#alpha-fetoprotein

[jcrmhscasereports]

Case of Necrotizing Pancreatitis following COVID-19 Infection by Faezeh Sehatpour in Journal of Clinical Case Reports Medical Images and Health Sciences  

ABSTRACT

New aspects of COVID-19 are increasingly being recognized. Although the virus is mainly known to affect the lungs, involvement of other organs including the heart, liver, gastrointestinal, renal and pancreas is also detected. Acute pancreatitis is detected as one of both the early and late presentations of COVID -19. Cytokine storm or the presence of angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) receptor in pancreatic cells, are both two causes of pancreatic injury in COVID-19 infection. In this study, we reported a 25-year-old man admitted to our department with the impression of necrotizing pancreatitis concomitant with COVID-19 infection. Patient's lab data, imaging and outcomes were documented in full detail.

Abbreviations:

WBC, white blood cell;HB, hemoglobin; MCV, mean corpuscular volume; PLT, platelet; BUN, blood urea nitrogen; Na, sodium; K, potassium; ; AST, aspartate aminotransferase; ALT, alanine aminotransferase; ALK.P, alkaline phosphatase; ALB, albumin; LDH, Lactate dehydrogenase ; CPK, creatine phosphokinase; CRP,c-reactive protein; AFP,alpha-fetoprotein; CEA,carcinoembryonic antigen; CA19-9,cancer antigen 19-9; Immunoglobulin G4.

INTRODUCTION

The Covid-19 pandemic is an ongoing pandemic that started in December 2019 and spread rapidly around the word. COVID-19 was caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome corona virus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), first identified in Wuhan, China. So far, more than 200 countries have been affected by the pandemic. (1)

New aspects of COVID-19 are increasingly being recognized. Although the virus is mainly known to affect the lungs, involvement of other organs including the heart, liver, gastrointestinal, renal and pancreas is increasingly being reported. (2)

The involvement of the gastrointestinal system is maybe due to the expression of the angiotensin-converting enzyme2 (ACE2) on the hepatocyte, cholangiocyte and  other parts of the GI tract. (3) In a recent survey, acute pancreatitis was detected as one of both early and late presentations of COVID -19. (4-6) However, it is still unclear whether SARS-COV-2 directly affects pancreatic cells because of ACE2, if it is a cytokine storm which causes pancreatic injury. (7)

We reported a case of COVID-19 with subsequent acute necrotizing pancreatitis.

CASE REPORT

A 25-year-old man without any known medical disease presented to our emergency department with progressive epigastric pain, nausea and vomiting and anorexia one week prior to admission. He has no history of alcohol consumption. He also had a history of admission to another hospital about two weeks ago with a diagnosis of COVID-19 pneumonia. On admission, he has a blood pressure of 115/75 mm HG, a heart rate of 100 beats per minute, a temperature of 37.1 ⁰C and oxygen saturation of 95% while the patient is breathing in the room air. Primary investigations summarized in Table-1. Amylase and lipase were 146 IU/L and 82 IU/L respectively. Nasal swab test for COVID-19 (RT-PCR for SARS-CoV-2) was positive. Abdominal sonography showed markedly prominent pancreas with in homogeneous parenchymal echogenicity and large cystic lesion arising from the pancreas, in favor of acute complicated pancreatitis with pseudo cyst. The gall bladder has a normal size and wall thickness without any gall stones. The pancreatic duct was not dilated.  Due to the finding of abdominal ultra sound, CT scan of abdomen was done on him which revealed an enlarged pancreas with necrosis of the main portion of pancreatic parenchyma. Large cystic lesion measuring 15×7×11 cm in size arising from the pancreatic neck with extension to the right and left side of the abdomen suggestive of large pancreatic pseudo cyst (figure1).  Lung HRCT (low dose) also showed bilateral peripheral ground glass opacities in favor of COVID-19 pneumonia (figure2). According to the findings of a physical exam, laboratory data and clues in imaging immediate management of acute necrotizing pancreatitis (invasive intravenous hydration and pain control) was started for him. He was finally discharged from the hospital with a full recovery.

Table 1: laboratory data

Figure 1: Abdominal CT scan:  large loculated pseudo cystic structure measuring about 158mm*100mm in lesser sac due to post pancreatitis pseudo cyst formation.

Figure 2: lung HRCT: multiple ground glass and bilateral pleural effusion

DISCUSSION

Acute pancreatitis is an acute inflammation of the pancreas characterized by abdominal pain, nausea, vomiting and elevated exocrine pancreatic enzymes; amylase and lipase. Gallstones and chronic alcohol abuse are the most common causes of acute pancreatitis. Viruses are uncommon causes of acute pancreatitis. Pancreatitis has been reported with several viruses, including mumps, coxsackievirus, hepatitis A and B virus, cytomegalovirus, varicella-zoster, herpes simplex and human immunodeficiency virus. (8)

Although we have not conclusively proven the presence of the virus in the pancreas, the causes of COVID-19 and acute pancreatitis and the lack of other clear causes for pancreatitis strengthen the relationship between the two diseases.  In this study, the patient presented with necrotizing COVID-19in 19 in the early post period of COVID-19 infection.

In Fan Wang and colleagues' survey, 52 COVID-19 cases followed and showed that 17% of COVID-19 patients developed pancreatic injury and presented with mild elevated pancreatic enzymes; serum amylase and lipase without clinically severe pancreatitis. The possibility of drug induced acute pancreatitis in patients who have received medication due to COVID-19 is also expressed as one of the reasons for acute pancreatitis in COVID-for19 infection. (9) Saffa Saeed Al Mazrouei and his teammates reported a 24-year-old patient with acute non-necrotizing pancreatitis with concurrent COVID-19. No evidence of pseudo cyst or abscess was detected in his imaging. (10)

Pancreatic damage can be due to the direct effect of the virus on pancreatic cells or indirectly secondary to the immune system. In another study in Wuhan, it showed that ACE2 was expressed in the pancreas higher than the lung in the normal population, indicating that SARS-CoV-2 can bind to ACE2 in the pancreas and cause pancreatic cell damage. (7, 11)

Acute pancreatitis is one of the presentations or complications of COVID-19 infection. Further investigation with samples is needed to reveal the pathophysiology, presentation, treatment and prognosis of acute pancreatitis in COVID-19 infection.

For more information: https://jmedcasereportsimages.org/about-us/

For more submission : https://jmedcasereportsimages.org/

#COVID-19 #Cytokine storm #blood cell;HB #aminotransferase #CRP #c-reactive protein #carcinoembryonic antigen #alpha-fetoprotein #anorexia #RT-PCR for SARS-CoV-2 #HRCT #Faezeh Sehatpour #jcrmhs

[jcmicr]

Role of Alpha Fetoprotein in hepatocellular carcinoma by MuhammadWaqar Mazhar in Journal of Clinical and Medical Images, Case Reports  

Abstract

Hepatocellular carcinoma prevelance rate is higher in Pakistan due to HCV mortality rate, consumption of Alchol, and regular smoking, higher level of AFP progression normal liver cells into fatty liver cells, after inflammation it convert into HCC.In this study, we find the correlation between AFP and hepatocellular carcinoma. AFP involve in development of liver cancer, LFT’s test elevation and HCV also cause of cancer.

Keywords: Hepatocellular Carcinoma; Alpha Fetoprotein; alanine amino transferases; aspartate aminotransferases.

Introduction

Hepatocellular carcinoma is the 4th most common malignancy in worldwide and it is leading cause of cancer like disease in liver, and it exceed more than 1 million deaths per year by 2030 [1]. Acute hepatitis and acute liver failure are the most serious medical condition that require early diagnosis by release of IL-6, TNF-α and elevated alanine amino transferases, aspartate aminotransferases, alkaline phosphatase and α -Fetoprotein that progress healthy liver in to fatty liver known as steatosis and then inflammation occur in this and leads to hepatocellular carcinoma [2]. Most cases of HCC due to the virus like HCV and HBV, Diabetic and obesity, alcohol related diseases, non- alcohol related diseases, carcinogens like aflatoxins compounds [3]. HCC is the most common cancer that have high mortality rate in cancers due to mortality of HCV and NLFD. In Pakistan HCC ratio high due to prevalence and mortality rate of HCV [4]. The major treatment of HCC are chemotherapy, radiotherapy, transplantation and surgery. Because the most cases diagnose at the late stage, surgery cannot be performed and drugs are the only treatment of HCC [5]. Most patients in HCC become more drug resistance drug resistance. Drug treatment is the best choice of patients who are not edible for surgery. HCC is usually resistance to chemotherapeutic drugs. Because it hinders liver cancer treatment. In recent years targeted drugs use as medication and immune checkpoint inhibitors are introduce for treatment [6].

In the previous research evidence indicates that alpha-fetoprotein has high false-positive rate in diagnosis of early stage of HCC. The EASL clinic practices shows that AFP as a biomarker for liver transplantation and drug indicator [7]. The AFP level increased in many patients’ ad its risk for progression of HCC. AFP, currently the only biomarker available for HCC drug treatment, function as immune suppressor and promote malignancy transformation in HCC [8]. HCC is resistant to traditional chemotherapeutic agents such as doxorubicin, tetrahydrofolate, oxaliplatin, cisplatin, and gemcitabine. currently the recommended drugs include such as targeted therapeutics and immune checkpoint inhibitors [9].

AFP is a glycoprotein that secreted by endoderm embryonic tissue. The lower level of AFP in blood due to AFP is decrease in mature hepatocytes and that AFP gene expression is blocked. It is possible that AFP involved in HCC development and progression become an important factor affecting HCC diagnosis and treatment. AFP plays an important role in promoting cancer cell proliferation and, inhibition cancer cell apoptosis.

LFT’s test performed for liver injury, alanine aminotransferases, aspartate aminotransferases and alkaline phosphatase. These enzymes are commonly elevated in liver disease patients. Alkaline phosphatase and AFP play important role in the diagnosis of cancer.

Case Study

The patient name was sikandar, age 56 patient feel pain in their abdomen and sudden loss of weight. The patient has already hepatitis C infection and their PCR results were positive with high viral load. Due to serious illness it admitted in emergency ward 12, Nishter Hospital Multan. The doctors panel referred some test and kept in observations for better health condition.

The total bilirubin level was 2.05mg/dl in their blood and their normal values 0.6 - 1.2. The serum glutamate-pyruvate transaminase level is 43U/L and normal values up to 40. Aspartate amino transferases and alkaline phosphatase level were high in blood respectively 151 U/L and 493 U/l show in (Figure 1). Its indicate liver injury and cirrhosis. The AFP test indicates correlation with Hepatocellular carcinoma. The AFP level in patient was 6101ng/ml and normal values were 0.1 – 10. Higher level of AFP indicates that HCC have positive relation with AFP to proliferate cancer. The test formed by fully automated state of the Art analyzer Beckman Coulter 700 AIJ.

Figure 1: Liver function and Alpha Feto Protein test in patient.

After blood reports, doctor suggest ultarosund Computrised Tomography whole abdominal view. In view, spleen size becomes enlarged 6cm, calculi in gall bladder, heterogeneous patchy atrial enhancement of right lobe, and some nodules seen in both lobes of liver. The doctor findings the AFP correlation with HCC, splenomegaly, ascites, cholelithiasis and protosystematic collaterals.

Figure 2: Ultrasound Computrised Tomography whole abdomen.

The patient diagnosed with hepatocellular carcinoma at last stage, and doctor reffered to liver transplantation in india. But after 4 weeks he cannot survive.

Conclusion

Hepatitis C was the major risk of hepatocellular carcinoma in Pakistan. Smoking and alcohol have big problem to influence HCC in humans. The case study show that alpha fetoprotein has correlation with HCC. Higher Alkaline phosphatase and serum Bilirubin level enhance the liver carcinoma. AFP play role in cell proliferation, cancer cell differentiation and cell cycle arrest.

For more details : https://jcmimagescasereports.org/author-guidelines/ 

#Hepatocellular Carcinoma #Alpha Fetoprotein #alanine amino transferases #aspartate aminotransferases #malignancy #HCV #HCC #doxorubicin #tetrahydrofolate #oxaliplatin #Tomography #MuhammadWaqar Mazhar #JCMICR

[massivebreadshark]

Dieser Bericht auf dem Quantitatives Assay-Kit für Alpha-Fetoprotein. Markt ist eine exemplarische Vorgehensweise aller Marktdefinitionen, Charakterisierungen, Bündel und Marktmuster. Dieser Bericht ermöglicht das Verständnis des dynamischen Zustands, der Marktteilnehmer und der Antriebshersteller. Dieser Bericht über den Quantitatives Assay-Kit für Alpha-Fetoprotein-Markt ermutigt und erfasst, was die weltweiten Merkmale sind und wie die wichtigsten Akteure und Marken den Quantitatives Assay-Kit für Alpha-Fetoprotein-Markt in Bezug auf ihre Strömungsforschung, gemeinsame Bemühungen, Konsolidierungen, Artikelversand und Behauptungen auf globaler Ebene beherrschen. Der Bericht enthält Zahlen und Bewertungen für den Quantitatives Assay-Kit für Alpha-Fetoprotein-Markt weltweit und pro Provinz. Es bietet authentische Einblicke, die 2020 überlagern, Basisdaten, die 2021 überlagern, sowie Spurweitenmessungen, die 2022 bis 2030 überlagern, abhängig von Einkommen, Bezahlung, Import und Fahrpreis.

#Quantitatives Assay-Kit für Alpha-Fetoprotein

[pharmaresearchdata]

Alpha-fetoprotein (AFP) Tumor Market Global Insights 2022 and Trends, Forecast 2029

The Report Title Alpha-fetoprotein (AFP) Tumor Market is one of the most comprehensive and important additions to the pharmaresearchconsulting. Provides detailed research and analysis of key aspects of the global Alpha-fetoprotein (AFP) Tumor market. Market analysts write in-depth information provided in this report is a complete analysis of the Market, providing leading growth drivers, restraints, challenges, trends, and opportunities. Market participants can use analysis for market dynamics to plan effective growth strategies and prepare for future challenges. Each trend of the global Alpha-fetoprotein (AFP) Tumor market is carefully analyzed and studied by market analysts.

Explore the full report with detailed TOC here:

The global Alpha-fetoprotein (AFP) Tumor market size is expected to expand at a CAGR of 5.9% during 2022-2029.

#Alpha-fetoprotein (AFP) Tumor Market Analysis #German Alpha-fetoprotein (AFP) Tumor Market Forecast #US Alpha-fetoprotein (AFP) Tumor Market Trend #Asia Pacific Alpha-fetoprotein (AFP) Tumor Market Size #European Alpha-fetoprotein (AFP) Tumor Market Growth #Korean Alpha-fetoprotein (AFP) Tumor Market Trend #Korean Alpha-fetoprotein (AFP) Tumor Market Scope #Korean Alpha-fetoprotein (AFP) Tumor Market Demand #Korean Alpha-fetoprotein (AFP) Tumor Market Forecast

[vijayanger12]

A recent report provides crucial insights along with application based and forecast information in the Global Alpha Fetoprotein Quantitative Assay Kit Market. The report provides a comprehensive analysis of key factors that are expected to drive the growth of this market. This study also provides a detailed overview of the opportunities along with the current trends observed in the Alpha Fetoprotein Quantitative Assay Kit market.

#Alpha Fetoprotein Quantitative Assay Kit Market size

[geolyte]

so we all know this part of trauma team right

and how utterly ridiculous that number is

well. i did some math... and research that too.

the best way i can describe AFP is... fetus goo. and also a tumor marker. AFP stands for alpha-fetoprotein or something like that. im not a doctor i just have autism

i got curious and decided to figure out just how fucking ridiculous this number is. if we use 5 as an average, we can determine that...

The blood AFP level measured in Samuel Turnbull's intial blood test is a whopping 265.4 TIMES HIGHER THAN AN AVERAGE, HEALTHY, LIVER TUMOR-FREE PERSON.

#hex's internal dialogue #trauma center #trauma team

[dippyface]

also not to be me but the alpha-fetoprotein test was fucked up when my mom was pregnant with the fetus that became me and if I was aborted I wouldn’t care bc I wouldn’t exist 

#and then I wouldn't have to have a mom who's in a cult #I'm just realizing I probably absorbed a twin

[drmsskeerthi]

Liver Cancer

Are you looking for the best liver cancer surgeon in Hyderabad? Dr. M.S.S. Keerthi is an excellent choice for liver cancer treatment by providing topnotch care for patients, she has treated more than 10000+ cancer patients and currently, Dr. M.S.S Keerthi is working as Sr. Consultant Surgical Oncologist and laparoscopic and robotic Surgeon at Tulasi Hospital, and Evoke Clinic at Securandarbad, Telangana.

With her exceptional expertise, patient-centric philosophy, and steadfast dedication to excellence, Dr. M.S. S Keerthi has firmly established herself as a leading liver cancer surgeon . Whether you seek advanced treatment for liver cancer or personalized care for related concerns, Dr. M.S. S Keerthi offers unparalleled services customized to your individual needs.

What is liver cancer ?

Liver cancer, also known as hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC), is a malignancy that originates in the liver cells. It is among the most prevalent cancers worldwide and a significant cause of cancer-related mortality. Liver cancer can manifest in various forms, including primary liver cancer, which originates within the liver, and secondary liver cancer, which spreads to the liver from other parts of the body.

Stages of the Liver Cancer:

Dr. M.S.S. Keerthi explains the stages of liver cancer and how far spread of cancer occurs:

Stage 0: Cancer is localized, hasn’t invaded deeper tissues.

Stage I: A single tumor up to 2 cm in diameter, confined to the liver.

Stage II: Single tumor larger than 2 cm or multiple tumors, none larger than 5 cm, still confined to the liver.

Stage III: Tumor( s) invade near blood vessels or organs but have not spread distantly.

Stage IV: spread to near lymph bumps or distant organs.

Causes of liver cancer:

Best cancer specialist in Hyderabad ,Dr MSS Keerthi says liver cancer can be caused by various factors that damage the liver cells and disrupt normal cell growth processes. Some of the primary causes and contributing factors to liver cancer include:

Chronic Liver Diseases, like Cirrhosis: One of the leading causes of liver cancer is chronic liver disease, especially cirrhosis. Cirrhosis is often the result of long-term damage to the liver caused by conditions like excessive alcohol consumption, hepatitis B or C infections, or non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD).

Hepatitis B or C Infections: Chronic infections with hepatitis B or C viruses can significantly increase the risk of developing liver cancer over time.

Excessive Alcohol Consumption: Prolonged and excessive alcohol consumption can lead to liver damage and increase the risk of liver cancer.

Obesity: Obesity is a known risk factor for liver cancer, as it can lead to the accumulation of fat in the liver, inflammation, and scarring.

Family History: Individuals with a family history of liver cancer may be at a higher risk, as there can be genetic predispositions to the disease.

Symptoms of liver cancer:

The symptoms of liver cancer can vary and may not appear in the early stages. Common symptoms include:

Abdominal Pain or Discomfort: Pain or a feeling of fullness in the upper abdomen is a common symptom of liver cancer.

Jaundice: Yellowing of the skin and eyes (jaundice) can occur when the cancer affects the liver’s ability to process bilirubin.

Unexplained Weight Loss: Significant and unexplained weight loss can be a sign of liver cancer.

Fatigue: A general feeling of weakness and fatigue can result from the cancer’s impact on the liver’s functions.

Diagnosis and Treatment:

Diagnosis: Liver cancer is typically diagnosed through a combination of tests, including imaging tests , blood tests, and sometimes a liver biopsy to confirm the presence of cancer.

Blood tests: Blood Tests may be done to measure situations of certain substances in the blood that can indicate liver function and the presence of liver cancer, similar as alpha- fetoprotein( AFP) and liver function tests( LFTs).

Biopsy: If imaging tests suggest the presence of liver cancer, a biopsy may be performed to confirm the diagnosis. During a biopsy, a small sample of liver tissue is removed and examined under a microscope by a pathologist to look for cancer cells.

Imaging tests: Imaging tests for liver cancer include ultrasound, CT scans, MRI scans, and PET scans. These tests help visualize the liver and discover abnormalities. Ultrasound uses sound waves, CT scans combine X-rays for detailed images, MRI scans use glamorous fields and radio waves, and PET scans highlight cancerous areas using a radioactive tracer.

Treatment: Treatment options provided by Dr. M.S.S. Keerthi for liver cancer depend on the stage of the disease and the patient’s overall health. They can include:

Surgery: Surgical options may involve removing the tumor (partial hepatectomy) or a liver transplant in cases where the cancer is confined to the liver and the patient is a suitable candidate.

Chemotherapy: Chemotherapy drugs can be used to target and kill cancer cells.

Targeted Therapy: Targeted therapy drugs focus on specific molecules involved in the growth and spread of cancer cells.

Radiation Therapy: High-energy X-rays are used to kill cancer cells or slow their growth.

Ablation and Embolization: Procedures like radiofrequency ablation or transarterial chemoembolization can be used to treat liver tumors.

Prevention of Liver cancer:

According to the best liver cancer surgeon in Hyderabad Dr. M.S.S Keerthi, to prevent liver cancer, individuals can take several steps to reduce their risk:

Getting vaccinated against hepatitis B.

Avoiding needle sharing.

Limiting alcohol intake.

Maintaining a healthy weight.

Eating a nutritious diet.

Managing chronic liver diseases.

Why Choose Dr. MSS Keerthi for Liver Cancer Treatment in Hyderabad:

Expert Oncologist: Dr.M.S.S. Keerthi is described as an expert surgical oncologist with more than 15+ years of experience in performing various cancer surgeries. Having specialized in Surgical Oncology from the Cancer Institute, she’s likely to retain a deep understanding of liver cancer and its treatment.

State-of-the-Art Facility: The citation of a state- of- the- art facility suggests that the medical structure where Dr. M.S.S. Keerthi practices are equipped with improved technologies and ultra modern amenities. And other installations like wheelchair accessible, cleaned toilets and proper consulting rooms.

Clinic Location: Dr. M.S.S. Keerthi practices at Tulasi Hospital and Evoke Clinic in Secunderabad, Telangana. 

Diagnostic Services under one Roof: The availability of diagnostic services in the same facility can streamline the individual process for patients. Having all necessary experiments and services like stomach cancer treatment, lung cancer treatment, & targeted therapy in one position may conduct to a more effective and coordinated path to diagnosis and treatment planning.

Experienced & Trained Staff: Dr. M.S.S. Keerthi is supported by experienced and trained staff, which implies a collaborative and well-coordinated approach to patient care.

Personal Care, Every Time: Dr. M.S.S. Keerthi is noted for her compassionate and tailored approach to patient care, which includes listening to patients’ concerns and working closely with them to establish personalized treatment programs.

Book An Appointment:-

Dr. M.S.S Keerthi  provides the best treatment for various cancer diseases in Secunderabad and Hyderabad. For more information about our comprehensive treatment options, or to request an appointment with the best surgical oncologist in Secunderabad, Hyderabad call [phone] or Click on Book Appointment for online booking.

#surgical oncologist in hyderabad #best cancer specialist in hyderabad #cancer treatment in hyderabad

[privatesono]

#testesscan #testesultrasound #TesticularCancer

[dmsdiagnostics]

Quadruple Marker Test- Purpose, Risks, Treatment and Results

Quadruple Marker Test: Unveiling Insights for a Healthier Tomorrow

The Quadruple Marker Test, also known as the Quad Marker or Quad Screen, is a prenatal screening test designed to provide valuable insights into the health of both the fetus and the expecting mother. This comprehensive test is typically performed between the 15th and 20th weeks of pregnancy and assesses specific markers to identify potential risks and conditions.

Purpose: The primary purpose of the Quadruple Marker Test is to assess the risk of certain chromosomal abnormalities and neural tube defects in the developing fetus. The test evaluates four specific markers:

Alpha-fetoprotein (AFP): Produced by the fetal liver, AFP levels are measured to assess the risk of neural tube defects, such as spina bifida.

Human Chorionic Gonadotropin (hCG): This hormone is crucial for maintaining pregnancy and abnormal levels may indicate chromosomal abnormalities.

Estriol: Produced by both the fetus and the placenta, low estriol levels may suggest potential chromosomal abnormalities.

Inhibin-A: Elevated levels of inhibin-A can be associated with an increased risk of Down syndrome.

Quadruple Marker Test Time In pregnancy, a quadruple marker test is performed during the second trimester which ideally means sometime between 15 weeks and 20 weeks of pregnancy. If an individual has any of the following risk factors, the doctor might recommend them to go for a quadruple marker test:

Is above the age of 35 or older when the baby is due.

Has had a viral infection during pregnancy.

Has a family history of birth defects or congenital disabilities.

Is diagnosed with type 1 diabetes during pregnancy.

On harmful medication during pregnancy.

Has been exposed to high levels of radiation.

Risks: It’s important to note that the Quadruple Marker Test is a screening test, not a diagnostic one. While it provides valuable information, it does not guarantee a definitive diagnosis. False positives and false negatives are possible, necessitating further diagnostic tests for confirmation.

Treatment: The Quadruple Marker Test itself does not offer treatment; instead, it serves as an informative tool to identify potential risks. In the case of abnormal results, healthcare providers may recommend additional tests such as amniocentesis or chorionic villus sampling (CVS) for a more accurate diagnosis. These diagnostic tests can provide detailed information about the fetus’s chromosomal makeup.

Results: Interpreting the results requires the expertise of healthcare professionals. Normal results indicate a lower likelihood of the assessed conditions, providing reassurance to the expecting parents. Abnormal results, however, may prompt further testing and discussions about potential courses of action.

Conclusion

the Quadruple Marker Test is a valuable tool in prenatal care, offering insights that can guide healthcare decisions for both the mother and the developing fetus. Expecting parents are encouraged to consult with their healthcare providers to understand the implications of the results and make informed decisions regarding their pregnancy journey.

Navigate the path to parenthood with confidence at DMS Diagnostics! Our Quadruple Marker Test unravels the intricacies of prenatal health, providing a thorough understanding of potential risks and conditions. With precision and care, we guide you through the purpose, risks, treatments, and results, ensuring a journey to parenthood rooted in knowledge and support.

#2d echo test services in kothrud #best radiology doctor in kothrud #best radiologists in baner #sonography center in kothrud #2d echo test services near me #2d echo test near me #2d echo test in baner #sonography center in baner #best pathology lab in kothrud

[jcmicr]

Role of Alpha Fetoprotein in hepatocellular carcinoma by MuhammadWaqar Mazhar in Journal of Clinical and Medical Images, Case Reports 

Abstract

Hepatocellular carcinoma prevelance rate is higher in Pakistan due to HCV mortality rate, consumption of Alchol, and regular smoking, higher level of AFP progression normal liver cells into fatty liver cells, after inflammation it convert into HCC.In this study, we find the correlation between AFP and hepatocellular carcinoma. AFP involve in development of liver cancer, LFT’s test elevation and HCV also cause of cancer.

Keywords: Hepatocellular Carcinoma; Alpha Fetoprotein; alanine amino transferases; aspartate aminotransferases.

Introduction

Hepatocellular carcinoma is the 4th most common malignancy in worldwide and it is leading cause of cancer like disease in liver, and it exceed more than 1 million deaths per year by 2030 [1]. Acute hepatitis and acute liver failure are the most serious medical condition that require early diagnosis by release of IL-6, TNF-α and elevated alanine amino transferases, aspartate aminotransferases, alkaline phosphatase and α -Fetoprotein that progress healthy liver in to fatty liver known as steatosis and then inflammation occur in this and leads to hepatocellular carcinoma [2]. Most cases of HCC due to the virus like HCV and HBV, Diabetic and obesity, alcohol related diseases, non- alcohol related diseases, carcinogens like aflatoxins compounds [3]. HCC is the most common cancer that have high mortality rate in cancers due to mortality of HCV and NLFD. In Pakistan HCC ratio high due to prevalence and mortality rate of HCV [4]. The major treatment of HCC are chemotherapy, radiotherapy, transplantation and surgery. Because the most cases diagnose at the late stage, surgery cannot be performed and drugs are the only treatment of HCC [5]. Most patients in HCC become more drug resistance drug resistance. Drug treatment is the best choice of patients who are not edible for surgery. HCC is usually resistance to chemotherapeutic drugs. Because it hinders liver cancer treatment. In recent years targeted drugs use as medication and immune checkpoint inhibitors are introduce for treatment [6].

In the previous research evidence indicates that alpha-fetoprotein has high false-positive rate in diagnosis of early stage of HCC. The EASL clinic practices shows that AFP as a biomarker for liver transplantation and drug indicator [7]. The AFP level increased in many patients’ ad its risk for progression of HCC. AFP, currently the only biomarker available for HCC drug treatment, function as immune suppressor and promote malignancy transformation in HCC [8]. HCC is resistant to traditional chemotherapeutic agents such as doxorubicin, tetrahydrofolate, oxaliplatin, cisplatin, and gemcitabine. currently the recommended drugs include such as targeted therapeutics and immune checkpoint inhibitors [9].

AFP is a glycoprotein that secreted by endoderm embryonic tissue. The lower level of AFP in blood due to AFP is decrease in mature hepatocytes and that AFP gene expression is blocked. It is possible that AFP involved in HCC development and progression become an important factor affecting HCC diagnosis and treatment. AFP plays an important role in promoting cancer cell proliferation and, inhibition cancer cell apoptosis.

LFT’s test performed for liver injury, alanine aminotransferases, aspartate aminotransferases and alkaline phosphatase. These enzymes are commonly elevated in liver disease patients. Alkaline phosphatase and AFP play important role in the diagnosis of cancer.

Case Study

The patient name was sikandar, age 56 patient feel pain in their abdomen and sudden loss of weight. The patient has already hepatitis C infection and their PCR results were positive with high viral load. Due to serious illness it admitted in emergency ward 12, Nishter Hospital Multan. The doctors panel referred some test and kept in observations for better health condition.

The total bilirubin level was 2.05mg/dl in their blood and their normal values 0.6 - 1.2. The serum glutamate-pyruvate transaminase level is 43U/L and normal values up to 40. Aspartate amino transferases and alkaline phosphatase level were high in blood respectively 151 U/L and 493 U/l show in (Figure 1). Its indicate liver injury and cirrhosis. The AFP test indicates correlation with Hepatocellular carcinoma. The AFP level in patient was 6101ng/ml and normal values were 0.1 – 10. Higher level of AFP indicates that HCC have positive relation with AFP to proliferate cancer. The test formed by fully automated state of the Art analyzer Beckman Coulter 700 AIJ.

https://jcmimagescasereports.org/wp-content/uploads/2022/10/fig-1-10.jpg

Figure 1: Liver function and Alpha Feto Protein test in patient.

After blood reports, doctor suggest ultarosund Computrised Tomography whole abdominal view. In view, spleen size becomes enlarged 6cm, calculi in gall bladder, heterogeneous patchy atrial enhancement of right lobe, and some nodules seen in both lobes of liver. The doctor findings the AFP correlation with HCC, splenomegaly, ascites, cholelithiasis and protosystematic collaterals.

https://jcmimagescasereports.org/wp-content/uploads/2022/10/fig-2-10.jpg

Figure 2: Ultrasound Computrised Tomography whole abdomen.

The patient diagnosed with hepatocellular carcinoma at last stage, and doctor reffered to liver transplantation in india. But after 4 weeks he cannot survive.

Conclusion

Hepatitis C was the major risk of hepatocellular carcinoma in Pakistan. Smoking and alcohol have big problem to influence HCC in humans. The case study show that alpha fetoprotein has correlation with HCC. Higher Alkaline phosphatase and serum Bilirubin level enhance the liver carcinoma. AFP play role in cell proliferation, cancer cell differentiation and cell cycle arrest.

For more details : https://jcmimagescasereports.org/author-guidelines/ 

#Hepatocellular Carcinoma #Alpha Fetoprotein #alanine amino transferases #aspartate aminotransferases #AFP #HCC #HCV #aminotransferases #enzymes #MuhammadWaqar Mazhar #JCMICR

[rnomics]

IJMS, Vol. 25, Pages 2414: Micro#RNAs as Plasma Biomarkers of Hepatocellular Carcinoma in Patients with Liver Cirrhosis—A Cross-Sectional Study

Ultrasound screening for hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) in patients with liver cirrhosis has a poor sensitivity for small tumors. Circulating micro#RNAs (#miRNAs) have been explored as HCC biomarkers, but results are diverging. Here, we evaluate if #miRNAs up-regulated in HCC tissue can be detected in plasma and used as screening biomarkers for HCC. In this cross-sectional study, plasma, HCC tissue and surrounding non-tumorous liver tissue were collected from liver resections. Tissue #miRNAs were identified and quantitated by #RNA-sequencing analysis, and the fold-changes between HCC and surrounding liver tissue were calculated. The #miRNAs up-regulated in HCCs were then re-analyzed in plasma from the same patients, and the #miRNAs with the highest plasma levels were subsequently measured in plasma from an independent cohort of patients with cirrhosis or HCC. In tissues from 84 resected patients, #RNA-sequencing detected 197 differentially expressed #miRNAs, 40 of which had a raw count above 200 and were analyzed in plasma from the same cohort. Thirty-one #miRNAs were selected for further analysis in 200 patients with HCC or cirrhosis. Of these, eleven #miRNAs were significantly increased in HCC as compared to cirrhosis patients. Only miR-93-5p and miR-151a-3p were significantly associated with HCC, with an AUC of 0.662. In comparison, alpha-fetoprotein and des-gamma-carboxy prothrombin yielded an AUC of 0.816, which increased to 0.832 if miR-93-5p and miR-151a-3p were added. When including sex and age, the addition of miR-93-5p and miR-151a-3p did not further improve the AUC (from 0.910 to 0.911). In conclusion, micro-#RNAs up-regulated in HCCs are detectable in plasma but have a poor performance as screening biomarkers of HCC. https://www.mdpi.com/1422-0067/25/4/2414?utm_source=dlvr.it&utm_medium=tumblr

[drpriya]

CA-125 marker is primarily associated with ovarian cancer. Elevated levels of CA-125 are often detected in women with ovarian cancer, particularly in cases of epithelial ovarian cancer, which is the most common type of ovarian cancer.

Apart from ovarian cancer, elevated CA-125 levels can sometimes be found in other types of cancers such as endometrial cancer, fallopian tube cancer, and peritoneal cancer. However, it's most commonly used in the diagnosis and monitoring of ovarian cancer.

In addition to CA-125, several other markers can be used to diagnose and monitor cancer in females, depending on the type of cancer being investigated.

Some common tumor markers include:

CA 15-3: This marker is associated with breast cancer. It is often used to monitor the progression of breast cancer and response to treatment.

CA 19-9: CA 19-9 is associated with pancreatic cancer, but it can also be elevated in other gastrointestinal cancers, including stomach and bile duct cancers.

CEA (Carcinoembryonic Antigen): CEA is a marker used for various cancers, including colorectal cancer, but it can also be elevated in other cancers such as lung, breast, pancreatic, and gastric cancers.

AFP (Alpha-Fetoprotein): AFP is primarily associated with liver cancer (hepatocellular carcinoma) and certain types of germ cell tumors, including testicular cancer and ovarian cancer.

CA 27.29: This marker is used primarily for monitoring breast cancer, especially in cases of metastatic disease.

HE4 (Human Epididymis Protein 4): HE4 is a marker associated with ovarian cancer, particularly in combination with CA-125, to improve the accuracy of diagnosis and monitoring.

These tumor markers are used in conjunction with other diagnostic tests and medical evaluations to help detect cancer, monitor treatment response, and assess disease progression.

The inclusion of CA-125 marker testing in a full body checkup depends on various factors including the individual's medical history, risk factors, and the specific protocol of the full body checkup being performed.

In general, CA-125 testing is not typically included in routine full body checkups for the general population. However, for women who are at higher risk for ovarian cancer due to factors such as family history, certain genetic mutations, or personal medical history, CA-125 testing may be recommended as part of a more comprehensive screening regimen.

Ultimately, the decision to include CA-125 testing in a full body checkup should be made in consultation with a healthcare provider who can assess the individual's risk factors and determine the appropriate screening tests based on current guidelines and evidence-based practices.

Get the best cancer diagnosis and treatment, along with a full body health checkup done at the best hospitals in India.

#health #surgery #healthcare #ovarian cancer #polycystic ovarian disease #CA 125 #cancer marker #full body health checkup #health checkups

[threvani]

Quadruple Marker Test

The quadruple marker test in pregnancy is a screening device used to survey the probability of specific chromosomal irregularities and brain tube defects in a creating baby. It's regularly suggested between the 15th and 20th week of pregnancy. This test clearly assesses four substances in the mother's blood.

Alpha-fetoprotein (AFP): Raised levels could show issues with the child's spine or mind, for example, brain tube issues like spina bifida or anencephaly.

Human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG): Unusual levels could flag potential chromosomal differences like Down condition.

Estriol: Lower-than-typical usual could recommend specific chromosomal abnormalities.

Inhibin-A: Raised levels may be related to an increased gamble of down situations.

The quadruple marker test isn't inspection yet rather, it surveys the likelihood of specific circumstances, taking into account further assessment if necessary.

#pregnancy #women #test #quadruple #marker

[mcatmemoranda]

Lecture from today:

It’s recommended to start ASA for prevention of pre-eclampsia. Start ASA 81 mg qd at 12 weeks gestation for pts at risk for pre-eclampsia (high risk: hx of pre-eclampsia, chronic HTN, DM, renal disease, autoimmune disease; moderate risk: nulliparous, obesity, family hx of pre-eclampsia, low SES, minority race, 35 y/o or older; low risk: previous, uncomplicated full term delivery).

Second trimester women at risk for preterm birth should be offered IM or vaginal progesterone.

Cell free DNA can be done from 10 weeks until term to screen for down syndrome

First trimester (10-13 weeks) screening: nuchal translucency (sign of neural tube defects), PAPPA, free beta hCG

Quad screen (15-22 weeks): beta hCG, estriol, inhibin A, alpha fetoprotein

Integrated screen: 10-13 - NT and PAPPA; or 15-22 weeks - quadruple screen

Quad screen is 15 to 22 weeks (16 to 18 weeks is ideal): Alpha fetoprotein made by baby’s liver (can indicate NTD, chromosomal disorders; elevated in twins or triplets); beta hCG, estriol, inhibin A

Trisomy 21: AFP decreased, uE3 decreased, hCG increased, DIA (dimeric inhibin A) increased

Trisomy 18: ADP decreased, uE3 decreased, hCG decreased, DIA decreased

Quad screens have high false positive rates

2% of women with high AFP have fetuses with NTDs

Anatomy scan of fetus is done in second trimester; evaluates the whole fetus.

Cell free DNA is the most sensitive and specific test for Down Syndrome screening.

#pregnancy #quad screen #pregnancy tests

[svasthya-laboratories]

Neurology Testings at Svasthya ZNJ

Evaluating and diagnosing damage to the nervous system is complicated and complex. Many of the same symptoms happen in different combinations among the different disorders. Many disorders also don't have definitive causes, markers, or tests. That can make a diagnosis even harder.

To diagnose a nervous system disorder, a healthcare provider starts with a complete medical history and physical exam. 

Double marker, triple marker and quadruple markers are tested which includes alpha-fetoprotein, human chorionic gonadotropin, and estriol tests of fetal to check the neurological growth and down syndrome analysis at the time of pregnancy.    

Including the blood tests, brain scans like computed tomography (CT), magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), positron emission tomography (PET), and single proton emission (SPECT) scans are recommended by the neurologists.

We, at Svasthya ZNJ, have the facilities with efficient technicians to provide best services in right time.

Call us for sample collections – 7606004135

Book through our website – www.svasthyaznj.com

#SVASTHYAZNJ #svasthyaznjlabs #neurology