#anglo-soviet invasion of iran

[captain-price-unofficially]

Soviet BA-10 armored car near Qazvin in northern Iran during Operation Countenance, August-September 1941.

#ba-10 #armored car #russian armor #wwii #middle eastern theater #anglo-soviet invasion of iran

[decolonize-the-left]

Doing research on WW2 such as the geo-political climate (which was never Really mentioned in my American public school), keeping a copy of the mandate for Leadership on my phone, staying updated on current events, and my very autistic knack for pattern recognition has me fight or flight.

I don't know what WW3 is gonna look like, it may very be another cold war. But it's here.

When we look back on this, we won't say that it started when the US finally took up arms. The war started way before the US was willing to admit there was even a problem.

It will be like WW2, where the US let as many ppl die as the world would allow before they and the other allied forces stepped in.

And just like back then people are asking "why won't the USA or France or the UK do something? Why are they letting it go on so long?"

And the answer is the same as it was back in WW2.

The allied forces themselves were was antisemitic, greedy, and politically driven.

Oh yeah and if you look real close and squint you can also see an oil grab in Iran that happened during ww2. You know "to stop the axis powers" from having oil 🙄

So why would they get involved if they didn't have to?

Remember how they ONLY involved themselves because Poland, an ally to UK and France was invaded?

What are the chances of Netanyahu attacking a US ally, you think?

In fact..I don't remember learning almost a damn thing about the middle east during ww2? But I'd be willing to bet my life its not so different from now. You know. Some non-arab nation doing something shitty but for some fucking reason Arab and Muslim nations are punished?

So lemme just head onto google real quick.

Huh. Would you look at that.

"The Anglo-Soviet invasion of Iran or Anglo-Soviet invasion of Persia was the joint invasion of the neutral Imperial State of Iran by the United Kingdom and the Soviet Union in August 1941. The two powers announced that they would stay until six months after the end of the war with their enemy Nazi Germany (World War II), which turned out to be 2 March 1946. On that date the British began to withdraw, but The Soviet Union delayed until May, citing "threats to Soviet security"

The invasion, code name Operation Countenance, was largely unopposed by the numerically and technologically outmatched Iranian forces. The multi-pronged coordinated invasion took place along Iran's borders with the Kingdom of Iraq, Azerbaijan SSR, and Turkmen SSR, with fighting beginning on 25 August and ending on 31 August when the Iranian government formally agreed to surrender, having already agreed to a ceasefire on 30 August."

So this says Iran surrendered in just 5 days and then then they were occupied for almost 6 years...

To keep Hitler from having oil, right? Thing is: Germany got most of its oil from the Baku fields.

In Russia. 🙃

The attack also took place less than two months after Allied victories over pro-Axis forces in neighbouring Iraq and French Syria and Lebanon.

That's an awful lot of fighting in the middle east when Hitler in Germany and Europe was the fucking problem 🙃🙃

The invasion's strategic purpose was to ensure the safety of Allied supply lines to the USSR (see the Persian Corridor), secure Iranian oil fields, limit German influence in Iran and preempt a possible Axis advance from Turkey through Iran toward the Baku oil fields or British India.

They nabbed Iran's oil because they could under the pretense of "well what if the axis powers attack us through Iran?"

Kind of like "well what if the terrorists attack us through the Red Sea?"

#AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA #someone give me xanax and a bong 😭😭

[warsofasoiaf]

Was there a genuine fear among the allied powers that Reza Shah of Iran would have joined the war on the side of Axis? Was that what led to the joint Anglo-Soviet invasion and occupation of Iran?

Britain did fear that the Iran would be friendly to the Germans. Not necessarily joining the war, but a fear of Iran seizing the Abadan Refinery and selling oil to the fuel-starved Germans after the successful invasion of the Soviet Union. After all, this was August 1941. The Germans were steadily advancing into the Soviet Union, the United States hadn't joined the war, and British presence in the Middle East was vital for the war effort, maintaining communication with India and shipping Lend-Lease aid into the Soviet Union via the Trans-Iranian railway. Iran was neutral, though not neutral enough for British reckoning.

Thanks for the question, Anon.

SomethingLikeALawyer, Hand of the King

#history #world war ii #world war 2 #iran

[anarkittyuwuuniverse]

"Understanding the Coercion Behind the “Collective Good”

Reds expect you to put the needs of the almighty collective above your own needs, but the collective good matters little if your individual needs are ignored by the collective.

All too often, Western reds demanding you obey the “collective good” are simply engaging in red-washed white supremacy where the “collective” just means “white working men”, and the “good” just means “our profits”. Putting the will of the dominant population in society before your own needs and desires is an incredulous proposition. The profits of the white working man should not be of any concern to e.g. a brown unemployed woman.

Collectivism is kind of a ludicrous concept if you really think about it. We can’t paint seven-billion people that have wildly different ideas of what life should be as one unified entity because they’re not one unified entity. Collectivizing them as one group; “the working class” in our minds makes no logical sense and does nothing but fuel the industrial wasteland rapidly decimating the entire globe. Why should all humans be seen as workers, why should each of us be measured by our capacity to produce industrial goods?

People from different places have different needs. Marxism deals with this by separating people into classes and telling us to only concern ourselves with the worker classes and to hell with the peasant classes and the hunter-gatherers and the pastoralist nomads and the “land-owner classes”.

This “land-owner” class includes indigenous peoples living off of their ancestral lands and exploiting no one, but again and again socialists have targeted them for genocide for not fitting into their ideological framework. Then the imperialist socialists seize their land and commercialize it so they can profit. For examples, see the Kazakh famine-genocide perpetrated by the USSR because the nomadic Kazakhs resisted the rigidity of forced collectivization, or the Anglo-Soviet invasion of Iran and resulting famine that was orchestrated so the red Russians could take control of Iran’s oil fields, or China’s current ongoing land seizures across its territories and forced internment and “re-education” of a million Uighurs.

The very idea of the worker class trumping everyone else is a proven recipe for colonialism and genocide. Individuals who avoid consumerism and live deliberately; apart from the system aren’t exploiting anyone, but throughout history collectivists have caused untold death and suffering trying to shape indigenous lands into their image. Collectivism is far more dangerous than “lifestylism” to anyone who would fail to fit into the collectivist’s ideological dogma.

Constructing a homogeneous group; a worker collective, and telling them they’re the only group that matters; the upholders of the holy revolution, and they need to purge anyone who would threaten their revolution by not falling in line with the red agenda is not something that has ever led anywhere good. Forced collectivization gave us the Soviet Kazakh genocide, the Chinese Great Leap Forward genocide, the Soviet Holodomor genocide, etc. And it ultimately gave us collectivist capitalism like we see now in China — the most ecologically destructive form of capitalism there is.

Communism and other red ideologies (including the ones purporting to be anarchist) create as big an in group / out group divide as capitalism. The power just shifts to the producers rather than the owners. And historically it’s just as brutal in its treatment of the out-groups. Anyone that doesn’t want to be part of the industrial system, like the Kazakh nomadic herders, is basically fucked. You dissent, you die.

The red ideologies view the entire world through a Western industrial worker-serf lens. But the whole world isn’t organized like the industrial West and it’s unfair to force Western values and economic systems on everyone.

Indigenous farmers in post-colonial places are treated as pariahs; ‘kulaks’, and massacred for having ‘owned’ the ancestral land they sustain themselves with under capitalist definitions. Just because the poor in industrialized capitalist nations don’t own the land they work, doesn’t mean the poor in other parts of the world where there is no lord-serf system in place are bad.

A garden that you and your family / tribe tend to and depend on to survive is personal property, but communism has always treated it like private property. Like growing your own food is reactionary and a threat to the “revolutionary” government. The USSR even banned people from planting gardens at home so they’d be forced to depend on the collective for food. To keep them tied to the factory assembly line.

Nomadic herders and roaming hunter-gatherers are likewise criminalized and starved out because there can be no room for people that don’t submit to the industrial work system under communism. They’re grouped as “individualists” and punished for resisting collectivization."

#posting another quote 'cause this is damn good #anarchism #post left #anti civ #post civ #workerism #colonialism

[brookstonalmanac]

Events 9.17 (after 1930)

1930 – The Kurdish Ararat rebellion is suppressed by the Turks. 1932 – A speech by Laureano Gómez leads to the escalation of the Leticia Incident. 1935 – The Niagara Gorge Railroad ceases operations after a rockslide. 1939 – World War II: The Soviet invasion of Poland begins. 1939 – World War II: German submarine U-29 sinks the British aircraft carrier HMS Courageous. 1940 – World War II: Due to setbacks in the Battle of Britain and approaching autumn weather, Hitler postpones Operation Sea Lion. 1941 – World War II: A decree of the Soviet State Committee of Defense restores compulsory military training. 1941 – World War II: Soviet forces enter Tehran during the Anglo-Soviet invasion of Iran. 1944 – World War II: Allied airborne troops parachute into the Netherlands as the "Market" half of Operation Market Garden. 1944 – World War II: Soviet troops launch the Tallinn Offensive against Germany and pro-independence Estonian units. 1944 – World War II: German forces are attacked by the Allies in the Battle of San Marino. 1948 – The Lehi (also known as the Stern gang) assassinates Count Folke Bernadotte, who was appointed by the United Nations to mediate between the Arab nations and Israel. 1948 – The Nizam of Hyderabad surrenders his sovereignty over the Hyderabad State and joins the Indian Union. 1949 – The Canadian steamship SS Noronic burns in Toronto Harbour with the loss of over 118 lives. 1961 – The world's first retractable roof stadium, the Civic Arena, opens in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania. 1961 – Northwest Orient Airlines Flight 706 crashes during takeoff from O'Hare International Airport in Chicago, Illinois, killing all 37 people on board. 1965 – The Battle of Chawinda is fought between Pakistan and India. 1974 – Bangladesh, Grenada and Guinea-Bissau join the United Nations. 1976 – The Space Shuttle Enterprise is unveiled by NASA. 1978 – The Camp David Accords are signed by Israel and Egypt. 1980 – After weeks of strikes at the Lenin Shipyard in Gdańsk, Poland, the nationwide independent trade union Solidarity is established. 1980 – Former Nicaraguan President Anastasio Somoza Debayle is killed in Asunción, Paraguay. 1983 – Vanessa Williams becomes the first black Miss America. 1991 – Estonia, North Korea, South Korea, Latvia, Lithuania, the Marshall Islands and Micronesia join the United Nations. 1991 – The first version of the Linux kernel (0.01) is released to the Internet. 1992 – An Iranian Kurdish leader and his two joiners are assassinated by political militants in Berlin. 2001 – The New York Stock Exchange reopens for trading after the September 11 attacks, the longest closure since the Great Depression. 2006 – Fourpeaked Mountain in Alaska erupts, marking the first eruption for the volcano in at least 10,000 years. 2006 – An audio tape of a private speech by Hungarian Prime Minister Ferenc Gyurcsány is leaked to the public, in which he confessed that his Hungarian Socialist Party had lied to win the 2006 election, sparking widespread protests across the country. 2011 – Occupy Wall Street movement begins in Zuccotti Park, New York City. 2013 – Grand Theft Auto V earns more than half a billion dollars on its first day of release. 2016 – Two bombs explode in Seaside Park, New Jersey, and Manhattan. Thirty-one people are injured in the Manhattan bombing. 2018 – A Russian reconnaissance aircraft carrying 15 people on board is brought down by a Syrian surface-to-air missile over the Mediterranean Sea.

#Events

[umass-digiturgy]

“Aurash Will Return”

Who is the playwright? Why does he tell the types of stories he tells?

Arash is a longstanding Persian Epic, which was adapted into a one man play by Bahram Beyzaie, a playwright, director, and filmmaker. Beyzaie was born in Iran in December 1938, a period of immense political upheaval. In what became known as the Anglo-Soviet Invasion of Persia, the United Kingdom and the Soviet Union joined forces and invaded Iran, for the purposes of political control, and the ensuring of access to oil. This led to the replacement of the authoritarian Reza Shah with the dictator Mohammad Reza Pahlavi who ruled Iran from 1941 until the 1979 revolution. Beyzaie grew up and began his artistic career during these decades, a time in which Iranians were forced to reckon with ideas of democracy, leadership, and nationhood, all while Westernization was significantly altering Iran’s cultural landscape.

This political climate had a marked impact on the types of stories Beyzaie chose to tell, which sought to revive marginalized culture, and tackle large issues such as nationhood and selfhood. Additionally, Beyzaie often centered themes such as heroism, intellectualism, and culture, around the formation of one’s identity at a “psychological, social, national, and cultural level” (Talajooy, “Formation” 691). These characters who discover and shape their identity this way often end up putting their lives at risk.  Additionally, it is characteristic of Beyzaie’s protagonists to rebel against what is expected of them.

It is clear that Bahram Beyzaie crafts his stories with social, political, and artistic intentionality and care. Through his plays, Beyzaie strives to reawaken old stories, and audience members alike, urging them to realize their lives and livelihood, which hang in the balance every day that they do not live with courage, purpose, and strength.

[Dramaturgy by Micki Demby-Kleinman]

“Anglo-Soviet invasion of Iran.” Wikipedia, https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anglo-Soviet_invasion_of_Iran. Accessed 11 February 2023.

Talajooy, Saeed. “Beyzaie's Formation, Forms and Themes.” Iranian Studies, vol. 46, no. 5, 2013, pp. 689-693. Taylor & Francis Online, https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/00210862.2013.789734?scroll=top&needAccess=true&role=tab.

Talajooy, Saeed. “Intellectuals as Sacrificial Heroes: A Comparative Study of Bahram Beyzaie and Wole Soyinka.” Comparative Literature Studies, vol. 52, no. 2, 2015, pp. 379-408. Project Muse, https://muse-jhu-edu.silk.library.umass.edu/article/587742.

#AURASH23

[nebris]

From left to right: Joseph Stalin, Franklin D. Roosevelt, and Winston Churchill on the portico of the Soviet Embassy during the Tehran Conference. 

The Tehran Conference (codenamed Eureka[1]) was a strategy meeting of Joseph Stalin, Franklin Roosevelt, and Winston Churchill from 28 November to 1 December 1943, after the Anglo-Soviet invasion of Iran. It was held in the Soviet Union's embassy in Tehran, Iran. It was the first of the World War II conferences of the "Big Three" Allied leaders (the Soviet Union, the United States, and the United Kingdom) and closely followed the Cairo Conference, which had taken place on 22–26 November 1943, and preceded the 1945 Yalta and Potsdam conferences. Although the three leaders arrived with differing objectives, the main outcome of the Tehran Conference was the Western Allies' commitment to open a second front against Nazi Germany. The conference also addressed the 'Big Three' Allies' relations with Turkey and Iran, operations in Yugoslavia and against Japan, and the envisaged postwar settlement. A separate protocol signed at the conference pledged the Big Three to recognize Iranian independence.

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tehran_Conference

[lightdancer1]

Poland wasn't the only case of the USSR turning into a straight up mirror of the Tsarist state

In 1941, fear of the pro-Hitler sympathies (which were real) of the first Pahlavi Shah, Muhammad Reza Shah, led the USSR and the UK to jointly invade and occupy Iran on the very same lines that the Romanovs and the British Empire had partitioned it on, and the same lines that in WWI were used by the Brits and the Russians at Iranian expense in one of WWI's truly obscure campaigns (Africa is a bonanza of information by comparison and it ain't got that much).

The USA picked up the slack for the Brits post-WWI, and it was in the wake of this that the 1946 crisis happened, which was the first direct US intervention in Iranian politics.

#lightdancer comments on history #soviet history #british history #iranian history #world war ii #anglo-soviet invasion of iran #the partitions of iran

[pattern-53-enfield]

Reza Shah Pahlavi reviewing Iranian troops prior to the Anglo-Soviet Invasion of Iran. While the royal guard fought brief running actions, the news that fifteen whole divisions of the Iranian Army had surrendered or dispersed was a major factor in Pahlavi’s abdication.

#anglo-soviet invasion of iran #iran #reza shah pahlavi #history #world war 2

[eye-of-enigmatic-thought]

Doodles of Vahid as a child and in his 20s, he too had a difficult childhood... <:(

He did grew up handsomely though <3

Some backstory for Vahid’s childhood under the cut! CW for themes of war, ableism, bullying.

Vahid was born in 1941 in Northern rural Iran. Growing up, he witnessed many conflicts, he was born during the Anglo-Soviet Invasion, was 5 during the Iran Crisis of 1946, and was 12 during the 1953 Coup D’état. Pretty much the entirety of his childhood was one spent in constant stress and fear from the political atmosphere he grew up in, and a lot of his art from his present years reflect this trauma.

Vahid has dealt with chronic back pains since childhood and has used a cane since his teens. Due to also being autistic, as a child he had many sensory issues with some still persisting in the present (loud sounds especially) and had a odd way of speaking. Due to this neurodivergency and disability he dealt with a lot of ableism growing up by both adults and other kids, often being made fun of for being ‘lazy’ and ‘slow’ and ‘not being feminine enough’. Due to also his shadow powers, some other kids also found him to be unnerving, adding into his loneliness.

Due to this bullying, Vahid often spent a lot of time alone, and he came into contact with the various wild vultures in the rural area he grew up in. Relating heavily to their constantly hunched postures and how they were outcasted for their nature, Vahid spent a lot of time around them, and with his shadow powers slowly gained the ability to even talk to vultures. The vultures became a surrogate family to Vahid, and through their encouragement of 'making do with what you have and scavenge’, Vahid became interested in art and began to create things using whatever materials he could find, and the nature of the vultures and how they ate carcasses gave him an interest in macabre subjects. This was the starting point for Vahid’s eventual career as a artist.

#my art #smile for me #s4m #smile for me game #smile for me oc #s4m oc #Vahid Gharagazlou #traditional art #oc #pencils #ink

[omniatlas]

Southern Asia 78 years ago today: Anglo-Soviet invasion of Iran (29 Aug 1941) https://buff.ly/2ZlKXIo When Germany invaded the Soviet Union in June 1941, Iran’s strategic position and oil reserves became even more important to the Allied war effort than before. In August the British and the Soviets launched a joint invasion of the country, deposing the defiant Reza Shah and opening up a supply route to the Soviet Union. #southernasia #history #welovehistory #welovemaps #map #1940s #20thcentury #modernhistory #1941 #august #august29 #sovietunion #ussr #invasionofiran #britishempire #worldwarii #worldwar2 #ww2 #wwii #secondworldwar #maps #todayinhistory #historytoday #historyteacher #historybuff #historygeek #historynerd #worldhistory #cartography #geopolitics (at Tehran, Iran) https://www.instagram.com/p/B1vdHqag6CE/?igshid=k2e4hweaqp0z

#southernasia #history #welovehistory #welovemaps #map #1940s #20thcentury #modernhistory #1941 #august #august29 #sovietunion #ussr #invasionofiran #britishempire #worldwarii #worldwar2 #ww2 #wwii #secondworldwar #maps #todayinhistory #historytoday #historyteacher #historybuff #historygeek #historynerd #worldhistory #cartography #geopolitics

[the-funtime-autocrat]

Every country has its own ruling system and ours is a one man system.

Reza Shah (1878-1944). Shah of Iran (1925-41).

Reza Shah Pahlavi (Persian: رضا شاه پهلوی‎; pronounced [reˈzɑː ˈʃɑːhe pæhlæˈviː]; 15 March 1878 – 26 July 1944), commonly known as Reza Shah, was the Shah of Iran from 15 December 1925 until he was forced to abdicate by the Anglo-Soviet invasion of Iran on 16 September 1941.

Two years after the 1921 Persian coup d'état, led by Zia'eddin Tabatabaee, Reza Pahlavi became Iran's prime minister. The appointment was backed by the compliant national assembly of Iran. In 1925 Reza Pahlavi was appointed as the legal monarch of Iran by decision of Iran's constituent assembly. The assembly deposed Ahmad Shah Qajar, the last Shah of the Qajar dynasty, and amended Iran’s 1906 constitution to allow selection of Reza Pahlavi. He founded the Pahlavi dynasty that lasted until overthrown in 1979 during the Iranian Revolution. Reza Shah introduced many social, economic, and political reforms during his reign, ultimately laying the foundation of the modern Iranian state.

#Reza Shah #Pahlavi dynasty #House of Pahlavi #Iran #Imperial Iran #Iranian Civilization #Iranian Monarch #Iranian Monarchy #Authoritarian #Authoritarianism #Iranian History

[loyallogic]

US and Iran conflict and breach of the international laws

This article is written by Pulkit Arora.

Introduction

When it comes to the lack of a sense of obligation against international laws, no other man-made altercation should be considered as guilty as is frequently ignored the clash of interests that exists between opposing nations that can lead to war causing a colossal loss of life as the principles of international (humanitarian) law. The study has found out the contentious relationship that two countries have shared over 65 years that reached a new height with the 1979 hostage crisis and the geopolitics and economics implication of both the nations on other countries. Further, the study has explored how both nations had breached the treaties and violated international law.

A brief history of conflict between U.S.A and Iran

Command of the last shah of Iran

In 1941, the Anglo-Soviet allied incursion into Iran, they overthrew the Reza Shah from power and set up a supply route for military equipment to the Soviet Union. From 1942, U.S forces have participated in the activity of this Persian corridor, through this route the U.S supplied. Mohammad Reza Pahlavi the last shah of Iran, he had maintained a very cordial relationship with the United States until he was removed from power by the Islamic Revolution. He followed a modern economic agenda and a firmly pro-American foreign policy. He regarded America as a good friend.[i]

Operation Ajax and the rise of anti-Americanism

The two countries, the United States and Iran, were at arms since 1951. It was the first time when contention was shown between the Iranian and the foreign powers. In 1951, some conflict emerged over the influence of Britain on Iran; British government had interest in Iran since early 1900 through the Anglo Iranian oil company, British government held control over the oil resources of Iran. Further, the Iran government intended to retake possession over their natural resources. During this period, Mohammad Mosadeq was elected as the 35th Prime Minister of Iran. Following this, the volatile event of 1953 had saw the breakdown of friendly ties Between the U.S and Iran with the deep anti-western tendency in Iran politics, leading to the rise of strong anti-Americanism because Britain with the help of U.S.A conducted operation “Ajax” on August 1953, in which a democratically elected leader Mohammad Mosadeq was brought down in coup d’état because he wanted nationalize the all the oil reserve in the country, this move was seen a serious blow by the U.S.A and Britain, given their dependency on the oil from middle east.  It was enough to claim that Britain with help of the U.S overthrew the Mohammad Mosadeq and establishment of Shah Mohammad Reza Pahlavi as an absolute ruler.[ii] Such an outsider invasion was detested by the Iranian and this led to a conflict between the U.S and Iran.

Nuclear support

Iran’s nuclear program was started in 1950 with the aid of the U.S.A as a part of the Atoms for peace initiative. In 1957, the U.S and Iran signed a civil nuclear cooperation agreement. The agreement provides nuclear research and technology to Iran. Eventually, this initiative laid the foundation for its controversial nuclear program.[iii] In 1957, Reza Shah Pahlavi inaugurated the Tehran Nuclear Research Centre at the University of Tehran and started acquiring new technology from the U.S. During 1968, Iran signed the treaty on Non Proliferation of the nuclear weapon. Iran was also permitted to develop a limited nuclear program in exchange of a promise not to obtain any nuclear weapon.

During the 1963-1967, Iran was enjoying a strong economic growth. But in the background the autocracy of Shah was also flourishing. As this continued to happen, there was animosity toward Shah and the U.S which was building through a mosque with the aid of Ayatollah Ruhollah Khomeini. Further, in 1964, he was forcefully expelled from the country and eventually he settled in Iraq. Still he continued to speak against U.S and Shah and at that time U.S did not take religious animosity seriously which U.S had to face very serious consequences.

The Islamic revolution (1979-1989)

In 1979, Iran saw a revolution which is known as the Islamic revolution. While 1979 of Iranian revolution was started as a pluralist uprising against the Shah’s autocracy, it culminated with the victory of the Ayatollah Ruhollah Khomeini and his Islamist disciple. Meanwhile, Millions of people took to the streets and began to protest against the regime of Shah. His rule was largely considered as corrupt and arbitrary by the people. On 16 January 1979, Shah announced that he is leaving Iran to go on vacation. This was considered by the people of Iran as the culmination of the Shah regime. Further, Ayatollah Khomeini, an Islamic preacher who was arrested and expelled by the Shah in 1964, came back to Iran on 1 February and became the supreme leader of the Islamic republic. [iv]

Iran Hostage Crisis (1979- 1981)

During this period, Iran saw a Hostage crisis in which Iranian students annihilated the U.S embassy in Tehran and took hundreds of American hostages. They insisted that the Shah, who was admitted in the U.S for cancer treatment, be deported to Iran to face prosecution for “Crime against people of Iran”.  During this conflict, relations between two nations became worse and formal diplomatic relations have never been reinstated.[v]

Iran-Iraq war (1980-1988)

In 1980, war was started between two nations and the U.S. was anxious that Iranian would defeat Iraq and be able to take over the region. The Regan administration furnished Baghdad with intelligence and other resources.[vi] This led to strain in the relation between the U.S and Iran. In this period Qasem Soleimani joined the Revolutionary Guard Corps and played a major role in fighting against Iraq.

S declared Iran a sponsor of terrorism

Under the Regan administration Iran was declared a sponsor of terrorism in 1984. The CIA’s documents more than 60 attacks against the US, France and Arabs that were supported by Iran in 1984, including an attack on the U.S embassy in Lebanon.

In 1988, Qasem Soleimani was appointed as a head of the Guard Corp. After this George Bush announced Iran as a “state of exile”.

In 2003 the U.S started to raise its concern alleging that Iran had been trying to develop nuclear weapons and the officer from the international Atomic Energy found evidence of using rich uranium in the plant. After that Iran agreed to stop production of nuclear weapons but after Mahmoud Ahmadinejad came into power, he was permitted to restart the nuclear plant. Further, the U.S had imposed sanctions on Iran.[vii]

Joint Comprehensive Plan of Action (2015)

After several dialogues between Iran and the U.S, six countries and Tehran signed a historical deal that slowed down the Iran nuclear program in exchange of lifting the sanction against Iran. This landmark deal is known as JCPOA. [viii]

In 2018 Trump withdrew from the Iran nuclear deal and re imposed the severe sanction on Iran.

The tension escalated between two nations when a rocket attacked on Iraqi military base and killed a U.S contractor. Again, In 2019 U.S retaliated with an air strike in which military head of Iran Qasem Solemaini was killed. This act infuriated the Iranian people and they demanded revenge of this barbaric act. It left the entire world in hysteria, because General Soleimani was a sought-after national hero for Iran, and his death may have long-term consequences for the entire region.

                                Click Above

Violation of international laws

Here, we focus on key points about the legal status of those attacks and other conflicts.

Did the act of the U.S of assassinating Qasem Soleimani was unreasonable and against the rule laid down under international law?

The act of the U.S of killing the other country officer without a clear threat of attack to its autonomy is an illegitimate act of war. U.S official asserted that the act of assassination was a self defense.

Article 51of the United Nation charter deals with the self defense in which any nation can take legitimate action in the case of clear threat to their autonomy. The nation can only take action when there is imminent threat, no means of choice or no moment for deliberation.[ix]

The U.S said in a United Nation meeting that it took pre emptive measures to protect the autonomy of the U.S.A from imminent threat.

Conclusively, whether the act of the U.S was reasonable or not, it is difficult to determine it can only be decided upon judicial intervention.

Whether Iran had breached the nuclear treaty?

The main objective of the Nuclear Non-Proliferation treaty is to confine the spread of nuclear weapons. Iran is also a part of this treaty but Iran clandestinely produced the nuclear weapon and denied all allegations made against it. In 2002 under pressure from the international community it showed the nuclear program to IAEA.

It had found that Iran had violated several provisions of the treaty specifically related to uranium import which was imported from China in 1991 and subsequently sent for the production of nuclear weapons and Iran had kept it concealed from the IAEA.[x]

Therefore, it is apparent that Iran has breached the treaty and it was not observed in accordance with the provisions of the Convention and thus effective judicial redress procedures should be preferred.

Did the act of the U.S.A of unilaterally withdrawing from the Joint Comprehensive Plan of Action be breached by international law or not?

From the beginning it was clear that JCPOA was not a treaty and therefore it was not based on any principle of pacta sunt servanda on which treaties are made obligatory.

Indeed, it was an agreement between two states and these agreements are often political in nature at global level and parties have the right to withdraw without any violation of international laws.

The main argument was that the agreement incorporated into UN Security Council resolution 2231 (2015). Further, Article 25 and 48(A) of the UN charter deal with the agreement which is binding in nature whereas the only recommendation of UNSC cannot be binding in nature.[xi]

Now it is upon the discretion of the International Court of Justice to determine the matter. Whether the agreement was binding in nature or not.

Political and economic consequences of U.S and Iran conflict

The strife between both nations has an adverse impact on global politics and economics. The recent escalation between the U.S and Iran dissidence has a negative impact on international geopolitics and economics. Though the strife between both the nations has been seen momentarily with the absence of a war, such volatile examples set by the both the nations have culminated in diplomatic consequences. After the assassination of the general Qasem Soleimini, U.S has realizes that its influence in the Middle East on the verge of declining and the others super power like Russia and China have been increasing their influence in Middle East. The countries like Russia and China who are in the periphery of Iran are taking advantage of this situation by supplying war material to Iran. It has also been observed that deepening rivalry between both the nations would have resulted in catastrophe for the Gulf nations. The intensified animosity between two nations has resulted in trade barriers and also massive recession throughout the world. The harsh sanction imposed on Iran oil’s trade is also the cause of the deteriorating economy of Iran. It has been observed that President Trump’s main intent behind annulment of foreign investment in Iran was to impede the main source of revenue generation. Further, the economic implication between both nations has been suffered by the whole world because the Middle East area is the largest producer of crude oil and after the recent strife between new nations had led to higher prices of crude oil. Due to conflict between these two nations India’s GDP is on the verge of decline because India mainly imports oil from the Middle East especially Iran after the sanction imposed by the U.S on Iran, India is facing major blow due to increase in prices. The faceoff between the U.S and Iran also undermined the security of the route of ships sailing in the strait of Hormuz. The Strait of Hormuz is a shallow body of water that links the Persian Gulf with the Gulf of Oman, flowing into the Arab Sea and is the most important oil access point in the world, as 21 million barrels travel through that strait every day, worth $1.2 billion in oil. Iran in retaliation could hinder the transportation of the oil and disrupt the oil supply and it could lead to surge in prices of oil.

Therefore, the contention between the U.S and Iran is a threat to the oil industry and it will inhibit the current trade relation and it could deteriorate the condition of many countries.

Conclusion

The rivalry between two nations has been going on for over half a century and played a very major role in changing the way international politics and ties operate throughout the world. The reason behind the conflict is involvement of the U.S in Middle East politics which is censured by the different world leaders. The contention between both the countries also have major implications on the geopolitics and economy. In the conflict neither country gains importance rather it causes casualty to the people and imbues loathe sentiment against each other. Diplomats all around the world should focus on collaboration rather than conflict.

References

[i] Bill, James A. The Eagle and the Lion: The Tragedy of American-Iranian Relations. New Haven: Yale University Press, 1988

[ii] Stephen Kinzer, All the Shah’s Men: An American Coup and the Roots of Middle East Terror. (Hoboken: J. Wiley & Sons, 2003).

[iii] Roe, Sam (28 January 2007). “An atomic threat made in America”. Chicago Tribune. Retrieved 1 July 2009

[iv]  “History of Iran: Islamic Revolution of 1979”. Archived from the original on 29 June 2011. Retrieved 2 April 2016.

[v] Abrahamian, Ervand. “Iran in Revolution: The Opposition Forces.” MERIP 75/76.Mar. – Apr. (1979): 3-8

[vi] Murray, Donette (2009). US Foreign Policy and Iran: American–Iranian Relations since the Islamic Revolution p. 8. Routledge

[viii]  Mehta, S. (2015). “P5+1 – Iran Nuclear Agreement – A Silver Lining in US-Iran Relations.” Seton Hall Journal of Diplomacy and International Relations, Vol. 16, Iss. 2.

[ix] Charter of the United Nations, Article 51

[x] IRAN UNITED STATES CLAIMS TRIBUNAL, Jan 19 1981, http://www.iusct.net/

[xi] Charter of the United Nations, Article 25, Article 48

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[warsofasoiaf]

Are the invasion of Iran during WWII necessary ?

The mission of the Anglo-Soviet invasion of Iran was to secure the Persian corridor. Lend-lease aid to the Soviet Union was complicated by the difficulty of shipping it to the Soviet Union; the only all-weather route that could get to the Soviet Union was through Azerbaijan. It was the only way that the Allies could continue to supply the material aid to the Soviet Union as dictated by their protocols, and they feared the Shah of Iran was too friendly with the Germans. The Allies also feared Persian oil (at the time the oil companies were a joint Anglo-Iranian venture) ending up in German hands.

Logistics are dull, but they win wars.

Thanks for the question, Anon.

SomethingLikeALawyer, Hand of the King

#world war ii #ww2 #wwii #world war 2

[ausnaphistoryblog]

https://www.quora.com/What-would-have-happened-if-the-Americans-fought-in-the-Battle-of-Berlin-instead-of-the-Soviets

https://www.google.com/search?q=how+did+roosevelt+get+to+tehran&rlz=1C1CHBF_enUS856US856&oq=how+did+roosevelt+get+to+tehran&aqs=chrome..69i57.6476j1j7&sourceid=chrome&ie=UTF-8 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Otto_Skorzeny https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation_Long_Jump

[brookstonalmanac]

Events 8.25 (after 1920)

1933 – The Diexi earthquake strikes Mao County, Sichuan, China and kills 9,000 people. 1939 – The Irish Republican Army carries out the 1939 Coventry bombing in which five civilians were killed. 1939 – The United Kingdom and Poland form a military alliance in which the UK promises to defend Poland in case of invasion by a foreign power. 1940 – World War II: The first Bombing of Berlin by the British Royal Air Force. 1941 – World War II: Anglo-Soviet invasion of Iran: The United Kingdom and the Soviet Union jointly stage an invasion of the Imperial State of Iran. 1942 – World War II: Second day of the Battle of the Eastern Solomons; a Japanese naval transport convoy headed towards Guadalcanal is turned back by an Allied air attack. 1942 – World War II: Battle of Milne Bay: Japanese marines assault Allied airfields at Milne Bay, New Guinea, initiating the Battle of Milne Bay. 1944 – World War II: Paris is liberated by the Allies. 1945 – Ten days after World War II ends with Japan announcing its surrender, armed supporters of the Chinese Communist Party kill U.S. intelligence officer John Birch, regarded by some of the American right as the first victim of the Cold War. 1945 – The August Revolution ends as Emperor Bảo Đại abdicates, ending the Nguyễn dynasty. 1948 – The House Un-American Activities Committee holds first-ever televised congressional hearing: "Confrontation Day" between Whittaker Chambers and Alger Hiss. 1950 – To avert a threatened strike during the Korean War, President Truman orders Secretary of the Army Frank Pace to seize control of the nation's railroads. 1958 – The world’s first publicly marketed instant noodles, Chikin Ramen, are introduced by Taiwanese-Japanese businessman Momofuku Ando. 1960 – The Games of the XVII Olympiad commence in Rome, Italy. 1961 – President Jânio Quadros of Brazil resigns after just seven months in power, initiating a political crisis that culminates in a military coup in 1964. 1967 – George Lincoln Rockwell, founder of the American Nazi Party, is assassinated by a former member of his group. 1980 – Zimbabwe joins the United Nations. 1981 – Voyager 2 spacecraft makes its closest approach to Saturn. 1985 – Bar Harbor Airlines Flight 1808 crashes near Auburn, Maine, killing all eight people on board including peace activist and child actress Samantha Smith. 1989 – Voyager 2 spacecraft makes its closest approach to Neptune, the last planet in the Solar System at the time, due to Pluto being within Neptune's orbit from 1979 to 1999. 1989 – Pakistan International Airlines Flight 404, carrying 54 people, disappears over the Himalayas after take off from Gilgit Airport in Pakistan. The aircraft was never found. 1991 – Belarus gains its independence from the Soviet Union. 1991 – The Battle of Vukovar begins. An 87-day siege of Vukovar by the Yugoslav People's Army (JNA), supported by various Serb paramilitary forces, between August and November 1991 (during the Croatian War of Independence). 1991 – Linus Torvalds announces the first version of what will become Linux. 1997 – Egon Krenz, the former East German leader, is convicted of a shoot-to-kill policy at the Berlin Wall. 2001 – American singer Aaliyah and several members of her record company are killed as their overloaded aircraft crashes shortly after takeoff from Marsh Harbour Airport, Bahamas. 2003 – NASA successfully launches the Spitzer Space Telescope into space. 2005 – Hurricane Katrina makes landfall in Florida. 2006 – Former Prime Minister of Ukraine Pavlo Lazarenko is sentenced to nine years imprisonment for money laundering, wire fraud, and extortion. 2011 – Fifty-two people are killed during an arson attack caused by members of the drug cartel Los Zetas. 2012 – Voyager 1 spacecraft enters interstellar space becoming the first man-made object to do so.

#Events