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rusykohli · 4 years

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From The Bubonic Plague To COVID-19: Impact On The Legal Profession In India

https://www.barandbench.com/author/rusy-kohli

The COVID-19 Pandemic has fundamentally disrupted our social and economic order. It has affected the functioning of most institutions and the Indian Judiciary is no exception. The Guardian of Law now finds itself compelled to guard against this deadly virus, its fraternity and litigants alike. The declaration of lockdown in India was accompanied with Courts across the country restricting functioning to limited matters in order to curb the number of lawyers / litigants entering court complexes. Soon, all hearings were being conducted through videoconferencing only, in order to avoid any human contact whatsoever. However, just like previous health emergencies in India like the Bubonic Plague of the late 19th century and the Spanish Flu of 1918, Corona Virus has made many its victims including the Judiciary, and the legal profession. In order to fully appreciate the impact of the virus, the author attempts to provide an account of the effect of Covid-19 with reference to historical health emergencies and their impact on the judicial apparatus.

Pendency in Indian Courts:

The Indian Judiciary has been over-burdened for several years and COVID-19 is only adding to this menace. As of May 27, 2020, there are approximately 3.24 crore pending cases in India’s subordinate courts[i] and about 48.2 lakh pending cases in the High Courts[ii].

The Supreme Court via its Notification dated March 13, 2020 restricted functioning of the Court to “ urgent matters ” only ( w.e.f. March 16, 2020 )[iii], thereby only entertaining bail matters, suspension of sentence matters and the like.

High Courts too have restricted their functioning to urgent matters. In normal course, a High Court hears north of 400 matters a day. However, since late March, High Courts across the country are hearing anywhere between 10-100 matters a day.[iv]

Subordinate courts account for over 80 % of the pendency of cases. On April 30, 2020 the Karnataka High Court extended the closure of all District Courts, Family Courts, Labour Courts and Industrial Tribunals in the State until May 16, 2020[v]. On April 29, 2020 the Punjab & Haryana High Court ordered that all the district and sub-divisional Courts in Punjab, Haryana and Chandigarh will function “restrictively” from May 1 “till the lockdown / curfew is in force in the respective area”[vi]. These restrictive measures have led to a glut of pending cases, thereby increasing the burden on courts.

Justice Delayed Is Justice Denied:

Pendency in India’s courts has always been a hindrance in securing timely justice for people, if not denying justice altogether. As the usual functioning of courts has been disrupted, many under-trials and even many of those whose appeals are pending are left with no recourse. It can hardly be denied that the subject adage has particular force in the criminal sphere.

In pursuance of the Apex Court’s directions dated March 23, 2020, States and Union Territories have been asked to constitute High Powered Committees “ to determine which class of prisoners can be released on parole or an interim bail for such period as may be thought appropriate. ” Therefore, each State is free to determine its own criteria for granting bail. Further the Supreme Court has clarified vide its order dated April 13, 2020 that it has not directed the States / Union Territories “ to compulsorily release the prisoners from their respective prisons.”[vii] This clarification has allowed High Courts to further restrict the nature of cases in which they are prepared to grant bail.

On March 29, 2020, the Insolvency And Bankruptcy Board Of India announced the insertion of regulation “ 40 C ”, which laid down that the period of lockdown imposed in the wake of COVID19 shall not be counted for the purposes of the time-line for any activity that could not be completed due to such lockdown, in relation to the corporate insolvency resolution process ( CIRP )[viii]. While this move has come as a relief for companies undergoing the CIRP, it has left creditors waiting for repayment of dues for longer than the mandated 330-day period. NCLT benches across the country are hearing only urgent matters until the lockdown is lifted. This has left many other matters, which do not qualify as urgent, pending. [ix]

Plight Of Advocates:

A PIL was filed in the Supreme Court urging that non-payment of rent for professional premises belonging to advocates should not be made a ground for eviction, during lockdown. However, on April 30, 2020 the Apex Court refused to entertain the plea remarking that it was "not going to enter into this issue," and dismissed the petition as withdrawn. [x] Further on May 8, 2020 a three- Judge bench of the Supreme Court dismissed a plea urging the court to direct the government to formulate a uniform welfare scheme for lawyers affected across the country.[xi]

Daily appearances in court are the main source of income for most advocates, and cash flow has come to a drip, if not completely dried up. In the month of April, 82,725 cases were filed in India’s courts as compared to 8,80,000 cases in March [xii]. This steep decline in cases filed has consequently resulted in a significant dip in court fee, besides Lawyers’ income.

Younger lawyers are left with little or no work. Today, a senior lawyer has the time, and the need to address minor matters, if any, personally, rather than refer them to a junior, which may have been done prior to the lockdown.

A petition was filed in the Madras High Court, seeking a direction to the State and the Bar Council to release Rs. 50,000/- to advocates, in order to compensate for the loss of work[xiii]. However, the Bar Council Of Tamil Nadu & Puducherry has resolved to disburse only Rs. 4000/- each to needy lawyers. The Bar Council was not in a position to release any more money because of limited resources.[xiv]

Law Firms:

Law Firms have also been severely affected. Many partners have either chosen to renounce salaries this financial year or agreed to take significant pay cuts. Firms which charged clients anywhere between Rs. 20,000 and Rs 75, 000 per hour, our now renegotiating their fee, since cash-strapped clients are no longer willing to pay exorbitant sums. Moreover, clients are questioning the actual amount of time that firms are spending on their matters, thereby making firms consider implementing technology that would track the number of hours spent by an executive on a client’s job, in order to provide proof to clients[xv]. This is great innovation; however, it comes with a significant cost in a day and age when law firms are suffering unprecedented lows in business.

Prisoners:

Corona Virus cases have already sprung up in various jails across India. Amongst other jails, there are over 180 cases in Mumbai’s Arthur Road Jail[xvi]. Authorities have been compelled to take drastic measures such as - release a large number of inmates, shift inmates to different prisons and designate temporary places as jails for keeping new undertrials.

By end February, nearly the cases (233 of 565) of COVID-19 reported in Wuhan, China, were from the city’s prison system.[xvii] This fact is reflective of just how dangerous prisons are today.

Indian prisons have historically been overcrowded and may potentially become breeding grounds when threatened by a contagion like Covid19. Considering the difficult living conditions and lack of hygiene, which is an unfortunate reality of our prisons, containing the spread would become nearly impossible.

Coping With This Challenge:

We are now in the age of what has come to be known as “Virtual Courts ” which function through videoconferencing, e-filing, telephonic mentioning of urgent matters and online payment of court fees. These are not bereft of teething problems. Perhaps, the biggest drawback of this new system is the inability to provide public access to courtroom proceedings. Virtual proceedings are being held in camera, and are therefore not open to public which is discordant with what has been held in Naresh Shridhar Mirajkar v State of Maharashtra[xviii], where the Apex Court observed that the public has a right to be present in court and to watch proceedings.

Lawyers are facing problems with basics such as uploading petitions on the Supreme Court website, since the data restrictions put in place are just 5 MB for a petition and 2 MB for additional documents, thereby compelling lawyers to break up the file into multiple volumes.[xix]

Déjà Vu

Historically, the Bubonic Plague of the late 19th century and Spanish Flu of 1918 are two points of reference when the entire framework of judiciary was disrupted on account of a health emergency.

The arrival of the Bubonic Plague in Bombay ( now Mumbai ) in 1896, brought courts to a grinding halt. A J C Mistry, a managing clerk at the Bombay law firm, Wadia Ghandy & Co. has given a grim account of the situation in early 1897. Mistry noted that the judges of the Bombay High Court “had no work to do.” The staff of the firm returned to work after four months, however over the next decade three members fell victim to the plague and died.

Mahatma Gandhi on page 72 in his book - The Law and The Lawyers[xx], while discussing an appeal which was to be heard in Veraval in Gujarat, writes that there were as many as fifty cases heard daily ( a lot of cases for that day and age ) in the Court at Veraval which had a population of about 5,500 people, however at the time of writing the “plague was raging ” and it was “ practically deserted ”. This anecdote bears a striking semblance to the scenario today.

Property which was seized in discharge of debts those days included pots, pans, utensils, bedding etc. These items were regularly hauled in and out of court. Legal historian Mitra Sharafi on page 48 in her book - Law and Identity in Colonial South Asia: Parsi Legal Culture, 1772–1947, writes that this practice of bringing property inside court rooms had become a “ particularly unsavoury phenomenon when the bubonic plague swept through the city. ”

When the Spanish Flu arrived in 1918, the judiciary was hit once again. Jurors, lawyers and assistants of the Calcutta High Court were severely affected. The Court was functioning on somewhat similar lines of how the courts are functioning today, thereby causing consequent pendency issues. [xxi]

Even in Bombay, law offices were bought to a standstill. In late June 1918 the Times Of India reported,

“ Nearly every house in Bombay has some of its inmates down with [influenza] fever and every office is bewailing the absence of clerks. ”

The flu soon found its way into jails and a need was felt to decongest prisons as inmates began to fall sick and the jails were short-staffed. The District Magistrate of Bijapur particularly wanted to release sick prisoners from jail, but the then Government was not ready to cooperate.[xxii]

It may be relevant to mention here that an eminent lawyer by the name of, Mohandas Karamchand Gandhi was himself laid down with the Spanish flu with a faltering heartbeat. However, destiny had charted out a different path for him, and India.

Conclusion:

This piece has only covered some of the ramifications of COVID-19 on the legal profession and there are other areas such as legal education which also need to be addressed on a priority. The existing delays in the legal system will only be exacerbated by the impediments COVID-19 will inevitably present to the progress of investigations, charging decisions, pre-trial processes etc. It appears that Corona Virus is here to stay, and the Judiciary needs to cope with it. We have been through a pandemic before and have come out of it as well. Normal functioning or rather “ New Normal ” functioning of courts is going to take its own time. Hopefully, it shouldn’t take too long, lest Lady Justice will soon have to, along with a blindfold, sword and scales, be adorned with — a mask.

Rusy Kohli

The author is a Post Graduate from Punjab University and a keen student of current affairs with context to lessons from history.

[i] “ Pending Dashboard ”: National Judicial Data Grid (District and Taluka Courts of India).

[ii] National Judicial Data Grid For High Courts.

[iii] Supreme Court Notification, March 13, 2020.

[iv] Data collected from Daily Cause Lists of various High Courts.

[v] Vide Notification No. DJA.I/550/1993, dated April 30, 2020.

[vi] Vide Order No. 13/Spl./RG/Misc. , dated April 29, 2020.

[vii] Suo Motu Writ Petition (Civil) No.1 Of 2020 ( In Re : Contagion Of Covid 19 Virus In Prisons ): Order dated April 13, 2020.

[viii] Vide Notification No. IBBI/2019-20/GN/REG059 Insolvency and Bankruptcy Board of India (Insolvency Resolution Process for Corporate Persons) (Third Amendment) Regulations, 2020. , dated March 29, 2020

[ix] NCLT Notice dated April 20, 2020.

[x] Writ Petition (Civil) Diary No.11055/2020 ( ALJO K. JOSEPH Vs. UNION OF INDIA & ANR.): Order dated April 30, 2020.

[xi] Writ Petition (Civil) Diary No(S). 11049/2020 ( Abhinav Ramkrishna Vs. Union Of India & Ors. ): Order Dated May 8, 2020

[xii] “ How lockdown has hit judiciary, in numbers — April cases fall to 82k from 14 lakh avg in 2019 ”: The Print, May 4, 2020.

[xiii] W.P.No.7419 of 2020: ( Dr.A.E. Chelliah vs. The Chairman and Members of the Bar Council of Tamil Nadu and Puducherry and an. )

[xiv] Bar Council Of Tamil Nadu & Puducherry: Press Release Dated 08-05-2020

[xv] Covid-19 Fallout: Pressure on hourly fee of top consultants, lawyers: The Economic Times, May 1, 2020

[xvi] “ After 180 cases from Arthur Road Jail, Maharashtra to release half the state’s prisoners ”: The Indian Express, May 12, 2020.

[xvii] Mainland China adds 573 coronavirus infections, eyes risks abroad: Reuters.com, March 1, 2020

[xviii] (1966) 3 SCR 744

[xix] “ ‘ Public hearing fundamental to democracy’: Lawyers on SC hearings via video conference ”, The Print, April 20, 2020.

[xx] The Law and The Lawyers By: M. K. Gandhi

[xxi] Pandemic or poison? How epidemics shaped Southasia's legal history by Mitra Sharafi: Himal Southasian, April 20, 2020.

[xxii] GD 353, 1918 GOB to District Magistrate, Bijapur, 13 November, 1918.

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brajeshupadhyay · 4 years

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"Police action will be taken against people found roaming outside unnecessarily," he said, 15:22 (IST) Coronavirus Outbreak in India Latest Updates Scientists strike note of caution as govt plans to fast-track 'Made in India' vaccine, covaxin India's COVID-19 vaccine programme has gained sudden traction but it is imperative to strike a balance between giving it high priority and rushing into a process that takes months, even years, several scientists said on Saturday, a day after the ICMR announced it envisaged a preventive by next month. "Fast tracking a vaccine trial in four weeks for safety, immunogenicity and efficacy is just not possible if things are to be done correctly," Shahid Jameel, virologist and CEO of the Wellcome Trust/DBT India Alliance, a public charity that invests in building biomedical sciences and health research framework, told PTI. 15:07 (IST) Coronavirus Outbreak in Himachal Pradesh Latest Updates Another COVID-19 death in Himachal Pradesh takes toll to nine With one more death reported in Himachal Pradesh on Saturday, the COVID-19 toll in the state rose to nine. However, no new positive cases were reported. With this, the total number of cases in the state now stands at 1,033 including 332 active cases. So far, 677 patients have recovered, said the state health department. 14:48 (IST) Coronavirus Outbreak in Bihar Latest Updates Bihar's COVID-19 toll climbs to 84 after six more die The COVID-19 toll in Bihar increased to 84 on Saturday after six more patients succumbed to the viral infection. While 197 fresh cases have pushed the state's total to 11,111, according to the state health department. The state has 2,816 active coronavirus cases, while 8,211 patients have recovered from the disease. This takes the recovery rate to 73.89 percent. 14:28 (IST) Coronavirus Outbreak in Andhra Pradesh Latest Updates 765 fresh COVID-19 infections in Andhra Pradesh Andhra Pradesh registered 17,699 coronavirus cases on Saturday after 765 more people tested positive for the novel coronavirus. The COVID-19 toll reached 218, said the state health department. Of the total positive cases, there are 9,473 active cases in the state. 13:52 (IST) Coronavirus Outbreak in Gujarat Latest Updates Vijay Rupani visits Surat to assess COVID-19 situation Gujarat chief minister Vijay Rupani and Deputy chief minister Nitin Patel arrived at Surat on saturday to assess the COVID-19 situation, PTI reported. Surat has reported 5,461 COVID-19 cases, including 198 deaths, so far. 13:51 (IST) Coronavirus Outbreak in China Latest Updates WHO team to visit China next week to probe origin of COVID-19 Amid global concerns that China delayed giving information regarding the novel coronavirus outbreak, a team of World Health Organisation (WHO) will visit the country next week to investigate the origins of the virus and its spread to human beings. The visit will take place more than six months after the WHO's Country Office in China picked up a statement from the Wuhan Municipal Health Commission on cases of 'viral pneumonia'. WHO Director-General Dr Tedros Adhanom Ghebreyesus spoke in January about an agreement with China for sending a team of international experts "as soon as possible" to work on increasing the understanding of the outbreak. 13:36 (IST) Coronavirus Outbreak in India Latest Updates Forcing development of COVID-19 vaccine fraught with horrendous human costs: Sitaram Yechury CPM General Secretary Sitaram Yechury on Saturday alleged that the Indian Council of Medical Research (ICMR) is trying to expedite the production of an indigenous COVID-19 vaccine so Prime Minister Narendra Modi can announce the cure for the infectious disease on Independence Day. "Scientific advances can never be 'made to order'. Forcing the development of an indigenous vaccine, bypassing all health and safety norms, to be announced by Narendra Modi on Independence Day is fraught with horrendous human costs," tweeted Yechury. But...scientific advances can never be ‘made to order’. Forcing the development of an indegenous vaccine as a cure for Covid-19, bypassing all health & safety norms, to be announced by PM Modi on Independence Day is fraught with horrendous human costs. #Covid_19 #Vaccine #ICMR pic.twitter.com/x2xbPFvRyy — Sitaram Yechury (@SitaramYechury) July 4, 2020 13:19 (IST) Coronavirus Outbreak in Delhi Latest Updates Jama Majid reopens for public today Jama Masjid reopens for the public from today. The mosque will remain open from 9 am to 10 pm and everyone will have to follow physical distancing norms, said Syed Ahmed Bukhari, the shahi imam of the mosque. Delhi: Jama Masjid reopens for the public from today. Syed Ahmed Bukhari, Shahi Imam of the mosque said that it will remain open from 9 am to 10 pm while following social distancing norms. #COVID19 pic.twitter.com/hEtvux9GB5 — ANI (@ANI) July 4, 2020 13:16 (IST) Coronavirus Outbreak in Jharkhand Latest Updates Six police personnel in Ranchi test COVID-19 positive Six personnel of Ranchi Police have tested COVID-19 positive on Saturday. "They have been quarantined and are receiving treatment. Their contact tracing within and outside the department is being done," said Surendra Kumar Jha, SSP Ranchi 12:13 (IST) Coronavirus Outbreak in India Latest Updates I-T department further extends ITR filing deadline The extension on income tax return filing date comes just a couple of days after the I-T department on Thursday extended the deadline for tax saving investments/payments for the financial year 2019-20 up to 31 July. As a result, taxpayers will now be able to make investments for claiming deductions under the Income Tax Act for the financial year 2019-20 up to 31 July. 11:59 (IST) Coronavirus Outbreak in India Latest Updates ITR filing deadline for FY 2019-20 extended till 30 Nov The Income Tax Department has announced a further extension to the deadline for filing income tax return (ITR) for the financial year (FY) 2019-20 to 30 November. The department, in a tweet, said that the move has been taken "understanding and keeping in mind the times that we are in" and hoped it will help taxpayers "plan things better." 11:32 (IST) Coronavirus Outbreak in Mizoram Latest Updates Mizoram postpones opening of schools for 2020-21 academic session The Mizoram government has postponed the opening of schools for the 2020-21 academic session for an indefinite period as a part of the containment measures to curb the coronavirus outbreak, a minister said. The government had earlier decided to open educational institutions for the current academic session from 15 July. 11:30 (IST) Coronavirus Outbreak in Karnataka Latest Updates No public transport to operate in Karnataka from 8 pm today Public transport - buses, autos and cabs will not operate in Karnataka during the curfew, which will be enforced from Saturday at 8 pm. Places of worship, malls and dine-in service at hotels and restaurants, shops selling non-essential commodities, including liquor, will remain shut. 11:28 (IST) Coronavirus Outbreak in Karnataka Latest Updates Karnataka to enforce curfew from 8 pm today A curfew in Karnataka will be implemented from 8 pm on Saturday til 5 am on Monday. It will not be any different from the restrictions imposed during previous curfews and lockdowns, said BH Anil Kumar, Commissioner of Bruhat Bengaluru Mahanagara Palike (BBMP) to The Hindu. "The restrictions that were in place then will be imposed now also," said Kumar. 11:19 (IST) Coronavirus Outbreak in Odisha Latest Updates Odisha reports 8,601 COVID-19 cases with 34 deaths After five more people die of the novel coronavirus in Odisha, the COVID-19 toll in the state climbed to 34 on Saturday. The total number of confirmed cases increased to 8,601 after 495 more individuals tested positive, said the health department. 10:58 (IST) Coronavirus Outbreak in Rajasthan Latest Updates 204 new cases, three deaths in Rajasthan As per the Rajasthan health department, there were 204 new COVID-19 positive cases and three deaths reported till 10:30 am. The total number of cases stands at 19,256, including 3,461 active cases and 443 deaths, as per the health department 10:36 (IST) Coronavirus Outbreak in India Latest Updates Over 95 lakh COVID-19 samples tested: ICMR At least 95,40,132 COVID-19 samples have been tested so far, said the Indian Council of Medical Research (ICMR), adding that 2,42,383 samples were tested on Friday alone. 10:27 (IST) Coronavirus Outbreak in India Latest Updates India's COVID-19 recovery rate at 60.80% Of the total 6,48,315 positive cases, as many as 3,94,227 COVID-19 patients have so far been cured of the virus, said the health ministry on Saturday. This takees the COVID-19 recovery rate to 60.80 percent. 10:22 (IST) Coronavirus Outbreak in India Latest Updates India's COVID-19 mortality rate at 2.88% after 18,655 patients die With the death of 442 more individuals in the past 24 hours, the COVID-19 toll jumped to 18,655 on Saturday, according to the latest data released by the health ministry. The COVID-19 mortality rate is now at 2.88 percent. 10:18 (IST) Coronavirus Outbreak in India Latest Updates India records over 6.48 lakh COVID-19 infections India registered 22,771 new coronavirus cases for the first time in a single day, taking the total count to 6,48,315 on Saturday. As many as 442 deaths were reported in the past 24 hours, said the health ministry. Coronavirus Updates: Maharashtra reported 7,074 COVID-19 cases in the last 24 hours, pushing the total number of cases to 2,00,064, said a state health department bulletin. The toll rose to 8,671 with 124 deaths reported in the last 48 hours and 171 added from the previous period. University and college examinations in Punjab have been cancelled in view of the COVID-19 pandemic, Chief Minister Amarinder Singh said on Saturday. However, the online exams being conducted by some universities will continue uninterrupted. Delhi recorded 2,505 fresh coronavirus cases on Friday, taking the tally in the city to 97,200, while the death toll from the disease mounted to 3,004. Tamil Nadu chief minister Edappadi K Palaniswami announced that relaxations in Chennai lockdown will come in effect from 6 July, reports ANI. Vegetable and grocery shops will be allowed to open from 6 am to 6 pm, textile and hardware shops from 10 am to 6 pm, and restaurants from 6 am to 9 pm for takeaway services, he said. Responding to criticism over its 15 August deadline for COVAXIN, which is being developed by Bharat Biotech, the ICMR said that all COVID-19 vaccine trials across the world are being similarly fast-tracked, while adding that the safety and interest of the people of India remain its topmost priority. Kolkata Airport announced on Saturday that no flights shall operate to Kolkata from Delhi, Mumbai, Pune, Nagpur, Chennai and Ahmedabad for two weeks starting from Monday Bengaluru will go under complete lockdown from 8 pm today until 5 am on Monday, city's municipal commissioner told ANI. The COVID-19 toll in Bihar increased to 84 on Saturday after six more patients succumbed to the viral infection. While 197 fresh cases have pushed the state's total to 11,111, according to the state health department. The state has 2,816 active coronavirus cases, while 8,211 patients have recovered from the disease. This takes the recovery rate to 73.89 percent. Amid global concerns that China delayed giving information regarding the novel coronavirus outbreak, a team of World Health Organisation (WHO) will visit the country next week to investigate the origins of the virus and its spread to human beings. The visit will take place more than six months after the WHO's Country Office in China picked up a statement from the Wuhan Municipal Health Commission on cases of 'viral pneumonia'. The Jama Masjid will reopen for the public from Saturday. The mosque will remain open from 9 am to 10 pm. "Everyone will have to follow physical distancing norms," said Syed Ahmed Bukhari, the shahi imam of the mosque. A curfew in Karnataka will be implemented from 8 pm on Saturday til 5 am on Monday. It will not be any different from the restrictions imposed during previous curfews and lockdowns, said BH Anil Kumar, Commissioner of Bruhat Bengaluru Mahanagara Palike (BBMP) to The Hindu. As per the Rajasthan health department, there were 204 new COVID-19 positive cases and three deaths reported in the state till 10:30 am. The total number of cases stands at 19,256, including 3,461 active cases and 443 deaths, as per the health department India registered 22,771 new coronavirus cases for the first time in a single day, taking the total count to 6,48,315 on Saturday. As many as 442 deaths were reported in the past 24 hours, said the health ministry. At least 11,300 'Make In India' ventilators have been dispatched so far under Centre's 'Atma Nirbhar Bharat' mission, said the Union health minister on Saturday. Of the total ventilators, 6,154 have been delivered to hospitals. Ministry of Health is also supplying 1.02 lakh oxygen cylinders across India; 72,293 have been delivered, said Union Health Minister Harsh Vardhan. Telangana reported eight more COVID-19 deaths on Friday, taking the toll to 283. After 1,892 fresh cases were registered for the first time in a day, the state's tally was pushed to 20,462. Maharashtra registered 6,364 fresh COVID-19 cases on Friday for the first time in a single day taking the total number of positive cases to 1,92,990. The toll due to the pandemic rose to 8,376 with 198 new deaths reported in the past 24 hours, a health department statement said. Even as India's COVID-19 recovery rate crossed 60 percent on Friday, the number of confirmed cases soared by over 20,000 in a day for the first time, data from the Union Health Ministry showed. The contrasting figures emerged even as the country's apex medical body ICMR announced its plan to launch the world's first COVID-19 vaccine, the indigenously developed COVAXIN, by 15 August. Experts, however, said such a timeline may not be realistic. In the meantime, Union HRD minister Ramesh Pokhriyal aannounced that the JEE and NEET exams have been postponed to September in view of the coronavirus pandemic, while the Directorate General of Civil Aviation (DGCA) decided to suspend all the international flight operations in the country till 31 July. Friday also saw Goa re-opening its doors for domestic tourists and Himachal Pradesh said that it would allow entry of tourists with conditions such as a test report showing negative for COVID-19 and a prior hotel booking of at least five days. The hilly state had imposed a ban on tourism three-and-a-half-months ago to check the spread of the novel coronavirus. COVID-19 cases and deaths as of today India has confirmed 6,25,544 COVID-19 cases so far while 18,213 have lost their lives since the virus made its first appearance in Kerala's Thrissur in January. The number of recoveries stands at 3,79,891, while one patient has migrated. There are 2,27,439 active cases of coronavirus infections currently in the country. Most of the 20,903 coronavirus infections reported in a 24-hour span till Friday 8 am came from Maharashtra, Tamil Nadu, Delhi, Telangana and Karnataka, PTI said, adding that 379 people died during the same period. Tamil Nadu crossed one lakh COVID-19 cases with the state reporting 4,329 fresh infections and 64 fatalities, pushing the toll from the deadly virus to 1,385. Of the total 18,213 deaths reported so far, Maharashtra accounted for the highest 8,178 fatalities followed by Delhi with 2,864 deaths, Gujarat with 1,886, Tamil Nadu with 1,321, Uttar Pradesh with 735, West Bengal with 699, Madhya Pradesh with 589, Rajasthan with 430 and Telangana with 275 deaths. The COVID-19 death toll reached 272 in Karnataka, 251 in Haryana, 198 in Andhra Pradesh, 152 in Punjab, 115 in Jammu and Kashmir, 77 in Bihar, 42 in Uttarakhand, 27 in Odisha and 25 in Kerala. Jharkhand has registered 15 deaths, Chhattisgarh 14, Assam and Puducherry 12 each, Himachal Pradesh 10, Chandigarh six, Goa four and Meghalaya, Tripura, Ladakh and Arunachal Pradesh have reported one fatality each, according to the ministry. More than 70 percent deaths took place due to comorbidities, it said. According to health ministry's 8 am data, Maharashtra has reported the highest number of cases at 1,86,626, followed by Tamil Nadu at 98,392, Delhi at 92,175, Gujarat at 33,913, Uttar Pradesh at 24,825, West Bengal at 19,819 and Rajasthan at 18,662. The number of COVID-19 cases has gone up to 18,570 in Telangana, 18,016 in Karnataka, 16,097 in Andhra Pradesh, 15,509 in Haryana, and 14,106 in Madhya Pradesh. It has risen to 10,471 in Bihar, 9,013 in Assam, 7,849 in Jammu and Kashmir and 7,545 in Odisha. Punjab has reported 5,784 novel coronavirus infections so far, while Kerala has 4,753 cases. A total of 3,013 have been infected by the virus in Chhattisgarh, 2,984 in Uttarakhand, 2,584 in Jharkhand, 1,435 in Tripura, 1,482 in Goa, 1,279 in Manipur, 1,014 in Himachal Pradesh and 990 in Ladakh. Puducherry has recorded 802 COVID-19 cases, Nagaland 501, Chandigarh 450 and Dadra and Nagar Haveli and Daman and Diu together have reported 230 COVID-19 cases. Arunachal Pradesh reported 195 cases, Mizoram has 162 cases, Andaman and Nicobar Islands has 109, Sikkim has registered 102 infections so far, while Meghalaya has recorded 56 cases. The ICMR said that a total of 92,97,749 samples were tested for COVID-19 up to 2 July, with 2,41,576 of those tested on Thursday. Representational image. AP COVID-19 vaccine by 15 August, says ICMR India's apex medical body ICMR said Friday that it has identified 12 clinical trial sites, including medical institutions and hospitals, and has asked their principal investigators to ensure that the subject enrolment is initiated no later than 7 July. The trial sites included AIIMS, New Delhi, AIIMS, Patna and SRM Medical College Hospital and Research Centre in Tamil Nadu. In its letter to principal investigators of the 12 sites, ICMR Director General Dr Balram Bhargava noted that the clinical trial of Covaxin is one of the "top priority projects which is being monitored at the top-most level of the government". However, it is not clear how the clinical trials can be completed and the vaccine released on 15 August when the normal period for a vaccine to be approved is 12 to 18 months. Several experts have questioned the ICMR's timeline, asking if the efficacy of the vaccine is "pre-decided" and cautioned it from applying "excess pressure". Over seven vaccines are being researched in India and only Bharat Biotech's COVAXIN and Zydus' ZyCoV-D have got the go-ahead to start human clinical trials, just this week. Globally, over 100 candidates are being tested on humans but no vaccine has yet been approved. Speaking to Firstpost, Bharat Biotech chairman Dr Krishna Ella, said said that COVAXIN was reported to be safe and immunogenic in all animals. "We have now moved forward towards the clinical development of this vaccine," he added. Phase 1 and 2 clinical trials of Covaxin in COVID-19 patients will begin this month. According to PTI, Zydus said that is planning to initiate the clinical trials in July 2020 across multiple sites in India in over 1,000 subjects, however, the company did not say when the vaccine will be ready for commercial use, unlike Covaxin, which is targeting for release on 15 August. The vaccine candidate, ZyCoV-D, showed a "strong immune response" in animal studies, and the antibodies produced were able to completely neutralise the wild type virus, Zydus said. With inputs from agencies

http://sansaartimes.blogspot.com/2020/07/coronavirus-updates-confirmed-cases-in.html

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newsdaliy · 2 years

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Mumbai Corona Update: Mumbai Logs 273 COVID-19 Cases, One Death; Active Tally Now 1,937

Mumbai Corona Update: Within the last 24 hours in the country’s financial capital Mumbai, due to the corona virus epidemic. 273 new cases have been registered. At the same time, one has died. So far, 11 lakh 22 thousand 109 people have been infected with corona in the state. At the same time, the death toll due to infection has now increased to 19 thousand 636. The big thing is that the number of…

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#active #cases #Corona #Covid19 #death #logs #Mumbai #tally #Update

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karmalkar911 · 2 years

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Dr. Abhishek Karmalkar - General Physician Doctors in Pimpri Chinchwad

General Physician (MD - General Medicine, MBBS)

Dr. Abhishek Karmalkar’s main objective is to serve INDIA through medicine by making people healthy and excel in profession and serve towards humanity.

Dr. Abhishek Karmalkar is an expert in handling the deadly corona virus, has taken in-charge as chief intensivist and successfully treated more than 2000 critical corona patients and innumerable ward cases.

He is excelled in early recognition and management of diabetes. His speciality includes managing all complication of diabetes including diabetic foot, neuropathy, end organ damage like nephropathy. He has also expertise in management of various infectious diseases and Cardiology, Hepatology, Hematology, Nephrology and Neurology diseases.

Education Details

Dr. Abhishek Karmalkar completed his MD (Medicine) from Grant Government Medical College, Mumbai in 2010 and MBBS from B. J. Medical College, Pune in 2005. Also, he has done Diploma in Critical Care Medicine from ISCCM in 2012.

Dr. Abhishek Karmalkar is a well-known doctor specialising in General Physician in Pimpri Chinchwad. He has over 9 years of experience practising medicine in various hospitals and clinics. Dr. Abhishek Karmalkar is now working with Sterling Multispeciality Hospital. Dr. Abhishek Karmalkar has previously been associated with B. J. Medical College, Pune, Health Box Polyclinic (Self owned). Dr. Abhishek Karmalkar specialises in Diabetes Management, Thyroid Disorder Treatment, Critical Care Medicine, Hypertension Treatment, Cardiac Care, Dengue Fever Treatment. Apart from hospital affiliations, He has been working actively in various fields. Dr. Abhishek Karmalkar is an alum of Grant Medical College and Sir JJ Hospital, Mumbai where He earned a MD – Medicine. Thereafter, Dr. Abhishek Karmalkar earned Advanced Certificate Course In Diabetes from American Diabetes Association.

What does a general physician do?

A general physician has an extended list of duties due to the fact he/she is the first point of contact for maximum patients. As such, these are some things that physicians do:

Diagnose conditions and injuries

Conduct routine check-ups

Recommend clinical tests for further diagnosis

Assess a affected person`s condition and evaluate clinical history

Prescribe medicine and treatment

Assist in routine surgical operation

Counsel patients on well-being and right self-care

Maintain patient records for ideal preventive care

At Health Box Polyclinic we have we have most of the best general physician in pimpri chinchwad who’re notably professional and expert in diagnosing a host of various clinical conditions. Our state of the art technology and equipment permits for the early detection of diseases, and we’ve a extensive kind of specialists who can take up the case post diagnosis.

Why you choose Dr. Abhishek Karmalkar?

Health Box Polyclinic Clinic is committed to providing the best medical treatment and diagnosis facilities. Physician consultation Including ECG Test, Sugar Check-Up, Full body check-up facility is available in the same clinical premises by expert general physician doctor in pimpri chinchwad. Furthermore, it has a well-facilitated diagnostic centre to provide medical treatment along with the diagnosis facility to the patients. Certainly, Dr. Abhishek Karmalkar is the man behind the establishment of this medical facility center. Most noteworthy this is his effort to provide the best medical facilities including diagnosis facility at the same place, as a result to the residents of the pune.

#General Physician Doctors in Pimpri Chinchwad

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wordsbeworthit-blog · 4 years

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Corona, Climate and Other Things - A Rant

The world is grappling with a very serious and urgent threat, a kind it has encountered for the first time in the lives of its present inhabitants. It’s the kind which crashes economies, kills people and has that air of novelty and mystery to it. It also affects every single country on the planet. While we may argue that the Italy was very late and US very dismissive, we agree that such mass mobilization has not happened in recent history. It is heart-warming to see people coming together in such tough times to fight this. We have literally shut down all industrial activity, all recreational avenues, all air rail and road traffic, stopped wildlife trade and reinstated national borders (even states in some cases). Every other economic or political issue has been side lined and all energies are focused on reducing this pandemic to a crisis of manageable scale, flatten the curve they say. My heart goes out to the first responders and everyone else who is getting out of their homes every day so that we can stay safe inside ours.

Not taking away from the seriousness of the issue, my mind has been wandering off to distant topics all this while. I can’t help but think how very few people know that 37000 people died in the richest country in the world in the last flu season, and 61000 in the season before that. I looked at that trend over the last 2 decades and it shook me. This makes me wonder whether the actions the countries are taking are to prevent loss of human life, or to prevent the markets from crashing. As you would have guessed, the deaths due to flu don’t cause a dent on the market. How the richest country on the planet isn’t able to make a vaccine and/or vaccinate its people against a known enemy is beyond me. But then a lot of things about how the US functions baffles me. I shall leave that topic for later.

If we or the governments cared about the loss of lives, wouldn’t we have done more about the 800 million odd people starving in the world, 8 million dying every year. Or the 2 million people dying in road accidents every year. Or the gun violence and homicides that kill so many people around the world. We don’t demand our governments to take action, and hence we don’t get any. Demand and supply you see! But, in these dark times, I want to believe that the actions being taken the world over are to safeguard humans and not to safeguard capitalistic interest or our markets. And Believe I do.

The second random thought that keeps coming back to me is from a book I read a while ago (The Sixth Extinction by Elizabeth Kolbert). It talked about the world of bacteria and viruses with a scary premonition. The author said that while we are predicting and adapting to the affects of climate change, we have no clue how a 2 degree rise in temperature would affect the world of bacteria and viruses. Forget those outside, it talked about the ones in our gut. What if all the bacteria in our gut can’t survive a world that is 2 degrees warmer. This happened with a species that we don’t really care about and it was vanished in a season. Taking this line of thinking forward, I keep wondering that rising temperatures would create newer variants of bacteria and viruses that we don’t have any acquired immunity against. Hence, we might see increasing epidemics and infections in a warmer world.

Another thing I can’t take my mind off are the pictures of canals in Venice that have been floating around. I have said this to multiple people that I did not really like Venice, and the thing I disliked the most was how dirty the water was. Well, that and the crowds. But I couldn’t say that because I was a part of the crowds. I had recently spent some time in the US, in Arizona where I had gotten used to the vast blue sky. Only when I came back to India did I realise that I had no memories of time when the sky was blue. It did not help that I landed in the pollution hotspot of the world in the thick of the season. And this time the season lasted for over 4 months and it looked like it wouldn’t end until the virus made an entry. For the last 10 days, this clear blue sky I see fills me with a joy I can’t explain. Much has been said about how the planet needed a breather and was given one in the form of the novel coronavirus.

This shutdown around the world has also made us aware of what it takes to slow down climate change. Now we can’t go back to saying it’s not possible, or it’s too difficult. The virus has shown the way. What scares me shitless is that we will just go back to where we stopped, not demanding from ourselves or our institutions the change that is needed, the change that we have seen is possible and works. Not asking the prospective leaders to include renewable energy in their election manifesto, not even bothering to check if it is. Not asking our universities to stop taking research grants from an Indian Oil or a Shell. Not demanding our banks to lend to the renewable energy sector and to stop being the preferred bank for Koch Brothers and the like. Moving back to business as usual and not doing all these things has a huge cost.

Let us fight the WTO tariffs where they stifle indigenous renewable industries from developing. Let’s not vote for the politicians who let Aarey forest be destroyed. Let’s not bring back to the power the ones who started quarrying in Bannerghatta. Or the ones who said Tar sands are clean. Let’s launch a mass movement against the government that let the world’s largest rainforests burn. Or against the meat industry that needed the rainforests to burn because the land was needed for grazing.

Let’s change the way we travel. More importantly, let’s not travel only because everyone else is doing it. Let’s not waste. Food, water, or clothes. Let’s not buy more than we need to. Let’s recycle whatever we can. Let’s think of the carbon footprint next time we order online. Let’s think about taking the bus next time, or the metro. Let’s ask the government why the public transport sucks. Why Mumbai takes so much time to get the Metro. Ask why everyone in Bangalore has to commute via roads in their own vehicles or Ubers. Let’s think about buying an electric car when it’s time to replace. However, be wary of anyone who tells you that making these changes on the demand side will solve the massive problem we are facing. As soon as we talk of supply side changes, we are moving into policy and that’s what threatens the status quo.

Time is right for a social movement to emerge, let us not go back to the status quo. I doubt anyone wants to go back to dull foggy skies, roads choc-a-bloc with cars, dirty Venice waters, and the N99 masks. We have been made to believe over decades that all this is an acceptable price to pay for economic progress. Let’s turn that thinking on its head. Change is hard. But as we have seen, slow and steady change has now become status quo. Slow change over decades is how we have gotten used to the air travel, the ever increasing number of devices in our lives and the cars on our roads, the avocado from Mexico in a market in Delhi. Slow gradual change is how companies have gotten us hooked onto branded wear and fast fashion, apparel made in Vietnam making way into our hands in California. If only someone would calculate the carbon footprint of a shirt made in Vietnam making its way to California, with the cotton for the shirt sent from California to Vietnam. (US is the second largest exporter of cotton). This is the time to make a case for local supply chains, supporting green energy where it needs support, encouraging local entrepreneurs. Let’s change the rules of the game, one rule at a time, in the same steady way this slow change sneaked up on us and became a part of the status quo.

Basis my reading, here are the top few reasons (and there are many more) why this fight will be very different than the one against Coronavirus –

- In the virus we have an external enemy to mobilise against, while in the fight against climate change the enemy is our habits and our institutions

- The threat of the virus is urgent, while the threat of climate change is perceived to be distant. We have evolved over generations to tackle urgent threats, since the hunter-gatherer times.

- Time Inconsistency – We ourselves will be the beneficiaries of the fight against Coronavirus. In the other fight, we will have to pay the costs while the benefits will most likely be reaped by people worse-off than us or the future generations.

In this fight against the virus, I choose to believe that what we are fighting for is above the GDP growth, and averting financial crisis to the extent possible. And I hope that this belief when shared by the larger group becomes a self-fulfilling prophecy. This fight against Coronavirus has given me hope. Hope that we have it in us to do something for others, to fight against a mysterious enemy, to mobilise ourselves and help each other in need. It has also assured me that no matter how flawed our institutions may be, they have the power to mobilise the masses to fight in the interest of the common good.

For those of us worried about the costs of changing our current ways of living, we should look at the costs incurred due to hurricanes, wildfires, and air pollution alone. Add to that the costs of increasing migrations, losing ecosystems and changing crop patterns. We can’t even begin to estimate the costs associated with these.

To keep on the right path in this fight, there is one thing that we must guard against - our over-reliance on stock markets and GDP as a sole indicator of progress. We have enough evidence now that markets adapt to crisis and it is then included in the baseline. The same way we compare the next hurricane with the last one and lose the bigger picture. Whole industries can be built gradually that will capitalise on the changing ecosystems, conflict due to increasing migrations and the like. The world will change faster that we will realise. As humanity, we must guard against this slow change that has the capacity to change humankind as we know it.

Now, one last submission. Not all of us can do all of the above. Let’s do what resonates with us. Lastly, I will invoke the rule so passionately thrust upon us for the last century. Demand these things and be ready to pay the right price. If we create this demand, I trust the free markets enough that the market will create incentives and ensure these demands are met. Let markets find the right price we are ready to pay for this unmet demand.

#coronavirus #climatechange #environment #freemarkets #sustainability #savetheplanet

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