were grandsons of Abu al-Khair Khan, over dominance in the Eastern part of Kipchaq steppe. As it happened, the Kazakhs would successfully drive out Shibanid Uzbeks from the steppe, forcing the latter to settle around Syr Darya region. The Shibanid Uzbeks would then conquer territories from weakening Timurid Empire such as Samarkand, Bukhara and Khorezm, along with Tashkent and Ferghana from the Moghuls, establishing Khanate of Bukhara in 1500. From then on they would mingle with the local Persianized population and eventually became fully sedentary much earlier than the Kazakhs. Khanate of Bukhara existed until 1785 and became Emirate of Bukhara.

Some clarification:

Why didn’t I mark the birth of the personification of Uzbekistan during the reign of Uzbek Khan, since the word Uzbek already existed by then? I feel it wouldn’t be apt since Uzbeks during this period also comprised of people who had nothing to do with the current Uzbekistan.

Why didn’t I mark the birth of the personification of Uzbekistan on the birth of longstanding Bukharan Khanate but on the short lived Abulkhairid polity? Khanate of Bukhara was after all much more similar to today’s Uzbekistan than fully nomadic Abulkhairid’s polity was. It rather makes sense to match the birth of Uzbekistan the personification with the birth of Bukharan Khanate, but I think if I did I would end up leaving out much of the Shibanid Uzbeks’ history of rivalry with the Kazakhs, when said history was paramount to the formation of Kazakh Khanate and the journey of Uzbeks themselves. Khanate of Bukhara also, after all, was a means to continue Abulkhairid dynasty, so it would make sense to make the personification of Uzbekistan already existed since Abu al-Khair Khan assumed the throne.

Anyway a diagram:

#hetalia #oc kazakhstan #oc uzbekistan #hws kazakhstan #hws uzbekistan #aph kazakhstan #aph uzbekistan #historical hetalia #my headcanon #my writing #my references

[mx-smileo]

hey, as a qazaq person i just wanna point out your "it don't bite" comic perpetuates colonial ideas of "wild" lands to be tamed and dealt with. you probably didn't know, but please be careful about potentially spreading russian propaganda, especially with russia's history of dismissing its peripheries' sovereignty.

Hello!

I see how this could've come off as offensive or slightly targeting, but a disclaimer for any of my comics: none of them have any political or historical links, and I am in no way trying to spread propaganda or any sort of misinformation on matters like this!!

I dont feel like you need much of an explanation- because if you dug any deeper into my profile, you are able to see basically all of my posts are satire and in no way link to sensitive topics in a rude or bias way.

My countryhumans alternate universe has no link to the reality and war.

Have a nice day, and I apologise for the miscommunication! ^^

#answered asks #countryhumans #country #sorry again QwQ

[cyberbenb]

genia and azamat. qazaqs, we see you

DISCLAIMER. This is a public version of the podcast. Our Patreon family⁠⁠ gets the episodes much earlier, packaged with lots of bonus and backstage content. 

s3e9 (season finale): The triumph of colonialism is not just about the size of the conquered lands or looted wealth. It is about the success of identity confusion among the colonized people. People who do not know who they are, do not speak their own language, who look down on their own culture and feel embarrassed about their own roots. Ukrainians are not the only nation that can tell you a lot about the violence of Russian colonial assimilation. But the daily sacrifices of Ukrainians fighting off the empire inspire other survivor nations to speak up. For a very special and moving season three finale, we bring Qazaq democracy activist Yevgeniya Plakhina and Qazaq thinker Azamat Junisbai for an episode where we celebrate Qazaq culture, history and Ukrainian-Qazaq solidarity in a defiance to Russia that tried but failed to erase us.

The tracklist for this episode includes:

Vesna by DakhaBrakha

Щастя by Марія Квітка

Кохала by Марія Квітка

Qaishy (feat. Krechet) by dudeontheguitar

Отбасы by G.H.A.D. Bari Biled by Ninety One

Közimdi Aşam (feat. Steppe Sons) by jeltoksan.

Байқа by Қайрат Нұртас

Check out our Patreon for the multimedia lists to decolonize your knowledge about Qazaq culture, history and identity, curated by Yevgeniya Plakhina and Azamat Junisbai for the #UkrainianSpaces family.

Also:

SUPPORT: #UkrainianSpaces is a 100% independent, volunteer, and listener-supported initiative. Please, ensure we can amplify more Ukrainian voices and decolonize more Ukraine conversations — ⁠⁠become our Patreon sponsor or bring a friend if you already are (a free trial is available.) 

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Send in a voice message: podcasters.spotify.com/pod/show/… Support this podcast: https://podcasters.spotify.com/pod/show/ukrainianspaces/support

[gwendolynlerman]

Languages of the world

Kazakh (қазақша/Qazaq/قازاقشا‎)

Basic facts

Number of native speakers: 13.2 million

Official language: Kazakhstan; Altai Republic (Russia), Ili Kazakh Autonomous Prefecture, Barköl Kazakh Autonomous County, Mori Kazakh Autonomous County, Aksay Kazakh Autonomous County (China)

Also spoken: Afghanistan, Iran, Mongolia, Tajikistan, Turkey, Turkmenistan, Ukraine, Uzbekistan

Script: Cyrillic, 42 letters/Latin, 36 letters/Arabic, 36 letters

Grammatical cases: 7

Linguistic typology: agglutinative, SOV

Language family: Turkic, Common Turkic, Kipchal, Kipchak-Nogai

Number of dialects: 3 groups

History

19th century - first written evidence

1917 - the Arabic script is reintroduced

1927 - ban on the Arabic script and imposition of the Latin alphabet

1940 - the Cyrillic alphabet replaces the Latin one

2017 - beginning of the switch to the Latin alphabet

Writing system and pronunciation

These are the letters that make up the Cyrillic script: а ә б в г ғ д е ё ж з и й к қ л м н ң о ө п р с т у ұ ү ф х һ ц ч ш щ ъ ы і ь э ю я.

These are the letters that make up the Latin script: a ä b ç d e f g ğ h i ı y j k q l m n ñ o ö p r s ş t u ü v w z.

These are the letters that make up the Arabic script: ا‎ ٵ ب ۆ‎‎ گ ع د ە يو ج ز ي ك ق ل م ن ڭ و ٶ پ ر س ت ۋ ۇ ٷ ف ح ھ چ ش شش ى ٸ يۋ يا ٴ لا.

Kazakh is characterized by vowel harmony. Stress usually occurs in the last syllable.

Grammar

Nouns have two numbers (singular and plural) and seven cases (nominative, genitive, dative, accusative, locative, ablative, and instrumental).

No gender is distinguished in third-person personal pronouns. There is no definite article.

Verbs are conjugated for tense, mood, aspect, voice, person, and number. The marking of evidentiality is also required.

Dialects

There are three dialect groups: Northeastern, Southern, and Western. Northeastern Kazakh provides the basis for the standard language. All dialects are mutually intelligible.

#langblr #kazakh #lingblr

[cawamedia]

Almaty, formerly known as Alma-Ata, is the largest city in Kazakhstan, with a population of around 2,040,000 people, about 11% of the country’s total population and more than 2,7 million in its built-up area that encompasses Talgar, Boraldai, Otegen Batyr and many other suburbs. It served as capital of the Kazakh state in its various forms from 1929 to 1997, under the influence of the then Soviet Union and its appointees. In 1997, the government relocated the capital to Astana (today known as “Nur-Sultan” as of 23 March 2019) in the north of the country and about 12 hours away by train.

Almaty continues as the major commercial and cultural centre of Kazakhstan, as well as its most populous and most cosmopolitan city. The city is located in the mountainous area of southern Kazakhstan in the foothills of the Trans-Ili Alatau at an elevation of 700–900 m (2,300–3,000 feet), where the Large and Small Almatinka rivers run into the plain.

The city has been part of the UNESCO Creative Cities Network in the area of music since November 2017. The name Almaty has its roots in the medieval settlement Almatu, that existed near the present-day city. A disputed theory holds that the name is derived from the Kazakh word for ‘apple’ (алма), and is often translated as “full of apples”. Originally it was Almatau which means Apple Mountain. The Russian version of the name was Alma-Ata (Kaz. Father of Apples). Since gaining its independence from the Soviet Union, the use of the Kazakh Almaty is accepted.

Double Tree Hilton Almaty Recommended hotel accommodation DoubleTree by Hilton Almaty is a bright and modern hotel in the foothills of the Trans-Ili Alatau mountains, just a 5-minute walk to Baikonur Metro Station, Almaty Central Stadium and Kazakh State Circus. Discover local artists’ works at the bustling Arbat Market or see shows at the Abay Kazakh State Academic Theatre of Opera and Ballet, all 6 minutes away. We’re also 10 minutes from the Botanical Garden, Green Bazaar and Central State Museum of Kazakhstan.

Multimediacenter of Traditional Music Traditional music school of Zhetysu – One of the traditional Kazakh musical school of Kui and zhyr came from the Zhetysu region. The authors such as Kebekbay, Nogaybay, Kenen, Kapez are representatives of this school. Founders of “School of Zhetysu zhyrau art” Kaban, Suyinbay, Zhambyl and Umbetali had a vital influence on the formation of poetry and zhyr. Uniqueness of “School of Zhentysu kui art” is it’s antiquity. All kui compositions are based on the events from the Kazakh history. The composers such as Bayserke, Kozheke, Mergenbay, Erdeneuly, Tilendi Atabaiuly, had made big contribution to the school of kui.

National craft center Qazag Oner Qazaq-Oner is a center of artisans with the purpose of development of external and inner tourism. This is a kazakhstani first unique project that develop and promote the national-applied arts of our nation. Qazaq-Oner artisan center is including training, production, shopping, cultural and historical and entertainments. Our guests can spend their time useful and interesting.

State Museum of Arts of Republic of Kazakhstan In January 1984 the museum was named after People’s Artist of the Kazakh SSR A. Kasteyev (1904-1973). Abilkhan Kasteev was a Kazakhstani painter. He was highly decorated, winning the National Artist of Kazakh SSR, and The Laureate of the Chokan Valikhanov State Premium of the Kazakh SSR. He was awarded the Order of October Revolution, and two Orders of Labour Red Flag. Kasteev was born in a small village in Taldykorgan Region and studied at the Nadezhda Krupskaya art studio in Almaty. He painted more than a thousand paintings in oil and water-colours. Some of his works are on display in the State Tretyakov Gallery, in the State Museum of East Nations Art, in the Central Museum of USSR Revolution by Lenin Order in Moscow, and in the State Museum of Fine Arts of Kazakhstan. Currently, the A. Kasteyev State Museum of Arts of the Republic of Kazakhstan is the largest art museum and the country’s leading research, cultural and educational center in the field of fine arts. Rich, diverse, precious collection gives a vivid picture of the artistic culture of Kazakhstan, Europe and Asia, the masters of past ages and the present time. Number of exhibits of the main fund of the museum is more than 25 000 units.

Cablecar to Kok-tobe Hill The hill the TV mast stands on, is the highest point of the city in Almaty at 1100 metres and the mast itself is 350 meters tall, and built in stainless steel (No heavy concrete).  The viewpoint from Kok-tobe is well worth a visit with the panoramic views of the city in all directions. A cable car ride is a really very good way to the top of Kok-tobe Hill, and see the view of surrounding mountains, the start of which is located close to the Hotel Kazakhstan. The cable car goes over some of the oldest parts of Almaty. On the top you find a nice souvenir shop and a wonderful statue of the Beatles.

Navat restaurant lunch. NAVAT – a vivid example of the legendary Eastern cultures meeting and receiving respected guests. NAVAT is an oasis for lovers of oriental cuisine among the noise and bustle of the city.

Alasha restaurant dinner with Kazakh Beshbarmak basically means “five fingers” in Kazakhstan.  It is probably the most popular dish in the land. The name five fingers is what is required to enjoy it, all five of them.  Typically this dish is made with either horse meat or mutton.  Beef is sometimes used but the others are much more common.  In fact horse meat is so common in Kazakhstan that Olympians had to beg the Olympic committee to allow them to bring it the games so that they could maintain their normal diet. Needless to say, you can certainly enjoy this dish made with beef or lamb and be authentic.  This dish is almost always served on a large platter to be enjoyed by guests on a Darsakstan (either a low table or clear cloth over a rug, on the floor) .  Be sure to use all five fingers, it is a real treat and fun to do.  This is also almost always served with a bowl of the broth on the side called shorpa.  See https://www.internationalcuisine.com/kazakh-shorpa/ for the the proper way to serve it.  Also if you don’t have the time to make the noodles from scratch, you can use lasagna noodles as a fine substitute.  A delicious main dish from Kazakhstan.

    Almaty – the largest city in Kazakhstan Almaty, formerly known as Alma-Ata, is the largest city in Kazakhstan, with a population of around 2,040,000 people, about 11% of the country's total population and more than 2,7 million in its built-up area that encompasses Talgar, Boraldai, Otegen Batyr and many other suburbs.

[sotina886]

发生的一切始料未及，家人仍处骚乱中心

“发生在祖国的一切让人始料未及，我们本以为国家十分富强稳定。”来自哈萨克斯坦塔尔迪库尔干的载娜女士告诉澎湃新闻。她目前在俄罗斯定居和工作，但家人仍处于骚乱中心。

塔尔迪库尔干是阿拉木图州首府，为哈萨克斯坦首任总统纳扎尔巴耶夫的家乡，也是本轮哈全国骚乱最严重的地区之一。在网络上流传视频中，那尊被示威者推倒的纳扎尔巴耶夫雕像正在此地。

自2022年新年以来，由于液化气价格迅速上涨，该国曼格斯套州首先暴发民众抗议。经过几日发酵，示威者的社会经济诉求已被掺入政治诉求，并蔓延至全国。5日，哈萨克斯坦总统托卡耶夫宣布全国进入紧急状态。

无论是在哈萨克斯坦内部还是外部，这场抗议活动演变成暴力骚乱的速度都让许多人感到意外。一些示威者将矛头对准已经下台的纳扎尔巴耶夫，指其“垂帘听政”。作为让步姿态，在满足民众降低气价的诉求之后，托卡耶夫5日又宣布从纳扎尔巴耶夫手中接管安全委员会（Security council）。

对于哈萨克斯坦的现状，现年20岁的哈萨克斯坦学生努尔兰在接受澎湃新闻采访时表示，“虽然哈萨克斯坦是中亚最富裕的国家，人民却依然贫穷。”

全国抗议迅速暴力化

当地时间1月6日，哈萨克斯坦大规模抗议持续，各大城市的示威活动逐渐升级为骚乱和对政府大楼的袭击。

在哈最大城市阿拉木图，当地国际机场5日一度被40余名反政府人员控制，导致航班被迫取消，政府直至6日凌晨才恢复对机场的控制。阿拉木图警方6日表示，5日夜间，有人企图袭击和警局大楼，数十名暴徒被击毙，极端分子还洗劫了数百家企业。

阿拉木图平暴指挥部6日发布的消息称，在该市的暴乱中已有12名执法人员死亡，另有353名执法人员受伤。当地已开始名为＂以和平的名义＂的反恐特别行动，该国电视台6日紧急插播通报称，阿拉木图正在进行反恐作战，建议居民在安全地点躲避。

载娜称，她的亲友正在家中躲避乱局，他们无法出门，也不会选择此时走上街头。她说：“这些天的新闻对我和我的家人朋友来说，都令人讶异。哈萨克斯坦过去一直是那么的平静。”

哈萨克斯坦外交部在6日发表的公开声明中称，阿拉木图发生的袭击事件，包括对行政办公室和军事基地的袭击、占领机场以及劫持外国客机和货机，都证明肇事者处于高度筹备和协调好的状态，“哈萨克斯坦正面临在国外受训的恐怖组织的武装侵略。”

6日凌晨，托卡耶夫宣布在哈国内组织骚乱的团伙是在国外受训的，他们正在试图占领阿拉木图的重要设施，包括军火库。哈萨克斯坦请求集体安全条约组织（简称“集安组织”）成员国帮助应对“恐怖主义威胁”。

集安组织是一个政府间的军事联盟，成员国包括亚美尼亚、白俄罗斯、哈萨克斯坦、吉尔吉斯斯坦、哈萨克斯坦和俄罗斯。现任集安组织安全理事会主席、亚美尼亚总理帕希尼扬6日在社交媒体上表示，该组织已决定向哈萨克斯坦派遣维和部队。

纳扎尔巴耶夫疑成抗议目标

在哈萨克斯坦的街头抗议中，人群不时高呼“Shal， ket.”（“祖父，走开。”），意指反对纳扎尔巴耶夫继续掌控国家。

纳扎尔巴耶夫曾在苏联时期担任哈萨克共产党第一书记，在哈萨克斯坦1991年12月独立后即任总统，直至他2019年3月19日宣布辞去总统职务，并将总统之位移交给托卡耶夫。英媒刊文指出，托卡耶夫是纳扎尔巴耶夫精心挑选的继任者。

2020年5月2日，纳扎尔巴耶夫女儿达丽嘉·纳扎尔巴耶娃也退出了权力中心，托卡耶夫签署命令解除其议会上院议长职位，但没有提及原因。当时外界猜测称，纳扎尔巴耶娃的去职很可能跟她牵扯的财务丑闻有关。

那段时间，纳扎尔巴耶夫的外孙、纳扎尔巴耶娃的长子艾苏坦在英国伦敦爆料说，其手中握有哈萨克斯坦政府大规模腐败的信息，母亲与继父从哈萨克斯坦人民那里盗走了数十亿美元。3个月后，1990年出生的艾苏坦在伦敦因心脏骤停去世。

这不是纳扎尔巴耶夫的家人首次传出贪腐丑闻。在好莱坞导演奥利弗·斯通为纳扎尔巴耶夫拍摄的长达8小时的纪录片《哈萨克，金人的历史》（Qazaq： History of the Golden Man）中，纳扎尔巴耶夫谈到前女婿阿利耶夫的腐败案时坦言，自己的错误任命给国家金融造成了巨大损失，而他也“亲手将三个外孙的父亲送进监狱”。

2021年4月，纳扎尔巴耶夫宣布决定辞去哈萨克斯坦人民大会主席职务，将权力移交给托卡耶夫，但仍担任该机构名誉主席。2021年11月，在祖国之光党委员会扩大会议上，纳扎尔巴耶夫决定将党主席职位移交给托卡耶夫，强调该党应由国家总统领导。

外界一直认为，哈萨克斯坦已经在过去三年中平稳地实现了权力过渡，只不过为国家掌舵近三十年的纳扎尔巴耶夫仍在哈萨克斯坦政坛保持着强大影响力。2022年暴发的抗议显示，一部分民意显然被低估了。

“这个国家的统治者都是纳扎尔巴耶夫的亲戚和他的人，没有其他。”努尔兰声称，他正在阿特劳州首府阿特劳参加抗议，他所认识的同学朋友也都上街了，“在我看来，托卡耶夫只是纳扎尔巴耶夫制度的维系者。”

努尔兰对现政府心存不满，但他说不出自己究竟支持哪个反对派政党或抗议领袖，正如哈萨克斯坦官方所称，本轮全国抗议并没有明确的领导者。在哈萨克斯坦，成熟且有足够影响力的反对派并不存在。

为安抚民意，托卡耶夫在1月5日向全国发表的电视讲话中宣布，他将接管安全委员会，但没有直接提到纳扎尔巴耶夫。几天来，纳扎尔巴耶夫一直没有公开露面或发声。

气价何以成为“最后一根稻草”

人口近1900万的哈萨克斯坦作为石油和天然气出口国，能源丰富，民众却因为油气价格暴涨游行，不乏讽刺意味。

哈经济在中亚居主导地位，占中亚区域生产总值的60%。2021年前9个月，哈GDP增速达3.5%，基本恢复至新冠疫情前水平。其人均GDP达2.7万美元，储备超过350亿美元，为中亚最富国家。

但哈Finprom.kz网站2021年4月的研究数据称，哈收入低于最低生活水平的居民占比已超过20％。哈政府2020年第四季度的统计数据显示，收入低于最低生活水平的家庭数量在一年内增加了12％，为14.06万户家庭（85.85万人）。与此同时，哈成为了全球富有人群增长最快的十个国家之一。

贫富差距在不同地区表现明显。尽管哈西部产油气，但西部地区人民的生活质量普遍被认为低于首都努尔苏丹和大城市阿拉木图居民。西部地区道路交通不便，公共设施破旧，且食品价格由于交通运输不便甚至高于富裕城市。

这一次，液化气价格暴涨最终引发了西部地区民众的愤怒。在抗议者的诉求被政治化之前，始自曼格斯套州的游行目的十分明确，主要为降低气价，让民众能够开得起车。

按照哈萨克斯坦2019年以来的能源市场化规划，政府一直计划最终实现通过电子交易平台进行液化气交易，并在2022年第一天完成过渡，其目的是逐步消除对国内燃料消费者的价格补贴，恢复由市场秩序来决定价格的机制。

这一政策导致对液化气需求量大的地区用气成本急剧上升，其中就包括曼格斯套州。几天之内，当地加油站的气价从每升60坚戈（0.14美元）涨到120坚戈（0.28美元），而该地区70%至90%的车辆以液化气为燃料。

1月3日，面对民众抗议，曼格斯套州政府首次让步，宣布液化气新价格定在每升85至90坚戈，但未获民众认可。4日，根据该州政府与抗议者谈判的结果，液化气价格降至每升50坚戈。然而，抗议者仍要求与托卡耶夫对话，并提出更多政治诉求。

值得注意的是，此时抗议已经变味。在阿拉木图等几个主要城市，抗议者与安全部队发生冲突，多辆警车被放火烧毁、砸毁，哈安全部队使用眩晕手榴弹和催泪瓦斯予以回击。

托卡耶夫1月5日宣布已接受总理马明领导的内阁辞职，由第一副总理斯迈洛夫作为代理总理重新组阁，并恢复对液化石油气的价格管制。

5日晚些时候，托卡耶夫再次承诺，事态平息后，政府将推出一系列新提案，回应民众的呼声。“每个政府在管理上都难免犯错误，这是民众不满的来源，也是托卡耶夫让政府辞职的原因。”载娜说道。

[tomirida]

Today is May 31, remembrance day for victims of repressions and acarcılıq, the famines of 1920-1921 and 1931-1933. The former saw a million Qazaqs perish, and the latter between 1.3 to 1.5 million. By 1939, Qazaqs had lost more than a quarter of their population in a decade.

Moreover, Qazaqstan had lost most of its intelligentsia due to political repressions. A short list under the link.

• Äliyhan Bökeyhan (1866-1937) — leader of the Alac Party and editor of the Qazaq newspaper, which ran from 1913 until 1918. He stood for an independent and democratic Qazaq state. In 1917, he was elected president of the newly-formed Alac Autonomy, but the republic was crushed in 1920 by the Bolsheviks. In 1937 he was arrested and executed in Moscow.

Bökeyhan in 1935 and 1937.

• Ahmet Baytursınulı (1872-1937) — linguist and author of the reformed Arabic alphabet called töte jazıw, which adapted the writing system to be more accessible and accounting for the Qazaq language's unique features. He is also responsible for coining new terms for Qazaq grammar and literature. In 1937 he was accused of being an "enemy of the people" and was shot by a firing squad.

A. Baytursınulı in 1913.

Mirjaqıp Dulatulı (1885-1935) — poet and writer, author of the poem Oyan, Qazaq! (Wake up, Qazaq!) and the first Qazaq novel Baqıtsız Jamal (Unhappy Jamal), which brings to light the sad fate of women in patriarchal Qazaq society. The lines of Oyan, Qazaq! go thus:

Open your eyes; wake up, Qazaq; raise your head,

Don't waste your years in the darkness.

When the land is lost, faith corrupted, and the situation's getting worse,

My dear, there's no time to rest.

Oyan, Qazaq! has become a slogan for a free Qazaqstan in modern times.

M. Dulatulı in 1916.

In 1928 he was accused of "Qazaq nationalism" and was arrested. He spent two years in Butyrka prison, then was transferred to Solovki prison camp. He died in Sosnovka in 1935.

Turar Rısqulov (1894-1938) — chairman of the Central Electoral Committee of the Turkestan ASSR, founder of the "Bukhara" society, and participant in the 1916 Central Asian revolt. He supported the agency of indigenous Turkic peoples, viewing revolution along national lines as a fight against colonial exploitation and settler violence. He was charged with Pan-Turkism and was executed in 1938.

Portrait of T. Rısqulov.

İliyas Jansügirov (1894-1938) — poet, writer, and translator. He's the author of the famous poem Qulager about the death of Aqın-Seri's beloved horse; he also translated countless works of Pushkin, Gorky, Mayakovsky, Hugo, Heine, and other foreign classics. He was executed without trial in 1938.

İ. Jansügirov, presumably in the 1920s.

There were many more bright people who were imprisoned and executed by the Soviet regime, such as writers Mağjan Jumabay, Säken Seyfullin, Beyimbet Maylin; doctor Sanjar Asfendiyarov, linguists Qudaybergen Jubanov, Teljan Conanov, Näzir Törequlov.

The forced settlement of nomads led to Qazaqs being ripped away from their traditional life and culture, the mass repressions of the intelligentsia silenced people's voices. This day is as important as ever in light of the situation in Qazaqstan, where the government still imprisons journalists and activists; where the 200+ people killed during Bloody January and their families still haven't seen justice; and where, in the world, Russia denies Qazaqstan's history and territorial integrity, and still dreams of rebuilding the Russian Empire.

#the steppe only seems flat #central asia #söz #history #ussr

[keensweetsnerd]

哈萨克斯坦民众：发生的一切始料未及，家人仍处骚乱中心“发生在祖国的一切让人始料未及，我们本以为国家十分富强稳定。”来自哈萨克斯坦塔尔迪库尔干的载娜女士告诉澎湃新闻。她目前在俄罗斯定居和工作，但家人仍处于骚乱中心。塔尔迪库尔干是阿拉木图州首府，为哈萨克斯坦首任总统纳扎尔巴耶夫的家乡，也是本轮哈全国骚乱最严重的地区之一。在网络上流传视频中，那尊被示威者推倒的纳扎尔巴耶夫雕像正在此地。自2022年新年以来，由于液化气价格迅速上涨，该国曼格斯套州首先暴发民众抗议。经过几日发酵，示威者的社会经济诉求已被掺入政治诉求，并蔓延至全国。5日，哈萨克斯坦总统托卡耶夫宣布全国进入紧急状态。无论是在哈萨克斯坦内部还是外部，这场抗议活动演变成暴力骚乱的速度都让许多人感到意外。一些示威者将矛头对准已经下台的纳扎尔巴耶夫，指其“垂帘听政”。作为让步姿态，在满足民众降低气价的诉求之后，托卡耶夫5日又宣布从纳扎尔巴耶夫手中接管安全委员会（Security council）。对于哈萨克斯坦的现状，现年20岁的哈萨克斯坦学生努尔兰在接受澎湃新闻采访时表示，“虽然哈萨克斯坦是中亚最富裕的国家，人民却依然贫穷。”全国抗议迅速暴力化当地时间1月6日，哈萨克斯坦大规模抗议持续，各大城市的示威活动逐渐升级为骚乱和对政府大楼的袭击。在哈最大城市阿拉木图，当地国际机场5日一度被40余名反政府人员控制，导致航班被迫取消，政府直至6日凌晨才恢复对机场的控制。阿拉木图警方6日表示，5日夜间，有人企图袭击和警局大楼，数十名暴徒被击毙，极端分子还洗劫了数百家企业。阿拉木图平暴指挥部6日发布的消息称，在该市的暴乱中已有12名执法人员死亡，另有353名执法人员受伤。当地已开始名为＂以和平的名义＂的反恐特别行动，该国电视台6日紧急插播通报称，阿拉木图正在进行反恐作战，建议居民在安全地点躲避。载娜称，她的亲友正在家中躲避乱局，他们无法出门，也不会选择此时走上街头。她说：“这些天的新闻对我和我的家人朋友来说，都令人讶异。哈萨克斯坦过去一直是那么的平静。”哈萨克斯坦外交部在6日发表的公开声明中称，阿拉木图发生的袭击事件，包括对行政办公室和军事基地的袭击、占领机场以及劫持外国客机和货机，都证明肇事者处于高度筹备和协调好的状态，“哈萨克斯坦正面临在国外受训的恐怖组织的武装侵略。”6日凌晨，托卡耶夫宣布在哈国内组织骚乱的团伙是在国外受训的，他们正在试图占领阿拉木图的重要设施，包括军火库。哈萨克斯坦请求集体安全条约组织（简称“集安组织”）成员国帮助应对“恐怖主义威胁”。集安组织是一个政府间的军事联盟，成员国包括亚美尼亚、白俄罗斯、哈萨克斯坦、吉尔吉斯斯坦、哈萨克斯坦和俄罗斯。现任集安组织安全理事会主席、亚美尼亚总理帕希尼扬6日在社交媒体上表示，该组织已决定向哈萨克斯坦派遣维和部队。纳扎尔巴耶夫疑成抗议目标在哈萨克斯坦的街头抗议中，人群不时高呼“Shal， ket.”（“祖父，走开。”），意指反对纳扎尔巴耶夫继续掌控国家。纳扎尔巴耶夫曾在苏联时期担任哈萨克共产党第一书记，在哈萨克斯坦1991年12月独立后即任总统，直至他2019年3月19日宣布辞去总统职务，并将总统之位移交给托卡耶夫。英媒刊文指出，托卡耶夫是纳扎尔巴耶夫精心挑选的继任者。2020年5月2日，纳扎尔巴耶夫女儿达丽嘉·纳扎尔巴耶娃也退出了权力中心，托卡耶夫签署命令解除其议会上院议长职位，但没有提及原因。当时外界猜测称，纳扎尔巴耶娃的去职很可能跟她牵扯的财务丑闻有关。那段时间，纳扎尔巴耶夫的外孙、纳扎尔巴耶娃的长子艾苏坦在英国伦敦爆料说，其手中握有哈萨克斯坦政府大规模腐败的信息，母亲与继父从哈萨克斯坦人民那里盗走了数十亿美元。3个月后，1990年出生的艾苏坦在伦敦因心脏骤停去世。这不是纳扎尔巴耶夫的家人首次传出贪腐丑闻。在好莱坞导演奥利弗·斯通为纳扎尔巴耶夫拍摄的长达8小时的纪录片《哈萨克，金人的历史》（Qazaq： History of the Golden Man）中，纳扎尔巴耶夫谈到前女婿阿利耶夫的腐败案时坦言，自己的错误任命给国家金融造成了巨大损失，而他也“亲手将三个外孙的父亲送进监狱”。2021年4月，纳扎尔巴耶夫宣布决定辞去哈萨克斯坦人民大会主席职务，将权力移交给托卡耶夫，但仍担任该机构名誉主席。2021年11月，在祖国之光党委员会扩大会议上，纳扎尔巴耶夫决定将党主席职位移交给托卡耶夫，强调该党应由国家总统领导。外界一直认为，哈萨克斯坦已经在过去三年中平稳地实现了权力过渡，只不过为国家掌舵近三十年的纳扎尔巴耶夫仍在哈萨克斯坦政坛保持着强大影响力。2022年暴发的抗议显示，一部分民意显然被低估了。“这个国家的统治者都是纳扎尔巴耶夫的亲戚和他的人，没有其他。”努尔兰声称，他正在阿特劳州首府阿特劳参加抗议，他所认识的同学朋友也都上街了，“在我看来，托卡耶夫只是纳扎尔巴耶夫制度的维系者。”努尔兰对现政府心存不满，但他说不出自己究竟支持哪个反对派政党或抗议领袖，正如哈萨克斯坦官方所称，本轮全国抗议并没有明确的领导者。在哈萨克斯坦，成熟且有足够影响力的反对派并不存在。为安抚民意，托卡耶夫在1月5日向全国发表的电视讲话中宣布，他将接管安全委员会，但没有直接提到纳扎尔巴耶夫。几天来，纳扎尔巴耶夫一直没有公开露面或发声。气价何以成为“最后一根稻草”人口近1900万的哈萨克斯坦作为石油和天然气出口国，能源丰富，民众却因为油气价格暴涨游行，不乏讽刺意味。哈经济在中亚居主导地位，占中亚区域生产总值的60%。2021年前9个月，哈GDP增速达3.5%，基本恢复至新冠疫情前水平。其人均GDP达2.7万美元，储备超过350亿美元，为中亚最富国家。但哈Finprom.kz网站2021年4月的研究数据称，哈收入低于最低生活水平的居民占比已超过20％。哈政府2020年第四季度的统计数据显示，收入低于最低生活水平的家庭数量在一年内增加了12％，为14.06万户家庭（85.85万人）。与此同时，哈成为了全球富有人群增长最快的十个国家之一。贫富差距在不同地区表现明显。尽管哈西部产油气，但西部地区人民的生活质量普遍被认为低于首都努尔苏丹和大城市阿拉木图居民。西部地区道路交通不便，公共设施破旧，且食品价格由于交通运输不便甚至高于富裕城市。这一次，液化气价格暴涨最终引发了西部地区民众的愤怒。在抗议者的诉求被政治化之前，始自曼格斯套州的游行目的十分明确，主要为降低气价，让民众能够开得起车。按照哈萨克斯坦2019年以来的能源市场化规划，政府一直计划最终实现通过电子交易平台进行液化气交易，并在2022年第一天完成过渡，其目的是逐步消除对国内燃料消费者的价格补贴，恢复由市场秩序来决定价格的机制。这一政策导致对液化气需求量大的地区用气成本急剧上升，其中就包括曼格斯套州。几天之内，当地加油站的气价从每升60坚戈（0.14美元）涨到120坚戈（0.28美元），而该地区70%至90%的车辆以液化气为燃料。1月3日，面对民众抗议，曼格斯套州政府首次让步，宣布液化气新价格定在每升85至90坚戈，但未获民众认可。4日，根据该州政府与抗议者谈判的结果，液化气价格降至每升50坚戈。然而，抗议者仍要求与托卡耶夫对话，并提出更多政治诉求。值得注意的是，此时抗议已经变味。在阿拉木图等几个主要城市，抗议者与安全部队发生冲突，多辆警车被放火烧毁、砸毁，哈安全部队使用眩晕手榴弹和催泪瓦斯予以回击。托卡耶夫1月5日宣布已接受总理马明领导的内阁辞职，由第一副总理斯迈洛夫作为代理总理重新组阁，并恢复对液化石油气的价格管制。5日晚些时候，托卡耶夫再次承诺，事态平息后，政府将推出一系列新提案，回应民众的呼声。“每个政府在管理上都难免犯错误，这是民众不满的来源，也是托卡耶夫让政府辞职的原因。”载娜说道。

[samodivas]

the changing surnames practice is so interesting because it's still used in qazaqstan! it's not unusual to see people with different surnames than their grandparents because they adopt the grandfather's name as the surname. qazaqs originally didn't have last names, but when the russian govt needed one they just used the dad's/granda's name, some people legally don't have a patronymic bc it's their surname instead

That’s fascinating! I imagine the same thing happened here, since surnames weren’t common before the 20th century. I think the pre-socialist government probably made them mandatory in some way but I would have to check when and how.

I believe that the “personal - father - grandfather” formula was mandatory until the 50’s or 60’s, so that’s the first half of the regime here.

Family names existed before but they were usually families with trades or history, rather than “Ivan’s family = Ivanovi” etc, and I think it’s a shame how rare they are now. Some of my ancestors actually purposely changed their last names to less memorable patronymic ones so they wouldn’t be “noticed”.

#tomirida #p: inbox #you are very invited to tell me more about qazak names! 🤩

[sxfsdgdf]

连线｜哈萨克斯坦民众：发生的一切始料未及，家人仍处骚乱中心

“发生在祖国的一切让人始料未及，我们本以为国家十分富强稳定。”来自哈萨克斯坦塔尔迪库尔干的载娜女士告诉澎湃新闻。她目前在俄罗斯定居和工作，但家人仍处于骚乱中心。

塔尔迪库尔干是阿拉木图州首府，为哈萨克斯坦首任总统纳扎尔巴耶夫的家乡，也是本轮哈全国骚乱最严重的地区之一。在网络上流传视频中，那尊被示威者推倒的纳扎尔巴耶夫雕像正在此地。

自2022年新年以来，由于液化气价格迅速上涨，该国曼格斯套州首先暴发民众抗议。经过几日发酵，示威者的社会经济诉求已被掺入政治诉求，并蔓延至全国。5日，哈萨克斯坦总统托卡耶夫宣布全国进入紧急状态。

无论是在哈萨克斯坦内部还是外部，这场抗议活动演变成暴力骚乱的速度都让许多人感到意外。一些示威者将矛头对准已经下台的纳扎尔巴耶夫，指其“垂帘听政”。作为让步姿态，在满足民众降低气价的诉求之后，托卡耶夫5日又宣布从纳扎尔巴耶夫手中接管安全委员会（Security council）。

对于哈萨克斯坦的现状，现年20岁的哈萨克斯坦学生努尔兰在接受澎湃新闻采访时表示，“虽然哈萨克斯坦是中亚最富裕的国家，人民却依然贫穷。”

全国抗议迅速暴力化

当地时间1月6日，哈萨克斯坦大规模抗议持续，各大城市的示威活动逐渐升级为骚乱和对政府大楼的袭击。

在哈最大城市阿拉木图，当地国际机场5日一度被40余名反政府人员控制，导致航班被迫取消，政府直至6日凌晨才恢复对机场的控制。阿拉木图警方6日表示，5日夜间，有人企图袭击和警局大楼，数十名暴徒被击毙，极端分子还洗劫了数百家企业。

阿拉木图平暴指挥部6日发布的消息称，在该市的暴乱中已有12名执法人员死亡，另有353名执法人员受伤。当地已开始名为＂以和平的名义＂的反恐特别行动，该国电视台6日紧急插播通报称，阿拉木图正在进行反恐作战，建议居民在安全地点躲避。

载娜称，她的亲友正在家中躲避乱局，他们无法出门，也不会选择此时走上街头。她说：“这些天的新闻对我和我的家人朋友来说，都令人讶异。哈萨克斯坦过去一直是那么的平静。”

哈萨克斯坦外交部在6日发表的公开声明中称，阿拉木图发生的袭击事件，包括对行政办公室和军事基地的袭击、占领机场以及劫持外国客机和货机，都证明肇事者处于高度筹备和协调好的状态，“哈萨克斯坦正面临在国外受训的恐怖组织的武装侵略。”

6日凌晨，托卡耶夫宣布在哈国内组织骚乱的团伙是在国外受训的，他们正在试图占领阿拉木图的重要设施，包括军火库。哈萨克斯坦请求集体安全条约组织（简称“集安组织”）成员国帮助应对“恐怖主义威胁”。

集安组织是一个政府间的军事联盟，成员国包括亚美尼亚、白俄罗斯、哈萨克斯坦、吉尔吉斯斯坦、哈萨克斯坦和俄罗斯。现任集安组织安全理事会主席、亚美尼亚总理帕希尼扬6日在社交媒体上表示，该组织已决定向哈萨克斯坦派遣维和部队。

纳扎尔巴耶夫疑成抗议目标

在哈萨克斯坦的街头抗议中，人群不时高呼“Shal， ket.”（“祖父，走开。”），意指反对纳扎尔巴耶夫继续掌控国家。

纳扎尔巴耶夫曾在苏联时期担任哈萨克共产党第一书记，在哈萨克斯坦1991年12月独立后即任总统，直至他2019年3月19日宣布辞去总统职务，并将总统之位移交给托卡耶夫。英媒刊文指出，托卡耶夫是纳扎尔巴耶夫精心挑选的继任者。

2020年5月2日，纳扎尔巴耶夫女儿达丽嘉·纳扎尔巴耶娃也退出了权力中心，托卡耶夫签署命令解除其议会上院议长职位，但没有提及原因。当时外界猜测称，纳扎尔巴耶娃的去职很可能跟她牵扯的财务丑闻有关。

那段时间，纳扎尔巴耶夫的外孙、纳扎尔巴耶娃的长子艾苏坦在英国伦敦爆料说，其手中握有哈萨克斯坦政府大规模腐败的信息，母亲与继父从哈萨克斯坦人民那里盗走了数十亿美元。3个月后，1990年出生的艾苏坦在伦敦因心脏骤停去世。

这不是纳扎尔巴耶夫的家人首次传出贪腐丑闻。在好莱坞导演奥利弗·斯通为纳扎尔巴耶夫拍摄的长达8小时的纪录片《哈萨克，金人的历史》（Qazaq： History of the Golden Man）中，纳扎尔巴耶夫谈到前女婿阿利耶夫的腐败案时坦言，自己的错误任命给国家金融造成了巨大损失，而他也“亲手将三个外孙的父亲送进监狱”。

2021年4月，纳扎尔巴耶夫宣布决定辞去哈萨克斯坦人民大会主席职务，将权力移交给托卡耶夫，但仍担任该机构名誉主席。2021年11月，在祖国之光党委员会扩大会议上，纳扎尔巴耶夫决定将党主席职位移交给托卡耶夫，强调该党应由国家总统领导。

外界一直认为，哈萨克斯坦已经在过去三年中平稳地实现了权力过渡，只不过为国家掌舵近三十年的纳扎尔巴耶夫仍在哈萨克斯坦政坛保持着强大影响力。2022年暴发的抗议显示，一部分民意显然被低估了。

“这个国家的统治者都是纳扎尔巴耶夫的亲戚和他的人，没有其他。”努尔兰声称，他正在阿特劳州首府阿特劳参加抗议，他所认识的同学朋友也都上街了，“在我看来，托卡耶夫只是纳扎尔巴耶夫制度的维系者。”

努尔兰对现政府心存不满，但他说不出自己究竟支持哪个反对派政党或抗议领袖，正如哈萨克斯坦官方所称，本轮全国抗议并没有明确的领导者。在哈萨克斯坦，成熟且有足够影响力的反对派并不存在。

为安抚民意，托卡耶夫在1月5日向全国发表的电视讲话中宣布，他将接管安全委员会，但没有直接提到纳扎尔巴耶夫。几天来，纳扎尔巴耶夫一直没有公开露面或发声。

气价何以成为“最后一根稻草”

人口近1900万的哈萨克斯坦作为石油和天然气出口国，能源丰富，民众却因为油气价格暴涨游行，不乏讽刺意味。

哈经济在中亚居主导地位，占中亚区域生产总值的60%。2021年前9个月，哈GDP增速达3.5%，基本恢复至新冠疫情前水平。其人均GDP达2.7万美元，储备超过350亿美元，为中亚最富国家。

但哈Finprom.kz网站2021年4月的研究数据称，哈收入低于最低生活水平的居民占比已超过20％。哈政府2020年第四季度的统计数据显示，收入低于最低生活水平的家庭数量在一年内增加了12％，为14.06万户家庭（85.85万人）。与此同时，哈成为了全球富有人群增长最快的十个国家之一。

贫富差距在不同地区表现明显。尽管哈西部产油气，但西部地区人民的生活质量普遍被认为低于首都努尔苏丹和大城市阿拉木图居民。西部地区道路交通不便，公共设施破旧，且食品价格由于交通运输不便甚至高于富裕城市。

这一次，液化气价格暴涨最终引发了西部地区民众的愤怒。在抗议者的诉求被政治化之前，始自曼格斯套州的游行目的十分明确，主要为降低气价，让民众能够开得起车。

按照哈萨克斯坦2019年以来的能源市场化规划，政府一直计划最终实现通过电子交易平台进行液化气交易，并在2022年第一天完成过渡，其目的是逐步消除对国内燃料消费者的价格补贴，恢复由市场秩序来决定价格的机制。

这一政策导致对液化气需求量大的地区用气成本急剧上升，其中就包括曼格斯套州。几天之内，当地加油站的气价从每升60坚戈（0.14美元）涨到120坚戈（0.28美元），而该地区70%至90%的车辆以液化气为燃料。

1月3日，面对民众抗议，曼格斯套州政府首次让步，宣布液化��新价格定在每升85至90坚戈，但未获民众认可。4日，根据该州政府与抗议者谈判的结果，液化气价格降至每升50坚戈。然而，抗议者仍要求与托卡耶夫对话，并提出更多政治诉求。

值得注意的是，此时抗议已经变味。在阿拉木图等几个主要城市，抗议者与安全部队发生冲突，多辆警车被放火烧毁、砸毁，哈安全部队使用眩晕手榴弹和催泪瓦斯予以回击。

托卡耶夫1月5日宣布已接受总理马明领导的内阁辞职，由第一副总理斯迈洛夫作为代理总理重新组阁，并恢复对液化石油气的价格管制。

5日晚些时候，托卡耶夫再次承诺，事态平息后，政府将推出一系列新提案，回应民众的呼声。

“每个政府在管理上都难免犯错误，这是民众不满的来源，也是托卡耶夫让政府辞职的原因。”载娜说道。

[tuking]

连线｜哈萨克斯坦民众：发生的一切始料未及，家人仍处骚乱中心

“发生在祖国的一切让人始料未及，我们本以为国家十分富强稳定。”来自哈萨克斯坦塔尔迪库尔干的载娜女士告诉澎湃新闻。她目前在俄罗斯定居和工作，但家人仍处于骚乱中心。

塔尔迪库尔干是阿拉木图州首府，为哈萨克斯坦首任总统纳扎尔巴耶夫的家乡，也是本轮哈全国骚乱最严重的地区之一。在网络上流传视频中，那尊被示威者推倒的纳扎尔巴耶夫雕像正在此地。

自2022年新年以来，由于液化气价格迅速上涨，该国曼格斯套州首先暴发民众抗议。经过几日发酵，示威者的社会经济诉求已被掺入政治诉求，并蔓延至全国。5日，哈萨克斯坦总统托卡耶夫宣布全国进入紧急状态。

无论是在哈萨克斯坦内部还是外部，这场抗议活动演变成暴力骚乱的速度都让许多人感到意外。一些示威者将矛头对准已经下台的纳扎尔巴耶夫，指其“垂帘听政”。作为让步姿态，在满足民众降低气价的诉求之后，托卡耶夫5日又宣布从纳扎尔巴耶夫手中接管安全委员会（Security council）。

对于哈萨克斯坦的现状，现年20岁的哈萨克斯坦学生努尔兰在接受澎湃新闻采访时表示，“虽然哈萨克斯坦是中亚最富裕的国家，人民却依然贫穷。”

全国抗议迅速暴力化

当地时间1月6日，哈萨克斯坦大规模抗议持续，各大城市的示威活动逐渐升级为骚乱和对政府大楼的袭击。

在哈最大城市阿拉木图，当地国际机场5日一度被40余名反政府人员控制，导致航班被迫取消，政府直至6日凌晨才恢复对机场的控制。阿拉木图警方6日表示，5日夜间，有人企图袭击和警局大楼，数十名暴徒被击毙，极端分子还洗劫了数百家企业。

阿拉木图平暴指挥部6日发布的消息称，在该市的暴乱中已有12名执法人员死亡，另有353名执法人员受伤。当地已开始名为＂以和平的名义＂的反恐特别行动，该国电视台6日紧急插播通报称，阿拉木图正在进行反恐作战，建议居民在安全地点躲避。

载娜称，她的亲友正在家中躲避乱局，他们无法出门，也不会选择此时走上街头。她说：“这些天的新闻对我和我的家人朋友来说，都令人讶异。哈萨克斯坦过去一直是那么的平静。”

哈萨克斯坦外交部在6日发表的公开声明中称，阿拉木图发生的袭击事件，包括对行政办公室和军事基地的袭击、占领机场以及劫持外国客机和货机，都证明肇事者处于高度筹备和协调好的状态，“哈萨克斯坦正面临在国外受训的恐怖组织的武装侵略。”

6日凌晨，托卡耶夫宣布在哈国内组织骚乱的团伙是在国外受训的，他们正在试图占领阿拉木图的重要设施，包括军火库。哈萨克斯坦请求集体安全条约组织（简称“集安组织”）成员国帮助应对“恐怖主义威胁”。

集安组织是一个政府间的军事联盟，成员国包括亚美尼亚、白俄罗斯、哈萨克斯坦、吉尔吉斯斯坦、哈萨克斯坦和俄罗斯。现任集安组织安全理事会主席、亚美尼亚总理帕希尼扬6日在社交媒体上表示，该组织已决定向哈萨克斯坦派遣维和部队。

纳扎尔巴耶夫疑成抗议目标

在哈萨克斯坦的街头抗议中，人群不时高呼“Shal， ket.”（“祖父，走开。”），意指反对纳扎尔巴耶夫继续掌控国家。

纳扎尔巴耶夫曾在苏联时期担任哈萨克共产党第一书记，在哈萨克斯坦1991年12月独立后即任总统，直至他2019年3月19日宣布辞去总统职务，并将总统之位移交给托卡耶夫。英媒刊文指出，托卡耶夫是纳扎尔巴耶夫精心挑选的继任者。

2020年5月2日，纳扎尔巴耶夫女儿达丽嘉·纳扎尔巴耶娃也退出了权力中心，托卡耶夫签署命令解除其议会上院议长职位，但没有提及原因。当时外界猜测称，纳扎尔巴耶娃的去职很可能跟她牵扯的财务丑闻有关。

那段时间，纳扎尔巴耶夫的外孙、纳扎尔巴耶娃的长子艾苏坦在英国伦敦爆料说，其手中握有哈萨克斯坦政府大规模腐败的信息，母亲与继父从哈萨克斯坦人民那里盗走了数十亿美元。3个月后，1990年出生的艾苏坦在伦敦因心脏骤停去世。

这不是纳扎尔巴耶夫的家人首次传出贪腐丑闻。在好莱坞导演奥利弗·斯通为纳扎尔巴耶夫拍摄的长达8小时的纪录片《哈萨克，金人的历史》（Qazaq： History of the Golden Man）中，纳扎尔巴耶夫谈到前女婿阿利耶夫的腐败案时坦言，自己的错误任命给国家金融造成了巨大损失，而他也“亲手将三个外孙的父亲送进监狱”。

2021年4月，纳扎尔巴耶夫宣布决定辞去哈萨克斯坦人民大会主席职务，将权力移交给托卡耶夫，但仍担任该机构名誉主席。2021年11月，在祖国之光党委员会扩大会议上，纳扎尔巴耶夫决定将党主席职位移交给托卡耶夫，强调该党应由国家总统领导。

外界一直认为，哈萨克斯坦已经在过去三年中平稳地实现了权力过渡，只不过为国家掌舵近三十年的纳扎尔巴耶夫仍在哈萨克斯坦政坛保持着强大影响力。2022年暴发的抗议显示，一部分民意显然被低估了。

“这个国家的统治者都是纳扎尔巴耶夫的亲戚和他的人，没有其他。”努尔兰声称，他正在阿特劳州首府阿特劳参加抗议，他所认识的同学朋友也都上街了，“在我看来，托卡耶夫只是纳扎尔巴耶夫制度的维系者。”

努尔兰对现政府心存不满，但他说不出自己究竟支持哪个反对派政党或抗议领袖，正如哈萨克斯坦官方所称，本轮全国抗议并没有明确的领导者。在哈萨克斯坦，成熟且有足够影响力的反对派并不存在。

为安抚民意，托卡耶夫在1月5日向全国发表的电视讲话中宣布，他将接管安全委员会，但没有直接提到纳扎尔巴耶夫。几天来，纳扎尔巴耶夫一直没有公开露面或发声。

气价何以成为“最后一根稻草”

人口近1900万的哈萨克斯坦作为石油和天然气出口国，能源丰富，民众却因为油气价格暴涨游行，不乏讽刺意味。

哈经济在中亚居主导地位，占中亚区域生产总值的60%。2021年前9个月，哈GDP增速达3.5%，基本恢复至新冠疫情前水平。其人均GDP达2.7万美元，储备超过350亿美元，为中亚最富国家。

但哈Finprom.kz网站2021年4月的研究数据称，哈收入低于最低生活水平的居民占比已超过20％。哈政府2020年第四季度的统计数据显示，收入低于最低生活水平的家庭数量在一年内增加了12％，为14.06万户家庭（85.85万人）。与此同时，哈成为了全球富有人群增长最快的十个国家之一。

贫富差距在不同地区表现明显。尽管哈西部产油气，但西部地区人民的生活质量普遍被认为低于首都努尔苏丹和大城市阿拉木图居民。西部地区道路交通不便，公共设施破旧，且食品价格由于交通运输不便甚至高于富裕城市。

这一次，液化气价格暴涨最终引发了西部地区民众的愤怒。在抗议者的诉求被政治化之前，始自曼格斯套州的游行目的十分明确，主要为降低气价，让民众能够开得起车。

按照哈萨克斯坦2019年以来的能源市场化规划，政府一直计划最终实现通过电子交易平台进行液化气交易，并在2022年第一天完成过渡，其目的是逐步消除对国内燃料消费者的价格补贴，恢复由市场秩序来决定价格的机制。

这一政策导致对液化气需求量大的地区用气成本急剧上升，其中就包括曼格斯套州。几天之内，当地加油站的气价从每升60坚戈（0.14美元）涨到120坚戈（0.28美元），而该地区70%至90%的车辆以液化气为燃料。

1月3日，面对民众抗议，曼格斯套州政府首次让步，宣布液化气新价格定在每升85至90坚戈，但未获民众认可。4日，根据该州政府与抗议者谈判的结果，液化气价格降至每升50坚戈。然而，抗议者仍要求与托卡耶夫对话，并提出更多政治诉求。

值得注意的是，此时抗议已经变味。在阿拉木图等几个主要城市，抗议者与安全部队发生冲突，多辆警车被放火烧毁、砸毁，哈安全部队使用眩晕手榴弹和催泪瓦斯予以回击。

托卡耶夫1月5日宣布已接受总理马明领导的内阁辞职，由第一副总理斯迈洛夫作为代理总理重新组阁，并恢复对液化石油气的价格管制。

5日晚些时候，托卡耶夫再次承诺，事态平息后，政府将推出一系列新提案，回应民众的呼声。

“每个政府在管理上都难免犯错误，这是民众不满的来源，也是托卡耶夫让政府辞职的原因。”载娜说道。