Diphydontosaurus avonis
By Ripley Cook
Etymology: Reptile with two types of teeth
First Described By: Whiteside, 1986
Classification: Biota, Archaea, Proteoarchaeota, Asgardarchaeota, Eukaryota, Neokaryota, Scotokaryota Opimoda, Podiata, Amorphea, Obazoa, Opisthokonta, Holozoa, Filozoa, Choanozoa, Animalia, Eumetazoa, Parahoxozoa, Bilateria, Nephrozoa, Deuterostomia, Chordata, Olfactores, Vertebrata, Craniata, Gnathostomata, Eugnathostomata, Osteichthyes, Sarcopterygii, Rhipidistia, Tetrapodomorpha, Eotetrapodiformes, Elpistostegalia, Stegocephalia, Tetrapoda, Reptiliomorpha, Amniota, Sauropsida, Eureptilia, Romeriida, Diapsida, Neodiapsida, Sauria, Lepidosauromorpha, Lepidosauria, Rhynchocephalia, Sphenodontia
Referred Species: D. avonis
Status: Extinct
Time and Place: 227 to 200 million years ago, from the Norian to Rhaetian of the Late Triassic
Diphydontosaurus is known from Southern England and Wales, and possibly also from Northern Italy.
Physical Description: Diphydontosaurus is an early-derived relative of the tuatara, one of the oldest in fact. Like the tuatara, it resembles a lizard in appearance, probably even more so than living tuataras. It was also very small too. Like, really small. 10 centimetres long from head-to-tail with a skull less than 15 millimetres long, small. The skull itself has massive eyes and a pretty short snout, so it was probably a rather cute looking little reptile. The most distinctive features of Diphydontosaurus are its jaws and teeth. Living tuataras have their teeth fused to the jaw bones (acrodont), which wear down and can’t be replaced. Diphyodontosaurus has these teeth at the back of its jaws, but the teeth in front were attached in sockets (pleurodont), like some lizards. These teeth were sharp and peg-like, perfect for puncturing the carapaces of insects, while the teeth at the back formed a shear for slicing through them. Diphydontosaurus also lacked the characteristic “beak” at the tip of the jaws found in later sphenodonts, and probably didn’t chew its food the way modern tuataras can (yes, tuataras can chew). Diphydontosaurus would also have had a typmanum, a.k.a. an eardrum, visible at the back of its head, again like most lizards but unlike the living tuatara.
Diet: Diphydontosaurus was insectivorous, as evidenced by its small size and teeth, although like some living insular lizards it may have eaten plants to supplement its diet.
Behavior: Diphydontosaurus was likely an active predator or insects and other small arthropods. Its large eyes and well developed ear openings indicate that it likely relied heavily on these senses for hunting and catching prey. They may have especially congregated around the abundant fissures and sinkholes in their habitat, where moist soils and plants would have attracted plenty of insects and other arthropods, and so too the Diphydontosaurus. Being small would have been handy for clambering over steep rock faces after prey, out of reach of other, larger reptiles.
Ecosystem: Diphydontosaurus was part of a diverse collection of island ecosystem in the latest Triassic of Europe, populating low-lying islands of limestone pockmarked with deep fissures and caves eroded into the karst. The species found on each island differed, but there was some broad similarities. The largest land animals on these islands were the possibly dwarfed prosauropod dinosaurs Thecodontosaurus and Pantydraco, as well as small theropods. Pseudosuchian archosaurs were here too, including the small predator Terrestrisuchus and the enigmatic Aenigmaspina, both extremely long-legged, agile animals well suited for navigating the karst-riddled landscape. There was also a drepanosaur around, as well as the gliding reptiles Kuehneosaurus and Kuehneosuchus whose affinities remain mysterious. They could be lepidosaurs like sphenodonts, or, they may belong to the strange allokotosaurs on the archosaur side of the tree! The jury is still out on them. Some of the islands also hosted small mammaliaforms, including Morganucodon and Eozostrodon.
Stem-tuataras like Diphydontosaurus were remarkably diverse, and it coexisted with numerous other genera such as Gephyrosaurus, Clevosaurus, and Planocephalosaurus, each with multiple species, and there are still more new types of sphenodont to be described! Such a high density of different sphenodonts on these islands implies they were all specialised for different ways of life. Diphydontosaurus was one of the most abundant of all sphenodonts on the islands of Late Triassic Europe, no doubt thanks to its small size and insectivorous diet. However, this small size left it vulnerable, and it may have been preyed upon by its larger, more predatory cousins like Clevosaurus.
Other: Diphydontosaurus is one of the oldest known, and is the earliest diverging, sphenodont, the group of animals that includes living tuataras but excludes the even earlier-diverging rhyncocephalians, the gephyrosaurids (the distinction isn’t huge, mostly that gephyrosaurids have completely pleurodont teeth). The anatomy of Diphydontosaurus was unexpected compared to modern tuataras, which are so often described as ‘living fossils’ unchanged since the Mesozoic. In fact, certain features of Diphydontosaurus and other early sphenodonts reveal that the modern tuatara is actually pretty derived compared to its ancestors, especially so in the skull, including the loss of its external ears, its shearing teeth and the ability to chew food. Diphydontosaurus really just goes to show you can’t judge a 200 million year old clade by its sole extant member, eh?
~ By Scott Reid
Sources under the Cut
Whiteside D.I. (1986). "The head skeleton of the Rhaetian sphenodontid Diphydontosaurus avonis gen. et sp. nov., and the modernising of a living fossil". Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B. 312 (1156): 379–430.
Whiteside, D.I., Duffin, C.J., Gill, P.G., Marshall, J.E.A., Benton, M.J. (2016). “The Late Triassic and Early Jurassic fissure faunas from Bristol and South Wales: stratigraphy and setting”. Palaeontologia Polonica 67, 257–287.
David I. Whiteside, Christopher J. Duffin, (2017). "Late Triassic terrestrial microvertebrates from Charles Moore's "Microlestes" quarry, Holwell, Somerset, UK". Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society. 179 (3): 677–705.
Whiteside, D.I., Marshall, J.E.A. (2008). "The age, fauna and palaeoenvironment of the Late Triassic fissure deposits of Tytherington, South Gloucestershire, UK". Geological Magazine. 145 (1): 105–147.
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Week 20 in Rosedale is over, so let’s do the weekly recap!
Births: 20
Deaths: 10
Total households: 36
SOMERSET:
Due to the ROS roll, Nicholas had an affair with townie Nathalie Raven (who I initially thought he was going to marry...). However, during the affair he rolled a want to marry his boyfriend Costel.
Costel took some time off work to look after their daughter Sadie.
Sadie turned into a child! She then got into private school - as she should when her father’s the mayor.
Costel’s one-time fling Peaches Kat came over for a visit, but they didn’t get up to anything other than talking.
Nicholas got into gardening.
Nicholas turned into an elder!
Nicholas proposed to Costel and the two threw a wedding ceremony that very night.
EVANS:
Vesuvia spent a lot of time playing with their dog Jynx (that they got the week before).
Jynx tried to challenge Citrine the cat for her bed. It didn’t work.
Bellamy helped out his mother at the grocery store, and is going to be the one to inherit it once she dies.
Alan turned into an elder!
Bellamy started learning how to garden.
Bellamy turned into an adult!
Townie Tyra Barrett offered Bellamy a job in level 5 of the Athletic career! As this family is always poor, there was no way he’d pass this up!
Vesuvia got amazing grades at school!
Vesuvia turned into a teenager! She likes women in formal dresses who wear a lot of makeup. She doesn’t like it if they’re too fit however.
Bellamy brought cute townie Nellie Drava home from work, and they hit it off right away! She then moved in pretty much instantly.
Vesuvia rolled a want to go on a date, so she invited over townie Beth Leelaporn. They got along amazingly and look so cute together!
Citrine claimed the kitchen counter as her new sleeping spot.
RAY:
Leia got amazing grades at school and yelled about them to her mother who was on the phone talking about missiles...
Sara turned into an elder!
Vega turned into a child!
The family threw a joint birthday party for Leia and Joseph! All the surviving Villiers and Somerset Gen 3 children showed up.
Leia then turned into an adult and Joseph into an elder!
Aging up with Leia was her boyfriend Alec Beer. Good thing too as Leia immediately rolled a want to propose to him! He said yes, and because the party was still raging they got married then and there.
Leia rolled a want to turn into a werewolf, so her father kindly turned her into one in the bathroom. She then turned her husband into one too.
The week ended with the newly weds trying for a baby!
BIANCHI:
Week 20 saw the Couderc household be renamed to Bianchi as the last Couderc in the family, Kelly, died the week before.
Toby Mazza came over for a booty call with the newly married Davina, and then thought about marriage... Hopefully to his own girlfriend and mother of his children and not to Davina.
Socks gave birth to a litter of kittens next to the doughnut bed! Her babies are called Luna, Lola and Leaf!
Hera walked in on her father and step-mother woohooing on the sofa...
Hera became best friends with Aeryn Brewster!
Jason and Davina woohooed so much that they made a nooboo! They had a son named Trevor!
The kittens turned into adult cats!
Hera threw herself a birthday party and turned into an adult! She then took Leaf and moved out.
ARBON:
ROS dictated that Vivienne had to get someone pregnant, and as her current girlfriend is a robot and she’s a vampire, she needed to find a second one.
Vivienne first tried to romance local hobby leader Tosha Chin, but while they had a fun time, they didn’t really ‘click’ as during their date a random teen townie named Timothy McKeown walked by the lot and died?
Vivienne then called the matchmaker and she set up a date with townie Suzi Riley. Vivienne and Suzi ‘clicked’ a lot better and after a few dates, they fell in love and Suzi moved in.
Suzi quickly fell pregnant, and spent the next few days having morning sickness.
SWAFFORD:
Grimmy came for Ronica for the sixth time and this time, he won. Ronica still got the Hula Zombie treatment though.
Teenagers Teagan and Lane were then the only ones left in the household and managed to keep themselves afloat with the money they inherited from their mother.
As if their week couldn’t get any worse, local burglar Sabastian paid the twins a visit in the middle of the night. Thankfully policeman Cale managed to arrest him.
Lane entered a relationship with Andromeda Brewster!
The twins then turned into adults, and Teagan moved out.
COUDERC II:
Zenith had his date and first kiss with townie Mary Bendett!
Adela turned into an adult!
Adela went on a date with townie Anthony Blythe!
As this seems to be a week for dating as Kayla found herself a boyfriend in townie Steven Bruty!
The matchmaker left them a lamp and Adela immediately wished for money!
Grimmy and the Hula Zombies came twice in one night for Ethan and Nova!
BREWSTER:
Twins Andromeda and Saros turned into adults! Saros then went into aspiration failure at not going to university.
However his luck soon changed as he found himself a girlfriend named Jodie Hanlon!
Grimmy and the Hula Zombies came for Gwyneth, and later for Leland.
Andromeda continued seeing Lane Swafford and then rolled the very rare Romance sim want of getting engaged!
Saros went on another date with Jodie, and then proposed! Not wasting any more time, they got married then and there in the living room. And naturally, chimes were heard on the very first woohoo.
The quadruplets turned into adults! Iriel then went into aspiration failure because she didn’t go to university.
Iriel, as a Family sim, wanted to get married so she found herself a boyfriend in hobby leader Jett Fearon. As they’re both Family sims, she proposed almost immediately and he said yes, and then they got married in the bedroom.
On Monday morning, there was a mass exodus from the Brewster household as Jett and Iriel, Andromeda, Saros and Jodie, and Garrus all moved out, leaving Aeyrn and Kira living together in the family home.
MAZZA:
ROS dictated that Emmett was to quit his job, so that’s the first thing that happened on Monday morning.
He then rolled a want to go on a date, so he invited over his girlfriend Jessica Ingham. He then got sprayed by a skunk...
A few days later, Emmett invited Jessica to move in and she brought a whopping §18,000 with her!
Naturally they woohooed and chimes occured!
Grimmy and the Hula Zombies came for Bailey! Even though she didn’t know her very well, Jessica was still really upset by it.
Jessica gave birth to a baby girl named Auri!
Emmett went on an outing to @simper-fi‘s The Hive, leaving Jessica to deal with their newborn...
HARRISON:
The family moved out of the apartment and into a house of their own on the edge of town.
Danica invited over the headmaster and Roman got into private school!
Roman then turned into a teenager! He likes women with red hair and glasses! He doesn’t like brown hair though...
Considering how long it’s been since Roman was born, I thought he was going to be their only child. However, Danica fell pregnant out of the blue. She gave birth to a daughter named Alecia later in the week!
Lyndsay woohooed with local servo Claire Arbon.
Roman became instant best friends with Zenith Couderc as they have a lot in common (they’re both straight male Romance sims).
Grimmy and the Hula Zombies came for Lyndsay!
Roman got rejected for a date with townie Sue Ryan...
Seconds before she was due to give birth, Danica set herself on fire while cooking! Thankfully firefighter Prissy Condon saved the day!
VILLIERS II:
Local slob Tabitha Kosmokos came over and stared at the pelican painting in the living room for like three hours...
Kaylyn’s almost-baby momma Anya Colville was invited over for a date! They then did a fully-naked woohoo in the very occupied living room in front of poor Bellamy Evans and Tabitha Kosmokos.
Anya then moved in with §15,000!
Anya rolled a want to marry Kaylyn, so she proposed in the living room. While Kaylyn did accept, she seemed to have a few instant regrets…
Kaylyn gave birth to a very pale son named Zachery!
Grace and Rose Green went on a date! They’re very cute together and I’m living for both ladies getting together after both being cheated on by their ex-wives.
Anya and Kaylyn had their wedding party and invited over all their family and friends! Kaylyn’s ex-step-mother Danica Harrison set her sights on townie Lavender Steevens while at the wedding...
Zachery turned into a toddler!
LAUPER:
Maximilian got some amazing grades. He then (thanks to the ROS roll) started slacking off his school work.
Frankie invited over the headmaster and got Max into private school. However the headmaster also walked in on Frankie in the shower...
Skittles and Sausage had kittens! Their names are Sherbet, Sorbet and Sage.
Grimmy came for Valentina!
Frankie and Max went on an outing downtown.
Max turned into an adult!
He then was turned into a good warlock by the grand high warlock himself, Roberto Majekodunmi.
DIRGE:
Grimmy came for Kit (again), but this time Kit lost! He then got the Hula Zombie treatment and was whisked away to the afterlife. Absinthe then went into aspiration failure.
Local vampire Gabriel Lauper stole the newspaper.
Alexis went into labour and gave birth to a daughter named Natasha!
As soon as she’d given birth, Joel and Alexis immediately ran to the bedroom and tried for another baby... She gave birth later in the week to a son named Hugh.
Grimmy and the Hula Zombies came back for Absinthe!
Natasha turned into a toddler and got started on her toddler skills!
Joel got himself abducted by aliens! He came back with a little present...
And, once again, Alexis got herself pregnant! There’s going to be a couple of new children in the Dirge household come week 21...
GREEN:
Rose’s ex-girlfriend Lirit came and kicked over the rubbish bin.
After semi-rekindling their flame during Grace’s round, Rose invited her over for a date! Rose then rolled a want to get married to Grace, so she popped the question in the living room!
Rose traveled to her food stand (courtesy of @glabeglarn) to sell food to townies that didn’t need it.
Angelica turned into a teenager! She likes fit men with a penchant for wearing a lot of makeup. She doesn't like brown hair though...
Rose and Grace got married on Sunday night! They had a small ceremony with a handful of friends and family in attendance.
SANNA:
Lirit Wheatly and Marietta Sanna move in together after Lirit was kicked out of her ex-girlfriend Rose Green’s house.
Lirit popped on the footpath just before work! She later gave birth to her third daughter (from the third woman) named River!
Marietta answered the phone while cooking lunch and set the kitchen on fire!
HASSOURAS:
Newly married Bernie and Regina moved out of their apartment and into their own small house.
Regina then popped just after work, and later gave birth to a son named Thorne!
Bernie cheated on Regina with townie Nathalie Raven!
Regina ended up pregnant again! She gave birth to her third son, Marc!
Thorne turned into a toddler!
OLSEN:
Lucas, Lucio, Leonie and Astra started off the week by moving into their new home.
Leonie and Lucio spent the week working on their step-mother/son relationship! I’m fairly certain Lucio likes her more than his actual mother...
The maid stole the kitchen sink.
Astra turned into a toddler!
Lucio turned into a teenager! He likes lazy women with brown hair and hats.
Leonie gave birth to their second daughter, named Kitty!
Lucio was sprayed by a skunk.
Lucas rubbed his genie lamp and wished for the power to cheat death!
ROS decided that someone in the household was to turn into an evil witch, so that person turned out to be Leonie!
Astra turned into a child!
AGUILERA:
Isaiah entered a relationship with townie Scot Jeffress! They went on a few dates before Scot moved in.
They adopted a dog named Donna.
Diego turned into a teenager! He likes lazy sims who wear makeup and have brown hair.
TERRANOVA:
Kat was turned into an evil witch by grand high warlock Trey Girdler!
Kat fell pregnant but didn’t end up giving birth.
Kent did some paintings.
O’BRIEN:
The family moved into a new, much larger house!
Jonathan gave birth to a son called Hamish, who turned into a toddler later in the week.
Jonathan and Noah had another son called Darcy!
Altair turned into a teenager! He likes women in swimwear and a full face of makeup. He’s not so keen on red hair though.
Vulcan turned into a child!
NOYES:
Anthea took out a whopping §40,000 loan to buy Rosedale Fitness and Dance, thus opening up the Dance career!
James turned into a child!
Anthea spent a lot of time at her gym/dance studio to get as much money off of townies as possible.
She was offered a blind date by a townie, and out popped @mikexx2‘s Benito Rossi! After a few dates, Anthea popped the question and Benito moved in!
Anthea just scraped into the garden club with her tiny garden.
EVANS II:
Sian and Audrey won §150,000 in the lottery so they moved into a new house.
With a bit of money to spare, they hired a maid to keep the house clean while they worked.
Audrey set the kitchen on fire!
ALLISON:
Young Asra learnt a lot of toddler skills on his birthday! He turned into a child with about an hour to spare.
Marilyn befriended James Noyes.
Marilyn turned into a teenager! She likes men in swimwear and makeup, but doesn’t like formal wear.
SHAYE:
Micah and Joy won §50,000 in the lottery so they moved into a new house.
Joy got a promotion and reached the top of the Medical career!
They had a baby girl named Orana.
Micah got a makeover.
The matchmaker dropped off a genie lamp! Micah wished for money, and with it they renovated the kitchen.
They got started on baby #2!
LYE:
Andy and Odette moved into a new house to make room for their baby on the way.
Andy was offered a blind date, and due to his Romance secondary, he said yes. Out popped (very popular) townie Nathalie Raven.
Andy also continued his affair with Davina Cofield! So much so that he turned her into a werewolf! Davina then went into aspiration failure in Andy’s kitchen.
Odette went into labour in the kitchen, giving birth to a son named Waverly! He later turned into a toddler.
Odette fell pregnant again.
BROWNE II:
The family moved into a new house.
Toby and Gillian got engaged! They had their wedding in the garden not long after.
In the meantime, Toby cheated on Gillian again with townie Payton Dyer.
The twins turned into children!
Grandma Grace came over to see her grandchildren!
Demeter turned into a toddler!
Gideon turned into a teenager! He likes men who have red hair and wear cologne.
LAUPER II:
ROS decided that Gabriel was to have a roommate, so former townie Gabby Ahmed (by @mikexx2) moved in.
Gabriel’s father Frankie came over for a visit.
Gabriel started dating townie Jesse Collier.
Gabby was set up on a blind date with townie Andre Navarro. It didn’t go very well as they didn’t really like each other...
However, Gabby then went on a date with Gabriel’s younger brother Max! One date and a woohoo later and she fell pregnant!
ST MARTIN:
Brigitte roamed the beach and ate sand...
Aunty Bella came over for a visit and to play with her nieces.
Leia and Zephyr got to work on baby #3! She eventually gave birth to a third daughter named Leorah, and in typical St Martin style they immediately got to work on baby #4.
Brigitte turned into a child!
Nadia turned into a toddler, then a child!
NORTON:
Bella’s second cousin Rigel Ray moved in with them. He moved into the small empty shed across the carport so he was a little removed from the main family.
Alya turned into a toddler, and then a child later in the week.
Amber turned into a child!
Rigel got his romance on with some sims, including Davina Cofield, and about a million different townies. He’s a bisexual disaster honestly.
Rigel seemed to finally choose Mr Big himself Malcolm Bratford! Malcolm then moved in with §70,950, before the couple moved out together.
CHAMBERS:
Asher Evans and Vera Chambers moved into an apartment of their own.
On their first woohoo, I heard chimes... Vera later gave birth to a daughter named Cerise!
Vera got into a fight with Scot Jeffress!
Vera was abducted by aliens three nights in a row! However as she was already pregnant, she didn’t come back with an extra passenger.
Vera invited over her friend, townie Anna Sartor, who then went on a date with Asher while Vera was asleep...
Asher set the kitchen on fire.
Anna Sartor glitched when she came to give a date gift and left §13,000 worth of stuff on the footpath...
It was then Vera’s turn to cheat as she made out with and then woohooed with Gillian Browne (who has also been cheated on by her husband too)!
BLEDEL:
Tharen and Sofia moved into their own little house.
They immediately christened it and tried for a baby! Sofia gave birth to the alien-eyed Hadley later in the week.
Tharen proposed, and they got married in the garden surrounded by family and friends.
Hadley turned into a toddler.
CLARKE:
Colt and his pregnant girlfriend Tameko moved into the apartment below the Sanna household.
Tameko proposed in the nursery!
The matchmaker came over and left them a genie lamp!
Tameko gave birth to baby Estee!
Colt cheated on Tameko with Andromeda Brewster, his younger brother’s girlfriend! Then he cheated again with townie Bella Kain...
SWAFFORD II:
Dean and his cat Bella moved into a tiny house.
Bella, being very old, died about two hours later :(
Dean made out with Andromeda Brewster, his brother’s girlfriend. This means Andromeda has got herself romantically involved with all three Swafford boys...
Dean started gardening.
He saw his older sister Audrey while at the spa.
His twin brother Colt came over for a visit, and along with him came a stray dog named Zona. Dean befriended the dog and then adopted her when she came back later!
BARNETT:
Evelyn, Candice and their unborn baby move into their own lot.
Evelyn and Candice went to Evelyn’s new shop Beat It in order to make some sweet sweet cash off townies who don’t need instruments.
Evelyn gave birth to a daughter named Maisie! She then turned into a toddler later in the week.
Candice tried hitting on her coworker, townie Lilith Xander. Thankfully for her relationship with Evelyn, it didn’t work.
BREWSTER III:
Sisters Hayley and Apple, and Hayley’s baby daughter Cheyenne, moved into a new home.
Hayley entered an official relationship with Dean Swafford! And then in true sims fashion immediately cheated on him with Bella Dirge.
Hayley got fired from her job in the Music career on her very first day.
Apple got into a fight with townie Verity Walton!
Little Cheyenne turned into a toddler, then a child later in the week.
Cheyenne met her other-mother Lirit Wheatley!
Hayley was offered a job in the Law Enforcement career by a townie!
DYNAMITE:
Newly married Sawyer Couderc and Chantelle Dynamite moved into a small house of their own.
The couple went to Chantelle’s post office to sell postcards and such to townies.
Sawyer wrote two books and earned roughly §5,000 from those alone.
Chantelle fell pregnant and gave birth to a daughter named Sibyl!
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