Abbreviazioni
An abbreviation is made when you need to reduce the lenght of words while writing, in order to save space and time. It’s also quite common to find them in dictionaries or some grammar books (I’ll add a list of some examples at the end of this post, under the keep reading link).
There are 3 ways in which you can do that:
1) contrazione (contraction): in a word, you omit syllables/letters that are in the middle (where you put the dot):
f.lli = fratelli (brothers)
dott.ssa = dottoressa (woman doctor)
gent.mo = gentilissimo (dear/very kind)
When a contraction results in a 2/3 letters long word, the dot moves at the end of them (to show it is an abbreviation), or it is just omitted:
dr. / dr = dottor (man doctor)
cfr. / cfr = confronta (confer, cf., see)
2) compendio (summary/compendium): using one or more letters of the beginning of a word:
dott. = dottor (man doctor)
ing. = ingegnere (engineer)
ecc. (etc.) = eccetera (and so on, etcetera)
3) sequenza consonantica (consonantal sequence): using the starting consonant and a few othrs contained in the word:
sg. = seguente (following, singular)
sgg. = seguenti (following, plural)
(generally a double g in an abbreviation means the plural of that word: another example is the abbreviation for “day/days”: g. = giorno, gg. = giorni)
ONLINE
Ofc, abbreviations are pretty common nowadays, especially online: almost everyone use them while chatting, sending text messages, on forums or generally on social networks and so on. I think I already mentioned some in an old post, but here you have some again:
nn = non (not)
qst = questo/a/e/i (this/these)
cmq = comunque (btw)
cn = con (with)
Pretty common are the use of x to mean per (for - taken from math’s multiplication), and the use of “k” for the letters “ch”, as in “ke = che” (that). some use them together: “xk / xké = perché” (because).
Some alphabet’s letter are used instead of equivalent (equally pronunced) pronouns or prepositions: c = ci (us), v = vi (to you, plural), t = ti (to you, singular), d = di (of)...
For example:
T piace qst tel? = Ti piace questo telefono? (Do you like this phone?)
Xk nn vieni cn me? = Perché non vieni con me? (Why don’t you come with me?)
Siam and al mare cn mio cugi = Siamo andati al mare con mio cugino (We went to the sea with my cousin)
K n dici? = Che ne dici? (What do you think?)
Cm va? = Come va? (How are you?)
Plus, some people simply omit the end of most words, and tbh some people just abbreviate words randomly, and trust me, it gets really tough to understand what they mean sometimes. Btw, these are all considered quite common and “normal”, therefore there’s no use of dots or whatsoever. And if you don’t understand, you just have to ask for explanations!
Some official Italian grammar abbreviations that you can find on books and dictionaries are:
abbr. = abbreviato, abbreviazione (abbreviated/abbreviation)
abl. = ablativo (ablative)
a.C. = avanti Cristo (B.C.)
acc. = accusativo (accusative)
accr. = accrescitivo (augmentative)
accorc. = accorciativo (shortening)
aeron. = aeronautica (aeronautics/aviation)
agg. = aggettivo, aggettivale, aggettivato (adjective)
agric. = agricoltura (agriculture)
alter. = alterato (modified)
amer. = americano (American)
anat. = anatomia (anatomy)
ant. = antico (ancient)
anton. = antonomasia (antonomasia)
antrop. = antropologia (anthropology)
arald. = araldica (heraldry)
archit. = architettura (architecture)
archeol. = archeologia (archaeology)
art. = articolo, articolato (article)
assol. = assoluto, assolutamente (independent, absolute)
astrol. = astrologia (astrology)
astron. = astronomia (astronomy)
at. = atomico (atomic)
attrav. = attraverso (across, through)
aus. = ausiliare (auxiliary)
autom. = automobilismo (motoring)
av. = avanti, prima di (before)
avv. = avverbio, avverbiale, avverbialmente (adverb)
biol. = biologia (biology)
biz. = bizantino (byzantine)
bot. = botanica (botany)
burocr. = burocratico (bureaucratic)
ca. = circa (circa, around)
card. = cardinale (cardinal)
celt. = celtico (celtic)
centr. = centrale (central, middle)
cfr. = confronta (confer, compare)
chim. = chimica (chemistry)
chir. = chirurgia (surgery)
colloq. = colloquiale (colloquial)
comm. = commercio (commercial)
comp. = composto (compound)
compar. = comparativo (comparative)
compl. = complemento (complement)
condiz. = condizionale (conditional)
cong. = congiunzione, congiuntivo (agg.) - (conjuction)
congtv. = congiuntivo (modo) - (subjunctive mood)
coniug. = coniugazione, coniugato (conjugation / conjugated)
contr. = contrario (opposite, contrary)
correl. = correlativo, correlazione (correlation)
deriv. = derivato, derivazione (derivative)
determ. = determinativo (determining / definite)
dial. = dialettale, dialettalismo (dialectal)
difett. = difettivo (defective)
dim. = diminutivo (diminutive)
dimostr. = dimostrativo (demonstrative)
dir. = diritto (law)
disus. = disusato (disuse)
ebr. = ebraico (Hebrew)
ecc. = eccetera (etcetera)
eccl. = ecclesiastico (clerical)
econ. = economia (economy)
edil. = edilizia (construction/building)
edit. = editoria (publishing)
elettr. = elettricità, elettrotecnica (electricity)
elettron. = elettronica (electronics)
ellitt. = ellittico, ellitticamente
elvet. = elvetismo (swiss)
enfat. = enfatico (emphatic)
enol. = enologia (enology)
es. = esempio (example)
escl. = esclamativo, esclamazione (exclamation)
est. = estensione, estensivo, estensivamente (extensive, wide)
etim. = etimologia, etimologico, etimologicamente (etymology)
eufem. = eufemismo, eufemistico (euphemism)
evit. = evitare, evitato (avoid)
f. = femminile (feminine)
fam. = familiare (domestic)
farm. = farmacia, farmacologia (pharmacology)
ferr. = ferrovie (rail system)
fig. = figurato (figurative, metaphorical)
filos. = filosofia (philosophy)
fis. = fisica (physics)
fisiol. = fisiologia (physiology)
fotogr. = fotografia (photography)
fr. = francese (french)
fut. = futuro (future tense)
(gen. = genere --- gender)
gener. = generale, generalmente; generico, genericamente (general / generally)
genit. = genitivo (genitive)
geofis. = geofisica (geophysics)
geogr. = geografia (geography)
geol. = geologia (geology)
gerund. = gerundio (gerund)
gerg. = gergale (slang)
germ. = germanico (germanic)
giapp. = giapponese (japanese)
got. = gotico (gothic)
gr. = greco (greek)
gramm. = grammatica, grammaticale (grammar / grammatical)
idraul. = idraulica (hydraulics)
ill. = illustrazione (illustration)
imperat. = imperativo (imperative)
imperf. = imperfetto (imperfect)
impers. = impersonale (impersonal)
impropr. = improprio, impropriamente
indef. = indefinito (undetermined/undefined)
indet. = indeterminativo (indefinite)
indeur. = indoeuropeo (indo-european)
indic. = indicativo (indicative)
inf. = infinito (infinite)
infant. = infantile (childish/chilhood)
inform. = informatica (IT)
ing. = ingegneria (engineering)
ingl. = inglese (english)
intens. = intensivo (intensive)
inter. = interiezione, interiettivo (interjection)
interr. = interrogativo (interrogative)
intr. = intransitivo (intransitive)
inv. = invariabile (invariable)
iperb. = iperbole, iperbolico (hyperbole)
iron. = ironico, ironicamente (ironic/ironically)
it. = italiano (italian)
iter. = iterativo, iterativamente (iterative, repetitive)
lat. = latino (latin)
lett. = letterario, letterariamente (literary)
letter. = letteratura (literature)
ling. = linguistica (linguistics)
loc. = locuzione (locution)
lomb. = lombardo (lombard - lombardy idiom)
longob. = longobardo (longobard - longobard idiom)
m. = maschile (mascuiline)
maiusc. = maiuscolo, maiuscola (capital letter)
mar. = marina (navy)
mat. = matematica (math)
mecc. = meccanica (mechanics)
med. = medicina (medicine)
mediev. = medievale (medieval, archaic)
mediterr. = mediterraneo (mediterranean)
merid. = meridionale (southern)
metall. = metallurgia (metallurgy)
meteor. = meteorologia (meteorology)
milan. = milanese (milanese - milan idiom)
milit. = militare (scienza e tecnica)
miner. = mineralogia (mineralogy)
mus. = musica (music)
n. = nome (noun/name)
napol. = napoletano (neapolitan idiom)
neg. = negazione, negativo, negativamente (negative)
nom. = nominativo (nominative case)
nt. = neutro (neutral)
num. = numerale (numeral)
numism. = numismatica (numismatics)
onomat. = onomatopea, onomatopeico (onomatopoeia)
ord. = ordinale (ordinal)
org. az. = organizzazione aziendale (company structure)
orient. = orientale (asian)
orig. = origine, originariamente (originally)
parl. = parlato (speech)
part. = participio (participle)
pass. = passato (past)
pegg. = peggiorativo (pejorative)
pers. = persona, personale (person)
pl. = plurale (plural)
pleonast. = pleonastico (pleonastic)
poet. = poetico (poetic)
polit. = politica (politics)
pop. = popolare, popolarmente (of the people/crowd/working class, popular)
portog. = portoghese (portoguese)
poss. = possessivo (possessive)
pref. = prefisso (prefix)
preindeur. = preindeuropeo (pre indo-european)
prep. = preposizione, prepositivo (preposition)
pres. = presente (present)
prob. = probabile, probabilmente (probably)
pron. = pronome, pronominale (pronoun)
prop. = proposizione (proposition)
propr. = propriamente (proper)
prov. = proverbio, proverbi (saying, proverb)
provenz. = provenzale (occitan)
psicoan. = psicoanalisi (psychoanalysis)
psicol. = psicologia (psychology)
qlco. = qualcosa (something)
qlcu. = qualcuno (somebody)
rafforz. = rafforzativo (intensifier)
ragion. = ragioneria (accounting)
recipr. = reciproco (reciprocal)
region. = regionale (regional)
rel. = relativo (relative)
relig. = religione (religion)
rem. = remoto (remote)
rifl. = riflessivo (reflexive)
roman. = romano, romanesco (roman - rome idiom)
s. = sostantivo (noun)
scherz. = scherzoso, scherzosamente (joke)
scient. = scientifico (scientific)
sec. = secolo (century)
secc. = secoli (centuries)
seg. = seguente (following)
sett. = settentrionale (northern)
sicil. = siciliano (sicilian)
sign. = significato (meaning)
sim. = simile, simili (similar)
simb. = simbolo (symbol)
sin. = sinonimo (synonym)
sing. = singolare (singular)
sociol. = sociologia (sociology)
sost. = sostantivo, sostantivale (noun)
sottratt. = sottrattivo (subtract)
sovrapp. = sovrapposizione (overlap)
sp. = spagnolo (spanish)
spec. = specialmente (specially)
spreg. = spregiativo (insulting, disdainful)
stat. = statistica (statistics)
stor. = storia (history)
suff. = suffisso (suffix)
superl. = superlativo (superlative)
tecnol. = tecnologia (technology)
ted. = tedesco (german)
tel. = telefonia (telephony)
temp. = temporale (of time, temporal)
tess. = tessile (tecnica) -- (textile)
tipogr. = tipografia (typography)
tosc. = toscano (tuscany - tuscany idiom)
tr. = transitivo (transitive)
trad. = traduzione (translation)
tv = televisione (television)
v. = verbo (verb)
V. = vedi (see)
var. = variante (variation)
vc. = voce (term, item)
ven. = veneto (veneto idiom)
venez. = veneziano (venetian - venice idiom)
verb. = verbale (verbal, oral)
veter. = veterinaria (veterinary medicine)
vezz. = vezzeggiativo (nickname, endearment)
volg. = volgare (common, vulgar)
zool. = zoologia (zoology)
zootec. = zootecnia (zootechnics)
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