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mariacallous · 2 years

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On the second-to-last day of the 2021-22 term, the Supreme Court ruled 5-4 that Oklahoma — and all other states — possesses concurrent jurisdiction with the federal government over crimes committed by non-Indians against Indians in Indian country, wiping away centuries of tradition and practice.

Victor Manuel Castro-Huerta, a non-Indian person, was convicted by the state of Oklahoma for criminal child neglect of a citizen of the Eastern Band of Cherokee Indians within the reservation boundaries of the Cherokee Nation of Oklahoma. That conviction came before the court’s 2020 decision in McGirt v. Oklahoma, which ruled that the Muscogee Nation’s reservation had not been disestablished upon the granting of statehood to Oklahoma. As a result of McGirt, the reservations of other tribes similarly situated to Muscogee are also now considered extant, including that of the Cherokee Nation. All land within an extant Indian reservation is considered “Indian country.”

McGirt made clear that much of eastern Oklahoma was Indian country and, as a result, that state and local authorities have no jurisdiction to prosecute Indian defendants accused of crimes on that land. Only the federal government and the tribes themselves can prosecute those defendants. That outcome has its roots in the Trade and Intercourse Act, which was passed by the first Congress in 1790 and federalized virtually all aspects of Indian affairs. Ever since then, Indian country criminal jurisdiction had been considered exclusively federal and tribal. The court’s 1832 decision in Worcester v. Georgia confirmed that state law had no force in Indian country absent congressional authorization. However, the court chipped away at that general rule in United States v. McBratney (1881) and Draper v. United States (1896), allowing state prosecutions of non-Indians who committed crimes against non-Indians in Indian country, even in the absence of congressional authorization.

On Thursday, the Court reversed the presumption against state jurisdiction, holding that unless Congress acts to preempt state jurisdiction, states can prosecute non-Indians for all crimes committed in Indian country. Writing for the court, Justice Brett Kavanaugh listed several of the court’s precedents that conflicted with the Worcester, concluding that “the Worcester-era understanding of Indian country as separate from the State was abandoned later in the 1800s,” presumably meaning the McBratney and Draper decisions.

Once the majority concluded that state jurisdiction was presumptive, it then rejected Castro-Huerta’s related claim that the General Crimes Act preempted state law. Enacted in its current form during the codification of the United States Code in 1948, the GCA provides that “the general laws of the United States as to the punishment of offenses committed … within the sole and exclusive jurisdiction of the United States … shall extend to the Indian country.” The court concluded that by 1948, the territorial separation between Indian tribes and states was no longer. Therefore, the GCA cannot mean that Indian country is a federal enclave where federal jurisdiction is exclusive. The Court reached a similar conclusion on the preemptive impact of Public Law 280, enacted in 1953, which authorized certain states to assert criminal jurisdiction over Indian country (but not Oklahoma).

The majority then analyzed the state’s jurisdiction under the federal Indian law preemption analysis under White Mountain Apache Tribe v. Bracker, which held that state jurisdiction in Indian country is preempted where it interferes with tribal self-government. The court found no tribal interest in preventing state criminal jurisdiction in this situation, focusing instead on the state’s interest in public safety within “its territory.” And since federal prosecutions are not barred by concurrent state jurisdiction, the court downplayed the federal interest as well. Important to the majority was the aftermath of the McGirt decision, which the court stated allowed some defendants to negotiate lenient plea deals with the federal government and allowed some to “go[] free.”

In dissent, Justice Neil Gorsuch praised the court’s decision in Worcester, noting that it was a deeply unpopular decision at the time, but it showed that “the rule of law meant something.” Criticizing the majority for discarding the Worcester presumption in the absence of congressional authorization, he concluded, “Where this Court once stood firm, today it wilts.” Comparing Oklahoma in the 2020s to Georgia in the 1930s, both of which asserted criminal jurisdiction in “lawless disregard” of tribal sovereignty, Gorsuch described a much-different history than the majority. Justices Stephen Breyer, Sonia Sotomayor, and Elena Kagan joined Gorsuch’s dissent.

While the majority described a gradual assumption of state authority in Indian country aided by historical trends and ratified by a series of Supreme Court precedents, the dissent focused on Congress, which never explicitly authorized state jurisdiction over these types of defendants. Both majority and dissent accused the other of overstepping the role of the judiciary, but the dissent’s focus gave primacy to the role of Congress over the majority’s reliance on historical changes acknowledged and ratified by the judiciary.

Going forward, the majority asserted that this decision is broadly applicable “throughout the United States,” seemingly authorizing any state to assert criminal jurisdiction over crimes committed by non-Indians against Indians absent a contrary act of Congress applicable to a given tribe or reservation. The overall impact will depend on whether state prosecutors decide to start charging more crimes, but the potential of Castro-Huerta to disrupt Indian country criminal justice is massive.

In its conclusion, the dissent pointed out that Congress could easily amend Public Law 280 to correct this outcome, invoking Justice Ruth Bader Ginsburg’s famed dissent in Ledbetter v. Goodyear Tire & Rubber Co. from 2007 that led to a quick reversal of that decision by Congress in 2008. Congressional lawmaking in the Indian country criminal jurisdiction space has been robust in recent decades, going so far as to authorize tribes to prosecute non-Indians for intimate partner violence and child abuse, so the dissent’s entreaty for a congressional fix could be effective.

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bigfootfitters01 · 10 months

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Bigfoot Whitewater Rafting in East Tennessee

Bigfoot Whitewater Rafting in East Tennessee

The alleged Bigfoot sighting in Bluff Creek, California, has reignited interest in the mythical woodland creature. Some enthusiasts even hold regular Bigfoot hunts in wooded areas around the country.

The Middle Ocoee River features Adventure Class rapids, including Grumpy’s and Double Trouble. Combine it with the Upper Ocoee for a full day of whitewater thrills!

Middle Ocoee

This half day trip is a blast for families, couples or groups of friends! Enjoy a non-stop adventure paddling through five miles of Class III and IV rapids like Table Saw, Double Trouble and Powerhouse. Your NOC elite guide will navigate you through epic drops and river rapids making for an exciting day of splashes and laughs!

This section begins with a relatively “tame” first mile and then starts building up speed with several Class II and Class III rapids. Your guide will give you tips on rafting and paddling commands to help you through the fun and exciting rapids.

Immediately after you’ll enter the Olympic Course which is the largest continuous stretch of Class III-IV rapids on the Ocoee River. Watch out for Humpty Dumpty Rock, a huge jumble of rocks that can cause serious injuries and ejections. After this there is a fun mild wave train into a large pool above Cat’s Pajamas.

Full Ocoee

The Full Ocoee River Rafting, a world class Olympic Whitewater course, provides 5 miles of Class III & IV thrills in a spectacular mountain setting. This section was the site of the 1996 Olympics whitewater slalom events and features rapids such as Mikey’s, Slam Dunk, Humongous and Godzilla. This section is only available 34 days a year and runs in conjunction with the Middle Ocoee as part of the Full River experience.

Get up close and personal with the big hydraulics of the Olympic Course, stopping halfway for a delicious riverside lunch before continuing on the classic Middle Ocoee for a total of 10 miles of class I-IV world class whitewater. This full day trip is only available June-August and is sure to provide a heart-pounding adventure that will last a lifetime!

Lodge Rentals

The 93-mile long Ocoee River (also known as the Toccoa and Chattahoochee rivers in Georgia) is a world class whitewater river that’s famous for its Class III-V rapids, which served as the setting of the 1996 Olympic Whitewater events. Located in Southeast Tennessee, the Ocoee River is easily accessible from major cities in Alabama, Georgia, and North Carolina, and is surrounded by the Cherokee National Forest.

Bigfoot Outfitters offers professional guided rafting trips on the Ocoee River and more. Their 26-acre outpost also features rental cabins, camping, a Frisbee golf course, and other fun activities. Their Yowie Cabin is the perfect option for those looking to stay in the SE TN mountains overnight and enjoy multiple adventures at the same time. The cabin sleeps up to six people with a queen size bed and full size pull out couch. It has a fully equipped kitchen, shower, TV and Wi-Fi.

Camping

Bigfoot Outfitters offers professionally guided white water rafting trips on the Ocoee River in east Tennessee. Their 26-acre outpost includes rental cabins, camping, Frisbee golf and a covered pavilion for cookouts. They also offer low ropes and alpine tower adventures, which are perfect additions to your rafting adventure.

The Upper Ocoee is famous for hosting the 1996 Olympic whitewater slalom events, and it’s one of the most challenging river sections in the country. The Class II-IV rapids are thrilling, and you’ll run through rapids such as Blue Hole, Mikey’s and Humongous.

Bigfoot Outfitters is located in Trinity County, which has a lot of outdoor recreation to offer. The area is known for its beautiful scenery and wide variety of activities, including mountain biking, kayaking, horseback riding, fishing and hiking. This is an excellent place to escape from the stress of everyday life and immerse yourself in nature. It’s a great way to relax and have fun with family or friends.

Bigfoot Outfitters

Address : 702 Welcome Valley Road Benton, TN

Phone : (423) 225-5000

Email : [email protected]

Website : https://bigfootoutfitters.com/

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iowaprelawland · 2 years

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A Break From Tradition

By Emily Harkin, University of Iowa, Class of 2023

July 7, 2022

On June 29th, 2022, the Supreme Court overruled, in part, a precendent and a lawful ideology towards indigenous people that had been held for nearly 200 years. In this landmark decision, they diminished the effects of the ruling of McGirt v. Oklahoma with the 5-4 decision to uphold Oklahoma in Oklahoma v. Castro-Huetra.

In 1831, Cherokee Nation v. Georgia was an established decision from the Supreme Court. It remained a continuance of the judicial view of Native American tribes being as John Marshall quotes in Cherokee v. Georgia (year) not foregin states, but as “domestic dependent nation(s).” This was an interpretation of the Article III of the Constitution about Court Jurisdiction in response to the Georgia State Legislative creating legal framework that would allow the Cherokee nation to be “divided up, and distributed to the white citizens in the state of Georgia.” [4]

Article III, Section 2 of the Constitution of the United States [6]

More recently, McGirt v. Oklahoma originated from a lower court, the Oklahoma Court of Appeals. In this 2020 case, a tribal member of the Muscogee (Creek Nation) was found guilty of crimes against a minor citzen of the United States within tribal lands. In the court of law, Jimcy McGirt argued that he could not be guilty under Oklahoma legal jurisdiction due to the Indian Major Crimes Act. This ended as a 5-4 decision with the dissent of Justice Clarence Thomas, Justice Alito, and Justice Kavanaugh in 2020. Their dissenting opinion was written by Chief Justice Roberts with Justice Alito and Justice Kavanaugh, and in part Justice Clarence, who had accepted the argument from Oklahoma about the boundary establishment of the Creek Reservation. Overall, the majority decided and accepted that there was a previous determination of Creek Nation boarders that was established by an 1866 treaty. With acceptance to those boarders, the majority decided that the case falls under the federal statute that decrees these understood boundaries are constituted as a reservation that can only be lessened or ‘disestablished’ by a “clear expression of congressional intent.” [3]

In the past week, Oklahoma v. Castro-Huetra came before the court when Victor Manuel-Castro Huerta was found guilty for neglect against his Native American step daughter within the confines of the Cherokee Reservation in the special court of Child Negect in the Oklahoma Court of Criminal Appeals. [2] This case challenged, in part, the Supreme Court ruling from the McGirt v. Oklahoma ruling. This 5-4 decision against Castro-Huetra allows states to now have “the power to prosecute non-Indian crimes within Native lands.” Justice Brett Kavanaugh issued the majority opinion, stating “Indian country is part of the State, not separate from the state.” [1] This statement directly contrasts and disregards John Marshall’s deeply influential declaration of their separation from statehood by calling indigenous tribes nations. Gorsuch, a republican-appointed judge, wrote the dissent for this case. He pointed out that their was an intentional avoidance of tribal sovereignty in Justice Kavanaugh’s written majority opinion. Gorsuch wrote that this had little to do with the crime and punishment of Castro-Huetra, but rather Oklahoma wanting “to gain a legal foothold for its wish to exercise jurisdiction over crimes involving tribal members on tribal lands.” [5] Gorsuch echoed his opinion in the McGirt v. Oklahoma 2020 case, when he wrote that the “Trail of Tears was a promise” where “the Creek Nation received assurances that their new lands in the West would be secure forever” and cited the 1832 Treaty, Art. XIV, 7 Stat. 368 that gave Native Americans sovereignty, self governance free from the states.

McGirt v. Oklahoma and Oklahoma v. Castro-Huerta are very similar legal jurisdictional arguments regarding Native American reservations. Although the decisions are extremely different in two similar court cases with McGirt and Castro-Huetra, this decision does not necessarily overturn Castro-Huetra. However, this decision will effect more than Oklahoma, but rather all future indigenous jurisdictional disputes. [1]

______________________________________________________________

Ablavsky, Gregory, and Elizabeth Hidalgo Reese. “Opinion | The Supreme Court Strikes Again - This Time at Tribal Sovereignty.” The Washington Post, WP Company, 3 July 2022, https://www.washingtonpost.com/opinions/2022/07/01/castro-huerta-oklahoma-supreme-court-tribal-sovereignty/.

“Oklahoma v. Castro-Huetra.” Oyez, https://www.oyez.org/cases/2021/21-429.

“McGirt v. Oklahoma.” Oyez, https://www.oyez.org/cases/2019/18-9526

Cherokee Nation v. Georgia - Oregon.gov. https://www.oregon.gov/ode/students-and-family/equity/NativeAmericanEducation/Documents/SB13%20Curriculum/SC%20Summary%207_Cherokee%20Nation%20v%20Georgia.pdf.

Francis-Smith, Janice. “Gorsuch Dissent Accuses Oklahoma of 'Unlawful Power Grab'.” The Journal Record, 2 July 2022, https://journalrecord.com/2022/07/01/gorsuch-dissent-accuses-oklahoma-of-unlawful-power-grab/.

Constitution of the United States §177–§178 [Article III, Sections 1–2]. https://www.govinfo.gov/content/pkg/HMAN-112/pdf/HMAN-112-pg78.pdf.

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reportwire · 2 years

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The Supreme Court’s legitimacy crisis isn’t only about the decision to overturn Roe v. Wade

Editor’s note, June 26: The following is an updated version of an essay that originally ran in Vox in May. We are republishing it with revisions in light of the Supreme Court’s decision overruling Roe v. Wade. In an 1832 case called Worcester v. Georgia, the Supreme Court ruled that the Cherokee Nation constituted a sovereign entity with rights in its territory that cannot be overruled by state…

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todaysdocument · 7 years

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Worcester v. Georgia

Series: Appellate Jurisdiction Case Files, 1792 - 2010. Record Group 267: Records of the Supreme Court of the United States, 1772 - 2007

Argued on February 20, 1832, Worcester v. Georgia was a landmark Supreme Court decision in which the Court convicted Samuel Worcester for illegally living on Native American lands and found a Georgia state law requiring a permit to live on Native lands unconstitutional. Although it had little beneficial effect in the short term, Chief Justice John Marshall’s majority opinion is largely considered to be the foundation of Native tribal sovereignty because the decision argued for treatment of Native tribes as independent nations.

View more pages from the Worcester v. Georgia Case File in the @usnatarchives online Catalog.

#Worcester v. Georgia #supreme court #legal history #law #native american history #cherokee #1832 #February 20 #March 23 #government #Georgia

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yourreddancer · 2 years

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The pending death of the Supreme Court

And what John Roberts must do to save it

Robert Reich

Andrew Jackson allegedly defied the Supreme Court in 1832 over a case called Worcester v. Georgia, involving Georgia's attempt to apply state laws to Cherokee lands. As the story goes, Jackson announced “John Marshall has made his decision now let him enforce it.” Whether Jackson actually said this is disputed, but it illustrates a fundamental truth about the Supreme Court: It has no power to enforce its decisions. Alexander Hamilton called it the “least dangerous branch” because it has neither the “purse” of Congress nor the “sword” of the President.

So what does it have? Nothing but public trust. That trust is now eroding — faster and more dangerously for the Court’s future than at any time in its history. The Supreme Court confronts a profound crisis of legitimacy.

Consider:

1. After several days of hearings last week on the confirmation of Judge Ketanji Brown Jackson, Republicans on the Judiciary Committee made it clear they had no interest in knowing anything about her, but only making false charges and smearing her with innuendo. Her credentials are impeccable, but their relentless and baseless attack on Jackson’s sentencing in child pornography cases demeaned her — and further eroded the Supreme Court’s standing and integrity. (Although Judge Jackson appears certain to win Senate confirmation, almost all of the Senate’s 50 Republicans will vote against her.)

2. Then came the news that Virginia Thomas, wife of Clarence Thomas, had been actively engaged in trying to overturn the outcome of the 2020 election, including being present at the Trump rally immediately preceding the assault on the U.S. Capitol and sending numerous emails to Mark Meadows, then Trump’s Chief of Staff, urging him to find ways to reverse the election. Yet without recusing himself or revealing his wife’s activities, Thomas was the only justice to dissent in the Supreme Court’s decision in January to reject Trump’s request to block documents from being released to the House select committee investigating the January 6 insurrection.

3. The Court’s legitimacy was already under a cloud because of Trump’s and Mitch McConnell’s relentless packing of it. Starting with the blockade of Merrick Garland’s nomination in 2016 and culminating in the rushed confirmation of Amy Coney Barrett just days before the 2020 election, Republicans have signaled that partisanship is at the heart of the court’s decision-making. (Not to forget the right-wing justices who cut off the Florida recount and handed the 2000 presidential election to George W. Bush and the right-wing justices who effectively nullified the Voting Rights Act after Congress voted nearly unanimously to renew it.)

All this worries me on several levels. I know the Supreme Court. (I’m fortunate enough to have argued cases before it. I also clerked for the chief judge of the First Circuit, several of whose decisions went to the Supreme Court.) The Supreme Court can be, and has been, a remarkable institution for the public good. America needs a Supreme Court that can be trusted to make difficult decisions — especially when it comes to protecting the rights of individuals and minorities. The political branches cannot do this because at best they reflect the will of the majority, at worst they reflect the will of the wealthy and powerful.

Yet the Court can protect the powerless in our society only if it is trusted by most Americans. When in 1954 the Supreme Court decided that racially segregated schools violated the constitutional rights of Black children, many Americans were outraged. They ultimately came around, in part because of the trusted role the Court held in American society. When in 2015 the Court narrowly ruled that the Constitution guarantees a right to same-sex marriage, it also faced blowback. Yet here again, its decision was considered the law of the land.

The only person with the stature and responsibility to rescue the Court from its current death spiral is its chief justice, John Roberts. (Those who claim a chief justice doesn’t have power over his colleagues doesn’t understand the Court. A

chief has the power to assign the writing of decisions in cases where he’s in the majority. He also has power over countless perks. And he has the informal authority to speak for the Court with the political branches and, unofficially, with the media.)

Roberts must do four things:

1. Push the Court to accept a code of ethics similar to the code now governing the lower federal courts.

2. Ask Clarence Thomas to recuse himself from all further cases involving Donald Trump or the January 6 attack on the Capitol.

3. Become an outspoken public advocate of the Court’s impartiality and a critic of those who would use it for partisan ends.

4. Openly and clearly ask the Senate to conduct confirmation hearings in ways that respect the impartiality and integrity of the Court.

In September 2005, I testified against Roberts’ confirmation to be chief justice because I was not convinced he would adequately protect the Court’s integrity. As I noted then — I’ve included a clip below — Roberts had told the Judiciary Committee that he would side with the powerful (the “big guy”) when the Constitution told him to and with the weak (the “small guy”) when the Constitution told him to. But the Constitution says nothing about protecting the powerful. It is entirely about protecting the rights of individuals and minorities from the powerful.

The Court will not die. But unless Roberts responds adequately to the current crisis of legitimacy, it will be reduced to becoming yet another instrument by which the wealthy and powerful entrench themselves — another casualty of the vicious and divisive era in which we are living.

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96thdayofrage · 3 years

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Unhappy parents — overwhelmingly white — in politically conservative districts in Georgia are packing school board meetings to voice alarm over what they decry as a liberal plot to divide the races by representing white students as oppressors and Black students as oppressed.

At a school board meeting a week ago in Forsyth County, a father proclaimed to applause, “If you have materials that you are providing that say if you are born a white male, you are born an oppressor, then you are abusing our children.”

Two days later at a raucous meeting in Cherokee County attended by hundreds, with hundreds outside after the meeting room filled, parents booed when superintendent Brian V. Hightower explained equity means “recognizing that all students are equal and deserve equal access and opportunities for educational success and to feel welcome and valued.” The crowd hissed when he reaffirmed Cherokee’s commitment to social and emotional learning, which was borne out of concerns over rising rates of depression, self-harm and suicide. The crowd also shouted down parents who defended equity and social and emotional learning.

At a recent meeting of the State Charter Schools Commission,Vice Chair Hunter Hill opposed a new charter school because of its Afrocentric theme. “This is not an innovation that I think we want to lead on,” said Hill, a former state legislator. “Are we strengthening Georgia by teaching students that they are victims of systemic racism and covert white supremacy?” His fellow commissioners endorsed PEACE Academy in Southeast Atlanta despite Hill’s contention the school’s approach would lead to “fragmentation, resegregation and tribalization in Georgia.”

It is not just public school parents resistant to diversity and equity efforts. An anonymous five-page letter to the board of trustees and community of the Westminster Schools last month signed by the “No Longer Silent Majority” condemned the Atlanta private school’s attention to “racism, sexual identity, white privilege, institutional racism, oppression, affinity groups, and, of course, their holy trinity: Equity, diversity and inclusion.” The letter chided, “How about just sticking to good old fashion academic excellence and the Bible?”

This fast-escalating culture war found its villain in a 40-year-old body of scholarship known broadly as critical race theory or CRT, a complex and multi-layered examination of the systematic presence of racism in American life, laws and institutions. It is fodder for college and law school seminars, not K-12 classrooms.

Yet, at a Cobb board meeting Thursday, a parent described the theory as “educational terrorism.” Meanwhile, a woman at the Gwinnett school board meeting the same evening declared, “Critical race theory teaches children how to be racist. It’s abusive. It discriminates against one color.”

CRT is not related to diversity training or cancel culture. But in the last few months, conservative radio and TV have cast it as a threat to American values and blamed it for everything except the high pollen count. White parents speaking against CRT embraced a Post-it note version, but it was enough to convince them it would leave their children loathing themselves and their country.

As it is with transgender bathroom and athletic policies, the far right is distorting education efforts in diversity, equity and inclusion and getting lots of help in their misinformation campaign from Southern politicians. Both Gov. Brian Kemp and Attorney General Chris Carr issued statements this week in opposition to critical race theory. At least 12 state legislatures have either considered or passed bills that ban any teaching that suggests the United States is fundamentally or irredeemably racist or sexist.

The governor of Oklahoma this month signed House Bill 1775, which bans schools from teaching any concepts that suggest “one race or sex is inherently superior to another race or sex or an individual, by virtue of his or her race or sex, is inherently racist, sexist or oppressive, whether consciously or unconsciously.”

“We can and should teach this history without labeling a young child as an oppressor or requiring he or she feel guilty, or shame based on their race or sex. I refuse to tolerate otherwise,” said Gov. Kevin Stitt.

This backlash against diversity, equity and inclusion does not surprise Dr. Bettina Love, who holds an endowed professorship at the University of Georgia and is author of “We Want to Do More Than Survive: Abolitionist Teaching and the Pursuit of Educational Freedom.”

“When you put race in the front, middle or in between anything, people get fearful,” said Love. “They say we are automatically blaming white people, or we are teaching white students to hate themselves.”

“Many of these districts don’t have diversity. They don’t have any idea what equity is, and they don’t have any inclusion,” said Love. “They are fighting something they don’t even have. These are just buzz words to them.”

What critical race theory seeks to do is expose how racism is embedded in systems, policies and laws in this country, she said. “It helps young people realize if you understand the systems, you can work to change the systems.”

These attacks reduce critical race theory, a major scholarly debate, to sound bites, said Chris Stewart, CEO of Brightbeam, a national advocacy organization focused on empowering Black and poor parents, and co-host of the 8 Black Hands podcast. First came state laws to clamp down on anti-racism teaching in the schools in any form, but now the outrage machine has shifted to local school boards, he said.

“At the end of the day, the question is do you want a just society for your kids and all kids,” said Stewart, who does not believe the answer would be “yes” from everyone.

“Historically, when you push forward, when you get more kids sitting next to each other and a more truthful reckoning of why society is not just and the ways in which society harms some, then comes a backlash movement,” said Stewart, a former Minneapolis Public Schools Board of Education member.

“We have Black kids in a very racist system that sees them as less than white students,” Stewart said. “Yet, people want to refute systematic racism, saying it does not exist despite everything we know about how the courts work, the police data. Look at school systems and discipline data. You can find disparities there that are not explained by anything other than race. And, yet they don’t even want to talk about equity.”

“You realize racism is permanent; it is endemic,” said Stewart. “It does not matter what people say. It is what they do. And they turn a blind eye if justice costs them something.”

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all-cursed · 3 years

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Meet my first OC to have a specific fandom they’re attached to!

So I’ve never created an OC specifically for the universe of a show before, they’ve always been fandomless, but I was excited to create one for Wynonna Earp. I’m going to give him a proper page on the muse list as well as give everyone more detailed biographies eventually, but for now, this should work.

DISCLAIMER: to anyone who may have concerns, please know that I myself am Native American (Blackfoot and Cherokee), and did a lot of research while creating this character to make sure I do them justice and create an actual Native character that isn’t just a stereotype. Some parts that might seem stereotypical - such as the name this character chooses to go by - just comes with the modern era the universe is set in and the character’s own reasons. Several of the struggles he faces as well are specifically chosen because I hope to raise awareness in some small ways to the struggles that IPOC face even today. None of it is meant to be fetishising or stereotypical - some of it just exists in that space as an unfortunate reality.

Alright! Here we go.

[ i. STATS ]

NAME. meecha wo’i " crow " redwolf .

AGE. 23 as of 1x01 .

DOB. nov 29th , 1993 .

GENDER. gender-indifferent cis male : prefers he/him or they/them pronouns .

PREF. pansexual but has a preference for men and nonbinary individuals

SPECIES. human , witch , skinwalker .

RESIDENCE. the ghost river triangle .

OCCUPATION. former cashier ; former lead guitar in an up and coming rock band ; current bartender .

ETHNICITY. in simple terms: native american. specifically: hopi and creek. some scottish but not by much.

[ ii. INTROSPECTION ]

POSITIVE TRAITS. curious , adaptable , perceptive , creative , passionate , loyal , perseverant , open-minded , compassionate .

NEUTRAL TRAITS. persuasive , withdrawn (at first; nervous about other’s intentions) , secretive , free-wheeling .

NEGATIVE TRAITS. temperamental , unrestrained , spiteful , reckless , capricious , hedonistic .

DISLIKES. sounds of traffic or loud machinery in general & the sound of metal on metal & the smell of cheap perfume/cologne & hot weather & dust & houseflies & being told (instead of asked) what to do & rap music & wool scarves & fluorescent lights & lack of hygiene & orange flavoured candies/sodas/anything that’s not an actual orange & deep dark waters he can’t see the contents of & mistreatment of animals & having assumptions made about him & mathematics & onions & football .

LIKES. the scent and sound of rain & physical touch & candles , lighters , and controlled flames in general & the smell of cedar , pine , and the forest & music and playing musical instruments & italian food & raving about attractive people with others; intoxication is a bonus & leather; wearing it and the smell of it & glasses clinking together & late night talks & stargazing & drawing / sketching & records and record players & animals & 'stealing’ and wearing the clothes of people he’s close with & running & card games & dancing and singing & creating something out of nothing & getting the last word .

HOBBIES. drawing & singing and playing instruments & exploring / learning as many places as they can like the back of their hand & people watching & drinking and bar hopping & seeking pleasure and adventure wherever he can find it & collecting random things he enjoys / likes .

WEAKNESSES. he’s standoffish until he knows he can trust a person and can come off rude or aloof & the inability to let go of most grudges & his tendency to follow his desires and his heart before logic or his mind & impulsivity when emotional .

STRENGTHS. independence and ability to function and thrive alone (even if he would prefer to have company it is not mandatory) & ability to be resourceful and adapt to new situations quickly & handles time-sensitive situations well due to his tendency to act quick and think later & stubbornness to stick to a task and see it through & quick thinking & agility and speed of inhuman proportions (thanks to his less than human side) .

HABITS. clicking his teeth together repeatedly when annoyed & flexing fingers & playing with his hair in absentminded / lazy moments & silently staring at someone when he’s done with a conversation until they catch the hint and stop talking & if there’s music playing within earshot he always ends up swaying to the beat & will often make less than human sounds (growls, etc.) when angry if he doesn’t catch himself .

EDUCATION. average student throughout elementary , middle & high school . graduated with an equally average gpa of 3.0 , & decided against college, choosing to seek education in less typical places . fed up with his family and much of the treatment of his peers, he began to learn magic from a witch he met on one of his regular trips to wander the ghost river triangle and explore & learnt magic and about the more mystical parts of purgatory - ultimately becoming a skinwalker via the witch’s guidance and training .

[ iii. APPEARANCE ]

FACECLAIM. booboo stewart .

HEIGHT. 5 ' 8 " , though when able to he wears combat boots that add a few inches to his height .

EYES. a very keen and observant hazel when he’s in human form . when shifting , eye colour can range from yellow to red to green to blue depending on many factors - location , how far he shifts , etc . always alert and bright unless intoxicated or in very rough shape emotion-wise . often wishes they were green or grey and has considered wearing contacts to change his eyes (human-wise) to those colours.

EYEBROWS. defined arch but not so much so that it’s dramatic . not too thin and not too bushy , and naturally neat - he rarely has to tend to them and usually only does so to shave a tiny slit or two through them as a stylistic choice .

HAIR. long and dark ; sleek with an ever so slight wave to it . typically worn either down or in a loose ponytail , occasionally sections are braided . falls just a few inches above his ribcage . every so often he’ll dye streaks into his hair but has never dyed his whole head .

SCARS. many . he has a variety of smaller scars from a rowdy childhood; a few faint ones on his hands and arms from scratches borne of cats and dogs . the typical scars that come from falling off bicycles or off swings ; scraped knees and cuts on chins . his forearms especially are covered in scars he prefers not to speak of . there’s a scar on his forehead from a fight with his cousin as well as a few long scars on his back .

DRESSING STYLE. it varies depending upon mood and whatever job he has at the time . especially fond of punk / alternative styles , likes leather , and enjoys the comfort of loose and flowing garments. whatever style he happens to choose at any given time , he wears well and somehow always manages to draw attention - whether from the jewelry he accessorises with (varieties of bracelets and cuffs , rings , pendants with gems , etc.)

LIPS. naturally full , scar at the right corner of his lip , occasionally sore or split when he goes through anxious phases and tends to chew at his lips .

SKIN. smooth , tanned . he doesn’t have much body hair , a fact that doesn’t tend to bother him much. he rarely engages in a skincare routine and much like his eyebrows generally stays neat and well-kempt without much effort . does not wear much makeup but enjoys eyeliner from time to time . if not for his skin tone, the dark circles beneath his eyes would be much more visible .

CHEEKS. defined cheekbones , not easily flushed . sports the occasional scars due to nervous picking when he was younger.

[ iv. ABILITIES ]

LANGUAGES SPOKEN. english [ fluent ] , hopi [ conversational & spellwork language ] , spanish [ conversational ] .

THREAT LEVEL. mediocre to high .

WEAPONS. fairly efficient in his understanding of magic and can easily hold his own with either combative or defensive magic , but prefers when possible to rely on his own physical skills ; is proficient in hand to hand combat thanks to the speed , agility , and strength bequeathed upon him by his skinwalker nature . very skilled in knifeplay , whether throwing or up close . has little to no practise with firearms as of 1x01 .

MAGIC. magic learnt by his mentor was primarily elemental based and neutral in that it could easily be manipulated for defensive or offensive ; he was never extremely proficient and left before he could complete his training so he is still learning his limits and the heights he can reach , and wants to branch out . as for the magical abilities granted by his status as skinwalker - he is able to shapeshift , which saps him of certain levels of energy that depend upon what creature he takes the shape of . he is also granted higher than average speed, agility, and strength because of this which he keeps with him even when not shifting.

[ v. DETAILS ]

➣➣ he was born in georgia originally to a loving but struggling mother and father - his mother was hopi and his father was creek, and while both parents had originally lived on their own respective reservations, they had met one another by chance during a trip and fallen in love, eventually deciding to seek out their own home outside of the reservations. his parents loved him but struggled financially; eventually his mother’s sister offered to take him in. as that was the better option rather than the three of them becoming homeless, crow’s parents sent him to live with his aunt in arizona on the rez. while they stayed in touch, his parents needed to stay in georgia, and as such he only would see them on the occasional holiday.

➣➣ while his aunt meant well, his cousins were another story. living with his aunt and uncle would have been fine had it not been for their two children; a son and daughter who constantly bullied him behind their backs for not being pure hopi as they were, often harassing him about being a ‘halfbreed’. a quiet boy at heart to boot, he faced bullying in school as well all the way through high school. his cousins, in tenth grade, snooped in his room and found his journal - which they used to out him as pansexual to the school.

➣➣ the moment he graduated, he spent as much time off the rez as possible, avoiding his cousins. on one of his frequent trips to simply explore nearby cities and towns, he found himself in purgatory. one drunken night led to following a mysterious woman into the woods. as it turned out, she was a witch. intrigued and excited at the idea of learning magic and having a way to defend himself, he quickly took her up on her offer to teach him. after a few months, she let him in on her secret - she was a skinwalker.

➣➣ she talked up how powerful she was because of it, and how no one would ever hurt her again. the more he heard about it, the more he wanted it. still unhealed from the way he was treated growing up and too caught up in the concept of never having to be beneath someone ever again, he agreed to let her hold the ceremony that would make him one as well without thinking of the consequences. when she told him that the final task he needed was to kill a family member... he almost faltered but agreed and went back to the rez.

➣➣ he almost didn’t do it. it was night when he returned, and he could see his male cousin drinking on the porch. the concept of killing someone - even someone like his cousin who had treated him so poorly - was daunting. he might have changed his mind had his cousin not seen him arriving and was immediately being malicious; using homophobic slurs and accusing crow of having run off with a lover, talking about how disgraceful it was. and it all was a blur from there.

➣➣ bringing back a lock of his cousin’s hair to the witch, she finished the rituals and he became the creature she had promised - powerful but at what cost? still wrought with guilt despite having made the ultimate choice, crow left the forests on the outskirts of purgatory where he had been training and into the ghost river triangle itself, unable to go home after what he did and unable to stomach facing the witch. living out of his truck, he went from odd job to odd job, eventually landing a stable job as a cashier at a grocery store. around this time he chose to begin going by the name crow - both to distance himself from his past, and because if someone were to want to control or destroy him now as a skinwalker, they could do so if they knew his true, personal name. as such, a nickname seemed the safest bet.

➣➣ fastforward to present day (1x01). after a few years of cashiering and attempting to rent rooms and apartments without success, as well as a stint playing guitar for an up and coming rock band, crow landed a job as a bartender at one of the local bars and instead of attempting to rent rooms or apartments, ended up moving into the trailer park. it was sketchy to say the least, but he couldn’t afford anything fancy and clearly didn’t handle having roommates well. a trailer seemed like the next best thing, outside of living in the woods or in his truck. his tendency to mind his own business and expect that of others meant that he mingled with normal purgatory residents and the revenants equally, pursuing his hedonistic nature as he pleased. which was all well and good, until things began to get... a lot more chaotic due to a curse and an heir he had originally had no knowledge of.

[ MORE TO COME THROUGHOUT CHARACTERIZATION DEVELOPMENT ]

#temporary biography tag

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reidio-silence · 3 years

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Besides eagerness for territorial expansion, Jackson’s Indian policy also demonstrates impatience with legal restraints. The cavalier attitude toward the law expressed by Jackson (who was, after all, a Tennessee lawyer and judge) was widespread among his fellow countrymen. The rule of law obtained only in places and on subjects where local majorities supported it. At times during the Georgia gold rush, for example, neither the Cherokee Nation, the state authorities, nor the federal government could enforce law and order. The restoration of legal order to the gold fields came as a result of a desire for secure property titles. Relations with the Indian tribes turned out to be one area of American law where John Marshall’s Supreme Court did not make good on its attempt to set binding precedent. When more cases involving Indian rights came before the Court after Marshall’s death, the new majority of Jackson appointees disregarded Worcester v. Georgia and instead restored the doctrine of Johnson v. M’Intosh (1824), affirming white sovereignty over aboriginal lands based on a “right of discovery.” During the generations to come, state governments all over the country repeatedly asserted their supremacy over Indian reservations, state courts enforced it, and the federal government, including the judiciary, acquiesced. Even after tribes had relocated to the west of the Mississippi River, their ability to remain on their new domain was no more secure than it had been on their old. In 1831–32, the state of Missouri expelled its Shawnee residents and turned their farms and improvements over to white squatters. The president’s stated goals in Indian Removal included the spread of white family farming, for “independent farmers are everywhere the basis of society, and the true friends of liberty.” But Jackson’s insistence on opening up the Indian lands quickly, in advance of actual white population movement, played into the hands of speculators with access to significant capital, who engrossed the best lands. Not until his Specie Circular of 1837, issued just before he left office, did Jackson give any indication of wishing to discourage speculation in expropriated Indian lands. Of course, when small farmers got the chance, they too participated in land speculation to the extent that their resources permitted; even actual settlers commonly chose their sites with an eye to later resale.

Daniel Walker Howe, What Hath God Wrought: The Transformation of America, 1815–1848

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blackkudosuniverse · 4 years

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Roland Hayes

Remembering Roland Hayes.

http://www.wikiwand.com/en/Roland_Hayes

Roland Hayes (June 3, 1887 – January 1, 1977) was an American lyric tenor and composer. It is a common myth that Hayes was the first world-renowned African-American concert artist. He had a couple of predecessors that acclaimed fame. People like Sissieretta Jones and Marie Selika were very known, but the nature of their performances were not minstrelsy and that made it not possible for them to be recorded by recording companies. The recording companies wanted a vaudeville type of singer. Hayes was able to break this barrier in his career and in 1939 he recorded with Columbia. Critics lauded his abilities and linguistic skills with songs in French, German and Italian.

Early years and family

Hayes was born in Curryville, Georgia, on June 3, 1887, to Fanny and William Hayes. Roland’s parents were tenant farmers on the plantation where his mother had once been a slave. Roland’s father, who was his first music teacher, often took him hunting and taught him to appreciate the musical sounds of nature. When Hayes was eleven his father died, and his mother moved the family to Chattanooga, Tennessee. William Hayes claimed to have some Cherokee ancestry, while his maternal great-grandfather, AbOugigi (also known as Charles) was a chieftain from the Ivory Coast. Aba Ougi was captured and shipped to America in 1790. At Mt. Zion Baptist Church in Curryville (founded by Roland’s mother) is where Roland first heard the music he would cherish forever, Negro spirituals. It was Roland’s job to learn new spirituals from the elders and teach them to the congregation. A quote of him talking about beginning his career with a pianist:

"I happened upon a new method for making iron sash-weights," he said, "and that got me a little raise in pay and a little free time. At that time I had never heard any real music, although I had had some lessons in rhetoric from a backwoods teacher in Georgia. But one day a pianist came to our church in Chattanooga, and I, as a choir member, was asked to sing a solo with him. The pianist liked my voice, and he took me in hand and introduced me to phonograph records by Caruso. That opened the heavens for me. The beauty of what could be done with the voice just overwhelmed me."

At the age of twelve Roland discovered a recording of the Italian tenor Enrico Caruso. Hearing the renowned tenor revealed a world of European classical music. Hayes trained with Arthur Calhoun, an organist and choir director, in Chattanooga. Roland began studying music at Fisk University in Nashville in 1905 although he only had a 6th grade education. Hayes’s mother thought he was wasting money because she believed that African-Americans could not make a living from singing. As a student he began publicly performing, touring with the Fisk Jubilee Singers in 1911. He furthered his studies in Boston with Arthur Hubbard, who agreed to give him lessons only if Hayes came to his house instead of his studio. He did not want Roland to embarrass him by appearing at his studio with his white students. During his period studying with Hubbard, he worked as a messenger for the Hancock Life Insurance Company to support himself.

Early career

In January 1915 Hayes premiered in New York City in concerts presented by orchestra leader Walter F. Craig. Hayes performed his own musical arrangements in recitals from 1916–1919, touring from coast to coast. For his first recital he was unable to find a sponsor so he used two hundred dollars of his own money to rent Jordan Hall for his classical recital. To earn money he went on a tour of black churches and colleges in the South. In 1917 he announced his second concert, which would be held in Boston’s Symphony Hall. On November 15, 1917, every seat in the hall was sold and Hayes’s concert was a success both musically and financially but the music industry was still not considering him a top classical performer. He sang at Walter Craig's Pre-Lenten Recitals and several Carnegie Hall concerts. He performed with the Philadelphia Concert Orchestra, and at the Atlanta Colored Music Festivals and at the Washington Conservatory concerts. In 1917, he toured with the Hayes Trio which he formed with baritone William Richardson (singer) and pianist William Lawrence (pianist).

In April 1920, he traveled to Europe. He began lessons with Sir George Henschel, who was the first conductor of the Boston Symphony Orchestra, and gave his first recital in London’s Aeolian Hall in May 1920 with pianist Lawrence Brown as his accompanist. Soon Hayes was singing in capital cities across Europe and was quite famous. Almost a year after his arrival in Europe, Hayes had a concert at London’s Wigmore Hall. The next day, he received a summons from King George V and Queen Mary to give a command performance at Buckingham Palace. He returned to the United States in 1923. He made his official debut on 16 November 1923 in Boston's Symphony Hall singing Berlioz, Mozart, and spirituals, conducted by Pierre Monteux, which received critical acclaim. He was the first African-American soloist to appear with the Boston Symphony Orchestra. He was awarded the Spingarn Medal in 1924.

Late career

Hayes finally secured professional management with the Boston Symphony Orchestra Concert Company. He was reportedly making $100,000 a year at this point in his career. In Boston he also worked as a voice teacher. One of his pupils was the Canadian soprano Frances James. He published musical scores for a collection of spirituals in 1948 as My Songs: Aframerican Religious Folk Songs Arranged and Interpreted.

In 1925 Hayes had an affair with a married Bohemian aristocrat, Bertha von Colloredo-Mansfeld (1890-1982), née Countess von Kolowrat-Krakowský, who bore his daughter, Maria "Maya" Dolores Kolowrat (1926-1982). Married since 1909 to a member of a German princely family, Hieronymus von Colloredo (1870-1942), twenty years Bertha's senior, he refused to allow the expected child to bear his name or to be raised along with the couple's four older children, managing to quietly obtain a divorce in Prague in January 1926, while Bertha left their home in Zbiroh, Bohemia (now the Czech Republic) to bear Hayes' child in Basel, Switzerland. Hayes offered to adopt the child, while the countess sought to resume the couple's relationship, while concealing it, until the late 1920s. Maya Kolowrat would marry Russian émigré Yuri Mikhailovich Bogdanoff (1928-20012) and give birth in Saint-Lary, Gers to twins Igor and Grichka Bogdanoff in 1949, who later attributed their early interest in the sciences to their unhampered childhood access to their maternal grandmother's castle library.

After the 1930s, Hayes stopped touring in Europe because the change in politics made it unfavourable to African–Americans.

In 1932, while in Los Angeles for a Hollywood Bowl performance, he married Alzada Mann. One year later they had a daughter, Afrika. The family moved into a home in Brookline, Massachusetts.

Hayes did not perform very much from the 1940s to the 1970s. In 1966, he was awarded the degree of Honorary Doctorate of Music from The Hartt School of Music, University of Hartford. Hayes continued to perform until the age of eighty-five, when he gave his last concert at the Longy School of Music in Cambridge, Massachusetts. He was able to purchase the land in Georgia on which he had grown up as a child.[3]

He died five years after his final concert, on January 1, 1977.

Racial reaction

Even when Hayes became a successful musician he faced the same prejudices as most African-Americans at the time. During his tour of Germany in 1923, some people protested against his concert in Berlin. A newspaper writer criticized him as “an American Negro who has come to Berlin to defile the name of the German poets and composers.” The night of the concert Roland faced an angry audience who mocked him for ten minutes. Hayes stood still until they stopped and then he began singing Schubert’s "Du bist die Ruh". Hayes’s remarkable voice and musical talent won over the German audience and his concert was a success.

The Chicago Defender (National edition of July 25, 1942) reported a case in which Hayes' wife and daughter were thrown out of a Rome, Georgia shoe store for sitting in the white-only section. Hayes confronted the store owner. The police then arrested both Hayes, whom they beat, and his wife. Hayes and his family eventually left Georgia.[3]

On many of his concerts Hayes would attempt to abandon the use of segregated seating. At a concert in Atlanta, Georgia Hayes had the main floor of the auditorium as well as the boxes and first balcony halved between the races. The galleries were reserved for colored students at a special rate. No whites were allowed in them except the ones chaperoning the students.

Hayes taught at Black Mountain College for the 1945 Summer institute where his public concert was, according to Martin Duberman, "one of the great moments in Black Mountain's history" (215). After this concert, in which unsegregated seating went well, the school had its first full-time black student and full-time member of the faculty.

Legacy

* In 1982, the University of Tennessee at Chattanooga opened a new musical performance center, the Roland W. Hayes Concert Hall. The concert venue is located at the Dorothy Patten Fine Arts center.

* The Roland Hayes Committee was formed in 1990 to advocate the induction of Roland Hayes into the Georgia Music Hall of Fame. In 1992, when the Calhoun Gordon Arts Council was incorporated, the Roland Hayes Committee became the Roland Hayes Music Guild and Museum in Calhoun, Georgia. The opening was attended by his daughter Afrika.

* There is a historical marker located on the grounds of Calhoun High School (Calhoun, Georgia) on the north-west corner of the campus near the front of the Calhoun Civic Auditorium.

* Hartford Stage and City Theatre (Pittsburgh) shared the world premiere of "Breath & Imagination" by Daniel Beaty, a musical based on the life of Hayes, on January 10, 2013.

* Part of Georgia State Route 156 was named for Hayes.

* A bronze plaque, mounted on a granite post, marks Hayes' home, at 58 Allerton Street in Brookline, Massachusetts. The plaque was dedicated on June 12, 2016, in a ceremony in front of the home in which Hayes lived for almost fifty years. The ceremony was attended by his daughter Afrika, former Massachusetts Governor Michael Dukakis, Brookline Town officials, and many more.

Discography

LPs

* Roland Hayes (vocal), Reginald Bordman (piano) – The Life of Christ (Amadeo, 1954)

* Roland Hayes (vocal), Reginald Bordman (piano) – Negro Spirituals (Amadeo, 1955)

Compilations

* The Art of Roland Hayes (Preiser, 2010)

#06/03 #01/01 #black history

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john-marshall · 5 years

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who even was john marshall? no shade im just dumb

no worries... sorry that this took so long to get to i just got home. here’s my stream of consciousness on john marshall.

john marshall was. a lot of things. he was the most influential chief justice that the united states has ever had, so that’s why most people know him. he was also a federalist, a lieutenant in the continental army, and john adams’ secretary of state. he and thomas jefferson were cousins and also political enemies. you might be uncomfortably familiar with marbury v. madison (the case which established judicial review). he wrote that opinion. he wrote mcculloch v. maryland, which is one of my favorite cases because i’m into the national bank. he wrote several opinions regarding native americans, which said that native american tribes had the right to form treaties with the united states and that natives couldn’t be targets of state acts. andrew jackson might have said (we like... don’t know whether or not it’s actually attributed to him, but it sounds about right) “marshall has made his decision, now let him enforce it,” when he decided to ignore that marshall said that the treaties that the cherokee nation had with the united states was a valid treaty and that georgia needed to fuck off, so jackson and marshall also became political enemies. he completely changed the way that the supreme court was run - before him, it was totally different, and nobody wanted the job. his wife was very sick and he put off getting into politics to run a law firm, and there are some really interesting anecdotes about novels that he read to his wife when she was sick, and also of him trying to get other members of the court to read the novels.

i find him to be a really interesting guy and he really shaped us history. since he was in the supreme court for as long as he was and he ran it, there was a lot of room for him to have a ton of influence.

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bigfootfitters01 · 10 months

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Bigfoot Outfitters Offers Whitewater Rafting and Camping on the Ocoee River in East Tennessee

Site of the 1996 Olympic whitewater slalom races, the Upper Ocoee features large Class II-IV rapids. It’s a thrilling river for everyone from individuals to Scout troops and camps.

Experience the rafting thrills of both the Upper and Middle Ocoee sections on our Full River trip. This adventure includes ten miles of action-packed white water and a grilled riverside lunch.

Lower Campground

The Lower Campground features level sunny or shady sites for tents and trailers. Modern restrooms and water spigots are nearby. Camping is available from early April to the end of deer season mid-December.

The Middle Ocoee River has twenty-six Adventure Class rapids with names like Grumpy’s, Double Trouble and Tablesaw. Most rafting companies offer trips on this section of the river. A full-river trip includes a great riverside lunch between the upper and middle sections of the Ocoee.

Bigfoot Outfitters’ Ocoee River rafting outpost is located in the beautiful Southeast TN mountains. They offer professionally guided white water rafting adventures as well as rental cabins, campgrounds and Frisbee golf at their 26-acre property. Their outpost is only a short drive from Cherokee National Forest. Guests can also add high ropes, rappelling and alpine tours to their rafting expeditions. With more than 1216 checkins and 4772 likes, Bigfoot Outfitters is a must-visit if you’re in the area!

Upper Campground

Located in southeast Tennessee near the border of Georgia, Bigfoot Outfitters offers Ocoee whitewater rafting and camping on the Ocoee River. The Ocoee River is a dam-controlled river that has become one of the premier whitewater rafting destinations in America, thanks to its spectacular Class III-V rapids.

The Middle Ocoee is an action-packed five-mile section of the river that was made famous by the 1996 Olympic whitewater slalom events. This section of the river features twenty-six Adventure Class rapids including Tablesaw, Grumpy’s and Double Trouble. Many companies offer a full river trip that includes both the Middle and Upper Ocoee sections.

The Upper Pleasant Creek campground offers tent and RV sites, fire grates, picnic tables, toilets, paved river walks and shade shelters. The namesake Pleasant Creek flows beside the campsites, and trout fishing is a popular activity. The campground’s proximity to Capitol Reef National Park and Grand Staircase-Escalante National Monument means recreational opportunities abound in the area.

Campsite Rentals

Bigfoot Ocoee Outfitters offers a variety of whitewater rafting adventures on the Ocoee River in East Tennessee. The newly remodeled outpost is located on a 26-acre property, just a few miles from Cherokee National Forest. Besides river rafting, the site features rental cabins, camping, Frisbee Golf, and a covered pavilion with grills for cookouts.

They also offer a low ropes course and alpine tour for those who want to take their adventures to the next level. It's a fun addition to an already exciting weekend getaway.

It's easy to see why the Ocoee River is so famous. This dam-controlled river in Southeast Tennessee is renowned for its Class III-V rapids, and hosted the 1996 Olympic Whitewater Slalom competition. This five-mile stretch of river is packed with rapids such as Blue Hole, Mikey's (he eats everything), and Humongous. This is definitely one of the best whitewater rafting trips in North America. Guests can choose to take a Middle or an Upper Ocoee rafting trip.

Camping Equipment

With a large selection of outdoor gear from tents and hammocks to stoves and sleeping bags, Outdoor Gear Exchange has everything you need for your next camping trip. You can also find rafting equipment like life vests, ponchos, and river booties. Other rafting accessories that are great to bring include sun lotion, waterproof phone case, and extra water jugs.

Located in Southeast Tennessee, the Ocoee River is world-renowned for its exhilarating Class III-V rapids. Famous for hosting the 1996 Olympic whitewater slalom competition, this dam-controlled river provides a spectacular venue for white water rafting and kayaking.

Bigfoot Ocoee Outfitters offers professionally guided rafting trips on the Ocoee River in East Tennessee. Their 26-acre outpost features rental cabins, camping, Frisbee golf, a covered pavilion with grills for cookouts and ping pong.

Bigfoot Outfitters

Address : 702 Welcome Valley Road Benton, TN

Phone : (423) 225-5000

Email : [email protected]

Website : https://bigfootoutfitters.com/

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