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juniperpublishersoceanography · 1 year

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Valuation of Nutrient Utilization, Protein Requirement and Proximate Assessment of an Ecotype Tilapine ‘Wesafu’ Fingerlings Reared in Earthen Pond

Authored by: Albert O Amosu

Abstract

This study was conducted to evaluate the nutrient utilization, protein requirement and proximate analysis of Wesafu from fry to fingerlings in an earthen pond. The experimental fish were monitored for comparative analysis and growth performance using commercial feed (Coppens® 0.2mm) and wheat flour in formulating feed with 30%, 35%, 40% and 45% crude protein levels. Fry were fed thrice daily at 8am, 12 pm and 4pm with 5% body weight for 8 weeks. Samples of experimental diet and fingerlings were analyzed for proximate composition while growth performance and nutrient utilization of diet were evaluated using growth indices such as Weight Gain (WG), Percentage Weight Gain (%WG), Specific Growth Rate (SGR), Food Conversion Ratio (FCR), Gross Feed Conversion Efficiency (GFCE), Protein Intake (PI), Protein Efficiency Ratio (PER). The results revealed that the highest cumulative weight gain (10.58 ± 0.12) was recorded in fry fed 45% crude protein diet while the lowest (6.58 ± 0.21) was observed in the 30% crude protein diet .There were no significant differences (p>0.05) in specific growth rate, food intake, food conversion ratio, gross food conversion efficiency and protein efficiency ratio while there were significant differences (DNMRT; ANOVA; df = (n-1); p < 0.05) in weight gain, protein intake. This study indicated that a diet containing 45% crude protein appear to be suitable for rearing Wesafu fry to fingerlings in earthen ponds.

Keywords: Aquaculture; Cichlids; Diet; Ecotype; Fingerlings; Growth; Nutrient; Wesafu

Abbreviations: WG: Weight Gain; FCR: Food Conversion Ratio; GFCE: Gross Feed Conversion Efficiency; PI: Protein Intake; PER: Protein Efficiency Ratio; SGR: Specific Growth Rate; LSD: Least Significance Difference; DNMRT: Duncan’s New Multiple Range Test; SE: Standard Error

Introduction

As the global population continues to rise, the need for sustainable alternative sources of protein also increases [1]. Research estimated that the worldwide requirement for food will increase up to 50 % by 2030 [2]. Juxtaposing the production input efficiencies of aquaculture versus several of fisheries and terrestrial agriculture systems shows that aquaculture is among the world’s most efficient mass producer of protein [3]. Protein is the most important constituents of fish and also the most expensive constituent of fish feed and global expenditure exceeds (7.05 million MT) €1bn per annum [4,5]. Aquaculture production is growing at a rate of nearly 9% per annum [3,6]. As wild fish stocks decline, the aquaculture industry faces a massive challenge to identify cost-effective and environmentally friendly alternatives to fish production on which it is so heavily reliant [1,7]. Cichlid aquaculture has the potential to provide a solution to this problem as it is relatively underexploited in Nigeria and can be cultured in a sustainable manner [8]. Cichlids are one of the most diverse fish species and widely cultivated fish families in the world, though their natural distribution was confined to North America, Central America, South America, Africa and the Mid East [9]. The family has been introduced into various continents including Australia [10]. Wesafu is an indigenous ecotype cichlid, very important specie of the fisheries of Lagos coastal waters in Nigeria [11-12]. The diversity of an unidentified cichlid of great abundant in Epe Lagoon commonly referred to as Wesafu and the large size cum weight it attains in the wild influence the drive for possible domestication, culture and exact identification and naming of this specie [13-14]. Several research studies have been conducted on this indigenous specie such as Age and growth, Aquaculture system, Characterization, food and feeding habits, nutrition, meristic and morphometric characters among others [11-22].

Tilapines are Cichlids with fast growth, resistant to diseases and handling, easy to reproduce and are able to tolerate a wide range of environmental conditions. They are widely cultured in tropical and subtropical regions of the world and constitute the third largest group of farmed fin fish with an annual growth of about 11.5% [3,23-25]. Proper feeding management is therefore a necessary tool for successful tilapia culture. Nutrition and feeding play important role in sustainable cichlid aquaculture therefore, feed resources as well as costs continue to dominate aquaculture needs. Feed accounts for 40-60% of the total production costs in aquaculture, with protein sources accounting for a significant proportion of this cost [1,3,22-24]. Frys and fingerlings require diets higher in protein, lipids, vitamins, minerals and lower in carbohydrate as they are developing muscles, internal organs and bones with rapid growth. Adult fish needs more calories of fats and carbohydrate for basal metabolism and a smaller percent of protein for growth [19]. The energy needs of the fish can be met by less expensive lipid and carbohydrate sources. The protein requirement of tilapia was estimated to be from 25% to 45% of diet [26,29-34]. Under natural condition, Tilapia is predominantly an herbivore and a detritus feeder. This means that they can provide high quality protein, suitable for human consumption from less protein sources [35]. Inabilities to develop suitable commercial and improved strain of tilapias that will grow to table size in good time are few of the problems militating against a viable tilapia industry in Nigeria [14]. The problem of precocious sexual maturity and unwanted reproduction has long been accepted as a major constraint to further development and expansion of tilapia culture in Nigeria. In addition, unwanted reproduction which leads to excessive recruitment (overpopulation), particularly in ponds, resulting in competition for available food and space resources as well as the ease of reproduction represents the principal problem in the optimization of yield in tilapia culture. Therefore, this research was geared towards determining the growth performance, dietary protein requirement and nutrient utilization of this economic important ecotype cichlid. The increased intensification of culture method for warm water fish such as tilapia has necessitated the provision of balance ration to satisfy the dietary requirement. Despite the commercial values of Wesafu, a tilapia highly priced fish in Lagos, Nigeria due to its tasty flesh and large size of over 1500g in the wild, little information exists on its nutritional requirements, in cultural practices yet it has culture potential in the country.

Materials and Methods

Experimental fish

One thousand four hundred and forty (1440) fry of average weight of 0.93 ± 0.16 were used in determining the protein requirement of Wesafu. The fish was raised from fry to fingerlings stage at Seg farm a private aquaculture farm in Topo village (6°25’0’’ N; 2°55’59’’ E) (Figure 1) on the West Coast of Badagry, Lagos, Nigeria. Fry were weighed and stocked in hapas. Prior to feeding trials, the experimental fish were starved for a day (24h) to ensure that their guts were emptied.

Experimental Design

Twelve (12) hapas (1 × 2 ×1.5m) were placed in earthen pond were used which was conducted in four stages:

a) Fry fed with 30% crude protein represent A in triplicate

b) Fry fed with 35%crude protein represent B in triplicate

c) Fry fed with 40% crude protein represent C in triplicate

d) Fry fed with 45% crude protein represent D in triplicate The fish were divided into one hundred and twenty (120) fry, stocked per in twelve different hapas in three replicates of 30%, 35%, 40% and 45% crude protein level and fed at 5% body weight. The 5 % the daily ratio was divided into 3 equal parts and fed at 8a.m, the second portion at 12p.m and the third portion at 4p.m. Each unit of experiment lasted for 8 weeks. Coppen 0.2mm feed was used with a protein content of 56% (Manufactured by Alltech Coppens Aqua Center, Germany) and wheat flour of 12% to formulate the diets using Pearson square method. All these hapas were placed in earthen pond in the farm and were covered with net to prevent the fish from escaping.

Determination of growth performance and nutrient utilization

Weight gain (wg)

The weight gain by fish was calculated from the differences between the final mean and the initial mean weight that is the final mean weight of fish at week eight subtracted from the initial mean weight of fish at week zero [36].

Weight gain (WG) = final weight (W2) – initial weight (W1) WG = (W2) – (W1)

Where:

W2 = Final mean body weight (g)

W1 = Initial mean body weight (g)

Percentage Weight Gain (%WG)

The percentage weight gain was calculated from the formula according to [14].

% weight gain = (X2 ) – (X1)×100 / (X1)

where:

X2 = Final mean body weight (g)

X1 = Initial mean body weight (g)

Specific Growth Rate (SGR)

Specific growth rate was calculated according to [36] as

SGR = Loge W2 – Loge W1 / T2 – T1

where:

W2 = Weight of fish at time T2 in days

W1 = Weight of fish at time T1 in days

Loge = Natural log of base e

Food Conversion Ratio (FCR)

Food conversion ratio according to[36] as FCR, expressed as the proportion of dry food fed per unit live weight gain of fish:

FCR =Weight of dry fed (g) / Live weight gain (g)

Gross Food Conversion Efficiency (GFCE)

The gross food conversion efficiency was calculated according to [36] as the percentage of the reciprocal of feed conversion ratio.

gFCR = 1×100 / FCR

Protein Intake (PI ) = Total feed intake × % protein in the diet Protein Efficiency Ratio (PER) = weight gain / Protein intake

Nutrient Evaluation of Experimental feed and fish

Samples of experimental feeds and fish were analyzed for their proximate composition according to the methods of [37].

Moisture content

The moisture content of the different fry samples were determined

% Moisture content = M1 − M2 / M1 − M0 × 100

where

M0 = Weight in g of fish and lid

M1 = Weight of g of dish, lid and sample before drying

M2 = Weight in g of dish, lid and sample after drying

M1 − M0 =Weight of sample prepared for drying

% dry matter content = 100 − % moisture content

Crude protein

Determination of crude protein was done using total kjeldahl nitrogen method.

% Nitrogen = 0.0075× A / B ×C

where

A = Mg /L reading displayed

B = g – sample digested

C = ML digest analysed

Determination of crude fat or lipid

The measure fat content of all the soluble materials present was determined according to [38].

% Fat = W3 –W2 /W1

where

W3= Weight of the cup with the extracted oil.

W2 =Weight of the empty cup

W1 =Weight of the sample.

Determination of the total ash

The percent of ash was calculated as follows:

Percentage (%) of ash = (weight of ash / weight of sample)×100 % Ash = (W2 /W1)×100

where,

W1 = Weight of sample (g)

W2 = Weight of ash (g)

Determination of crude fibre

The amount of the crude fibre content in the sample was determined using the acid/base digestion process [39].

% Crude fiber =Weight A −Weight B / Sample Weight

Where

Weight A = Weight of crucible + dried residue

Weight B = weight of Crucible + residue ashed

Statistical Analysis

All data collected were presented as mean values of each determination ± standard error (SE). Analysis of variance was performed using one way ANOVA procedure. Differences between the mean values of the treatments were determined by the least significance difference (LSD) test and the Duncan’s New Multiple Range Test (DNMRT). The significance was defined at p < 0.05.

Results

The result of the experiment shows that there was increase in the weekly growth rate, weekly feed intake, and food conversion ratio, protein intake while there was decrease in the weekly Specific Growth Rate, Gross Food Conversion Efficiency and the Protein Efficiency Ratio. It was observed that the weekly feed intake consumed increased per week in the following sequence Diet 1 > Diet 2 > Diet 3 > Diet 4 (Table 1). The weekly mean of total feed consumed showed a progressive increase throughout the experiment and there was significance (p<0.05) difference throughout the experiment. The weekly mean weight in Figure 1 shows increase trend from week one to week eight and there was significance difference (p< 0.05) between the crude protein levels throughout the experiment.

The weekly mean of total feed consumed showed a progressive increase throughout the experiment and there was significance (p<0.05) difference throughout the experiment.

No significance difference (p > 0.05) observed in weight gain for week 6 and 7 and significance difference was observed throughout the remaining weeks. Also, there was no significance difference (p > 0.05) observed between specific growth rates of the dietary protein level in week five and seven and there was significance in the rest of the week. The weekly specific growth rate decreases throughout the duration of the experiment (Figure 2).

No significance difference occurred (p > 0.05) in week 3, 6, 7 and 8 and significance difference was observed in week 1, 2, 4 and 5 (Figure 3). The food conversion ratio increases throughout the experiment. It was reveal that Gross Conversion Efficiency decreases throughout the duration of the experiment and significance difference (p < 0.05) was observed from week seven to week 8 whereas no significance difference observed from week 1 to week 6 (Figure 3).

There was significance difference (p < 0.05) throughout the experiment and the protein intake increases throughout the experiment. Significance difference (p < 0.05) was observed in the protein efficiency ratio expect for week four where there is no significance difference in the fry fed with the four experimental diet (Figure 4). No significant differences (p > 0.05) in specific growth rate, food intake, food conversion ratio, gross food conversion efficiency and protein efficiency ratio while significant difference (p < 0.05) in the weight gain, protein intake (Table 2).

Table 3 shows proximate analysis of feed Percentage crude protein had the highest mean value in each Diet 34.37 ± 0.12, 28.47 ± 0.25, 26.86 ± 0.26, 24.04 ± 0.48, the lowest value was observed in Fat content for Diet 1, Diet 2, Diet 3 and Diet 4 had 7.31± 0.12, 5.22± 0.05, 5.16 ± 0.05 and 4.81 ± 0.07 respectively. The proximate analysis of fish sample in each Diet; the percentage crude fiber had the highest mean value of 40.18 ± 4.79, 47.52±0.55, 45.76±0.08, and 43.95±0.39 and fat content has the lowest Diet of 2.91 ± 0.04, 2.69 ± 0.04, 2.19 ± 0.08 and 2.24 ± 0.09 (Table 3). The experimental earthen pond water temperature, pH, dissolved oxygen and total alkalinity ranged from 27-28.5°C, 6.8-7.5, 5.8- 6.4ppm and 120-128ppm, respectively during the entire rearing period.

Discussion

The highest cumulative weight gain was recorded in fry fed on Diet 1(45%) with 10.58 ± 0.12 while the lowest was observed in fry fed with diet 4(30%) with 6.58 ± 0.21, similar findings have been reported by different authors for different tilapia species that the dietary protein requirements of several species of tilapia have been estimated to range from 20% to 56% [33,34,40-42]. The specific growth rate decreased throughout the duration of the experiment. The highest food conversion ratio was observed in the fry feeds with Diet 2 crude protein with the value of 0.32 ± 0.57 cumulative. The other feeds 30%, 35% and 45% crude protein recorded 0.25 ± 0.04, 0.32 ± 0.57 and 0.25 ± 0.04 respectively which were similar to [43]. The highest cumulative gross food conversion efficiency was recorded in the fry fed with 532.14 ± 131.12 and the lowest gross food conversion efficiency was recorded in fry fed with 35% crude protein with the value of 412.48 ±105.57 corresponding to the observations of [41,42]. The fry fed on Diet 2 crude protein recorded the highest protein efficiency ratio and fry fed with Diet 1 crude protein diet recorded the lowest protein efficiency ratio. PER, in the present study, was significantly affected by protein levels and manifests that protein utilization was obtained at low protein level. The decrease of PER with increasing dietary protein level have also been reported by different authors for different tilapia species [44,45]. This was mainly because more dietary protein is used as energy when high protein Diets are fed to fish [30,40]. The highest cumulative protein intake was recorded in the fry fed on on Diet1, having a value of 8.75 ± 1.43, this was followed by Diet 2 with the value of 7.40 ± 1.34. Frys fed with diet 3 with the value of 5.17 ± 0.91 and this was observed to the lowest experimental Diet which was fry fed with Diet 4 which recorded 3.74 ± 0.71. The proximate analyses of sample feed fed fry of Wesafu showed that the percentage crude protein was highest in the feed with 45% having a value of 34.37 ± 0.12 and the lowest was observed in feed with 30% with value of 24.04 ± 0.48. The formulated experimental feed with 40% recorded 28.47± 0.25 while 35% recorded 26.86 ± 0.26. Fry on proximate analysis recorded better productive protein values in the 45% feed with the value of 19.99 ± 0.35, 35% feed with value of 18.26 ± 0.12 followed by 40% feed with 17.61 ± 0.08 and 30% with 17.71 ± 0.17.

Conclusion

This study clearly indicated that diet containing 45% crude protein bodes well for cichlid aquaculture industry and appear to be suitable for rearing Wesafu fry to fingerlings in earthen pond with the potential to be a successful feed and alternative replacement for coppens in tilapine feed formulation.

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probablyasocialecologist · 1 year

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More than 40 leading scientists have resigned en masse from the editorial board of a top science journal in protest at what they describe as the “greed” of publishing giant Elsevier.

The entire academic board of the journal Neuroimage, including professors from Oxford University, King’s College London and Cardiff University resigned after Elsevier refused to reduce publication charges.

Academics around the world have applauded what many hope is the start of a rebellion against the huge profit margins in academic publishing, which outstrip those made by Apple, Google and Amazon.

Neuroimage, the leading publication globally for brain-imaging research, is one of many journals that are now “open access” rather than sitting behind a subscription paywall. But its charges to authors reflect its prestige, and academics now pay over £2,700 for a research paper to be published. The former editors say this is “unethical” and bears no relation to the costs involved.

Professor Chris Chambers, head of brain stimulation at Cardiff University and one of the resigning team, said: “Elsevier preys on the academic community, claiming huge profits while adding little value to science.”

He has urged fellow scientists to turn their backs on the Elsevier journal and submit papers to a nonprofit open-access journal which the team is setting up instead.

He told the Observer: “All Elsevier cares about is money and this will cost them a lot of money. They just got too greedy. The academic community can withdraw our consent to be exploited at any time. That time is now.”

Elsevier, a Dutch company that claims to publish 25% of the world’s scientific papers, reported a 10% increase in its revenue to £2.9bn last year. But it’s the profit margins, nearing 40%, according to its 2019 accounts, which anger academics most. The big scientific publishers keep costs low because academics write up their research – typically funded by charities and the public purse – for free. They “peer review” each other’s work to verify it is worth publishing for free, and academic editors collate it for free or for a small stipend. Academics are then often charged thousands of pounds to have their work published in open-access journals, or universities will pay very high subscription charges.

#science #peer review #Elsevier #science journal #information

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juniperpublishersjojdc · 2 years

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A Novel Methodology for Correction of Cosmetic Problems via Secondary Eyebrow Transplantation - Juniper Publishers

Authored by Yi Jung Lin

Abstract

Eyebrows create a very imperative and noticeable feature of the face. With increasing information, eyebrow transplant has become a prevalent technique. Though it is a small area still requires a lot of precision, knowledge and aesthetic skill regarding anatomy, designing of brows, extraction and implantation technique. In this paper, we performed many cases of eyebrow reconstuction including revision by our own implanter. The cases analyzed in this paper were corrected only by transplantation of occipical donor hair without laser hair removal nor tattoos. This article gives a comprehensive view regarding how to correct previously unsatisfactory eyebrow transplant with special emphasis on several points as hair follicle density, eyebrow shape, entire or partially reconstruction, which has become the most skillful technique.

Keywords: Eyebrow Transplantation; Implanter; Hair Follicle Density; Hypothyroidism

Introduction

Eyebrows are the most communicative feature and form a masterline of the face. It is the orientation fact concerning which all other perspectives and outlines of the face are established. Repairing eyebrows have become a reworthing procedure of hair transplant because of the increasing information and exceptional results. However, eyebrow transplant requires a high degree of skill and experience, not to mention the reconstruction transplant under the condition of previously unsatisfactory eyebrow transplant. With the extensive experience of the author in the field of follicular unit extraction (FUE) and follicular unit transplant (FUT)/strip, especially in aesthetic facial hair restoration, it is feasible to perform high-quality surgical techniques creating satisfactory results and a happy outcomes to patients after previously eyebrow transplant under comprehensive communication.

Procedure evaluation before the transplant

Cosmetic is the most common signs of eyebrow transplant such as inherited absence or insufficient coverage, of a normal appearing eyebrow requiring darker colour or an uneven eyebrow with lack of lateral third or medial portion. The other uncommon indications are trichotillomania, scar due to trauma, burn or tumours, stable alopecia areata, madarosis due to hypothyroidism, leprosy, etc. [1]. Although a correct candidate is one who has accurate expectations, understands limits in density achieved, has a pronounced defect than purely cosmetic purposes and stable or treated disease, the patient still expects a near-perfect surgical result. Even well awaring the difficulties of the reconstruction of eyebrow transplant, after seeing the patients undergoing previous surgery, showing an extremely depressed and anxious state, the authors had to try to deal with the cosmetic problem secondary to previous eyebrow transplant.

Methods

The outline of the eyebrows comes from the arrangement and display of each hair follicle. The qulity and survival rate of the follicles implanted decide the appearance of the eyebrow. FUT/ strip with long hair has long been used using single or small hair grafts for brow transplant [2,3]. Persuing grafts of high quality, Graft quality index (GQI) of grade 1, can present the shape of the eyebrow more accurately. We prefer FUT with long hair to control the qulity of grafts, especially a grade 1 of GQI [4], and only a high surviral rate of hair follicle could show a beautiful outline of eyebrows. We use DIMIS-T 100A of high solution of digital Microscope and Samsung LED monitor for follicle dividing. Despite preparing graft using a dissecting microscope gives the dividing a little slower, however, it is worth the effort and much more perfect.

Case Analysis

Entire reconstruction

The patient received eyebrow transplantation by body hair (leg hair) one year before visiting the clinic. Occasionally, the implanted body hair was too thin and too sparse to connect the original eyebrow hair to present an intact curve. This time, we used the occipital donor hair to make an entire reconstruction. And the result gets more complete than the body hair (Figures 1 & 2).

Partially modified

The patient received eyebrow tattoo before eyebrow transplantion resulting in eyebrow hair lost and fibrosis under eyebrow area noted afterwards. She requested eyebrow implantation and liked it to go unnoticed. After the first implantation, partial eyebrow tail didn’t grow well. We checked the direction and quality of the eyebrow head and made a consecutive curve of the eyebrow. The result of integral contour presented after secondary remodification (Figures 3 & 4).

Shape adjustment

Some patients intend to change their eyebrow shape after transplantation. The stretching points of the eyebrow contour are mostly affected by the spots of brow’s peak. If the peaks’ position beyond the lateral canthus, the patient will appear angry and old look. Trying to enhance both brow heads and closer to the middle nose, it will lower down the arch of the eyebrow’s contour. After adjustment and strengthening the heads of the eyebrows, it would make the face appearing kinder, gentler, and more pleasant (Figures 5 & 6).

Density problem

The contour and shape of the eyebrow are built by several hundred hairs. To implant several hundred hairs onto this limited area is really an arduous and skillful technique. However, the patients often desire the evenly displayed eyebrow hairs without any interspace for the better homogeneous presentation. We used single hair and small 2- hair grafts interspersing in the original hairs, making it look more pleasing and homogeneous (Figures 7 & 8).

Curl direction

Generally, most common problems are related to direction and curl, colour and texture mismatch or lack of regrowth [5]. Despite of the shape design and point location, the curl direction is an important factor to make up the image of the eyebrow. Reverse or crooked direction would damage the smooth curve of the eyebrow. To remedy the interference of the bad curl, we implant more and thicker hairs inside and beside them to ease off the visual effects of the undesired curl directions as much as possible (Figures 9 & 10).

Shaft diameter

Compatible hair qualities are necessary in eyebrow revision, even though it is unreasonable in some case. Selection of shaft diameter is related to the eyebrow even face image before surgery. Thus, selecting compatible shaft diameter is important factor in eyebrow revision. It is more important to check the eyebrow shaft of previous implant by trichoscopy before eyebrow transplant, it could find a better reference for revision [6] (Figures 11 & 12).

Low survival rate

FUE is popular in recent years. Howeveer, unskilled physicians may have undesirable consequences. The patient received FUE eyebrow transplant one year before coming to our clinic. Unfortunately, the implanted follicles from FUE presented extremely low survival rate. And owing to the short shaft of follicle is difficult to orient the hair flow, the hairs growed in odd directions. Because of poor survival rate and different hair flow, it will not present a smooth curve of the eyebrow at all. The affected area is too large for the patient to distinguish between old and new hairs. So, the author has to implant the eyebrows with very high density to facilitate the patient trimming (Figures 13 & 14).

Post-operativecare

The patients are instructed not to wash the face and doing make-up on the periorbital area from the next post-operative day until all crusts have fallen off, about ten days after. After ten days, the implanted hair will start to fall off and nearly all brow transplanted hair fall due to anagen effluvium [7] until two months. Hair regrowth begins at 3-5 months. In next 6-8 months, number increases with more density.

Conclusion

The revision of eyebrow restoration is even more challenging than the virgin eyebrow implantation. The details include low follicle density, peculiar hair curl directions, unnatural looks, unsatisfied shapes, hair qulity and so on after implantation. Inspite of the above, sometimes it still varies regarding the personalities of the patients. To keep careful and conservative communication with the anxious patients is a main determinant before making decision. Overall, with the use of highest standards of techniques and with increasing experience, we provide excellent and beautiful results with patient’s accurate anticipations.

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spacecowboycunt · 1 year

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yall gotta start qualifying your thoughts with some sort of admission of subjectivity, i feel like every post i see is some declaration of subjective opinion stated like its a fact and its making me deranged

#maybe its just my education #but teachers often told us not to say I Feel or I Think #but you know what? its totally okay to say that cos its a quick way to qualify that the following statement is opinion not Universal Truth #personalig #girlies hit 2k on here or youtube and present their OPeds like investigative journalism or peer reviewed research

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etchif · 5 months

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Interesting things are going on in the paleoanthropology community

#being able to publish papers in a journal BEFORE they've been peer reviewed is crazy

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squareallworthy · 1 month

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🔥 cooking

It took me a while to answer this, because I have pretty conventional opinions about cooking, but here's what I've got: you sometimes hear people say that cooking is an art, but baking is a science. Meaning that with cooking, you can just wing it, double the amount of ginger or substitute a different kind of stock, and everything will be fine, but for baking you have to follow the recipe exactly as written.

But I think this is wrong. Because baking is a science, you have to change things. You have to alter the recipe, because conditions in your kitchen will not be exactly like conditions in someone else's kitchen. Your oven will heat and circulate air differently, your flour will have a different moisture content, your pans will have a different size and shape. These things will affect how your baked goods turn out, and you absolutely have to tweak recipes and techniques to make things work.

So if your bread does not turn out just like the bread in the cookbook, don't think that you are a failure because you tried to do things exactly as written and it didn't work. Look at what you've got, think about to move it in the direction you want, and try out an adjustment. Document what you're doing, and if it looks good, keep doing that. If not, try something else. In science, you're supposed to experiment.

#and then publish your results in a peer-reviewed journal #gotta get that citation count up

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shameboree · 1 year

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“ive never had a hyperfixation ever in my life” i say having been neurotically obsessed w prions and transmissible spongiform encephalopathies since i was actually for real 6 years old. i think about protein misfolding once a day at MINIMUM. blorbos come and go but prions are Literally forever

#if you havent been fixated on a misfolded protein that misfolds other proteins Unstoppably and can only be destroyed at 900 fahrenheit DNI #ITS JUST A FUCKED LITTLE PROTEIN!! THAT ONE LITTLE GUY CAN RUIN ALL THE OTHER NORMAL GUYS!! THEN YOU DIE!!!!!!!!!!#i have one(1) passion and its prions. sometimes ppl are foolish enough to trigger my Special Interest and then listen to me talk about it #stuck there for 45min as i soapbox on the UK government+capitalism being Directly Responsibly for scrapie jumping multiple species barriers #creating multiple completely new Invariably Fatal diseases in several animals and then humans that shouldve never existed #had a pt recently w a metabolic protein misfolding disorder and its tse adjacent so its ALL I CAN THINK ABOUT #i think i trapped my Entire Family for like 2hrs one xmas talking abt this before they had enough of me #how passionate about a thing are u if you havent missed your bus stop by 15min reading studies in peer reviewed scientific journals #just checked my hr its jacked up to the 110s I LOVE PRIONS!! SCARIEST SHIT ON THIS PLANET!!!!!!#kels talks #a special look into my brain i hope you have all enjoyed

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frevandrest · 10 months

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do you know any resources for queer studies of frev?

Unfortunately, no. (As in, a specific queer approach to frev/full studies, not just mentions). There was supposed to be a study years back from Unspeakable Vice, but I don't think it ever materialized (?)

There are some articles/book chapters that I found over the years. I wouldn't call many (most?) of them specifically queer studies approach, but there is a talk about same-sex relationships during frev/late 18th century France. Some talk about legal stuff, like the penal code of 1791 that legitimized same-sex stuff on a technicality. Things like that. There is also some stuff about Marie Antoinette (slander pamphlets), but it's more about propaganda and not queer studies.

For example:

Sodomy Laws in France: How The 1791 French Penal Code Decriminalized Sodomy Without The Will of The People Homosexuality in Modern France

Please note that I mainly know of these articles; I didn't go through them all so I can't say how they speak about the subject or what the stance they take.

Also, I mainly know English-language sources, which are generally not the best for frev. But I am not sure what was written about it in French.

@sieclesetcieux will know more about this topic!

#ask #frev #queer history #and yes in the interest of transparency i must say that one of the articles is by olivier blanc himself #published in a legit journal though #it's the one where he talks about hérault taking male lovers #based on a slander book where they talked about hérault's antiphysical passions #but i assume the text passed at least some peer review #i wouldn't call it a queer studies approach tho - he simply lists who was slandered for sodomy etc.

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altarwaiting · 9 months

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sorry for not having perfect options for a tumblr dot com poll I wrote in like 30 seconds it will absolutely happen again

#personal #like this isn't a peer reviewed journal pls let me LIVEm

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crowley1990 · 5 months

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Having now watched hbomberguy and Todd in the shadows videos about Somerton I think the conclusion we can draw is for audiences to stop treating YouTube video essays like they’re documentaries and more like they’re undergraduate essays in video format! Some are good and well researched but most are so so bad and lazy and filled with errors, plagiarism and written by people who don’t know what they’re doing. And even when they’re mostly correct and are a fairly account synthesis of other people’s research, they almost never have any primary research or original analysis as part of it. So you know, stop treating them like they’re a well written factual documentary.

#I don’t even have a lot of respect for documentaries either because they can be misleading too #There’s very few realms where there is a strong culture of creating accurate and informed content #Like books can be decent but it still depends on the writer/editor/publisher. I know some historical non fiction books that are lies.#Academic journals and papers are probably the last bastion? Even some of that stuff is bullshit but still. It’s a peer reviewed system #And has a strong culture of being accurate and not plagiarising

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qqueenofhades · 1 year

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I have academic database access again 🙌🙌🙌🙌🙌🙌🙌

#hilary for ts #school stuff #listen i realize this is Extremely nerdy but #i have been Suffering without an active university credential #and have gotten very creative #but yes praise glory and mercy be i can READ STUFF AGAIN #and might also lose my entire mind and submit another journal article for peer review #why would i do that when i am grumbling and mumbling over having to do the last one?#who knows #but yes academic database access my beloved

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corkisms · 2 years

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jimmy looks over duke's notes sometimes

#its like peer reviewing a scientific journal but the 'journal' is about aliens and the 'peer' cant draw an owl from memory for fuckall #original jimmy may be a super smart cyborg clone corpse reanimating mad scientist but this is party jimmy we're talking about. romania!#had this ding into my head in the middle of a physics project and blacked out and this was sitting on a new ibispaint layer when i came to #payday 2 #payday 2dles

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upagainstthesunset · 11 months

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Metron's Shirt: An Evolutionary Tree

So this is it. This is what I've spent way too many hours on. My most recent magnum opus, if you will. Without further ado, I am pleased to present... 130 thumbnails of Metron's costume across all appearances in comics!

Click here for a full size version of the image from archive.org

[Image: A tree diagram of 130 cropped images of the DC comics character Metron's costume. Each one depicts the design on his chest from a different comic issue. All images branch at some level from a single one, which is from Metron's first appearance. /End]

Keep reading to learn more about the process and findings...

But Why?

When I started going through Metron's reading list, I noticed that artists often took liberties with the design on his chest. Some made minor adjustments, while others really went off the deep end. But for each one it was still recognizable for the character. So I thought hmm, it'd be interesting to try to map this out and see if I can spot how these changes have evolved over the years. And that is precisely what I set out to do.

The Process

I first took screenshots from every single appearance using my reading list, which I like to tout as the MOST complete and comprehensive Metron reading list in existence (suck it fandom wiki). It took a long time, but eventually I had 202 thumbnails. Now, I should mention that he's been in more comics than that, but sometimes his chest is not shown, or he's depicted so small and far away that the design was not discernable. Of those that I captured, I removed any from the same run that were incredibly similar, leaving only significantly different designs.

Then I went oldest to newest, starting with Kirby's first published depiction, and for each tried to find which images seemed like the closest matches. This means a given image is only ever inspired by those that chronologically came before it. For runs that had multiple images, I tried to make the first occurrence the parent of the others. This wasn't a hard and fast rule I followed, but did help model some of the evolution.

When matching, I limited it so that a single image would have no more than two parents. Of course, it is incredibly likely that some of these depictions really have a large swath of influences, but I really didn't want to make a jumbled web, so for my own sanity we're sticking to only the two most prevalent influences. That said, there is no limit on number of children, so a single image may have inspired many others.

The Criteria

While matching, I did my best and went purely off of visuals after satisfying these other limitations. Here are the points on which I made these evaluations:

Neck lines - Presence, number

Horizontal bar (line crossing the big circle): Position

Vertical bar (line going through big circle and/or chest): Presence

Dongle (little circle in the big circle): Presence, position, thickness, orientation

Tab (little inverted T shape under the big circle): Present, shape

Tentacles (wavy lines from the bottom of the big circle to the bottom of the design): Presence, thickness, angle/shape, length

Vestigial tentacles (subcategory of tentacles but more like tiny claws): Presence, shape, orientation

Bulge (curved shape at the bottom of the design that meets the tentacles): Presence, shape

Side dots - Presence, number, size, orientation relative to the edge of the background, circle vs rectangle

Background (outer shape the design sits in): Presence, shape relative to the big circle, shape near the waist or hips, border lines

Overall line look: Thickness, business/extra designs, glowing effects

Various colors: lines, big circle background, little circles, chest background, etc.

Findings!

These are just a few interesting points I wanted to share, but there are many more connections to be made as you follow some of these evolutions.

It's no surprise that Kirby's original run inspired many other artists, but a surprising amount branched off of Metron's Hunger Dogs appearance specifically.

A surprising number of depictions don't have the bulge shape, creating sort of a family of designs.

Another family of designs has very angular tentacles, which to me seem to have been inspired by Kirby's Mister Miracle run.

I was very unsure where to put New Gods 1998 #1, but it really spawned a whole set of overly complicated designs.

My favorite discovery is the origins of the "vestigial tentacles" from my criteria list. They can be trace backed to two vertical lines coming off the big circle in Who's Who in the DC Universe 1992!

Naming Conventions

There is a file name under each thumbnail, which starts with the word "shirt", followed by the comic title, the year the run originated if needed for disambiguation, the issue number, and finally the page number. This was done to make referencing these easier, which I'm so glad I did.

And the reason I started each one with "shirt" is because guess what, his chest design was not the only thing I recorded. I just so happen to have a folder of 199 thumbnails of the Mobius Chair waiting to be processed.

Some Caveats

I admit there were some I still feel iffy about, so I'd be surprised if you don't find a few you disagree with. Part of the fun is trying to determine what might've actually inspired what, versus artists who by chance came to the same conclusion with the design. All of this is guess work, and without asking the artists directly, I don't think we will have definitive answers. But if you take a close look, I think there are definitely some we can feel fairly confident about!

Apologies that there's a lot more to see here than I'm going to be able to describe in the image description. If you have any questions about the details, feel free to ask.

#metron #new gods #fourth world #dc comics #metronmeta #katetakes #metron if i fits i sits #i am so normal about this character #i feel like i just wrote an article for a scientific peer reviewed journal

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