#office of the suez canal co.

[postcard-from-the-past]

Office of the Suez Canal Co. in Ismailia, Egypt

British vintage postcard

#suez #historic #photo #briefkaart #vintage #co #british #office of the suez canal co. #sepia #photography #canal #ismailia #egypt #carte postale #postcard #postkarte #postal #tarjeta #ansichtskarte #old #ephemera #postkaart #office

[thepricefiles]

Walter Scott Price

Marx Christian and Charlotte's son, Walter Scott Price Sr., was born September 26, 1876 in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, and only made it to the 7th grade. He was 17 years old when he joined the U.S. Army during the Spanish-American war. He had wanted to see serve in Cuba but instead guarded powder works in New Jersey. At 21, he enlisted in the Second Regiment of The Pennsylvania National Guard in Pennsgrove, New Jersey as a Pennsylvania Volunteer in the Spanish-American War and as a member of the Soldiers of the Pennsylvania Second Regiment of the National Guard. In 1898, the entire Pennsylvania National Guard was "mustered into federal service" for the Spanish-American War. Enlistment records list him as Walter S. Price, Corporal, Co. K; Residence: Philadelphia, Pa. (Pennsylvania National Guard) ; Enrolled April 28, 1898; Mustered in May 13, 1898; Promoted to Sergeant ,June 2, 1898; Mustered out with company Nov. 15, 1898. In 1899, he enlisted in the Fourth United States Regulars, an infantry regiment in the United States Army. at Fort Sheridan, Illinois. He was also a US army engineer. At age 21, he was one of 12 US army  engineers sent to the Philippines during the Spanish-American War to help rebuild war-torn communities.

Price was deployed to the Pacific in 1899 from New York (Suez Canal) with the First Regiment to take that route (the first United States Troops to cross the Atlantic on deployment). He arrived in the Pacific as a Second Lieutenant. In 1901, he was given the rank of corporal, and became a military Provost at Camp Bumpus in Tacloban Leyte (The Military Provost Staff Corps was formed in 1901 under Army Order 241 and are the Army's specialists in custody and detention).  The Military Provost Staff Corps were not the Military Police. They were the staff of the military prisons and similar establishments. He became the camp’s commanding officer with he rank of Captain. He accepted the surrender of Philippine Col Leon Rojas, a resistance leader.

He refused an officer’s commission in both the US army and the Philippine Constabulary and was mustered out of his unit at age 25. In 1901, he sought a discharge from the army. He was given an honorable discharge.

Walter met and married Simeona Custodio Kalingag Price, born April 16 1873, died August 30, 1973, age 100. Simeona was from Cavite, Philippines, and migrated to San Jose, Leyte after the Spanish-American War. She was a relative on her father’s side of General Emilio Aguinaldo, President of the first Philippine Republic. Walter and Simeona's children were: Joseph Christian Price, b. 14 October 1902, Leyte, Philippines; Walter Scott Price, Jr. "Scotty", b. 1904, Leyte, Philippines; Sofia Price, b. 1905, Leyte, Philippines; Francisca Price, b. 1908, Leyte, Philippine; Carlota Price, b. Tacloban, Leyte Philippines; Fred Price, b. Tacloban, Leyte Philippines; Maria Price; Dorothy Price; Pacifica Price. Walter was a 6-foot, 225-pound man. He was called one of the ten best-dressed men in 1940s Manila. He wore large diamond rings. He was nicknamed the (Transportation) "King of Leyte".

Between 1902 and 1940 Walter's sons were sent to the US for schooling.  Walter Scott Price Sr. remained in Leyte to set up business enterprises and assisted the army as a civilian, up until the outbreak of the Japanese-American war.  He founded a transportation company, the Leyte Transportation Company (Letranco) with three buses and one motorcycle, carrying passengers and crops. It grew to a fleet of 140 vehicles and the only form of transportation and bus service  in Leyte until WWII. He opened coconut plantations and invested in mining. He contracted with the army to load and unload transport ships that docked at Tacloban. He expanded into road construction. he bought a roller and despite having no knowledge of civil engineering, he began developing and building paved roads and a steel bridge that connected towns. He contributed to the development of the province of Leyte.

During the Japanese invasion of Leyte, in 1942, he was initially only placed under house arrest by the Japanese due to his status in the town. But he was caught in his office “attempting to remove something from the safe” and was sent to an Internment Camp at The University of Santo Tomas on January 16, 1943 and became a POW. His room in the camp was EB0114. He was relocated to the Los Banos Internment Camp, Philippines (He volunteered to take the place of a sick prisoner). US paratroopers from the 11th Airborne Division and Filipino guerrillas liberated the camp of February 23, 1945. The internees were evacuated over the Laguna de Bay by amphibious vehicles with “US fighters flying overhead and Japanese troops shooting at them from Mount Makiling”. News of Walter’s release was wired by the Red Cross to his family in the U.S. When finally freed during the American liberation of the camp in 1945, by the American forces, the "once heavyweight Walter" was a “skeleton of 95 pounds”  when found by his son Scotty at the camp. He died of pneumonia on May 18, 1945, at the age of 68 at the U.S. Army 5th Field Hospital, Santo Tomas University, Manila, Philippines. In a chronicle of the internees (Hartendorp), it was documented that the “Transportation King of Leyte, died of pneumonia”. He was buried in the University Santo Tomas Cemetery, Southwest Plot Manila, Capital District, National Capital Region, Philippines. Find a Grave Memorial 135545557. Walter was a Baptist, and a member of the Masonic Lodge, but he received the last rites of the Catholic Church.

Walter's only known biography is “Walter Scott Price, King of Leyte” by Father Raymond Quetchenbach, SVD, Leyte-Samar Studies 8, no. 1, 1974, 33-38. He is also mentioned on the book The MacArthur Highway and Other Relics of American Empire in the Philippines by Joseph P. McCallus (Page ix: “In the US, Lia Scott Price supplied info and contacts regarding her ancestor Walter Scott Price”): “The wealthy residents came to the court of an American known as “The King of Leyte”, Walter Scott Price.

Sources:

-“Walter Scott Price, King of Leyte” by Father Raymond Quetchenbach, SVD, Leyte-Samar Studies 8, no. 1, 1974, 33-38

-Walter Scott Price: US Census Records, US Army Enlistment Records, Birth, Death and Obituary Records from ancestry.com

-The MacArthur Highway and Other Relics of American Empire in the Philippines by Joseph P. McCallus, Columbus State University, Columbus, Georgia, Pg 53 “The King of Leyte and the Junkyard Oakie” (with a credit to Lia Scott Price, Walter's great-granddaughter.)

The book on amazon:

The MacArthur Highway and Other Relics of American Empire in the Philippines

Photos from the Price Family Album

Walter Scott Price and Simeona Kalingag Price

Walter Scott Price

The Walter Scott Price Family

The author L. Price's grandfather is Walter Scott ("Scotty") Price Jr.

#Walter Scott Price #Price Mansion #Price Mansion Philippines #Tacloban Leyte #The Price Files #Price Family History #King Of Leyte #Walter Scott Price Family History

[melbournenewsvine]

Navy pilot survived Great Escape Camp Long March

After three months of harsh winter weather, and after being bombed by the RAF, Howard reached Wulmenau, a village in northern Germany, where he wrote to his fiancée, Bernadette Taylor: “British tanks caught us today, 2 May at 11.40 and the infantry must Be here this afternoon. Oh, gods, what a day of joy and gladness – cheers and wild waving – all of us, English, Americans, Poles, Russians, Dutch, French – all shout into the stormy sky.” And a week later he sent a telegram: Home today. See you soon.” They married on June 2, 1945. Charles Vivien Howard was born in Hartlepool on November 11, 1919 and raised in Greatham, Co Durham, where his father was the principal of a local elementary school. He won a scholarship at Henry Smith Grammar School in Hartlepool and his first job, in 1937, was in the research laboratories of ICI Billingham, a methanol plant. As the war approached, his father advised him to join the Royal Navy and train as a pilot. RAF officers were captured in Stalag Luft III, 1944. Hence 76 prisoners of war made a freedom break, which served as the inspiration for the war film The Great Escape.attributed to him:GT He learned to fly Tiger Moth biplanes at Elmdon, now Birmingham International Airport, and was on a weekend getaway from there, “Fun to Blackpool,” where he met his future wife. He received his pilot’s wings in May 1940. After the war, Howard agreed to a permanent commission in the Navy and was based in Cauldrose, in Cornwall, for several years, flying the Seafires, Sea Furies, and, in the new age of aircraft, Sea Vampires and Meteors. In early 1956, he commanded 830 Naval Air Squadron at RNAS Ford, Sussex, where he flew the Westland Wyvern, the largest single-seater propeller-powered aircraft of a British airline. The squadron embarked on the aircraft carrier Eagle for Operation Cavalry, the Anglo-French intervention during the Suez Crisis. The 16th Squadron’s planes became the only ones engaged in combat by Wyvern when Howard led the first wave, on 1 November, to attack Egyptian airfields near the Suez Canal. They drew two or three sorties a day until work was suspended. Vivian Howard with his wife Bernadette and son, also Vivian. He said, “It was a very small area to operate [in] A few days later we were competing for the same goals with other aircraft from the British and French carriers. It was like Piccadilly Circus. We often encountered the Egyptian Air Force with their MiGs. It was an exciting time.” Two aircraft were lost, and Howard was awarded the Distinguished Service Medal for Valiant and Distinguished Services in the Near East from October to December 1956. In 1960, Howard took a helicopter induction course before being appointed advisor to the commanding general, Far Eastern Fleet. He spent two years in the Defense Policy Staff at Whitehall and was the British Naval Attaché in Bonn from 1973 to 1975. He spent 10 years working as an engineer before retiring entirely at his home in Mollington, Oxfordshire. His wife Vivian Howard died, and he is survived by a son and two daughters. The Telegraph, London. Source link Originally published at Melbourne News Vine

#Melbourne News Vine

[mvvsmaritime]

MARITIME SUPPLY-CHAIN VULNERABILITIES: WHY THIS WON'T BE THE LAST TIME A MEGASHIP GETS STUCK

When uber containership Ever Given wedged herself across a one-way part of the Suez Canal during a dust storm last month, it stopped 10% of worldwide exchange for seven days. The boat - possessed by Taiwanese compartment transportation and delivery organization Evergreen Marine Corp. - was at long last refloated and traffic in the channel had the option to continue.

For more information connect with Maritime training institute now!

A Risk and Insurance main story, distributed by Triple-I sister association Risk and Insurance Group (RIG), portrays how - with regards to a pattern toward bigger holder vessels and a worldwide inventory network previously disturbed by COVID-19 - this episode ought to act as a reminder for guarantors.

Taking a gander at the Ever Given establishing and interruption of waterway traffic from a marine protection point of view, RIG creator Gregory DL Morris features the effect on freight protection claims and the potential for freight waste. He additionally talks about compromised mobility of these gigantic vessels in high breezes and references a rising number of on-board fires, challenges encompassing rescue, and absence of reasonable fix offices, noticing, "Financiers should know about this."

Notwithstanding the probability that prompt property misfortune for this situation will be negligible, megaships present genuine difficulties to marine protection and hazard the board. As per MDS Transmodal, a vehicle and strategies research firm, normal vessels limit grew 25% somewhere in the range of 2014 and 2018, with super huge containerships representing 31% of the complete limit conveyed in the second quarter of 2018. Transmodal ascribes this pattern to industry union through consolidations and acquisitions, as well as developing exchange path co-activity through partnerships, opening sharing, and vessel-sharing arrangements.

For more information connect with Maritime training institute now!

Indeed, even as traffic through the waterway resumes, terminals will encounter clog. Furthermore, the extreme drop in vessel appearance and compartment release in significant terminals will exasperate existing deficiencies of void holders accessible for trades. Delays in shipments, inflated expenses, and item deficiencies are hence possible.

"The truth of the matter is that a generally intensely upset oceanic production network has endured one more shot that will additionally influence its smoothness, with long haul outcomes connected with blockages, lead times and consistency," said Jens Roemer, seat of the Sea Transport Working Group of the International Federation of Freight Forwarders.

While traffic through the waterway is currently moving, the worldwide production network's weaknesses may simply now be starting to turn out to be clear.

"Whether a snowstorm in Texas or a dust storm in Egypt," Morris expresses, "the limited spotlight on negligible inventories that depend upon in the nick of time conveyance leaves little recompense for climate or mishap."

For more information connect with Maritime training institute now!

#maritimetraininginstitute #MvvsMaritimeacademy #Maritimeacademynearme #Maritimecoursesnearm #Maritimeschoolsnearme

[rayveewrites]

Ray Hijacks the Team ZIT Ghostbuster AU Again

So @shadeswift99 made a few posts a while ago about a Team ZIT(S) ghostbuster AU, And then I may or may not have hijacked the post to add in ideas for most of the other hermits because why not.

Now, back then I was spitballing ideas and making them up on the spot, which is admittedly my usual writing process, but hey.

That said, I've had more time to think about it, and then last night I blacked out for a few hours and came to with a Google Doc filled with short bios for all of the hermits and a handful of hermit-adjacents. Now, this rapidly turned into an urban fantasy AU in my hands, but hey. It's fun.

This is in alphabetical order, with alternate personas (EX, Helsknight, Beetlejhost) beneath their original counterparts when applicable:

Bdubs

Lives in an old mansion in the woods alongside Doc for reasons known only to them. Bdubs works as an interior designer, with a side gig as a freelance hairdresser. His eyes are unnaturally large, similar to Keralis’, and he is at least partially a plant. Completely feral and frequently gets in trouble for having knives on him at all times. He and Cleo have a thing called Knife Club which makes everyone else nervous. Nobody messes with Knife Club. It’s not worth it. Sunbathes frequently.

Beef

Is a perfectly normal human being. He works as a butcher with a side gig as a graphic designer specializing in album covers and spends his free time playing pokemon and dragging Etho along to social events. He was the first person to spot the cryptid, and the first person who Etho approached of his own accord.

Biffa

Is a ghost possessing a robotic shell. Biffa is from the future. While initially his main goal was to get back home to his own time, Biffa has since made friends and settled down into a new life running a cafe specializing in a wide range of teas. He’s quite content with this, and has actually found himself far happier than he was in his own time. While his nature means he can see, hear and touch ghosts, his body was built specifically for a disembodied soul to be in the driver’s seat, and he doesn’t want to risk another taking control. Also, he has more important things to do than have fistfights with ghosts.

Cleo

Is a ghost possessing her own dead corpse. Her nature allows her to see, hear and touch ghosts. Can and will fistfight spirits. She works as a teacher, so she’s usually busy, but occasionally in really nasty situations the Beetlejhost will drag her in to break a ghost’s legs. Does sculpture in her free time, and is actually really good. The only one who can wrangle Beetle to any real capacity, and she’s learned to keep him on a fairly short leash. Housemates with Joe, and Keralis also pops in pretty frequently. Has Knife Club with Bdubs. Has an enchanted flower crown that prevents her from decaying further; a gift from Beetle. Recently started learning magic in the form of necromancy and illusions. Has an ongoing ‘feud’ with Zloy, in which she temporarily traps his soul in random inanimate objects every now and then.

Cub

A bit of a ‘mad scientist’ archetype, Cub’s experiments are not exactly the most ethical, though they’re at least more professional than Doc’s. Responsible for the creation of Jevin. Cub gets possessed stupidly easily- sometimes willingly- and can usually handle it himself but sometimes has to call for help. Has a magical method of communication with Scar for exactly this reason. Has a day job as co-owner of a business called ConCorp, which he started with Scar. Has probably broken the Geneva Convention.

Doc

Was presumably human at one point. Now an abomination. Repeated experiments on himself have resulted in a massively changed facial and foot structure, a body covered in mottled green scales, claws, and goat horns. He lost half his face in one of his experiments, and constructed a new cybernetic one. He lost his right arm fighting God. Killed said god and would do it again. Lives in a mansion in the woods with Bdubs, though nobody’s really sure why. Owns a casino because of course he does. Also a living crime against fashion, because the man refuses to wear anything other than his tattered lab coat, torn jeans, and crocs.

Ely

Runs the local radio station. Nobody’s ever seen him in person, and nobody knows where he gets people’s voice clips for his remixes. Probably a cryptid. Maybe a ghost. Seems pretty chill, despite the blatant invasions of privacy.

Etho

Is a cryptid. Lives out in the woods in an abomination that can barely be called a house. Has never been seen in anything other than full Kakashi cosplay. Tends to keep to himself, but occasionally lets Beef drag him along to social events, often with Doc and Bdubs. Nobody really knows what his deal is. Probably not human. Probably.

False

Used to be part of an illegal underground cage fighting ring, until she earned enough to buy her way out. Having grown up in said ring, she struggles to adjust to normal life, but living in a town where the barista is a robot and the local tailor has wings makes it easier. She now has a job as security at Doc’s casino, alongside Iskall.

Grian

Is either an angel or a demigod, but nobody knows which. Has wings. Is both a tailor and an architect. A complete gremlin who has elaborate masks of various birds and will wear them to commit crimes. Eats seeds. Messes with everyone else’s plants. Lives in Jungle Wood Flats. Volunteers at the local theatre.

Hypno

Has three eyes, but hides the third one under a bandanna at all times. Can see ghosts with it. Had problems with sections of plumbing randomly getting clogged and also making very weird noises, and eventually called Team ZIT when the plumbers couldn’t find the source. Was prepared for ghosts, but wound up with a slime creature instead. Works in a $2 store for some reason.

Impulse

Is fully human. The most sensible member of Team ZIT (which admittedly isn’t saying much), Impulse has a day job as a freelancer building custom PCs and fixing broken tech. Agreed to the whole ghostbusting deal because he was bored, mostly. Was the first one to meet Skizz face-to-face, and is the one to own that particular place outright. Gets possessed every now and then, usually by larger spirits. Used to run solely on caffeine and chronic anxiety until Zedaph started getting on his case about his sleep schedule. Now he runs on less caffeine, more sleep, and the same amount of chronic anxiety.

Iskall

Was part of a cloning experiment to create the ultimate hitman, and was the only known one to both survive and escape before the whole thing was shut down by the authorities. Their eye and arm were replaced with cybernetics in order to increase their already enhanced abilities, and they were chased by said authorities, eventually winding up on Mumbo’s doorstep and becoming Mumbo’s problem. Now works as security at Doc’s casino, alongside False. Lives at Jungle Wood flats. Occasionally volunteers at the local theatre. Does bonsai as a hobby.

Jevin

Is the slime creature in the pipes. Hypno lets him live with him under the condition he stops blocking the plumbing and making weird noises at 3 AM (Jevin still blocks the plumbing and makes weird noises at 3 AM, just not as much as he was). Has taught himself to take a humanoid shape, and likes having fingers. Sleeps in the bathtub because he can. Was created from a vat of chemicals in a secret lab underneath the house, which used to be owned by Cub. Doesn’t really talk to the man in question that much, but will occasionally refer to Cub as his father for the sole reason of watching him go through eight existential crises in three minutes. Has a glock.

Joe

Head librarian at the local public library, and has read a lot of books on Supernatural Things. Is a veritable fountain of exposition if you can figure out what he’s saying or have Cleo along with you to threaten the integrity of his shins. Has never been seen in the same place as the Beetlejhost. Are they the same person? Are they entirely separate beings? Is there a Dr Jekyll and Mr Hyde-type situation going on? Who knows!

Beetlejhost

Literally nobody really knows what his deal is. Nobody. Team ZIT ran into him on a call that they expected to be a false alarm and then he decided to follow them home. Spends most of his time being a minor nuisance in the most bizarre ways possible. Is implied to be responsible for the Ever Given getting lodged in the Suez Canal, but never confirmed. When he’s not bothering Team ZIT or getting them out of tight spots, he’s usually pestering Cleo, the only one who can keep him in line. It’s not really known if he and Cleo have a history or if they’re just Like That.

Keralis

Is a ghost haunting an architecture firm, and is mostly bound to the building, though he can travel to other buildings the firm has built, which is, uh, most of them. Initially only able to do small things- mostly writing notes or drawing diagrams- he eventually meets the Beetlejhost when the latter follows Mumbo to work one day for shits and giggles (he wanted to see how long he could mess with Mumbo before the man noticed. As it turned out, about a week, and by the end it was Iskall who noticed). After a couple of days in which Beetle teaches Keralis Ghost Things™, he scares half the office when he finally manifests for the first time. Has unnaturally large eyes and nicknames for most of the workers. Has no idea how he died or what his unfinished business might be. Very knowledgeable about architecture, and his input is usually very much appreciated.

Mumbo

Is a perfectly normal human being who does IT at Keralis’ architecture firm. Lives at Jungle Wood flats and spends most of his free time tinkering with tech and trying to keep Grian and Iskall out of trouble, which is a losing battle. Has a large, beating golden heart in his flat. He’s not really sure what its deal is, but if he feeds it apples it produces enough power for the entire building. Oh, and if he forgets to feed it for an extended period of time it starts draining his bank account. It’s really weird.

Pixlriffs

Was a perfectly normal human being until he died protecting a certain Russian zombie and became a perfectly normal ghost. Was a reporter in life and is a reporter in death. Runs a blog alongside Zloy about the local goings-on, supernatural or not. The blog’s the type where unless you live in/near the town you most likely won’t stumble across it, but they do have a small following of outsiders who assume the blog’s just a work of fiction. His unfinished business is to prevent Zloy from doing anything particularly stupid, a constant battle. Is able to go more places than Zloy due to being incorporeal, but respects people’s privacy. He’s bound to Zloy to a certain degree, not being able to go beyond a certain range of his friend. The range is pretty big, though, and he has plenty freedom of movement.

Python

Had a run-in with the fae as a kid, in which he accidentally pissed one off. In retribution, the faerie challenged him to answer a riddle or he’d be turned into a snake. Python’s answer was partially correct, so the faerie only transformed him partially. Python is fairly chill, though he strongly dislikes the cold and starts hissing if anyone disturbs him during Sun Time™. Sometimes Bdubs, being partially flora, joins Python for Sun Time™. He’s not venomous, because, you know...python. Also, he has a mildly disturbing habit of strangling rats and mice and then eating them whole, but he can’t help it and just tries not to do so when he has company.

Ren

Is a werewolf. He’s pretty chill regardless of form, though it’s only been recently he’s been comfortable enough leaving his ears and tail visible. He works as a lumberjack. One time Pixl introduced him to Monty Python’s Lumberjack Song and it quickly became his favourite thing. He spends most of his free time volunteering at the local theatre because Ren is absolutely a theatre kid and nobody can convince me otherwise. Gets possessed every now and then. Lives in Jungle Wood flats.

Scar

Works as a landscape developer. Gets possessed absurdly easily, though not quite as frequently as Cub. Has a magical method of communication with him. Technically co-owns ConCorp, but isn’t as involved. His cat, Jellie, is very obviously an eldritch abomination in feline form and he is comedically unaware of this. Lives in Jungle Wood Flats with Grian, Iskall, Mumbo, Stress, and Ren.

Skizz

Is the ghost haunting Team ZIT’s office. He was murdered by someone he’d thought was a friend who was trying to use his place to hide from the cops, and he’s stuck around, haunting the building. His unfinished business is to make sure nobody else uses the building for anyone shady, but the ghost rumours tended to chase most people off. Eventually he gets used to having Team ZIT around, and when Tango admits he doesn’t really have anywhere to go one day, Skizz eventually makes the decision to finally unlock the still-furnished upper floor for him. He’s bound to the building, but Impulse learns that carrying Skizz’s old vest with them allows him to leave. After that, Skizz sometimes accompanies them on missions and occasionally just hanging out. He’s usually more helpful than the Beetlejhost is.

Stress

Is a witch. Stress lives in Jungle Wood Flats and works as a doctor who specializes in supernaturally caused injuries- Team ZIT are some of her best customers. She also sells magic potions of various kinds, and has a side gig as a florist. She’s 90% of the Jungle inhabitants’ impulse control. Also has cryokinesis.

Tango

The Team ZIT member with a car. He gets possessed with frankly ridiculous frequency, but claims not to believe in ghosts for a long time (and keeps up the bit for even longer). Has developed various signals to indicate when he’s being possessed again. The strongest one, a rather nasty demon Cleo and the Beetlejhost had to team up on, left him with his glowing red eyes. He didn’t really have anywhere to go before Impulse bought the office, and tended to sleep on the couch or in his car until Skizz decided to let him into the upper floor, where he now lives alongside Zedaph and Impulse.

TFC

A now-retired ghostbuster, TFC calls in Team ZIT one night when he finds himself in over his head against a ghost with a grudge. He winds up becoming a bit of a mentor figure to the trio, usually coaching them over the phone if they’re not sure how to deal with one of the stranger spirits. Lost his leg years ago in a fight with a poltergeist that could have gone better, and now has a robotic prosthetic made by Doc.

Wels

While Team ZIT was out investigating some rumour or another in the woods, they came across a large stone box. Following video game logic, I guess, they then decided opening this large stone box sounded like a fun idea. Well, Tango and Zedaph did. Impulse was a bit more hesitant. The box actually held a medieval knight who’d been put in an enchanted sleep for centuries by his demonic doppelgänger, and was very much not prepared for modern life. Team ZIT took him to Xisuma, who happened to live closest, and Wels is currently helping out on the farm and trying to adjust to life in the 21st century. He can understand and speak modern English just fine because magic. Volunteers at the local theatre quite a lot.

Hels

Is Wels’ doppelgänger. Technically a minor demon. Won a fight with Wels and sealed him away for centuries as a result. A recurring problem. His real motivation is that he really desperately doesn’t want to go back to Hell, but he’s too proud to admit it. Lives in the woods with EX, who’s basically his only friend, though the weirdo with the brown cardigan keeps pestering him about his backstory and feelings for some reason. Has minor pyrokinesis.

XB

Like Biffa, XB is also a ghost from the future, though it seems to be a different timeline than Biffa’s. His unfinished business is preventing the apocalypse, but he has no idea how to do that, no idea if he’s in the right timeline, and is pretty sure he’s gone back a lot farther than he probably should’ve. Also, there’s the whole paradox issue, where if he prevents the apocalypse he never has a reason to go back and prevent the apocalypse, so he doesn’t prevent the apocalypse, so he has to go back and- he tries not to think about it too much. He mostly just hangs out in an abandoned house on the edge of town and vibes.

Xisuma

Is a beekeeper. Nobody’s ever seen his face; when he’s not in his beekeeping outfit, he’s either wearing a helmet, or (more recently) an extremely lifelike and detailed animal mask (is it a mask?). Actually a shapeshifting alien, he crashed down to Earth after a scuffle with his evil clone and was stranded because Earth doesn’t have the right tools or resources to repair a spaceship. These days he’s actually found he’s happier tending to his bees, selling honey, and helping his friends out, and probably wouldn’t leave Earth even if he could. It’s a simpler life, but a pleasant one. He bonds with Biffa over a shared love of tea and being stranded in a technologically inferior world and finding a home.

Evil Xisuma

Is Xisuma’s clone. Feels that if everyone’s going to call him ‘Evil’ he may as well own it. Shot his original’s spaceship down in a scuffle but wound up being brought down with him. Currently hides in the woods. Generally more of a minor nuisance than an actual danger. Used to spend his free time bothering X but has gotten put off by Wels, who has a problem when it comes to evil clones. His friends consist of Hels, who is a terrible role model, and Zedaph, who’s trying to help him work through his problems behind everyone’s backs. Can summon lightning because he deserves it.

Zedaph

Is the reason Team ZIT is ghostbusting in the first place. He’s a sheep shearer by trade, but that’s a fairly seasonal thing and ghostbusting is more fun anyway. Has somehow never been possessed, and claims it’s because he’s always standing next to Tango. He makes sure the other two gets enough sleep Because we all know they can’t be trusted to do it. Probably has some sort of really bizarre and situational magical powers he is thoroughly unaware of. Qualified to be a licensed therapist. Made friends with Evil X at one point, somehow.

Zloy

Like Cleo, he’s a ghost possessing a corpse. Unlike Cleo, there’s a good chance it’s not his corpse. Eh, it’s not like anyone else was using it. Runs a blog with Pixl, because why not. Was already a zombie when he met Pixl, who was still alive at the time. His body is a bit more decayed than Cleo’s, but it’s fine. His goggles are enchanted with the same preservation spell; it’s not really ever explained where he got them from. Has no regard for privacy but is fortunately unable to turn invisible or phase through walls due to inhabiting a physical body. Both can theoretically physically fight ghosts and has enough time to physically fight ghosts, meaning he would be a valuable ally if he could be bothered. Lives in a graveyard. Has an ongoing ‘feud’ with Cleo, in which he puts jabs at her on the blog. Once spent a week as a (very sarcastic) floating potato.

Hermiton

Is the name of the place they all live in/near. Located in an ambiguous location in an ambiguous country, Hermiton is technically large enough to be considered a city but has Town VibesTM. Supernatural going-ons are a fairly normal part of life, and a good number of inhabitants aren’t humans. Despite this, the wider world seems mostly ignorant of the existence of ghosts, magic, etc. I’m not too sure about geography, but it’s surrounded by forest in most directions and in a warm enough climate to not have snow in the winter (so Python doesn’t, you know, freeze to death). Most people don’t tend to bat an eyelid at strange-looking people walking down the street or serving them at the store; they’re used to it by now. There are several theories as to why Hermiton specifically has so much going on when it comes to the supernatural- ley lines, secretly the resting place of some long-forgotten god, et cetera- but it’s actually more of a case of ‘people who have supernatural traits hear rumours of a place where a lot of people have supernatural traits and go there in search of answers/a place to belong’. This doesn’t exactly explain where all the ghosts came from, but hey. Nothing’s perfect.

#I have thought way too much about this #as you can tell #I have several fics I should be working on #but instead I did this #This will not become a full fic or anything #I have enough on my plate rn #feel free to steal #There's plenty of like. Normal people. In Hermiton. #background NPC-type people #Too many to tag #Team ZIT ghostbusters AU #hermitcraft #hermitcraft AU #hope you don't mind being tagged Shade #sorry to bother you #Rayvee actually Writes #cw animal harm #cw animal death #cw guns #cw death mention

[asfaltics]

un going aside

  —Sound, instead of take an un going through the Narrows, the most usual and       1 If it be otherwise, I, an unlearned, an un going to       2       and an un going on, at the bottom of which       3   imagine an un going into       4 an un going at eventide to their narrow       5 sonnets he claimed; and there is an un going aside, says : doubted difficulty in understanding how a       6 book issued under such auspices would meet with an un   going, singing       7 without going at an un going to the Convention       8 Secret drillings are the office, is it because I had an un going on there       9   and proved an un going by       10 and a steamer coming down the river, and An ungoing boat on the Ohio [   ] may attempting to cheer across [   ] the signal which side of the down boat she will tug       11 conscious of an un going to       12       Boole   miles, [   ] almost an ungoing 20 or 25 miles to the port. If the line       13 if you are history I think we have to depart from an un going to assume       14 A trapper may suffer from an un going       15   style of play, for he is an un going along blithely figuring       16 an ungoing of the ships, but mostly intent       17 And then ensued an ungoing — ’m, if you’ve decided to jump emptory Again she thrilled him. Yet socially silent hour or       18   sanction, is not only an un going authorities are sound and should       19 an un going to the bow       20 no doors and windows. An ungoing in . It was       21   and closed the door behind her An un going to be       22 In this case, I hoped to mainexplain anything that did not pertain this reputation of getting results, fectly clear to me [   ] was an un going       23 be an un going       24   and a mystic intuition of an ungoing splurge be a poor substitute for the detailed work       25   in this city that was reported as an un going to make up       26 un going paragraphs       27 versial therapy and there is an ungoing       28  

sources (nearly all cross-column misconstruals)

1 ex Willard Phillips. A Treatise on the Law of Insurance (1823) : 195 (Chapter 12, “Deviation and Change of the Risk”) unconnected errata (at p538, same volume) — Page 392, line 21 from botton, after ‘does’; read ‘not.’ 2 ex The History of Clarissa Harlowe, Letter 53 (To Miss Howe, containing a draft (from which this passage) to Mr James Harlowe), in The Novels of Samuel Richardson... in three volumes. (Ballantyne’s Novelist’s Library; London, 1824) : 634 3 ex “Reminiscences of a Tempest-tost Life” in Putnam’s Magazine 6 (October 1855) : 416-424 (419) 4 ex “Ground Game and Game Laws,” in The Farmer’s Magazine (London; December 1869) : 522-524 (523) 5 ex “On Gardening,” by “An Optimist,” The Living Age 115 (November 2, 1872) : 303-313 (310) (from The Cornhill Magazine (October 1872) : 424) 6 ex J. V. P., “Who wrote ‘Shakspere’?” in Fraser’s Magazine (August 1874) : 164-178 (167) 7 ex (via chaotic cross-column misreads), W. J. Patten (Bangor, Maine; June 10th, 1878). “A National Church Music.” In [John Sullivan] Dwight’s Journal of Music 38:6 (Boston; June 22, 1878) : 251 8 three-column OCR chaos involving a description of the upcoming The Cleveland Convention, and a report of a quick passage of an English troop-ship through the Suez Canal (fourteen hours, between the hours mentioned above), ex Engineering News (June 7, 1879) : 177 9 ex Mister Harrington’s address to the House (May 28, 1883) on the matter of Prevention of Crime (Ireland) Act, 1882—Seizure of the “Kerry Sentinel,” involving Messrs Parnell, Trevelyan, and (Edward) Harrington owner of “The Kerry Sentinel,” in The Parliamentary Debates (Authorized Edition; Great Britain, 1883) : 969-70 on Edward Harrington (c1852-1902), consult wikipedia; DIB (Dictionary of Irish Biography); and, for (fascinating) context, wikipedia on the Land War 10 ex Charles E. Clay, “History of the State Island Athletic Club,” in Outing (An illustrated monthly magazine of recreation) 11:4 (January 1888) : 340-351 (343) followed by C. Bowyer Vaux. “Aerial Messengers” (on use of pigeons in yacht races) 11 ex index (bottom of page), in The Federal Cases / comprising cases argued and determined in the Circuit and District Courts of the United States. Book 21 . Runaways—Shore, Case No. 12,137—Case No. 12,805 (St. Paul; 1896) : 1351 OCR misread of “upgoing”, “cheer” for printed “sheer” (which is likely a typographic error for “steer”) + OCR cross-column misread 12 ex Julie M. Lippmann (1864-1952), “Mrs. Chisholm’s Companion,” in The Smart Set : A Magazine of Cleverness 8:1 (September 1902) : 135-139 (137) author at wikipedia 13 ex South Australia. Parliament. Debates in the House of Assembly (First session of the Eithteeenth Parliament of South Australia) Booleroo Centre Railway Bill. (October 19, 1905) : 438 14 from preview snippet only (nothing on landing page), The Parliamentary Debates (official Report).: House of Commons, Contains the 4th session of the 28th Parliament through the 1st session of the 48th Parliament. Great Britain. 15 ex Raymond S. Spears. “Opportunities for Trappers Incomes, No. 1,” in Hunter-trader-trapper 22:5 (August 1911) : 27-30 (28) 16 ex Ed. A. Goewey. “An Old Fan Says:” (illustrated by “Zim”), in Leslie’s Illustrated Weekly Newspaper 118 (April 30, 1914) : 418 which led (on following page 419) to Chief Red Eagle (1885-1972) his “Chased by a Moose, A Vacation Story.” on Chief Red Eagle (Henry Perley) consult wikipedia 17 from preview snippet only (nothing on landing page), The Sunday at Home (Religious Tract Society, 1914) 18 snippet (nothing on landing page), Collier’s 56 (1916) : 23 the whole — “Will I ?” she retorted with mocking awkward reluctance at last , “are you manner were both pleading and per- curtness . And then ensued an ungoing — ’m , if you've decided to jump emptory Again she thrilled him . Yet socially silent hour or ...” 19 ex “Memphis St. Ry. Co. v. Rapid Transit Co.,” Supreme Court of Tennessee. Oct. 23, 1915 (appeal, finding reversed); in The Southwestern Reporter 179 / November 3 — December 15, 1915. (St. Paul, 1916) : 639 20 ex (preview snippet only, but found in different scan linked here) “Discovering the Union Label,” by P. J. Doyle (from The Carpenter), in The Shoe Workers’ Journal 18:8 (August 1917) : 8 21 ex Gertrude Henderson (with illustrations by O. F. Howard), “Scheherazade of the Factory,” The Century 99:3 (January 1920): 427-31 (428) 22 ex preview snippet, nothing on landing page (and title suspect), Heart’s International (1920) note — this magazine seems to have been a predecessor to Cosmpolitan 1911: Hearst’s International: “World To-Day”, a middling monthly magazine, was acquired to attack politicians against whom Hearst waged war, namely Theodore Roosevelt, Woodrow Wilson, and William Jennings Bryan. He renamed it “Hearst’s magazine” in Apr.1912, shortened it to “Hearst’s” in Jun.1914, and finally entitled it as “Hearst’s International” in May.1922. from wikicorporates timelines for Hearst Communications. scans of several numbers (as well as books published by a related entity) available via archive.org 23 ex “The Battle of Booby’s Bluffs,” By Major Single List, in Infantry Journal 19:4 (October 1921) : 427-433 the whole — “In this case , I hoped to mainexplain anything that did not seem pertain this reputation of getting results , fectly clear to me . and I felt that I stood an excellent I promptly saw that my battalion was chance , because Colonel R was an ungoing to [have the hardest nut to crack]” 24 ex Charles F. Howell, “Marine Insurance / Cuban Conditions Bad,” in The Weekly Underwriter 104:11 (March 12, 1921) : 428 aside — first page of each number features a spectacular photograph of a disaster (e.g., grain elevator explosion; train wreck; fire), together with monitory details. 25 misprint in this edition (corrected in later), John Dewey, Human Nature and Conduct: An Introduction to Social Psychology (1922) : 74 26 ex discussion following John J. Moren (Louisville), “Diagnosis and Treatment of Encephalitis,” and cross-column misread involving G. A. Hendon (Louisville), “Cancer of the Large Intestine,” in Kentucky Medical Journal (March 1922) : 204 27 ex High Egg Production by Individual Hens, Pens and Flocks (Reliable Poultry Journal, 1922) : 91 specifically, ex Part II, Chapter III, “A high-producing strain of barred rocks and how it was bred / Methods of breeding that have enabled J. W. Parks of Altoona, Pa., to develop a remarkably productive strain and to win financial independence — interesting examples of pen and flock production — Methods of line breeding and “Tracing Back” by pedigrees.” By Grant M. Curtiss, Editor of Reliable Poultry Journal 28 ex confused snippet preview (nothing at landing), Acta Chirurgica Scandinavica: Supplementum (most definltely not 1922, though so dated) in full : “of these facversial therapy and there is an ungoing debate tors .”

—

all tagged ungoings  

#tercet #un #ungoings #The Land War #does not #Chief Red Eagle #per-curtness

[brookstonalmanac]

Events 4.25

404 BC – Admiral Lysander and King Pausanias of Sparta blockade Athens and bring the Peloponnesian War to a successful conclusion. 775 – The Battle of Bagrevand puts an end to an Armenian rebellion against the Abbasid Caliphate. Muslim control over Transcaucasia is solidified and its Islamization begins, while several major Armenian nakharar families lose power and their remnants flee to the Byzantine Empire. 799 – After mistreatment and disfigurement by the citizens of Rome, pope Leo III flees to the Frankish court of king Charlemagne at Paderborn for protection. 1134 – The name Zagreb was mentioned for the first time in the Felician Charter relating to the establishment of the Zagreb Bishopric around 1094. 1607 – Eighty Years' War: The Dutch fleet destroys the anchored Spanish fleet at Gibraltar. 1644 – The Chongzhen Emperor, the last Emperor of Ming dynasty China, commits suicide during a peasant rebellion led by Li Zicheng. 1707 – A coalition of Britain, the Netherlands and Portugal is defeated by a Franco-Spanish army at Almansa (Spain) in the War of the Spanish Succession. 1792 – Highwayman Nicolas J. Pelletier becomes the first person executed by guillotine. 1792 – "La Marseillaise" (the French national anthem) is composed by Claude Joseph Rouget de Lisle. 1829 – Charles Fremantle arrives in HMS Challenger off the coast of modern-day Western Australia prior to declaring the Swan River Colony for the United Kingdom. 1846 – Thornton Affair: Open conflict begins over the disputed border of Texas, triggering the Mexican–American War. 1849 – The Governor General of Canada, Lord Elgin, signs the Rebellion Losses Bill, outraging Montreal's English population and triggering the Montreal Riots. 1859 – British and French engineers break ground for the Suez Canal. 1862 – American Civil War: Forces under U.S. Admiral David Farragut demand the surrender of the Confederate city of New Orleans, Louisiana. 1864 – American Civil War: In the Battle of Marks' Mills, a force of 8,000 Confederate soldiers attacks 1,800 Union soldiers and a large number of wagon teamsters, killing or wounding 1,500 Union combatants. 1882 – French and Vietnamese troops clashed in Tonkin, when Commandant Henri Rivière seized the citadel of Hanoi with a small force of marine infantry. 1898 – Spanish–American War: The United States Congress declares that a state of war between the U.S. and Spain has existed since April 21, when an American naval blockade of the Spanish colony of Cuba began. 1901 – New York becomes the first U.S. state to require automobile license plates. 1915 – World War I: The Battle of Gallipoli begins: The invasion of the Turkish Gallipoli Peninsula by British, French, Indian, Newfoundland, Australian and New Zealand troops, begins with landings at Anzac Cove and Cape Helles. 1916 – Anzac Day is commemorated for the first time on the first anniversary of the landing at ANZAC Cove. 1920 – At the San Remo conference, the principal Allied Powers of World War I adopt a resolution to determine the allocation of Class "A" League of Nations mandates for administration of the former Ottoman-ruled lands of the Middle East. 1938 – U.S. Supreme Court delivers its opinion in Erie Railroad Co. v. Tompkins and overturns a century of federal common law. 1944 – The United Negro College Fund is incorporated. 1945 – Elbe Day: United States and Soviet troops meet in Torgau along the River Elbe, cutting the Wehrmacht of Nazi Germany in two. 1945 – Liberation Day (Italy): The National Liberation Committee for Northern Italy calls for a general uprising against the German occupation and the Italian Social Republic. 1945 – United Nations Conference on International Organization: Founding negotiations for the United Nations begin in San Francisco. 1945 – The last German troops retreat from Finland's soil in Lapland, ending the Lapland War. Military acts of Second World War end in Finland. 1951 – Korean War: Assaulting Chinese forces are forced to withdraw after heavy fighting with UN forces, primarily made up of Australian and Canadian troops, at the Battle of Kapyong. 1953 – Francis Crick and James Watson publish "Molecular Structure of Nucleic Acids: A Structure for Deoxyribose Nucleic Acid" describing the double helix structure of DNA. 1954 – The first practical solar cell is publicly demonstrated by Bell Telephone Laboratories. 1959 – The Saint Lawrence Seaway, linking the North American Great Lakes and the Atlantic Ocean, officially opens to shipping. 1960 – The United States Navy submarine USS Triton completes the first submerged circumnavigation of the globe. 1961 – Robert Noyce is granted a patent for an integrated circuit. 1972 – Vietnam War: Nguyen Hue Offensive: The North Vietnamese 320th Division forces 5,000 South Vietnamese troops to retreat and traps about 2,500 others northwest of Kontum. 1974 – Carnation Revolution: A leftist military coup in Portugal overthrows the authoritarian-conservative Estado Novo regime and establishes a democratic government. 1981 – More than 100 workers are exposed to radiation during repairs of at the Tsuruga Nuclear Power Plant in Japan. 1982 – Israel completes its withdrawal from the Sinai Peninsula per the Camp David Accords. 1983 – Cold War: American schoolgirl Samantha Smith is invited to visit the Soviet Union by its leader Yuri Andropov after he read her letter in which she expressed fears about nuclear war. 1983 – Pioneer 10 travels beyond Pluto's orbit. 1988 – In Israel, John Demjanjuk is sentenced to death for war crimes committed in World War II. 1990 – Violeta Chamorro takes office as the President of Nicaragua, the first woman to hold the position. 2004 – The March for Women's Lives brings between 500,000 and 800,000 protesters, mostly pro-choice, to Washington D.C. to protest the Partial-Birth Abortion Ban Act of 2003, and other restrictions on abortion. 2005 – The final piece of the Obelisk of Axum is returned to Ethiopia after being stolen by the invading Italian army in 1937. 2005 – Bulgaria and Romania sign accession treaties to join the European Union. 2007 – Boris Yeltsin's funeral: The first to be sanctioned by the Russian Orthodox Church for a head of state since the funeral of Emperor Alexander III in 1894. 2015 – Nearly 9,100 are killed after a massive 7.8 magnitude earthquake strikes Nepal.

#Events

[grantmkemp]

Nellie Bly, was a real Phileas Fogg, and the first undercover investigative journalist .... Read more below

Born 156 years ago, today 5th May 1864, Elizabeth Cochran Seaman, better known by her pen name Nellie Bly, was an American journalist, industrialist, inventor, and charity worker who was widely known for her record-breaking trip around the world in 72 days, in emulation of Jules Verne's fictional character Phileas Fogg, and an exposé in which she worked undercover to report on a mental institution from within. She was a pioneer in her field, and launched a new kind of investigative journalism

In 1880, Cochrane's mother moved her family to Pittsburgh. A newspaper column entitled "What Girls Are Good For" in the Pittsburgh Dispatch that reported that girls were principally for birthing children and keeping house prompted Elizabeth to write a response under the pseudonym "Lonely Orphan Girl". The editor, George Madden, was impressed with her passion and ran an advertisement asking the author to identify herself. When Cochrane introduced herself to the editor, he offered her the opportunity to write a piece for the newspaper, again under the pseudonym "Lonely Orphan Girl"] Her first article for the Dispatch, entitled "The Girl Puzzle", was about how divorce affected women. In it, she argued for reform of divorce laws. Madden was impressed again and offered her a full-time job. It was customary for women who were newspaper writers at that time to use pen names. The editor chose "Nellie Bly", after the African-American title character in the popular song "Nelly Bly" by Stephen Foster.

Bly left the Pittsburgh Dispatch in 1887 for New York City. Penniless after four months, she talked her way into the offices of Joseph Pulitzer's newspaper the New York World, and took an undercover assignment for which she agreed to feign insanity to investigate reports of brutality and neglect at the Women's Lunatic Asylum on Blackwell's Island.

It was not an easy task for Bly to be admitted to the Asylum: She first decided to check herself into a boarding house called Temporary Homes for Females. She stayed up all night to give herself the wide-eyed look of a disturbed woman, and began making accusations that the other boarders were insane. Bly told the assistant matron "There are so many crazy people about, and one can never tell what they will do." She refused to go to bed, and eventually scared so many of the other boarders that the police were called to take her to the nearby courthouse. Once examined by a police officer, a judge, and a doctor, Bly was taken to Blackwell's Island.

Committed to the asylum, Bly experienced the deplorable conditions firsthand. After ten days, the asylum released Bly at The World's behest. Her report, later published in book form as Ten Days in a Mad-House, caused a sensation, prompted the asylum to implement reforms, and brought her lasting fame.

Biographer Brooke Kroeger argues:    Her two-part series in October 1887 was a sensation, effectively launching the decade of “stunt” or “detective” reporting, a clear precursor to investigative journalism and one of Joseph Pulitzer’s innovations that helped give “New Journalism” of the 1880s and 1890s its moniker.

In 1888 Bly suggested to her editor at the New York World that she take a trip around the world, attempting to turn the fictional Around the World in Eighty Days (1873) into fact for the first time. A year later, at 9:40 a.m. on November 14, 1889, and with two days' notice, she boarded the Augusta Victoria, a steamer of the Hamburg America Line, and began her 40,070 kilometer journey. She took with her the dress she was wearing, a sturdy overcoat, several changes of underwear, and a small travel bag carrying her toiletry essentials. She carried most of her money (£200 in English bank notes and gold, as well as some American currency) in a bag tied around her neck

During her travels around the world, Bly went through England, France (where she met Jules Verne in Amiens), Brindisi, the Suez Canal, Colombo (Ceylon), the Straits Settlements of Penang and Singapore, Hong Kong, and Japan. The development of efficient submarine cable networks and the electric telegraph allowed Bly to send short progress reports, although longer dispatches had to travel by regular post and thus were often delayed by several weeks.

Bly traveled using steamships and the existing railroad systems, which caused occasional setbacks, particularly on the Asian leg of her race. During these stops, she visited a leper colony in China and, in Singapore, she bought a monkey.

Just over seventy-two days after her departure from Hoboken, Bly was back in New York. She had circumnavigated the globe, traveling alone for almost the entire journey. Bly's journey was a world record, although it was bettered a few months later by George Francis Train, whose first circumnavigation in 1870 possibly had been the inspiration for Verne's novel. Train completed the journey in 67 days, and on his third trip in 1892 in 60 days.

In 1895, Bly married millionaire manufacturer Robert Seaman. Bly was 31 and Seaman was 73 when they married. Due to her husband's failing health, she left journalism and succeeded her husband as head of the Iron Clad Manufacturing Co., which made steel containers such as milk cans and boilers. In 1904, Seaman died.

According to biographer Brooke Kroeger:    She ran her company as a model of social welfare, replete with health benefits and recreational facilities. But Bly was hopeless at understanding the financial aspects of her business and ultimately lost everything. Unscrupulous employees bilked the firm of hundreds of thousands of dollars, troubles compounded by a protracted and costly bankruptcy litigation.

Bly died of pneumonia at St. Mark's Hospital in New York City in 1922 at age 57

This is my colourised version of a photograph taken in 1890 when Nellie was 26

Restoring Your Past  … Website

Restoring Your Past … on Facebook

#American journalist #industrialist #inventor #charity worker #record-breaking #around the world #Jules Verne #Phileas Fogg #undercover #mental institution #investigative journalism #vintage #history #colourised #colorized #photo-colourisation #photo-colorization

[olko71]

New Post has been published on All about business online

New Post has been published on http://yaroreviews.info/2021/03/suez-canal-crisis-sends-shipping-lines-scrambling-for-alternatives

Suez Canal Crisis Sends Shipping Lines Scrambling for Alternatives

Shipping companies rerouted vessels, refused to take on new customers and forecast long delays—and longer-term port congestion around the world—raising the global trade and economic stakes of the grounding of the Ever Given in the Suez Canal.

Shipping executives said even if the vessel is removed imminently, a backlog of ships waiting to pass through the canal would linger for days, and diversions of cargo could wreak havoc on port traffic around the world for weeks, upsetting the usually carefully orchestrated management of the world’s containers. The canal connects the Mediterranean and Red Seas and accounts for as much as 13% of seaborne trade and about 10% of maritime shipments of oil.

Caroline Becquart, senior vice president at Mediterranean Shipping Co., one of the world’s largest container lines, said the blockage “is going to result in one of the biggest disruptions to global trade in recent years.” Amid super-tight capacity that started building late last year and has lingered through this year, the accident means that companies should expect “a constriction in shipping capacity and equipment.”

A.P. Moller–Maersk A/S, the world’s largest container vessel operator, said Sunday it has rerouted 15 of its ships away from the Suez Canal and is turning some new clients away for now as it assesses its capacity. “For every day the canal remains blocked, the ripple effects on global capacity and equipment continues to increase,“ it told clients. Delays and backlogs “will continue well beyond the physical removal of the Ever Given,” the 1,300-foot container ship that wedged itself into the canal’s banks early last Tuesday. Dredging continues to free the ship, with engineers trying to refloat the vessel during high tides. Maersk said it couldn’t give clients estimated times of arrival for affected ships.

Germany’s Hapag-Lloyd AG said in a client note that nine of its ships had been affected and another six have been sent around the southern tip of Africa. Three of the diverted ships were on Asia-to-Europe routes and another three were sailing between Asia and the U.S. East Coast. More diversions are in the works.

China Cosco Shipping said 10 of its vessels are blocked by the closure. Its Cosco Excellence, on a voyage from Southeast Asia to the U.S., has been sent around the southern tip of Africa.

Sea-Intelligence, a Copenhagen-based data group, said rerouting ships that normally use the Suez Canal around Africa or through the Panama Canal over the long term would effectively cut the world’s container-shipping capacity by about 6% because vessels would spend more time sailing on longer voyages.

The Ever Given cargo ship was still wedged across the Suez Canal on Sunday.

Photo: Mohamed Elshahed/Associated Press

“It is evident that such an amount of capacity absorption will have a global impact and lead to severe capacity shortages,” the group said in a report Friday. Sea-Intelligence said the disruption would affect all trade lanes as container lines adjust their routes with ships at sea for longer periods.

Retailers, consumer-goods companies and manufacturers are starting to turn to airfreight and alternative suppliers as they weigh how delays will affect their supply chains.

Supply-chain software provider Blue Yonder said customers hit by the crisis include a U.K.-based beverage maker with about 170 containers of finished goods stuck in transit between Europe and Asia. The company is calculating whether “if there are two weeks of delay, is that enough inventory stock in the destination supply chain, where they can prioritize their highest-level customers?” said Himanshu Mehrotra, principal solutions adviser for Blue Yonder.

Another customer, which makes medical devices, is checking with suppliers to see if more components are available to be shipped by air in place of goods that may be tied up on ships. “They are scheduling ahead of time to airfreight the bare minimum,” Mr. Mehrotra said. “They really can’t wait. They are scheduling more flights and then if things open up they will cancel.”

Eric Martin-Neuville, executive vice president of freight forwarding at France-based logistics provider Geodis SA, said rail and airfreight capacity is tight, however, limiting options for many shippers.

“Beside costs, the main difficulty is to access capacity on short notice in a period which was already highly constrained,” he said. “The current crisis will generate a new level of chaos on the schedules, congestion in the arrival ports both in Europe and in Asia and will generate [a] new and significant imbalance in container positioning while immobilizing urgently needed boxes at sea and at port.”

The Signal Group, a tanker-management firm with offices in London and Athens, estimated a two-week shutdown of the canal would effectively reduce capacity for shipping crude and petroleum products by 4.4% while a four-week closure would take out 12.6% of tanker capacity by requiring longer voyages around the blocked region, likely driving up freight rates for the oil sector.

Another view of the Ever Given container ship in the Suez Canal on Sunday.

Photo: maxar technologies/Reuters

Rerouting away from the Suez Canal intensified over the weekend as more shippers lost hopes of a quick resolution. Initial diversions around the waterway involved container ships and tankers that were still far away—typically sailing in the Atlantic on their way to Gibraltar to enter the Mediterranean. But now, container ships that are nearing the Red Sea also are abruptly changing course to go south around Africa.

That will delay their arrivals in Europe by up to two weeks and incur extra costs of as much as half a million dollars each. The diversions also threaten major port congestion in big ports in Europe and Asia, as all those diverted ships arrive late.

The Maren Maersk, which had been due at the canal on Wednesday on its way from Malaysia to Rotterdam, made an abrupt turn south on Sunday morning. It is now headed toward South Africa’s Cape of Good Hope, ship-tracking from FleetMon shows.

Two other container ships sailing from Asia, including MSC’s Amsterdam, were previously heading to the Netherlands and Portugal through Suez, but rerouted around Africa on Friday, FleetMon tracking shows.

Still, vessels that were near the canal have continued clogging its entrances because they were already too close to reroute. Leth Agencies, a canal service provider, reported Sunday that 327 vessels were waiting to get into the waterway at its two entrances at Suez and Port Said, and more than 40 more are waiting inside the canal in a large body of water called the Great Bitter Lake. A Suez Canal executive said once the canal reopens, it will take from one to three days to clear the backlog. Liner and tanker operators say they expect five days to clear once the passage is safe to navigate again.

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Maersk said Sunday that it and its partners had 27 vessels waiting to enter the canal, with two more expected to reach the traffic jam later that day. That is up from seven last Wednesday.

A blockade in the Suez Canal is posing a special challenge for carriers bringing American and European live cattle to Middle East markets, just as the region prepares for peak demand at a time of religious celebrations around Ramadan.

Oil-and-gas tankers and container vessels can be rerouted around the Southern tip of Africa at extra cost but with limited extra risk of damage to their goods. But shippers say livestock carriers have no such option.

Livestock-laden vessels would struggle to find feed along the way, and an onshore transfer would require trucks with ventilation that are hard to find, said Valid Diab, general manager at Turkish company Observator Shipping Co., which is responsible for provisions and other shipping services for three such ships stuck outside the Canal.

The captain has a cargo of calves and lambs from Cartagena in Spain headed to Jeddah, Saudi Arabia, and two other vessels loaded with Romanian and Spanish cows going to either the same Saudi port or to Aqaba in Jordan. A fourth vessel in his fleet will be soon arriving at the canal from Venezuela on its way to Iraq, he said.

—Paul Page contributed to this article.

Write to Benoit Faucon at [email protected], Costas Paris at [email protected] and Jennifer Smith at [email protected]

Copyright ©2020 Dow Jones & Company, Inc. All Rights Reserved. 87990cbe856818d5eddac44c7b1cdeb8

#PAID

[orbemnews]

WeWork Agrees to a SPAC Deal to Go Public: Live Business Updates Here’s what you need to know: WeWork is merging with BowX Acquisition, a special purpose acquisition company, in a deal that will take the company public.Credit…Kate Munsch/Reuters After a failed initial public offering and the near implosion of its business in 2019, WeWork said Friday that it had agreed to a deal that would take the beleaguered co-working company onto the stock market. Instead of a traditional I.P.O., WeWork is merging with BowX Acquisition, a special purpose acquisition company, in a type of deal that has become hugely popular in recent months. WeWork leases office space and then effectively sublets it to its members. Its heady expansion was fueled by big investments from SoftBank, the Japanese conglomerate that became WeWork’s largest shareholder and rescued the company in 2019 just as it was about to run out of cash. WeWork said the deal with BowX gives it an equity value of $7.9 billion, far less than the $40 billion value that investors placed on the company in 2019. WeWork will receive $1.3 billion in cash from the deal, including $800 million from Insight Partners, Starwood Capital Group, BlackRock and other investors. The pandemic emptied WeWork’s offices, and has raised questions about the level of demand for its office space after many people have gotten used to working from home. The company said Friday that memberships fell to 476,000 last year, from 619,000 in 2019. WeWork says it has improved its cost structure. “WeWork has spent the past year transforming the business and refocusing its core, while simultaneously managing and innovating through a historic downturn,” Sandeep Mathrani, WeWork’s chief executive, said in a statement Friday. A company presentation released Friday said WeWork had a net loss of $3.8 billion last year, more or less the same as in 2019. The 2020 loss included a $1.4 billion impairment charge. Last year, WeWork’s operations consumed $857 million of cash, more than the $448 million they used up in 2019. The path to a deal was cleared last month when Adam Neumann, a co-founder of WeWork, and SoftBank settled a legal dispute. WeWork had called off its I.P.O. in 2019 after investors balked at its losses and criticized its governance practices. SoftBank has been eager to take WeWork public via a special purpose acquisition company, or SPAC, a route to Wall Street that has become increasingly popular in recent months. As of Wednesday, 295 SPACs had gone public in 2021, raising $93 billion and breaking last year’s record in a matter of months. Elon Musk in 2019. The National Labor Relations Board ruled that a tweet with the phrase “why pay union dues & give up stock options for nothing?” was an unlawful attempt to coerce employees.Credit…Jefferson Siegel for The New York Times The National Labor Relations Board on Thursday upheld a 2019 ruling that Tesla had illegally fired a worker involved in union organizing and that the company’s chief executive, Elon Musk, had illegally threatened workers with the loss of stock options if they unionized. The board ruled that the worker, Richard Ortiz, must be reinstated with back pay, and that Mr. Musk must delete his tweet. The company must also post a notice committing not to violate labor law in the future and announcing that it will undertake the mandated remedies. Mr. Ortiz had been visibly involved in union organizing, including distributing leaflets in the parking lot of the company’s plant in Fremont, Calif., before he was fired in October 2017. The company said it fired him because he had posted screenshots of employees’ profiles in an internal platform to Facebook. An administrative law judge ruled that it was in retaliation for his organizing efforts. The judge also found that the company had illegally issued a warning to another employee for taking the screenshots and sending them to Mr. Ortiz, a ruling that the board upheld on Thursday as well. In May 2018, Mr. Musk posted his tweet, which included the clause, “why pay union dues & give up stock options for nothing?” Both the judge and the board deemed the post an unlawful attempt to coerce employees by threatening their compensation. The board went further than the judge’s earlier ruling on some questions, finding that Tesla’s confidentiality agreement, which it required employees to sign, unlawfully prohibited them from speaking with the media about Tesla without authorization even if the material was public. The ruling on Thursday requires the company to amend its agreement. Tesla did not respond to a request for comment. An NFT collector who goes by the handle @3fmusic placed a last-minute winning bid of 350 ether. A one-of-a-kind digital collectible item created out of a New York Times technology column sold for more than $500,000 in an auction, the first such sale in the history of the newspaper. An image of the column — titled “Buy This Column on the Blockchain!” — was turned into a nonfungible token, or NFT, and sold in a heated auction that brought in more than 30 bids on the NFT marketplace website Foundation. The NFT, a unique bit of digital code that is stored on the Ethereum blockchain and refers to a 14 megabyte graphic of the column hosted on a decentralized file hosting service, cannot be duplicated or counterfeited, making it potentially valuable for collectors. Some NFTs have sold for hundreds of thousands of dollars in recent weeks, with one such sale — a collection of art by the digital artist Beeple — bringing in more than $69 million at auction. Along with the token, the winner of the auction — should they choose to identify themselves — will receive additional perks including a voice message from Michael Barbaro, the host of “The Daily” podcast. All proceeds from the auction will be donated to the Neediest Cases Fund, a Times-affiliated charity. The winner of the auction, an NFT collector who goes by the handle @3fmusic, placed a last-minute winning bid of 350 ether, a digital currency, which translates to roughly $560,000 at Wednesday’s exchange rates. A link on the user’s profile led to the website of a Dubai-based music studio. @3fmusic could not be reached as of Wednesday afternoon. The user appeared to be an avid collector of NFT artwork. In addition to the Times token, their collection on Foundation also includes such works as “The result of 2020,” an image of a sad-looking Kermit the Frog, and “Mushy’s Midafternoon Nap,” an image of a cartoon toadstool sitting on a log. A GameStop store in New York. The retailer’s shares have been on a roller coaster this week after a disappointing earnings report.Credit…Nick Zieminski/Reuters Stocks rose on Friday with 10-year bond yields amid a bout of optimism in markets about the economic recovery. On Thursday, President Biden said he wanted the United States to administer 200 million vaccines by his 100th day in office, a target the country is already on track to meet. The Federal Reserve vice chair, Richard Clarida, pushed back on concerns that the government’s spending plans would fuel higher sustained inflation. In a victory for financial institutions, the central bank said that pandemic-era rules that restricted share buybacks and dividend payouts by banks would end midway through 2021 for most firms. On the economic front, gross domestic product data for the fourth quarter was also revised slightly higher on Thursday. The Stoxx 600 Europe rose 0.6 percent, set for a fourth consecutive week of gains. Economic data The S&P 500 index was set to open 0.3 percent higher before the latest report on personal income and spending from the Department of Commerce. The yield on 10-year Treasury notes rose 4 basis points, or 0.04 percentage point, to 1.67 percent. Retail sales in Britain rose 2.1 percent in February, rebounding from a slump of 8.2 percent the month before, when the country entered a third national lockdown. A survey of German business expectations rose to the highest level in nearly three years. Oil Oil prices rose with futures of Brent crude, the global benchmark, climbing 1.7 percent to $63 a barrel. A container ship is still blocking the Suez Canal, an important trade route for oil and other products. Some shipping companies are starting to divert ships away from the blockage. Stocks GameStop shares rose 10 percent in premarket trading after jumping more than 50 percent on Thursday. Shares in the video-game retailer had rebounded from a 34 percent drop on Wednesday after a disappointing earnings report. Shares in Burberry have dropped more than 6 percent in the past two days as the British fashion brand has been caught up in a backlash by Chinese consumers who are accusing American and European companies of “boycotting” cotton from region of Xinjiang. The companies, including Nike and H&M, have published statements expressing concern about forced labor in the region. Burberry has had to give up an online video game partnership and a brand ambassador in China quit. China is a crucial market for Burberry and recently has helped the retailer withstand the drop in sales in Europe and the United States because of the pandemic. Credit…Chris Gash Yields on 10-year Treasury notes have risen sharply in recent weeks, a sign that traders are taking the inflation threat more seriously. And if the trend continues, it would put bond investors on a collision course with the Biden administration, which wants to spend trillions more on infrastructure, education and other programs. The potential confrontation made some market veterans recall the events of the 1990s when yields on Treasury securities lurched higher as the Clinton administration considered plans to increase spending, Nelson D. Schwartz reports for The New York Times. As a result, officials soon turned to deficit reduction as a priority. Ed Yardeni, an independent economist, coined the term bond vigilante in the 1980s to describe investors who sell bonds amid signs of fiscal deficits getting out of hand. “They seem to mount up and form a posse every time inflation is making a comeback,” Mr. Yardeni said. “Clearly, they’re back in the U.S. So while it’s fine for the Fed to argue inflation will be transitory, the bond vigilantes won’t believe it till they see it.” Yet, evidence of inflation remains elusive, and the bond vigilantes remain outliers. Even many economists at financial firms who expect faster growth as a result of the stimulus package are not ready to predict inflation’s return. Even if inflation goes up slightly, the Fed’s target for inflation, set at 2 percent, is appropriate, said Alan S. Blinder, a Princeton economist who was an economic adviser to former President Bill Clinton and a former top Fed official. “Bond traders are an excitable lot and they go to extremes,” he said. “If they are true to form, they will overreact.” Video transcript Back transcript Tech Executives Testify on Disinformation Mark Zuckerberg of Facebook, Sundar Pichai of Google and Jack Dorsey of Twitter testified remotely before Congress on “misinformation and disinformation plaguing online platforms.” “I don’t think anyone wants a world where you can only say things that private companies judge to be true.” “Our mission is to organize the world’s information, and make it universally accessible and useful.” “We believe in free debate and conversation to find the truth. At the same time, we must balance that with our desire for our service not to be used to sow confusion, division or destruction.” “There are two faces to each of your platforms. Facebook has family and friends, neighborhood, but it is right next to the one where there is a white nationalist rally every day. YouTube is a place where people share quirky videos, but down the street, anti-vaxxers Covid deniers, QAnon supporters and Flat Earthers are sharing videos.” “You’ve failed to meaningfully change after your platform has played a role in fomenting insurrection, and abetting the spread of the virus and trampling American civil liberties. And while it may be true that some bad actors will shout ‘fire’ in the crowded theater by promoting harmful content, your platforms are handing them a megaphone to be heard in every theater across the country and the world. Your business model itself has become the problem.” “How is it possible for you not to at least admit that Facebook played a central role or a leading role in facilitating the recruitment, planning and execution of the attack on the Capitol?” “Chairman, my point is that I think that the responsibility here lies with the people who took the actions to break the law, and take and do the insurrection and secondarily, also the people who spread that content, including the president, but others as well.” “Your platform bears some responsibility for disseminating disinformation related to the election and the ‘Stop the Steal’ movement that led to the attack on the Capitol. Just a yes or no answer.” “Congressman, it’s a complex question. We —” “OK, we’ll move on. Mr Dorsey.” “Yes, but you also have to take into consideration a broader ecosystem. It’s not just the technology platforms we use.” “We’re all aware of big tech’s ever-increasing censorship of conservative voices and their commitment to serve the radical progressive agenda by influencing a generation of children — removing, shutting down or canceling any news, books and even now, toys, that aren’t considered woke.” “First of all, do you recognize that there is a real concern, that there’s an anti-conservative bias on Twitter’s behalf? And would you recognize that this has to stop if this is going to be, Twitter is going to be viewed by both sides as a place where everybody is going to get a fair treatment?” “We don’t write policy according to any particular political leaning. If we find any of it, we route it out.” Mark Zuckerberg of Facebook, Sundar Pichai of Google and Jack Dorsey of Twitter testified remotely before Congress on “misinformation and disinformation plaguing online platforms.”CreditCredit…Via Reuters Lawmakers grilled the leaders of Facebook, Google and Twitter on Thursday about the connection between online disinformation and the Jan. 6 riot at the Capitol. Here’s what you need to know. Jack Dorsey, Twitter’s chief executive, said that the site played a role in the storming of the Capitol, in what appeared to be the first public acknowledgment by a top social media executive of the influence of the platforms on the riot. When a Democratic lawmaker asked the executives to answer with a “yes” or a “no” whether the platforms bore some responsibility for the misinformation that had contributed to the riot, Mr. Dorsey said “yes.” Neither Mark Zuckerberg of Facebook nor Sundar Pichai of Google would answer the question directly. As lawmakers on Thursday threatened to strip the liability protection encoded in Section 230 of the Communications Decency Act, the chieftains of the biggest social networks couldn’t agree on how to fix the act, or if it even needs fixing. Mr. Zuckerberg urged Congress to take on “thoughtful reform” of Section 230. He said the law needed to be updated for the modern age. Mr. Pichai said while regulation has a role to play in “addressing harm and improving accountability,” he cautioned that recent proposals to change Section 230 would have unintended consequences. Democratic lawmakers accused the chief executives of making money by allowing disinformation to run rampant online, reflecting their mounting frustration about the spread of extremism, conspiracy theories and falsehoods online in the aftermath of the riot at the Capitol. Republican lawmakers came into the hearing steaming about the Capitol riot, but their animus was focused on the decisions by the platforms to ban right-wing figures, including former President Donald J. Trump, for inciting violence. The decisions to ban Mr. Trump, many of his associates and other conservatives, they said, amounted to liberal bias and censorship. Source link Orbem News #Agrees #Business #deal #Live #public #SPAC #Updates #WeWork

[brookstonalmanac]

Events 7.26

657 – First Fitna: In the Battle of Siffin, troops led by Ali ibn Abu Talib clash with those led by Muawiyah I. 811 – Battle of Pliska: Byzantine Emperor Nikephoros I is killed and his heir Staurakios is seriously wounded. 920 – Rout of an alliance of Christian troops from Navarre and Léon against the Muslims at the Battle of Valdejunquera. 1309 – Henry VII is recognized King of the Romans by Pope Clement V. 1469 – Wars of the Roses: The Battle of Edgecote Moor, pitting the forces of Richard Neville, 16th Earl of Warwick against those of Edward IV of England, takes place. 1509 – The Emperor Krishnadevaraya ascends to the throne, marking the beginning of the regeneration of the Vijayanagara Empire. 1529 – Francisco Pizarro González, Spanish conquistador, is appointed governor of Peru. 1581 – Plakkaat van Verlatinghe (Act of Abjuration): The northern Low Countries declare their independence from the Spanish king, Philip II. 1703 – During the Bavarian Rummel the rural population of Tyrol drove the Bavarian Prince-Elector Maximilian II Emanuel out of North Tyrol with a victory at the Pontlatzer Bridge and thus prevented the Bavarian Army, which was allied with France, from marching as planned on Vienna during the War of the Spanish Succession. 1745 – The first recorded women's cricket match takes place near Guildford, England. 1758 – French and Indian War: The Siege of Louisbourg ends with British forces defeating the French and taking control of the Gulf of Saint Lawrence. 1775 – The office that would later become the United States Post Office Department is established by the Second Continental Congress. Benjamin Franklin of Pennsylvania takes office as Postmaster General. 1788 – New York ratifies the United States Constitution and becomes the 11th state of the United States. 1803 – The Surrey Iron Railway, arguably the world's first public railway, opens in south London, United Kingdom. 1814 – The Swedish–Norwegian War begins. 1822 – José de San Martín arrives in Guayaquil, Ecuador, to meet with Simón Bolívar. 1822 – First day of the three-day Battle of Dervenakia, between the Ottoman Empire force led by Mahmud Dramali Pasha and the Greek Revolutionary force led by Theodoros Kolokotronis. 1847 – Liberia declares its independence. 1861 – American Civil War: George B. McClellan assumes command of the Army of the Potomac following a disastrous Union defeat at the First Battle of Bull Run. 1863 – American Civil War: Morgan's Raid ends; At Salineville, Ohio, Confederate cavalry leader John Hunt Morgan and 360 of his volunteers are captured by Union forces. 1882 – Premiere of Richard Wagner's opera Parsifal at Bayreuth. 1882 – The Republic of Stellaland is founded in Southern Africa. 1887 – Publication of the Unua Libro, founding the Esperanto movement. 1890 – In Buenos Aires, Argentina the Revolución del Parque takes place, forcing President Miguel Ángel Juárez Celman's resignation. 1891 – France annexes Tahiti. 1892 – Dadabhai Naoroji is elected as the first Indian Member of Parliament in Britain. 1897 – Anglo-Afghan War: The Pashtun fakir Saidullah leads an army of more than 10,000 to begin a siege of the British garrison in the Malakand Agency of the North West Frontier Province of India. 1899 – Ulises Heureaux, the 27th President of the Dominican Republic, is assassinated. 1908 – United States Attorney General Charles Joseph Bonaparte issues an order to immediately staff the Office of the Chief Examiner (later renamed the Federal Bureau of Investigation). 1918 – Emmy Noether's paper, which became known as Noether's theorem was presented at Göttingen, Germany, from which conservation laws are deduced for symmetries of angular momentum, linear momentum, and energy. 1936 – Spanish Civil War: Germany and Italy decide to intervene in the war in support for Francisco Franco and the Nationalist faction. 1936 – King Edward VIII, in one of his few official duties before he abdicates the throne, officially unveils the Canadian National Vimy Memorial. 1937 – Spanish Civil War: End of the Battle of Brunete with the Nationalist victory. 1941 – World War II: In response to the Japanese occupation of French Indochina, the United States, Britain and the Netherlands freeze all Japanese assets and cut off oil shipments. 1944 – World War II: The Red Army enters Lviv, a major city in western Ukraine, capturing it from the Nazis. Only 300 Jews survive out of 160,000 living in Lviv prior to occupation. 1945 – The Labour Party wins the United Kingdom general election of July 5 by a landslide, removing Winston Churchill from power. 1945 – World War II: The Potsdam Declaration is signed in Potsdam, Germany. 1945 – World War II: HMS Vestal is the last British Royal Navy ship to be sunk in the war. 1945 – World War II: The USS Indianapolis arrives at Tinian with components and enriched uranium for the Little Boy nuclear bomb. 1946 – Aloha Airlines begins service from Honolulu International Airport. 1947 – Cold War: U.S. President Harry S. Truman signs the National Security Act of 1947 into United States law creating the Central Intelligence Agency, United States Department of Defense, United States Air Force, Joint Chiefs of Staff, and the United States National Security Council. 1948 – U.S. President Harry S. Truman signs Executive Order 9981, desegregating the military of the United States. 1951 – Walt Disney's 13th animated film, Alice in Wonderland, premieres in London, England, United Kingdom. 1952 – King Farouk of Egypt abdicates in favor of his son Fuad. 1953 – Cold War: Fidel Castro leads an unsuccessful attack on the Moncada Barracks, thus beginning the Cuban Revolution. The movement took the name of the date: 26th of July Movement 1953 – Arizona Governor John Howard Pyle orders an anti-polygamy law enforcement crackdown on residents of Short Creek, Arizona, which becomes known as the Short Creek raid. 1953 – Soldiers from the 2nd Battalion, Royal Australian Regiment repel a number of Chinese assaults against a key position known as The Hook during the Battle of the Samichon River, just hours before the Armistice Agreement is signed, ending the Korean War. 1956 – Following the World Bank's refusal to fund building the Aswan Dam, Egyptian leader Gamal Abdel Nasser nationalizes the Suez Canal, sparking international condemnation. 1957 – Carlos Castillo Armas, dictator of Guatemala, is assassinated. 1958 – Explorer program: Explorer 4 is launched. 1963 – Syncom 2, the world's first geosynchronous satellite, is launched from Cape Canaveral on a Delta B booster. 1963 – An earthquake in Skopje, Yugoslavia (present-day North Macedonia) leaves 1,100 dead. 1963 – The Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development votes to admit Japan. 1968 – Vietnam War: South Vietnamese opposition leader Trương Đình Dzu is sentenced to five years hard labor for advocating the formation of a coalition government as a way to move toward an end to the war. 1971 – Apollo program: Launch of Apollo 15 on the first Apollo "J-Mission", and first use of a Lunar Roving Vehicle. 1974 – Greek Prime Minister Konstantinos Karamanlis forms the country's first civil government after seven years of military rule. 1977 – The National Assembly of Quebec imposes the use of French as the official language of the provincial government. 1989 – A federal grand jury indicts Cornell University student Robert T. Morris, Jr. for releasing the Morris worm, thus becoming the first person to be prosecuted under the 1986 Computer Fraud and Abuse Act. 1990 – The Americans with Disabilities Act of 1990 is signed into law by President George H.W. Bush. 1993 – Asiana Airlines Flight 733 crashes into a ridge on Mt. Ungeo on its third attempt to land at Mokpo Airport, South Korea. Sixty-eight of the 116 people onboard are killed. 1999 – Kargil conflict officially comes to an end. The Indian Army announces the complete eviction of Pakistani intruders. 2005 – Space Shuttle program: STS-114 Mission: Launch of Discovery, NASA's first scheduled flight mission after the Columbia Disaster in 2003. 2005 – Mumbai, India receives 99.5cm of rain (39.17 inches) within 24 hours, resulting in floods killing over 5,000 people. 2008 – Fifty-six people are killed and over 200 people are injured, in the Ahmedabad bombings in India. 2009 – The militant Nigerian Islamist group Boko Haram attacks a police station in Bauchi, leading to reprisals by the Nigeria Police Force and four days of violence across multiple cities. 2011 – A Royal Moroccan Air Force Lockheed C-130 Hercules crashes near Guelmim Airport in Guelmim, Morocco. All 80 people on board are killed. 2016 – The Sagamihara stabbings occur in Kanagawa Prefecture in Japan. Nineteen people are killed. 2016 – Hillary Clinton becomes the first female nominee for President of the United States by a major political party at the Democratic National Convention in Philadelphia. 2016 – Solar Impulse 2 becomes the first solar-powered aircraft to circumnavigate the Earth.

#Events

[mideastsoccer]

Flying Under the Radar: Iranian Alternatives to Suez and Belt and Road

By James M. Dorsey

An initial version of this story was first published in Inside Arabia

A podcast version of this story is available on Soundcloud, Itunes, Spotify, Stitcher, TuneIn, Spreaker, Pocket Casts, Tumblr, Podbean, Audecibel, Patreon and Castbox.

Iran together with India and Russia is pushing forward with a sea and rail corridor that could substantially reduce the time and cost of shipping goods from India to Europe. If successful, the corridor could challenge the Suez Canal’s primacy and give Iran a significant advantage as its rivalry with Saudi Arabia and the United Arab Emirates plays out in Central Asia.

As Eurasia’s geopolitical sands shift, Iran is touting a sea and rail hook-up involving Iranian, Russian, and Indian ports that would link the sub-continent to northern Europe as a viable alternative to Egypt’s Suez Canal and addition to China’s Belt and Road Initiative.

Iranian and Indian officials suggest the route would significantly cut shipping time and costs from India to Europe. Senior Indian Commerce Ministry official B B Swain said the hook up would reduce travel distance by 40 and cost by 30 percent.

The Iranian-Indian-Russian push is based on a two-decades old agreement with Russia and India to establish an International North-South Transport Corridor (INSTC) as well as more recent free trade agreements concluded by the Russia-dominated Eurasian Economic Union (EAEU) with Iran and Singapore.

The agreements have fuelled Central, South, and Southeast Asian interest in the corridor even if the EAEU itself groups only a handful of countries: Russia, Kazakhstan, Belarus, Armenia, and Kyrgyzstan.

Exploiting the momentum, Russia has been nudging India to sign its own free trade agreement with the EAEU while the grouping is discussing an accord with the ten-member Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN).

If successful, the Iranian push, backed by Russia and India,  would anchor attempts by Iran to project itself as opposed to Saudi Arabia and the United Arab Emirates as the key Middle Eastern player in Russian and Chinese ploys for regional dominance.

Leveraging geography and Central Asian distrust of past Saudi promotion of its ultra-conservative strand of Islam, Iran expects that kickstarting INSTC will give it a significant boost in its competition with the kingdom and the Emirates for the region’s hearts and minds.

INSTC would also strengthen Iran’s position as a key node in the Belt and Road on the back of a two-year old rail link between western China and Tehran that runs across Kazakhstan, Uzbekistan and Turkmenistan.

India’s ambassador to Russia, D B Venkatesh Varma, told a webinar hosted by the Federation of Indian Chambers of Industry and Commerce that he expected to bring shipping and insurance companies as well as other businesses and stakeholders together to advance the INSTC.

The Iranian-Indian-Russian push suggests that Iran is playing multiple cards in the geopolitical jockeying for the future of Eusasia amid much speculation about a draft Iranian proposal for a 25-year strategic partnership with Beijing that if agreed and implemented would inextricably hook the Islamic republic to China.

The INSTC would link Jawaharlal Nehru Port, India’s largest container port east of Mumbai, through the Iranian deep-sea port of Chabahar on the Gulf of Oman, funded by India to bypass Pakistan, and its Caspian Sea port of Bandar-e-Anzali to Russia’s Volga River harbour of Astrakhan and onwards by rail to Europe.

Suez Canal Authority spokesman George Safwat dismisses assertions by Iranian and Russian officials that the link would cut shipping time from 40 days through the Suez Canal to somewhere between 25 and 28 days.

Speaking to Al-Monitor, Mr. Safwat said it takes only 19 days for a container shipped from India through the Suez Canal to reach the German port city of Hamburg.

A search on Searates, Dubai ports management company DP World’s search engine for shipping times puts the transit time at 21 days.

Mr. Safwat further insisted that INSTC would be unable to match the Suez Canal’s capacity to accommodate more than one billion tons of cargo a year.

The Iranian push was boosted in March by an agreement between Russia and India that would enable the shipment of goods through the corridor on a single invoice within a matter of months.

“Within three months, traders from India and Russia could move goods between the two countries through Iran,” said V. Kalyana Rama, the chairman of India’s state-owned Container Corporation (Concor).

Indian sources close to the Chabahar project said in interviews that the ability to issue one bill of lading that would allow exporters to get a bank letter of credit coupled with an agreement by state-owned Russian Railways (RZD) to act as the carrier had removed key obstacles for INSTC.

The sources said shipping costs were likely to be pushed upwards by the fact that much of the cargo traffic would be originating in India rather than destined for India. “Empty containers on one leg adds to the freight cost,” one source said.

The Russia-India agreement nevertheless takes on added significance as countries seek to diversify their supply chains after the experience of bottlenecks during the coronavirus pandemic.

If successful, the corridor could benefit men like Adar Poonawalla whose Serum Institute of India is the world’s largest vaccine manufacturer.

It may however not all be smooth sailing.

Chabahar, located in the Iranian province of Sistan and Baluchistan, is not immune to the fallout of renewed Baloch nationalist violence in neighbouring Pakistan.

The violence, effecting investment in Gwadar, the Chinese backed port 70 kilometres down the coast in the Pakistani province of Balochistan, may give Chabahar a leg up but raises the spectre of proxy battles with Saudi Arabia and India suspected of supporting the nationalists for different reasons. Saudi support targets Iran while India’s focus is Pakistan, it’s longstanding nemesis.

In a further twist, Iran this week denied Indian media reports that it had dropped India as a partner in the development of a rail line from Chabahar to the border with Afghanistan because of delays in Indian funding.

Iran’s IRNA news agency, however, quoted Farhad Montaser, an official of the country’s Ports and Maritime Organization, as saying that Iran and India had failed to agree on Indian participation in developing Chabahar’s railway infrastructure during the original talks that secured Indian support for the port.

This would have included a 1,000-kilometre line to Sarakhs on the Iranian border with Turkmenistan. Iran has said it would fund the construction of railway infrastructure.

Indian analysts said in interviews that the government in Delhi had put participation by a state-owned Indian infrastructure company on the backburner because it may violate harsh US economic sanctions against Iran.

"We are very much in the game, but progress is slow due to the current political environment," India’s Zeenews quoted government sources as saying.

That offers Gulf states at best temporary consolation. Uncertainty about the outcome of the November election in the United States that could sweep presumptive Democratic presidential candidate Joe Biden into office holds out the prospect of an administration that would be more critical of Saudi policies and more willing to return to negotiations with Iran.

Dr. James M. Dorsey is an award-winning journalist and a senior fellow at Nanyang Technological University’s S. Rajaratnam School of International Studies in Singapore. He is also a senior research fellow at the National University of Singapore’s Middle East Institute and co-director of the University of Wuerzburg’s Institute of Fan Culture in Germany.

#iran #Russia #india #indian ocean #Eurasia #Egypt #suez #middle east

[uss-edsall]

[Kain] spent a day visiting RAF Old Sarum to instruct army co-operation pilots in the appropriate action for a Lysander when intercepted by a single-seat fighter, specifically the Bf 109. . .One of those present was Pilot Officer C. Foxley-Norris (later Air Vice-Marshal Sir Christopher) who recalled with irony that the pilot who questioned Kain most probingly was the one who needed the answers the most – he was last seen a few months later in a Lysander being chased by twelve Bf 109s.

Cobber Kain, by Michael Burns

Three Lysander Mark Is, L4721, L4728 and L4715, of No. 208 Squadron RAF, based at Heliopolis, Egypt, entering a starboard turn after flying over the Suez Canal. © IWM (CM 5)

#World War II #Westland Lysander #Cobber Kain

[auskultu]

TUESDAY, NOVEMBER 7, 1967

King Hussein of Jordan said yesterday that his statements on the Middle East situation also represented, in effect, the opinions of President Gamal Abdel Nasser of the United Arab Republic. The King has said the Arab world could offer Israel recognition of its right "to live in peace and security” and free passage through the Suez Canal and the Gulf of Aqaba. 

North Vietnam’s largest military supply area, three miles from the center of Hanoi, was bombed for the first time. Air Force, pilots from Korat Air Base in Thailand were credited with shooting down two MIG-17’s in the action.

Justice Potter Stewart declared that the Supreme Court should look into the legality of America’s military hostilities in Vietnam. Justice William O. Douglas had previously said the court should not shrink from hearing cases touching on the legality of the war. The two dissented as the court refused to hear the appeal of three soldiers who refused to go to Vietnam because they said the war is illegal and they could be held guilty as war criminals if they participated in it. The Supreme Court also declared unconstitutional Maryland’s loyalty oath for state employes.

Secretary of Defense Robert S. McNamara has authorized an increase in National Guard strength of 12,000 men who will be available for riot control duty. 

Sargent Shriver threatened to resign as director of the Office of Economic Opportunity if the antipoverty agency is not given the funds to do a substantial job. He did not mention a specific dollar figure. 

LeRoi Jones, the Negro playwright, and two Negro co-defendants were found guilty in Morristown, N. J., of illegally possessing weapons during the Newark riots. 

#jordan #king hussein #middle east #eygpt #Vietnam war #air war #bombing #supreme court #robert mcnamara #national guard #law and order #sargent shriver #great society #war on poverty #Leroi jones #1967 #1960s #sixties #60s

[newstfionline]

The boycott of Qatar is hurting its enforcers

The Economist, Oct 19th 2017

ABU DHABI AND DUBAI--The largest insurer in the Gulf should have taken out a policy on itself. Last year Qatar Insurance collected about 110m rials ($30m) in premiums from its Abu Dhabi office. But in September it announced that, because of a diplomatic dispute, the United Arab Emirates (UAE) would not renew its business licence, forcing it to close its branch in the Emirati capital. Its stock price has fallen by 30% since the beginning of the summer.

It has been more than four months since Saudi Arabia, the UAE, Bahrain and Egypt closed their borders and cut diplomatic ties with Qatar. The so-called quartet wants the little gas-rich emirate to stop supporting Islamist groups, including the Muslim Brotherhood, and to shut down Al Jazeera, the Arab world’s most popular broadcaster, which Qatar sponsors. The dispute has become personal, with diplomats hurling insults in Cairo last month. Officials in Doha, the Qatari capital, expect it will drag on for years.

Qatar can weather it, but at a steep price. Its government injected some $39bn into the Qatari economy from its reserves of $340bn, reckons Moody’s, a ratings agency. Last year other Gulf countries accounted for almost half of tourists to Qatar. Arrivals from them have fallen by more than 70% since June. Hotel-occupancy rates were about 50% this summer, some ten percentage points less than a year ago. Trade has slumped.

But the boycott is also hurting others across the Gulf, including some of the countries that imposed it. Particularly hard-hit is Dubai, a services hub for the region. Qatari firms that do business in the UAE all use local partners, and many are feeling the pain. One public-relations executive says her firm is discussing layoffs after losing a Qatari contract. Estate agents say the crisis will also hit Dubai’s property market: Qataris bought about $500m-worth of property there last year alone.

South of Dubai’s glittering skyscrapers lies Jebel Ali, the busiest port in the region. It handles more than a third of cargoes in the Gulf and, before the boycott, 85% of shipborne cargo for Qatar. Neighbours have long wanted to grab its market share. In September Qatar opened a new $7.4bn port, years in the making, that allows shippers to bypass the UAE altogether. Saudi Arabia is building a port on its west coast, near Jeddah, just south of the Suez canal. The blockade will accelerate this shift from Dubai. Qatar Navigation, a shipping conglomerate, is moving its regional hub from the UAE to Oman, which has not joined the boycott. Its trade with Qatar grew by 2,000% this summer. Traffic at its port, Salalah, is up 29%.

The blockade is also weakening the six-country Gulf Co-operation Council (GCC), of which Qatar, Saudi Arabia and the UAE are members. Although it was never much of a political union, it had at least allowed goods and people to move freely across borders. But the boycott has upended that.

It is also, ironically, rewarding the GCC’s biggest rival. Trade between Qatar and Iran was $98m last year. Iranian exports to Qatar grew by about 60% this summer. With Saudi airspace closed, scores of Qatar Airways flights now arc over Iran each day. The airline pays a hefty overflight fee for each one. “If the crisis goes on for years, we’re talking about hundreds of millions of dollars in new revenue for Tehran,” says an economist in Dubai.

#Qatar #Qatar boycott #UAE #Dubai

[1baddmouthcrown]

1918 January 5 British Prime Minister David Lloyd George outlines British War aims, endorsing "the general principle of national self determination" as applicable to the conquered German colonies in Africa.

January 8 President Woodrow Wilson addresses Congress and makes his Fourteen Points speech.

February In Antigua, groups if cane cutters begin to organise strikes on at least 4 estates; planters appeal to the acting governor.

February A 2nd split occurs in the leadership of the UNIA in New York.

March 3 Garvey is hospitalized with pneumonia.

The new Soviet Government of Russia signs the Treaty of Brest-Litovsk with Germany end the war between Russia and the Central powers and annex's 1,300,000 square miles (3,400,000 km2) of territory and 62 million people.

March 8-9 Following an outbreak of cane fires on a sugar estate near Antigua's capital, St. Johns, police attempt to arrest the suspected arsonist, but a large crowd provents the capture of the ringleaders and resists all subsequentl attempts to arrest the men. The Antigua Defense Force fires directly into the crowd, killing 2 men and wounding 14 rioters, including 4 women.

May Newton and the Brown brothers establish an Antigua branch of the UUU, also known as the "Johannes Society" or "Johannes League," catalyzing an upsurge of racial consciousness on the island, especially among the Antiguan laboring population. Police reports indicate membership is well over 1, 000 people, including women and domestic servants.

June 3 The BOI receives a report that Garvey speaks nightly at outdoor meeting on Lenox Avenue in Harlem.

June 24-29 Harrison l serves as chairman for the Negro American Liberty Congress in Washington D.C., co-headed by Monroe Trotter.

June Du Bois publishes his “Close Ranks” pro war essay.

July 26 With the arrival of the Fourteenth Battalion in the Suez Canal Zone, a draft of 500 officers and men from the first three battalions of the BWIR are ordered to East Africa as part of the East African Expeditionary Force at Mombasa, British East Africa (modern day Kenya).

July Publication of Constitution and Book of Laws Made for the Government of the Universal Negro Improvement Association and African Communities League.

August 17 Garvey on his birthday founds the Negro World weekly newspaper and begins holding UNIA meetings at Palace Casino Theater 135th Street Madison Avenue.

August 4 Randolph and Owen attend Social Party leader Walter Bronstrup’s meeting in Cleveland as part of their anti war speaking tour. 

Bronstrup sells copies of the July issue of the Messenger magazine in the crowd when a Justice Department official from the Bereau of investigation (present day Federal Bereau of Investigation) purchases a copy of the issue, breaks up the meeting and arrest’s Randolph and Owen to be investigated for trail on the charge of violating the 1917 Espionage Act. “unlawfully, knowingly and feloniously, the United States being then and there at war with the Imperial German Government, willfully print and cause to be printed, publish and cause to be published, circulated, in a certain language intended to incite, provoke and incur resistance to the United States and to promote the cause of its enemies in a certain publication known as the Messenger.”

Randolph and Owen are held for two days in jail before being being brought to trial where the Judge disputes their authorship based on account of their color and age and just simply refuses to credit the young men with having written the material themselves, similarly in the cases of the teenage poet Phyllis Wheatly and the authorship of her poems in 18th century and in with Frederick Douglass’s autobiography in the 19th century.

The judge suggests that Randolph and Owen had most likely been used by white socialists who had written the. September 19 The Overman Committee is authorized by Senate Resolution 307 to investigate charges against the United States Brewers Association (USBA) and allied interests. A. Mitchell Palmer testify as being guilty by association. Harrison and the American Federation of Labor submit petition to the U. S. Congress for federal anti-lynching legislation. 

Howell becomes cook on U.S. Marine transport. October 6 Ashwood travels from Panama to the U.S. October 28 Howell travels to New York aboard the S. S. Metapan.

October About 6, 000 "silver" workers in Panama strike to protest deteriorating conditions. Panamanian President Ramon Valdez, under military threat by U.S. Canal Governor Chester Harding, puts down the strikes with prohibitions and arrests. 5 days later, Harding agrees to investigate strikers complaints.

November 7 Postal consorship authorities intercept parcal mailed by Garvey containing “twelve copies of an appeal to the racial instinct of the negroes (calculated to incite hatred for the white race).”

November 8 Armistice is signed.

November 10-11 The UNIA formulates and sends “Peace Aims” to Allied governments.

December 1 The UNIA elects delegation to attend the Versailles peace conference in Paris. The 20 year old Haitian Elizier Cadet at UNIA meeting is elected interpreter and main negotiator, ‘high commissioner’ to the Versailles Peace Conference to present the UNIA’s resolutions that Germanys confiscated African colonies to be governed by Negroes educated in America and Europe, directly to Clemenceau himself. Cadet had previously written a letter to the Negro World U.S. military occupation in Haiti. 

Randolph and Wells are also elected as delegates to the conference but refused are passports and visas.

November 11 The allied powers and Germany sign an armistice requiring Germany to evacuate their troops from Belgium, France and Luxembourg by November 26.

December 9 Emmett J. Scott special assistant to the secretary of war, interviews Garvey in Washington D.C. at request of Military Intelligence Division.

December Panama "silver" workers win an 11℅ wage increase.

Du Bois and Moton sail to France on the Orizaba. December The German Board of Public Health reports 763, 000 German civilians as having died during the 5 year blockade of Germany by the Allied Powers.

December Poland begin fighting in the Prussian province of Posen.

1919 January 18 the Versailles Peace Conference is held in Paris, France on the anniversary of the proclamation of William I as Emperor of Germany in the Hall of Mirror at the palace of Versailles.  The "Big Four" Prime Ministers of Britain David Lloyd George, Italy Prime Minster Vittorio Emmanuel Orlando, France Georges Clemenceau and U. S. President Woodrow Wilson take lead of the conference, meet 145 closed sessions at which they make the necessary decisions which are ratified by the assembly and also decide on the matter of the creation of the League of Nations and the Treaty of Versailles.  Du Bois with the help of Blaise Diagne, Senegalese deputy to the National French Assembly arranges for the First Pan African Congress to be held in Paris.

Cadet as reported by the presents the UNIAS resolutions directly to Clemenceau himself. Cadet also approaches the editor of the newspapers of the Liberal La Matin with and camps outside the offices of La Presse and L’Instansigeant newspapers approaching their editors with articles who only but promise to publish them.

June 28 The Treaty of Versailles is signed on the anniversary of the assassination of the Archduke Franz Ferdinand heir to the Austria-Hubgary throne by the Bosnian Serb Gavrilo Princip . Article 231 of the Treaty of Versailles also known as the War Guilt clause, lays the responsibility of war on the aggression of Germany and her allies and "Germany to accept the responsibility of Germany and her allies for causing all the loss and damage" imposing Germany to pay reparations, America and Britain agree to alliance with France in the case of another attack from Germany France to occupation Rhineland for 15 years and Germany to demilitarize the Rhineland.

Article 22 of the treaty territories as League of Nations mandates by Allied states and 119 Germany to renounce sovereignty over they're former colonies Germanys colonies in Africa Tanganika are transferred to Britain, German Cameroon and Togoland to France, Ruanda and Urundi Burundi to Belgium, South Africa determined as the mandate for German South West Africa, Namibia, the colony Kionga Triangle in northern Mozambique to Portugal. Article 156 of the Treaty of Versailles Transfer's German concessions in Jiaozhou Bay and Shandong Kihaochow, China to Japan although Koo insisted that Shandong be, the Pacific Islands north of the equator, the Marshall Islands (Micronesia, Mariana Islands and the Carolines) are determined as class C mandate administered by Japan, Japan also present their Racial Equality proposal clause league covenant.

The Pacific Islands south of the equator, New Guinea to Australia and German Samoa to New Zealand.

The Japanese delegation is by former Prime minister Saeonji Kinmochi Marquis, the Australian delegation by Prime minister Billy Hughes. German Samoa New Zealand. January 21 Seattle Shipyard Strike 35, 000 workers go on strike. Unions in Seattles shipbuilding industry demand pay increase for unskilled workers, the yard owners offer to give a pay increase to skilled workers, the union reject the offer and go on strike. February 3 Zionist movement present their draft resolutions for Palestine to the Versailles Peace Conference in Paris. February 4 United States Senate passes Senator Thomas J. Walsh’s Senate Resolution 439 expanding the Lee Slater Overman Judiciary Subcommittee's investigation to include "any efforts being made to propagate in this country the principles of any party exercising or claiming to exercise any authority in Russia and any efforts to incite the overthrow of the Government of this country.". February 6 to 11 Seattle, Washington General Strike. Head of Emergency Fleet Corporation sends telegram mistakenly to the Metal Trades Council union rather than Metal Trades Association issuing warning that in the case of the workers contracts will be withdrawn, the workers appeal to Seattle Central Labor Council for the strike. General Strike Committee is formed by to provide essential services throughout the city during the strike, Army Veterans also form the Labor War Veterans Guard to ensure order throughout the city although arrests where half the number and no one was arrested in regards to the strike.  “RUSSIA DID IT” pamphlet SHIPYARD WORKERS You let the shipyards to enforce your demands for higher wages. Without you your employers are helpless. Without you they cannot make one cent of profit  their whole system of robbery has collapsed.

The shipyards are idle; the toilers have withdrawn even tho the owners of the yards are still there. Are your masters building ships? No, Without your labor power it would take all the shipyard employers of Seattle and Tacoma working eight hours a day the next thousand years to turn out one ship. Of what use are they in the shipyards?

It is you and you alone who build the ships; you create all the wealth of society today; you make possible the $75, 000 sable, coats for millionaires’ wives. It is you alone who can build the ships.

They cant build the ships. You can. Why don’t you?

There are the shipyards; more ships are urgently needed; you alone can build them. If the masters continue their dog in the manger attitude, not able to build the ships themselves and not allowing the workers to, there is only one thing left for you to do.

Take over the management of the shipyards yourselves; make the shipyards you own; make the jobs your own; decide the working conditions yourselves; decide your wages yourselves.

In Russia the masters refused to give their slaves a living wage too, The Russian workers out aside the bosses and their tool, the Russian government and took over industry in their own interest.

There is only one way out; a nationwide general strike with its object the overthrow of the present rotten system which produces thousands of millionaires and millions of paupers each year.

The Russians have shown you the way out. What are you going to do about it? You are doomed to wage slavery till you die unless you wake up, realize that you and the boss have not one thing in common, that the employing class must be overthrown, and that you, the workers, must take over the control of your jobs, and thru them, the control over your lives instead of offering yourselves up to the masters as a sacrifice six days a week, so that they may coin profits out of your sweat and toil.

Mayor Hanson police and military ensure order federal troops,  Hanson stations 950 sailors and marines in the city.  February 7 Hanson 600 hires men to the police force and hires 2, 400 deputies. February 8 The American Federation of Labor who Harrison in the previous year had worked with, along with international labor organizations call on the General Strike Committee’s executive committee to bring the strike to an end by midnight but are voted against.  February 9 Mayor Hanson “sympathetic strike was called in the exact manner as was the revolution in Petrograd”. February 10 The General Strike Committee vote agreeing to end the strike bringing it to an end the next day. February 11 Senate Overman Judiciary Subcommittee hold a month of hearings.  39 Industrial Workers of the World members arrested on suspicion of being ringleaders of anarchy. 

Pvt. Henry Johnson nicknamed “Black Death” using his broken rifle as a club and Pvt. Needham Roberts with a 9 inch bolo knife defeat a 24 German patrol in France. 

February 17 the 369th infantry (old 15th National Guard) nicknamed the Harlem Hell fighters by the German parade, marching up Fifth Avenue at 61st Street from the Washington Square Park Arch uptown and west on 110th Street and then onto Lenox Avenue and march into Harlem.

Soldiers of the 369th (15th N.Y.), awarded the Croix de Guerre for gallantry in action, 1919.  Pvt. Ed Williams, Herbert Taylor, Pvt. Leon Fraitor, Pvt. Ralph Hawkins, Sgt. H. D. Prinas, Sgt. Dan Storms, Pvt. Joe Williams, Pvt. Alfred Hanley, and Cpl. T. W. Taylor.

February 19-21 Pan African Congress organized by Du Bois is held in Paris.

February 23 The Third Irish Race Convention is held in Philadelphia with 6, 000 Irish American in attendance.

February 21 Garvey appeals to the U.S. Congress to reject ratification of the League of Nations.

The UNIA opens a restaurant in Harlem.

The Negro World is banned in British Honduras (Belize) by the acting governor, the governor of Trinidad orders seizure of the Negro World on grounds that it is seditious. Garvey and the UNIA establish the first of the their Liberty Halls at the previous building of the Metropolitan Baptist Tabernacle on 114 West 138th Street, New York City.  Military Intelligence Division Officer the African American Major Walter Howard Loving lists the Negro World as being Probable Bolshevik Propaganda and Supported by German or Bolshevik money. 

March 1 Cadet UNIA high commissioner to the peace conference arrives in Paris. March 9 Cadet delivers the UNIA’s “Peace Aims” to the president and secretary of the peace conference, with requests that they be published.

UNIA meeting in New York hears “Report of the ‘Negro High Commissioner’ at the Peace Conference.”

March 26 Garvey denounces Du Bois at public meeting in Harlem after receiving cable from France from Cadet.

April bombings.

35 dynamite filled bombs are sent to politicians, justice officials, newspaper editors and businessmen.

BOI Department of Justice field agent Rayme Weston Finch who was investigate Galleanists and also led raid on the offices of the Galleanist publication Crondall Sovversiva and arrested two Gallenists was one of the recipients of one of these bombs.

Seattle’s Mayor Ole Hanson also is among the recipients of the bombs. The package is opened at the wrong end by his office staff member, William Langer and the bottle of sulphuric acid that was designed to be released by a coil after being opened at the right end, drops onto a table without detonating. The bottle was meant to drip onto the three fulminate of mercury blasting caps and detonate the dynamite. Langer then takes the bomb to the police, the police notify the Post Office and other police agencies.

April 29 Georgia Senator Thomas W. Hardwick, who had co sponsored the anti radical immigration act of 1918, also receives one of the bombs which was opened by his housekeeper and blows off her hands, the senator’s wife’s face and neck were severely burnt and a piece of shrapnel also cuts her lip and loosens several of her teeth.

The news reports the Hardwick incident and details its packaging and a worker at the post office recalls 16 packages which he had put aside for insufficient postage. Another 12 bombs are also identified before being delivered.  

Among the others who the bombs were intended for were also Lee Slater Overman, A. Mitchell Palmer and Businessman John D Rockefeller.

April 27 Garvey announces his plan to launch a black steamship venture.

May British Guiana censor seizes copies of the Negro World.

June 6 Trinidad attorney general recommends that the British colonial secretary approve passage of legislation by West Indian colonies to suppress publications deemed seditious.

Police officers turn up at the UNIA headquarters with a search warrant after an anonymous tip of that from the office of the Negro World.  Senator Clayton Riley Lusk committee/Joint Legislative Committee to Investigate Seditious Activities turn up at Garveys Carnegie Hall meeting with bomb squad. BOI Department of Justice J. Edgar Hoover notes the Harlem offices of the Negro World and the Messenger as being the Russian organ of Bolshevism in New York. Garvey papers II page 674. 642 of the Russian organ of Bolshevik from one memo J Edgar Hoover special assistant to Attorney General to Frank Burke Washington D.C. August 12 1919 Garvey papers I page 480. May Day in Boston, Police attempt to stop unpermitted march, fight for socialist Soviet Union Red Flags, one policeman is fatally stabbed and the socialist HQ attacked by mob with 114 arrested. At the Russian Peoples House social club, soldiers burn printed material and force emigrants to sing Star Spangled Banner. Cleveland, Ohio leftists protest the imprisonment of Debs and promoting the campaign of Charles Ruthenberg as the socialist candidate for Mayor March, Nationalist group Victory Loanworkers try to block march, Ruthenbergs HQ is attacked by a mob, police mount with trucks and tanks, one of which was driven into a crowd, 2 dead, 40 injured and 116 arrested.

Davis recites Dunbars “Little Brown Baby with the Sparkling eyes” to parents and their children as well as Gods chillun at UNIA meeting in the Palace Casino, 135th Street and Madison Avenue. June 2 8 bombs are detonated in 8 cities. The bombs are delivered to the houses of the Mayor of Cleveland Harry L Davis; Pittsburgh’s Federal Judge W. H. S. Thompson; Immigration Chief W. W. Sibray; Massachusetts State Representative Leland Powers; Judge Charles C. Nott of New York; Attorney General A. Mitchell Palmer. New York City night watchman William Boehner is killed by a bomb and Carlo William Valdinoa, follower of Italian Luigi Galleani, previously an editor of the Galleanist publication Cronaca Sovversiva whilst delivering a bomb to Palmer,  porch and his bomb detonates, leaving his body parts on Palmers lawn.   

One of Valdinoci’s body parts lands on the doorstep of Assistant Secretary of the Navy Fanklin Delano Roosevelt, he and his wife Eleanor had just walked past Palmers house only a few minutes before.

The bombs contained copies of a pink flyer “Plain words” on which the follow was written:

War, Class war, and you were the first to wage it under the cover of the powerful institutions you call order, in the darkness of your laws. There will have to be bloodshed; we will not dodge; there will have to be murder: we will kill, because it is necessary; there will have to be destruction; we will destroy to rid the world of your tyrannical institutions.

The bombs are traced to the printing shop of anarchist’s typesetter Andrea Salsedo and compositor Roberto Elia. Salsedo committs suicide and Elia is offered to be spared deportation in exchange for information about the Galleanist organization but declines.

June 14 Garvey William Bridges speaker corner in Harlem.

The Negro World publishes a list of the names of subscribers their donations to the BSL.

June 15 The Overman committee report by Major Edwin Cowry Humes is reproduced by The New York Times.

June 16 Garvey is questioned by New York Assistant District Attorney Edwin P. Kilroe about financial aspects of the Black Star Line.

June 18 Copies of the Negro World are seized by the colonial authorities in Trinidad.

June 20 Executive Council in British Guiana instructs postmaster general to prohibit importation of the Negro World and other black American newspapers.

June 21 The Senator Lusk Committee raid office of Industrial Workers of the World and Rand school of Social Science for radical propaganda and at Rand School sieze “Socialism Imperilled, or the Negro a Potential menace to American radicalism” article by Domingo the then editor of the Negro World who in 1910 served as second secretary assistant working alongside with Garvey as first secretary assistant back at the National Club in Kingston, Jamaica.  The Rand School is also prosecuted for alleged violation of the Espionage Act for publishing Scott Nearing’s “The Great Madness,” radical anti-militarist pamphlet.  June 27 Garvey and the UNIA files the incorporation of the Black Star Line steam shipping line as a Deleware state corporation. 

July 8 Belizean soldiers of the British West India Regiment return from the Mesopotamia.

July 12 The BOI requests the New York division to forward all information on Garvey and also instructs Chicago division to observe closely activities of Garvey and other “negro radicals.” July 22 Riot in British Honduras (Belize). Hundreds of people including soldiers begin rioting, looting in town. 

According to Jamie Bisher Sergeant H.H. Vernon and Lance Corporal Rufus Hall had led the riot and Sergeant Major P.H.E. McDonald and Lance Corporal Samuel Alfred Haynes helped to suggested that convene a Contingent Committee in a theatre where they drew up demands to present to the colonial governor Hutson.

In the same year Haynes had also written a letter to Belize Independent complaining about the treatment by the British soldiers in Egypt in 1916. The Belizean soldiers, tired and hungry upon their arrival at the camp, were singing “Rule Britannia” when British soldiers demanded, “who gave you n authority to sing that? Clear out of this building only British troops admitted here” (Hutson to Milner, 1916 July 30, TNA: PRO CO 123/295/108634; Peter David Ashdown, “Race, Class and the Unofficial Majority in British Honduras 1890-1949″ [Ph.D. diss., University of Sussex, 1979], pp. 144-147; W. F. Elkins, “A Source of Black Nationalism in the Carribean: The Revolt of the British West Indies Regiment at Taranto, Italy,” Science and Society 35, no. 1 [spring 1970]: 99-103; Peter David Ashdown, “The Background to the Ex-Servicemen’s Riot of 1919,” Belcast Journal of Belizean Affiars 2, no. 2 [December 1985]; Peter David Ashdown, “Coup d’Etat; Riot of 1919, “Belcast Journal of Belizean Afiars 3, nos. 1-2 [June 1986];Glenford Howe, Race, War, and Nationalism: A Social History of West Indians in the First World War [Kingston: Ian Randle , 2002], ppp. 181-189).

Two contingents of Belizeans had joined the BWIR (124 left British Honduras in November 1915 and 410 left in July 1916). One hundred members from the Belize detachments of the BWIR served with the Inland Water Transport Section of the Royal Engineers in Mesopotamia (Peter David Ashdown, Garveyism in Belize [Belize City: Society for the Promotion of Education and Research, 1990], p.13; Howe, Race, War, and Nationalism).

July 27 UNIA Liberty Hall is established  in the old Metropolitan Baptist Church in Harlem at 120 West 138th Street a mass meeting is held the same evening to dedicate the building.

July 27-31 Race Riot in Washington D.C. July 28 Garvey is with criminal libel, incarcerated at Tombs prison and later bailed for $3, 000 for his article in the Negro World Two Negro crooks use office of the Deputy District Attorney to save themselves from Jail.  Auditors had previously gone to the office of the District Attorney’s with unbalanced books Garvey returned summoned to the District Attorney in order to examine necessary legal requirements in which he set forth the accusation that District Attorney Warner and Grey

Domingo resigns as editor of the Negro World.

British colonial secretary instructs the governor of British Guiana to use his powers to supress publications “inciting to racist hatred”

August 1 J. Edgar Hoover Justice of Department BOI new division General Intelligence Division investigate groups.

August 2 Garvey dismisses Grey and Warner as BSL directors and officers.

The Negro World publishes editorial entitled “Two Negro Crooks Use Office of Deputy District Attorney Kilroe to Save Themselves from Jail.”

August 4 Kilroe swears out warrant for Garvey’s arrest on charge of publishing a criminal libel.

August 5 New York district attorney Edward Swann questions Garvey regarding relationships with the IWW, socialists and anarchists. 

August 6 The Acting governor of Jamaica orders the postmaster to open and detain all copies of the Negro World.

August 13 Attorney general requests the commissioner general of immigration to inquire into the case of Garvey, “relative to the institution of deportation proceedings against subject.”

August 15 The BOI instructs the New York division to immediately forward summary of its file on Garvey and to prepare “at the earliest moment a case for deportation.”

August 16 Attorney general is informed by commissioner general of immigration that the Bureau of Immigration has never instituted  a warrant of deportation against Garvey.

August 19 Legislation to ban the Negro World in the Windward Islands is advocated by the governor G. B. Haddon Smith.

The Governor of Grenada recommends to the British colonial secretary granting special executive power to West Indian governors to exclude newspapers considered seditious, such as the Negro World.

August 20 Copies of the Negro World are confiscated by the authorities in Port Limon, Costa Rica.

August 25 Garvey holds mass meeting at Carnaie Hall in New York. Hall Bahamian Joshua Cockburn Maritime Masters certificate.

August 28 Three indictments are filed again Garvey by the grand jury against Garvey charging him with criminal libel against Edwin P. Kilroe, Edgar Grey and Richard Warner.

August 29 Garvey is arraigned before court of General Sessions and committed briefly to the Tombs prison in N.Y . released pay $3, 000. Randolph President of National Brotherhood of Workers of America. A Red Summer. The Red Summer racial riots were a series of riots 38 which occurred between May and October 1919.

May 10 Charleston, South Carolina May 10 Sylvester, Georgia May 29 Putnam County, Georgia May 31 Monticello, Mississippi

June 13 New London, Connecticut June 13 Memphis, Tennessee June 27 Annapolis, Maryland June 27 Macon, Mississippi

July 3 Bisbee, Arizona July 5 Scranton, Pennsylvania July 6 Dublin, Georgia July 7 Philadelphia, Pennsylvania July 8 Coatesville, Pennsylvania July 9 Tuscaloosa, Alabama July 10 Longview, Texas July 11 Baltimore, Maryland July 15 Port Arthur, Texas July 19 Washington, D.C. July 21 Norfolk, Virginia July 23 New Orleans, Louisiana July 23 Darby, Pennsylvania July 26 Hobson City, Alabama July 27 Chicago, Illinois July 28 Newberry, South Carolina July 31 Bloomington, Illinois July 31 Syracuse, New York July 31 Philadelphia, Pennsylvania

August 4 Hattiesburg, Mississippi August 6 Texarkana, Texas August 21 New York City, New York August 30 Knoxville, Tennessee

September 28 Omaha, Nebraska October 1 Elaine, Arkansaswo

Mc Kay publishes his “If We Must Die” poem. 

September Davis records 7, 500 members of the UNIA in New York alone and branches in 25 states of Union.

September 3 Garvey pleads not guilty to the charge of criminal libel.

September 12 The Governor of British Guiana introduces the first reading of seditious publications bill. September 14 Garvey and the UNIA rechristen the tramp ship the S.S. Yarmouth the S.S. Frederick Douglass at 135th Street and North River in Harlem, the ship was previously used transport cotton and coal during World War I.

September 16 Garvey appears before New York Assistant District Attorney Kilroe for further questioning regarding BSL’s finances.

September 17 The BSL sign contract to pay $165, 000 for the S. S. Yarmouth.

September 19 Garvey initiates libel action against the Chicago Defender.

September 20 The BSL board of directors approve contract for the purchase of the S. S. Yarmouth.

September 22 and 23 The Black Star Line is going Over the Top STOCK WILL BE ON SALE AT THESE BIG MEETING The shares of the Black Star Line are sold at $5 and you can buy as many as you want and make money Hon. MARCUS GARVEY World Famed Negro Orator who has travelled the Work President of the Negro Universal Improvement Association and Managing Editor of the Negro World of New York will speak. ADMISSION FREE BE EARLY TO GET SEATS Beehive Printing Company, 2305 Seventh Avenue. N. Y. C. Grand Re Union AND RALLY OF THE Negro Peoples of the World OF AMERICA, AFRICAN, WEST INDIES CANADA CENTRAL AND SOUTH AMERICA AT THE PEOPLE’S CHURCH Corner 15th and Christian Streets PHILADELPHIA Monday Night, September 22nd, Tuesday Night September 23rd, 1919 At 8:30 Sharp A RALLY FOR The Black Star Line Steamship CORPORATION STAGED BY THEE UNIVERSAL NEGRO IMPROVEMENT ASSOCIATION.

Robert A Abbot in his weekly newspaper the Chicago Defender compares Garvey and the Black Star Line to Chief Alfred Charles Sam.

28th September Garvey, Reverend Eason, Amy Ashwood and Henrietta Davis travels to South Side, Chicago, Illinos for meetings at the 8th Regiment Armoury the home of the all Negro infantry. Garvey approached by private detective from Keystone Detective Agency, hired by Robert Abbott editor of the Chicago Defender, arrested by detective George Friend of the Chicago Constabulary on violation of the Blue Sky Law for not having a license to sell stock in the state and taken to Harrison police station.

September 29 Robert S. Abbott, publisher of the Chicago Defender counters by bringing libel action against Garvey.

October 1 St. Vincent passes ordinance prohibiting importation of the Negro World.

The Saint Vincent Gazette anyone bringing the Negro World into the colony will serve six months prison sentence with the possibly of hard labor.  

October 2 Garvey is convicted in Harrison Street Court in Chicago on Blue Sky violation and fined £100.

Garvey leaves to Chicago to return to New York. 11 October memorandum from J Edgar Hoover to special agent Ridgely, Washington, D.C. MEMORANDUM FOR MR. RIDGELY.  I am transmitting herewith a communication which has come to my attention from the Panama Canal, Washington office, relative to the activities of Marcus Garvey. Garvey is a West-Indian negro and in addition to his activities in endeavoring to establish the Black Star Line Steamship Corporation he has also been particularly active among the radical elements in New York City in agitating the negro movement. Unfortunately, however, he has not as yet violated any federal law whereby he could be proceeded against on the grounds of being an undesirable alien, from the point of view of deportation. It occurs to me, however, from the attached clipping that there might be some proceeding against him for fraud in connection with his Black Star Line propaganda and for this reason I am transmitting the communication to you for your appropriate attention.  The following is a brief statement of Marcus Gravey and his activities: Subject a native of the West Indies and one of the most prominent negro agitators in New York;  He is a founder of the Universal Negro Improvement Association and African Communities League;  He is the promulgator of the Black Star Line and is the managing editor of the Negro World;  He is an exceptionally fine orator, creating much excitement among the negroes through his steamship proposition;  In his paper the “Negro World” the Soviet Russian Rule is upheld and there is open advocation of Bolshevism.  Respectfully, J. E. Hoover. October 14 Garvey is shot by George Tyler with a 38 Caliber at brownstone offices 135th Street, Ashwood and put themselves in the line of fire.

October 15 Tyler commits suicide, he was also the only witness for the criminal libel charge against Garvey. October 19-21 Garvey speaks at Philadelphia Peoples Church for the third time in the year.

October 20 Memorandum of agreement signed between North American Steamship Company and BSL for the sale of the S. S. Yarmouth.

October 23-26 The UNIA hold mass meetings in Newport News, Virginia.

October 30 The UNIA hold a mass meeting in Madison Square Gardens, Manhattan to raise funds for the Black Star Line at which the Lusk Committee intelligence reports 6, 000 in attendance.

October 31 Thousands turn up at 135th Street pier to see the Black Star Lines first ship the 30 year old tramp ship SS Yarmouth rechristened the SS Frederick Douglass.

October Costa Rica prohibits the circulation of the Negro World.

November 1 Garvey appoints Joshua Cockburn commander of the S. S. Yarmouth.

November Palmer along with the police from the local forces in 12 cities raid anarchist group Union of Russian Workers, in order that they might arrest and deport.

Louis Freeland Post at the Labour Department refuses to deport Garvey due to lack of sufficient grounds on which to do so. non radicals who just happened to be there such aligned. November 19 The BOI employs its first full time African American agent James Wormley Jones, agent 800 to infiltrate the U.N.I.A.  Jones previously served in the 268th infantry of the 42nd division in Philippines.  Dr. Arthur Lysses Craig Special Agent CC. 

November 23 The Yarmouth leaves for the West Indies and Central America. December Du Bois in the Crisis covers lynching in Omana, Nebraska.

December 7 The S. S. Yarmouth leaves Cuba for Jamaica.

December 10 Edward D. Smith Green, Secretary of the BSL is shot during robbery and his pregnant wife dies from shock.

Green from Guiana, an accountant and 1 of the 13 founding members of the New York division of the UNIA had been working in an ammunition factory in Trenton, New Jersey when called upon by Garvey who employed him as the Secretary of the Black Star Line.

The S. S. Yarmouth arrives in Kingston.

December 14 Davis and Cyril Henry visit Panama.

December 21 249 immigrants are deported on the USS Buford the Soviet Ark.  December 25 Xmas day Garvey marries Ashwood.  Marcus and Amy putting business before pleasure travel to Canada spending their two week honeymoon there hold three UNIA meetings in Toronto and two in Montreal.  1920 Vivian Seay establishes the Belize branch of the Universal African Black Cross Nurses. 

Garvey incorporates the Negro Factories League. Seay conducts survey infant and maternal mortality and recruits nurse trainees. The only white crew members on the Yarmouth, the Chief engineer and Chief Officer steer the ship to Lay Sal bank, send out SOS and give order to abandon ship whilst Cockburn is asleep with life belts and life boats also issued.  At Saguala La Grange, Cuba the Stevedores at the port purchase £250 shares from the crew of the Yarmouth. Garvey and Green without Cockburn charter the Yarmouth at the rate of $11, 000 as opposed to $100, 000 with outstanding repairs amounting to $11, 000 and also fail to include a limited indemnity clause in their contract with the Green River Distillery making their liability to the company unlimited in the case of any breach of terms. January 13 arrested in raids await deportation hearings on Ellis Island. January 16 U.S prohibition deadline.  Cockburn receives $2, 000 commission from Green River Distillery to ensure the sail of the Yarmouth and to load it.  January 15 The Yarmouth just in the nick of time sail from the U. S. to Havana, Cuba with 20, 000 cases of whiskey, 500 cases of champagne and 350 barrels of wine 500 cases of whisky, the Yarmouth is caught in a storm off the coast of Cape May, with the cargo having shifted in its Hull making its starboard list heavy, Cockburn orders 500 cases of whisky to be thrown aboard in order to prevent the ship from capsizing, radio’s the coast guard, 101 miles outside New York Harbor and is towed back to New York and anchored on the statue of liberty.   The Yarmouth arrives in Cuba during shoremans strike without a demurrage clause to pay a fine of thousands of dollars for ever single day after 32 days when the cargo is unloaded.  Chief Officer Hugh Mulzac and UNIA delgation meet President Menocal who gives them a banquet at his palace.  In Colon, Panama thousands turn up to welcome the crew of the Yarmouth with gifts of fruits and vegetables, the Yarmouth also carries 500 Caribbean laborers to Cuba. The Yarmouth makes a ceremonial stop at Bocas del Toro in Costa Rica. In Kingston, Jamaica the Yarmouth pick up cargo of 700 tons of coconuts which rot on ceremonial detour to Boston. Du Bois publishes the first of his three autobiographies Darkwater: Voices From Within the Veil containing his “The Damnation of Women” and also publishes The Brownies Book monthly children’s magazine co founded by Augustus Granvil Dill and Jesse Redmon Fauset.

January Harrison becomes editor of the Negro World and also contributes to the Declaration of Rights of Negro People’s of the World.

February 3 U.S. Prohibition agents S. S. Yarmouth cargo.

February 5 The S. S. Yarmouth is allowed to sail for Cuba. The Black Star Line place $10, 000 down payment on the $35, 000 steam paddle ship SS Shadyside.

March Garvey seperates from Ashwood.

March 13 BSL file suit against George W. Harris and New York News Publishing Company for libel.

March 25 The BSL files suit again W. A. Domingo and New Negro Publishing Company for Libel.

March 28 Garvey addresses Liberty Hall meeting on Enemies of His Organisation.

April 9 Garvey Sr. dies in Jamaica.

April 11 The UNIA hold a meeting at which John E. Bruce, Joseph Douglass and Arthur Schomburg speak.

April 22 The BSL’s S. S. Shadyside Hudson River.

April 19 Trinidad passes amendment prohibiting the importation of Negro World.

April Palmer Cabinet meeting Secretary of Labor fire Post.

$60, 000 SS Kanawha.

British Cabinet office files D. Shirley S.G. Kpakpa Quartey merchant Gold Coast commander of the Universal African Legion.

May 1 Palmer prediction.

May 5-7 Garvey speaks in Cleveland.

The S. S. Yarmouth arrives in Philadelphia.

May 7 Post House Rules Committee Edward W Poll congressman and democrat. May 28 The American Civil Liberties Union publish report upon the illegal practices of the United States Department of Justice. 

The first chapter of the Black Cross Nurse in Philadelphia.

June 7 The opening of BSL vs Robert S. Abbot publishing company.

June 10 Ashwood claims Garvey abandoned her.

June 19 The BSL win libel suit against Chicago Defender.

June 20 Abyssinian Riot in Chicago.

June 21-23 Garvey speak in Philadelphia.

June 25-26 Garvey speaks in Pittsburgh.

June 27 The streamer Yarmouth arrives in Port au Prince, Haiti, from Havana, Cuba.

June 28 St. Lucia passes seditious publications ordinance.

July 15 Garvey bring suit for annulment against Ashwood.

July 16 Garvey invites Du Bois to allow himself to be nominated for the position of leader of negro people of America at UNIA’s August convention however Du Bois refuses.

July 24-25 Garvey speaks in Washing D. C. 

July 26 The first annual  BSL stockholders meeting is held and the U. S. shipping board sale of the S. S. Kanawha approved.

July 31 The Negro World announces the dismissal of Cockburn and Smith Green.

The BSL steamer Yarmouth leave Port au Prince, Haiti, for Kingston, Jamaica.

August 1 The first Universal Negro Improvement Association International Convention Of Negroes Of The World opens. was held for the whole duration of the month of August in Madison Square Gardens, New York City. It was at this convention that the Bill of Rights the Declaration of Rights of the Negro Peoples of the World was drafted and adopted. https://tmblr.co/Z9elId2ORVqcw

10. We protest against segregated districts, separate public conveyances, industrial discrimination, lynchings and limitations of political privileges of any Negro citizen in any part of the world on account of race, color or creed, and will exert our full influence and power against all such.

12. Against all such inhuman, unchristian and uncivilized treatment we here and now emphatically protest, and invoke the condemnation of all mankind.

17. Whereas the lynching, by burning, hanging or any other means, of human beings is a barbarous practice and a shame and disgrace to civilization, we therefore declare any country guilty of such atrocities outside the pale of civilization.

24. We believe in the doctrine of the freedom of the press, and we therefore emphatically protest against the suppression of Negro newspapers and periodicals in various parts of the world, and call upon Negroes everywhere to employ all available means to prevent such suppression.

25. We further demand free speech universally for all men.

33. We vigorously protest against the increasingly unfair and unjust treatment accorded Negro travelers on land and sea by the agents and employee of railroad and steamship companies, and insist that for equal fare we receive equal privileges with travelers of other races.

35. That the right of the Negro to travel unmolested throughout the world be not abridged by any person or persons, and all Negroes are called upon to give aid to a fellow Negro when thus molested.

39. That the colors, Red, Black and Green, be the colors of the Negro race.

40. Resolved, That the anthem “Ethiopia, Thou Land of Our Fathers etc.,” shall be the anthem of the Negro race… adopted by the Ras Tafarites Universal Ethiopian Anthem.

Signatories of the Declarations of the Rights of Negro Peoples of the World capture the moment during the 1st International Convention of the Negro Peoples of the World. August 20 Garvey is duly elected Provisional President of Africa.

Garvey reportedly read two telegrams one from Irish Republic leader Eamon de Valera Provisional President of Ireland and the other from Zionist in Califonia Louis Michael.

Are ye not as children of the Ethiopians unto me, O children of Israel? saith the LORD. Have not I brought up Israel out of the land of Egypt? and the Philistines from Caphtor, and the Syrians from Kir? Amos 9:7

William Ferris editor of the Negro World spots Du Bois at the convention.

September 2 Ashwood files for alimony increase and legal fees from Garvey.

September 13 Dudley Field Malone speaks at Liberty Hall and proposes alliance with the Irish.

September 21 Garvey begins his tour of Pennsylvania, Delaware, New Jersey, Maryland, and Ohio.

September 30 The S. S. Yarmouth anchored off Bay Ridge in Brooklyn collides with S. S. West Pool, towed away by tugboats.

November 25-29 Garvey speaks in Pittsburgh and return to New York.

December 11-24 Garvey travels to Canada to promote the Liberian Construction Loan. 1921 January 1 Original launching date set by Black Star Line for ship to be named S.S. Phyllis Wheatley.

January 2 Garvey delivers address at Liberty Hall on Du Bois and His Escapades.

January 4 Garvey leaves New York on speaking tour of Midwestern states.

January 7 UNIA chaplain general Rev. George Alexander McGuire, leaves on two month tour of Cuba.

January 18 The Black Star Line place advert in the Negro World SS Kanawah Antonio Maceo to sail for Bermuda, Cuba, Haiti, Jamaica, Panama.  Sir Willocks governor general of Bermuda British Secretary of State for the Colonies Winston Churchill asking him to prohibit their landing. The Black Star Line places advert for Architects and Contracting Builders to sail to Liberia between January 25 February 20. 1921 Garvey sends Hatian Elie Garcia audita general to Liberia to produce a confidential report as well one for public interest and also sends the son of Liberian President Hilary Johnson, Gabriel Johnson, Mayor of the Liberian capital, Monrovia, ‘Potentate Leader of the Negro Peoples of the World’ as well as George O Marke, Supreme Deputy Potentate in charge of the Sierra Leone division of the UNIA and Cyril A Crichlow Resident Commissar, accountant and stenographer there to acquire 1, 000 acres of land and property.  Johnson land on farm owned by Mrs. Moort between 30 and 40 miles away from Monrovia however. Johnson was previously a Brigader, his brother was Attorney General and his married to the President D. B. King.

The title of Potentate was taken from the Imperial Potentate of the Ancient Egyptian Order of the Nobles of the Mystic Shrine Prince Hall 1735 John E Bruce Lodge #38.

Liberia Secretary of State Edwin Barclay informs the UNIA delegation about the express for concern of their actives in the nieghbouring colonies of British Sierra Leone and French Ivory Coast. February Garvey tours the West Indies and Central America also with the initiative of raising funds. Hoover unsuccessfully approaches immigration for Labour Department to refuse Garvey reentry into the U. S. at its ports in Florida.  1 February UNIA 6 man delegation leaves for Liberia.

Ashwood files renewed motion for increase in alimony from Garvey.

February 1-5 Garvey speaks in Chicago, Cincinnati and Cleveland.

February 17 Garvey obtains British passport for travels to West Indies.

February 22 Garvey addresses farewell speech at Liberty Hall.

28th February Garvey, Amy Jacques and her younger brother Cleveland take the train to Key West where they board the USS Governor Cobb to Havana, Cuba. March 7 Liberia President Charles D. B. King arrives in New York harbour on on the USS Panhandle and is met by UNIA delegation at the Waldorf Astoria Hotel.

Johnson son Hilary Johnson clerk office, placed above Crichlow authority, Johnsons not pulling their weight. March 18 UNIA mission arrives in Monrovia.

March 22 Garvey arrives in Kingston, Jamaica from Santiago, Cuba.

UNIA delegates to Liberia hold official interview with Liberia's acting president.

March 24 Johnson sends cable to Garvey requesting £5, 000 for sawmill equipment earliest ship by steamer.  March 25 State Department instructs American consul general in Jamaica to refuse Garvey a visa in view of his activities "in political and race agitation."

March 25-28 S.S. Kanawha leaves New York for Cuba with forty passengers aboard returns to New York after valve blowout resails after two days.

April 1-3 S.S. Kanawha crashes into government pier at Port comfort, Norfolk, Virginia, sustaining damage to stern; arrives at Jacksonville, Florida.

April 7 Du Bois submits statement to president CDB King for publication in Crisis.

S.S. Kanawha arrives in Cuba.

April 10 UNIA officials in New York announce that ship to be named S.S. Phyllis Wheatley will be "floated" on May 1.

April 11 Garvey applies for visa and is refused by American consul general in Jamaica.

April 12-15 Garvey leaves Jamaica for Costa Rica; holds interview with Julio Acosta president of Costa Rica in San Jose.

April 18 Garvey leaves San Jose and returns to Port Limon.

Garvey is meet by 10, 000 people in Limon, Costa Rica.  According to G. P. Chattenden the United Fruit company manager, at one meeting two scrap baskets and one suitcase full of United States gold notes were collected and at another he stood beside a pile of gold notes which reached above his knees possibly as much as $50, 000.

Garvey is refused a visa to Panama as well as a reentry visa into America by the American consul in Jamaica Charles Latham. Garvey is granted visa by Panama and visits the cities of Bocas Del Toro and Almirante although the response he received there was not so much one of such enthusiasm or one that he might have hoped for.  Garvey travels to the city of Colon by submarine where he is greeting by the biggest crowd he has ever seen, they brake the windows of his train carriage and carry him out into a car but there are so many people on top of the car that the tyres puncture and the car has to be pushed. May 4-5 Garvey leaves Panama Panama city and returns to Colon; delivers farewell address; sails for Kings ton.

May 7 Garvey arrives in Jamaica.

May 9 William C. Matthews, UNIA assistant counselor general petitions State Department to allow Garvey to return to United States.

May 10 State Department instructs American consul general in Kingston to refuse to visa crew list of S.S. Kanawha should Garvey's name appear as crew member.

May 11 Hoover submits brief to Department of State regarding activities of Garvey in the United States.

May 14 Black Star Lines purchase offer for S.S. Orion refused by United States Shipping Board.

May 17 S.S. Kanawha arrives at Kingston from Cuba.

May 28 Garvey sets sail for Panama as Kanawha crew member and after three days at sea the vessel is to be towed to Kingston in distress on need for its boilers to be repaired.  May 30 Monday Memorial Day Race Riot in Tulsa, Oklahoma.

19 year old Dick Rowland, a black Shoeshiner employed at Main Street shine parlor goes into the Drexel building, 319 South Main Street to use the restroom on the the top floor, the Drexel building was the only local building in which he had permission, as a black, to use the restroom.

Rowland uses the only elevato in the building which is being operated by 17 year old Sarah Page white elevator operator. A clerk working at Renbergs clothing store hears some sort of a cry which sounds like that of a woman and sees Rowland dash out of the elevator.

Rowland flees to his Mothers house in Greenwood, refered to as the Black Wall Street, a thriving community and the wealthiest black community in the U. S.

May 31 Tuesday Detective Henry Carmichael and 1 of 2 black officers on the city's 45 man police force, black patrol man Henry G. Pack, find Rowland on Greenwood Avenue.

Rowland is taken to Tulsa city jail at First and Main but transferred to the jail on the top floor of Tulsa County courthouse.

Police Commissioner J. M. Adkison receives any anonymous phonecall in which the caller threatens Rowland.

15:00 The afternoon edition of the The Tulsa Tribune reports story with the headline "Nab Negro for Attacking Girl In an Elevator". 16:00 White people begin turning up outside of the courthouse.

The black community and the authorities are suspicious that some of the whites want to lynch Rowland this notion also brings to mind the lynching of white murder suspect Roy Belton in the city during the previous year.

Sheriff Willard M. McCullough's deputies, armed with rifles and shotguns protect Rowland from the mob. The Sheriff also positions some of his deputies on the roof, puts the elevator out of use and sends the rest of his men to barricade themselves at the top of the stairs with orders to shoot any intruders on sight.

Members of the black community on Greenwood Avenue talk about the situation at the courthouse and try to decide what will be the best way for them to help.

Young World War I veterans begin to arm themselves.

O. W. Hurley goes to the courthouse, there the Sheriff assures him that he will not allow Rowland to be harmed by the mob.

19:30 Several hundred white people outside the courthouse.

A group of 30 black men armed with Rifles and Shotguns go to the courthouse to the Sheriff and his deputies, the Sheriff and his black deputy Barney Cleaver manage to convince the group to go home.

20:20 3 white men who somehow manage to gain accession to the building asserting that they want to deal with Rowland themselves, the Sheriff turns them away.

At this point having seen the group of armed black men, some of thec1, 000 white people outside of the courthouse go home to get their guns and some to the National Guard armory at Sixth Street and Norfolk Avenue.

Major James Bell of the 180th infantry contacts the commanders of the city's three National Guard units who order their members to report to the armory. A group of white people try to break into the armory, Bell goes outside to warn the group of 300-400 men that members of the Guard inside will shoot anyone who tries to enter. 

The number of white people outside the courthouse almost doubles to 1, 000 and most of them are armed.

A small group of armed black men drive towards the courthouse in their cars to see what is going on.

22:00 A group of around 75 black men armed with rifles and shotguns go to the courthouse.

The first shot is fired and the first gun battle begins ending with 10 whites and 2 blacks dead.

Blacks retreat towards Greenwood and are chased by the whites, little Africa. The blacks and whites exchange fire in rolling gun battle, many of the whites loot stores for more weapons and ammunition innocent bystander's, many of who have just left the movie theatre are caught in the commotion and the whites also shot a white man in the confusion.

23:00 The Oklahoma National Guard unit meet at the armory where they decide the best course of action.

Several groups are sent downtown to the courthouse, police station as if to imply that they were protecting these areas from.

Members of the local chapter of the American Legion join the patrols.

black people outside of the Greenwood district are taken by the National Guard to be held in detention at Convention Hall on Brady Street. June 1 Wednesday 00:00 A small group of white people begin shouting for Rowland lynching and try to storm the courthouse but are turned away by the Sheriff and his deputies.

Whites and Blacks engage in gunfights along the Fisco tracks, the dividing line between the white and the black commercial districts, a train is also hit on both sides in crossfire.

Small groups of white people in cars fire into and residences in Greenwood.

1:00 White men light and throw oil rags into businesses on Archer Street at the southern edge of Greenwood and the Fire Department are turned away at gunpoint, thousands of blacks flee the city.

Apparently taken from the roof of the Hotel Tulsa on 3rd St. between Boston Ave. and Cincinnati Ave. The first row of buildings is along 2nd St. The smoke cloud on the left (Cincinnati Ave. and the Frisco Tracks) is identified in the Tulsa Tribune version of this photo as being where the fire started.

Fires burning along Archer and Greenwood.

4.00 An estimated 24 businesses have been set alight.

A white man steps out from behind the Frisco Tracks depot and is fatally shot by a sniper in Greenwood

Crowds of rioters leave their places of shelter and march into Greenwood.

5 white men in a car speeding into are killed by gunfire.

The riots break into houses and buildings looting them. Some residents are made to leave their houses and to walk to detention centers. White men in privately owned airplanes fire rifles, drop fire/incendiary/Terpentine bombs on buildings, homes and fleeing families.

Blacks employed by whites as house servants are siezed at the properties to be taken to detention centers, those white families who with 4, 000 detained. 9:15 General Charles Barrett of the Oklahoma National Guard arrives with 109 troops from Oklahoma City by special train.

Whilst Barrett waits for mayor T. D. Evans, the sheriff and police chief he calls for reinforcements from several other cities in Oklahoma.

4, 000 held at detention centers and made to carry identification cards according to martial law.

11:49 Barrett declares martial law.

June 4 Friday Martial law is withdrawn under Field Order No. 7.

Walter Francis White of the NAACP travels from New York to Tulsa and reports that according to officials and undertakers 10 whites and 21 were killed but he figures 50 whites and between 150 and 200 blacks hav been killed, Francis also reports that on May 10 Tuesday 10 white men were killed, 6 white men drove into Greenwood and never came out, the following day on Wednesday 13 whites were killed, that according to the head of the Salvation Army in Tulsa 37 negroes had been employed as gravediggers to bury 120 without coffins but in individual graves on the Friday and on Saturday.

Oklahoma Department of Vital Statistics reports 26 blacks and 10 whites dead.

Oklahoma's 2001 Commission reported 100 to 300 dead.

6, 000 Negroes from Greenwood were arrested and detained at Convention Hall, the Fairgrounds and McNulty Park baseball stadium at Tenth Street and Elgin Avenue.

Red Cross register 8624 people, 1, 256 burned houses, 215 houses looted, 183 hospitalized for gunshot wounds and burns, 531 in need of first aid or surgery, 191 businesses and 10, 000 blacks homeless. Tulsa Real Estate Exchange estimate property loss of 1.5 million in real estate and $750, 000 in personal property ($ 31 million in 2018). June 3 A group of more than 1000 businessmen and civic leaders meet and conclude to form a committee to raise funds for the reconstruction of Greenwood, Judge J. Martin, a former Mayor of Tulsa, is chosen as chairman of the group. The reconstruction of Greenwood and rehabilitation of its residents is delayed for months, in tents winter in the two following years.  Governor James B. A. Robertson who went to Tulsa duringbthe riot to ensure order was restored ordered an inquiry the riot and of City and Sheriff office and calls for Grand Jury to be empanelled. June 9 Judge Valjean Biddison picks the jury for the hearing and State Attorney General S.P. Freeling begins the investigation the hearing lasts 12 days, 27 cases are brought before the jury, more than 85 people are indicted but no one is convicted of any crimes.  White developers with their own plans to redevelop Greenwood into a business and industry area and have blacks moved to the edge of Tulsa try to have a fire ordinance banning wooden frame, passed by the city. The case is litigated and appealed to the Oklahoma Supreme Court by D.C. Franklin and ruled unconstitutional. A concession is granted to allow to erect temporary wooden frame structures whilst new buildings in accordance with the new fire ordinance were built but residence begin to ignore the ordinance by beginning to build new homes out of wooden frames. Tulsa Union rail Depot construction to connect 3 major rail roads begins less than 2 years after the burning of Greenwood.  The riots not spoken to about in magazine journal tribune history 1936 Fifteen Years Ago Today nor 1946 2 Twenty Five Years Ago Today. 1922 Mary E. Jones Parrish publishes Events of the Tulsa Disaster, the first book about the riot which is reprinted in 1992 and 1998 1971 The riot is commemorated by the chamber of commerce but refuse to publish Ed Wheelers account and photographs which was also refused by both major newspapers and eventually published in Impact Magazine.  1996 The state legislature authorizes the Oklahoma Commission to investigate the Tulsa Race Riot and carries out archeological non invasive ground surveys of Newblock Park, Oaklawn Cemetery and Booker T Washington Cemetery, as possible locations for mass graves. 1999 An eye witness testifies to seeing whites burying black's at Oaklawn cemetery. 2001 February 21 The Commission delivers its report recommending reparations to the survivors of the riots and their descendent and scholarship fund for students affected by the riot, establishment of an economic development enterprise zone in Greenwood and a memorial for the reburial of the remains of victims of the riot. 2001 April 7 The Tulsa Reparations Coalition, sponsored by the Center for Racial Justice, Inc is formed for the purpose of as recommended by the Commission. 2001 June The Oklahoma state legislature passes the 1921 Tulsa Race Riot Reconciliation more than Act 300 college scholarships for descendants of Greenwood residents, a memorial to those who lost their lives in the riot.(2001 October 27 A park with 3 statues by sculptor Ed Dwight is dedicated as John Hope Franklin Reconciliation Park, the park was named after an African American historian from Tulsa) and finally economic development in Greenwood. 2001 The Mayor of Tulsa, Kathy Taylor apologizes to survivors of the riot and gives medals to those located. 2001 June 1 Governor Keating signs the 1921 Tulsa Race Riot Reconciliation Act recognizing the riot but the state legislature opposes reparations. The 118 survivors of the riot are given a gold plated medal baring the state seal, the youngest of the survivors was 85. 2003 February 5 survivors represented by a legal team of which Johnnie Cochran and Charles Ogletree are included, file Alexander, et all., v. Oklahoma, et al., a lawsuit against the city of Tulsa and the state of Oklahoma. The federal district and appellate dismiss the suit, citing the statutue of limitations had been exceeded on the 80 year old case, the state requires that civil rights cases be filed within 2 years of the event. The Supreme Court of the United States decline to hear the appeal. 2007 April Ogletree appeals to the U. S. Congress to pass a bill extending the statute of limitations for the suit. The bill is introduced by John Conyers, Jr. of Michigan and is heard by Judiciary Committee of the House but not passed. 2009 Conyers reintroduce the bill as the John Hope Franklin Tulsa-Greenwood Race Riot Claims Accountability Act of 2009 (H.R. 1843) It has not gotten out of the Judiciary Committee. 2015 A new eyewitness is found by the Smithsonian National Museum of African American History and Culture providing a 10 page typewritten manuscript notes Oklahoma attorney Buck Colbert Franklin recalling standing in his office watching planes circling in mid air. Mozella Franklin Jones Tulsa Historical Society exhibition creates Tulsa Historical Society photographs

June 1-7 Garvey lodges series of complaints against Kanawha's master and crew.

June 7 William C. Matthews confers with State Department official in charge of visa control.

June 9 Black Star Line transfers deposit on S.S. Orion to S.S. Porto Rico, with offer to United States Shipping Board to purchase forv$ 175, 000.

June 12 Cyril A. Crichlow, resident secretary of UNIA delegation in Liberia, resigns.

June 14 American consul general in Jamaica carries out investigation of Garvey's charges against Kanawha's master and chief engineer, finds them innocent.

June 18-22 S.S. Kanawha leaves Kingston a second time; disabled one more, returns to port.

June 20 Crichlow seeks protection of American consul general in Liberia.

June 25 State Department cables authorisation for Garvey to be issued visa in Jamaica.

June 27 UNIA potentate, Gabriel M. Johnson, leaves Liberia for New York to attend Second UNIA convention.

June 28 American consul general issues visa to Garvey; he leaves Kingston for Belize, British Honduras, en route to United States.

June 29 State Department seeks to stop voyage of Johnson.

June Crisis publish open letter signed by president C. D. B. King renouncing ties with UNIA.

July 1-3 Garvey arrives at Belize, addresses mass meetings and holds interview with governor.

July 13-14 Garvey arrives in New Orleans; detained temporary by United States Immigration authorities: speaks at public meetings.

July 14-16 Johnson arrives in New York; interviewed by BOI agents detained for examination by United States Immigration on Ellis Island; finally admitted.

July 17 Garvey returns to New York.

July 20 Garvey addresses welcoming meeting in Liberty Hall.

July 26 Second annual meeting of BSL stockholders; meeting adjourned after reading of brief statement.

August 1 Opening of Second UNIA convention: keynote speech delivered by UNIA potentate, Johnson.

August 2 United States Shipping Board accepts BSL offer to purchase S.S. Orion.

August 4 Garvey delivers official convention report; writes official letter to president C. D. B. King.

August 5 Charges made against UNIA secretary general Rev. J. D. Brooks, for alleged misappropriation of funds.

Convention reports presented by Elie Garcia, UNIA auditor general, and Rev. G. E. Stewart, UNIA high chancellor; opening of Women's Industrial Exhibit.

August 8 UNIA secretary general's reports presented by J. B. Yearwood, assistant secretary general.

August 9 Convention reports presented by Rev. G. A. McGuire UNIA chaplain general and Rev. F. William Ellegor, UNIA commissionor general.

August 10 Convention hold women's day.

August 15 Delegates of African Blood Brotherhood attend convention.

August 19 Rose Pastor Stokes, Communist party leader, addressees convention.

August 24 S.S. Kanawha arrives in Antilla, Cuba; crew is forced to abandon ship because of disabled condition.

August 25 Formal charges raised against various UNIA executive officials and debated on floor of convention.

August 26 ABB routed from convention.

August 27 First ceremonial court reception of UNIA held.

August 28-29 Second Pan African Congress meets in London.

August 29 Election of UNIA officers.

August 30 New York State Supreme Court orders Garvey to be examined before Pan Union Company v. Black Star Line begins trail; Garvey fails to comply with the order.

August 31 BOI continues investigation of Garvey for possible Mann Act violation.

Closing of UNIA convention; Garvey delivers closing address.

August at the UNIA convention editor Ferris and journalist John E Bruce are knighted with order of the Nile, George Tobias with the order of Ethiopia and Davis with Lady Commander of the Sublime order of the Nile.

September 2 African Orthodox Church is organised by Bishop George Alexander McGuire.

September 3 U.S. consul at Antilla, Cuba, ships Kanawha’s passengers back to New York.

September 6 The U.S. Shipping Board recommends the cancellation of the sale of the S.S. Orion to the BSL.

September 7 Garvey attacks Du Bois and Pan African Congress.

September 11 UNIA announces formation of its civil service system.

September 18 Black Star Line files twenty eight lawsuits in New York State Supreme Court against crew of S.S. Kanawha, charging them with conspiracy to wreck vessel.

September 21 S.S. Kanawha crew sues Black Star Line for back wages.

September 28 Mc Guire is consecrated as Bishop of African Orthodox Church.

September  30 Special meeting of UNIA votes to amend certificate incorporation.

The UNIA increases its number of directors from 6 to 21.

September Pan African Congress meets in Paris.

October 5 U.S. Shipping Board agrees to give the BSL another chance to comply with the contract to purchase the Orion.

October 11 Duse Mohamed Ali arrive in N. Y.

October 25 President Warren G. Harding delivers address in Birmingham, Alabama on the race question.

October 31 Garvey begins trail for libel against Cyril V. Briggs who he had accused of being a “Negro for convenience.”

October UNIA expands offices by acquiring property at 52 West 135th Street, New York.

Garvey denied reentry visa, his generals vote to send counsellor general William Matthews to Washington to lobby the state department. staff visa control. Garvey advised by lawyer that the American consul send a cable to state department requesting a visa in which event the visa was granted.

November 15 Garvey ordered to retract statement suggesting Briggs posed as black man.

November 18 Garvey cables Pope Benedict XV asking for human rights consideration.

Garvey sues Briggs for criminal libel over article in October issue of the Crusader.

November 20-22 Garvey speaks in Washington, D.C., area to coincide with International Conference on the limitation of Armaments.

November 25 Briggs is held on $500 bail over Garvey’s libel suit. December 3 S.S. Yarmouth sold by U.S. marshal to satisfy libel of National Dry Dock and repair Company.

Negro World prints Garvey’s retraction about Brigg’s racial background.

December 5-10 Garvey on speaking tour in Washington, D.C.,area. December 12 Bureau of Investigation requests Internal Revenue Service to investigate Garvey and UNIA.

December 21 United States Shipping Board agrees on form of contract for Black Star Line to gain possession of S.S. Orion.

December 22 Black Star Line pays $10, 000 to United States Shipping Board for S.S. Orion down payment.

December 24 In India, Gandhi begins civil disobedience campaign. December 1921 Garvey makes his “Christmas message to the Negro Peoples of the World” speech. 1922 January 1 Garvey makes his Emancipation day speech at Liberty Hall New York city quote Psalm 68:31 in both speeches. https://tmblr.co/Z9elId2OPQ-fq January Garvey is arrested for mail fraud and bailed for $2, 500. 

January 7 Ratification of Anglo Irish Treaty by Irish Parliament.

January 10 Court orders Garvey to appear for alleged violation of United States Criminal Code Section

January 12 Garvey is arrested for fraudulent use of mails; held on $2, 500 bond pending presentation of case to federal grand jury.

January 26 Assistant United States attorney Mattuck presents indictment of Garvey et al. to grand jury; jury returns true bill.

February 1-3 Garvey speaks in Haltimore.

February 13 Garvey praises Mississippi State Sen. T.S. McCallum’s bail for establishing a black nation in Africa to solve American race problem.

February 14 Garvey explains S.S. Phyllis Wheatley negotiations in Negro World article.

February 15 Federal grand jury indicts Garvey et al. for violation of United States Criminal Code Section 235.

February 17 Garcia and Tobias arraigned and plead not guilty held on $2, 500 bail each.

February 17-23 Garvey and Davis speak at western New York UNIA meeting in Buffalo, Rochester.

February 20 Garcia BSL treasurer orders the salae of BSL stock to cease.

Mississippi State Senate passes Senator Mc Callum’s resolution urging United States Congress to acquire African territory for “the founding of a national home for the American Negro.”

February 22-24 Garvey speaks in Detroit.

March 1-3 Garvey speaks in St. Louis.

March 4 Garvey on nationwide speaking tour to raise funds.

March 7 United States Shipping Board recommends that BSL receive its deposit on Orion sale, less its boards expenses.

March 9 Confidential Informant 800 predicts that Ali will take over the UNIA.

March 12 Garvey cables UNIA protest to Lloyd George concerning British action in Kenya.

March 20 Negro Factories Corporation stockholders meeting announced.

March 28 Garvey is ordered to pay $8, 508 for nondelivery of liquor to Pan Union Company.

April 5 O.M. Thompson requests cancellation of the S.S. Orion.

April 12 Garvey and the BSL board revoke Thompson's power of attorney.

April 21 J.D. Brooks obtains judgement of $750 for back salary from the UNIA.

April Edward Orr, BSL stockholder sues the BSL for £350 claiming that the stock was sold under fraudulent representations.

April 28 Garvey purchases a printing plant.

April 30-May 7 Garvey speaks 8 nights at Liberty Hall.

Garvey arranges parade and march in Los Angeles with local division and others parade, visits Oakland, California and Frisco.

May 22 UNIA Commissioner Robert Moseley speaks at Baptist churches in, Jacksonville, Texas is arrested and fined for vagrancy in Jacksonville, Texas and separately also taken to the woods and horsewhipped.

May 27 Garvey marries Jacques in Baltimore.

June 2 Garvey speaks in San Francisco.

Commander J.J. Hannigan registers 400 new UNIA memberships in San Francisco. 

June 5 Garvey speaks in Los Angels.

June 15 Garvey obtains divorce from Ashwood in Jackson Country, Missouri.

June 23 Garvey speaks in New Orleans after judge grants injuction against police interference.

June 25 Garvey travels to Atlanta for a meeting with the Imperial Wizard of the Ku Klux Klan.

June 28 Garvey speaks in Norfolk, Virginia.

Garvey makes his first visit to Belize, meets with and is interviewed by Governor Eyre Hutson. 

July 4 Garvey speaks at Liberty Hall. July 5 Hutson sends transcript of the recorded interview to Secretary of the Colonies British Prime Minister Winston Churchill.

July 9 Garvey explains his meeting with Ku Klux Klan.

July 20 Garvey invites William Pickens to receive award at UNIA court reception.

July 22 Garvey sends UNIA petition to the League of Nations.

July 27 Garvey marries Jacques his personal secretary in Baltimore. July issue of the Messenger Randolph and Owen ‘Garvey, Black Eagle, Becomes Messenger Boy of Clarke, Ku Klux Kleagle.’

How Marcus Garvey Betrayed the Negroes to a Georgia Negro Hater

Garvey Join the Ku Klux Klan Foreign Negro Would Help Klan Deport Negro, Jewish and Catholic Citizens.

Garvey Runs with Negro Hare and Chases with Ku Klux Hound!

Garvey in South Becomes Ardent Jim Crow Advocate and Supporter of the Ku Klux Negro Lynchers.

I ota in plain words which burn in letters that blister!

By A. Philip Randolph and Chandler Owen

at 3 o’clock Sunday Afternoon

August 6th, 13th, 20th, and 27th.

At the SHUFFLE INN MUSIC PARLORS Northeast Corner 131st Street and Seventh Avenue, New York.

Robert W. Bagnall, Director of Branches for the N.A.A.C.P, will parade.

Exactly one thousand seats... Meetings Under the auspicious of the Friends of Negro Freedom.

All invited Men and Women White and Colored

GARVEY’S STATEMENT AT NEW ORLEANS “This is a white man’s country. He found it, he conquered it, and we can’t blame him if he wants to keep it. I am not vexed with the white man of the south for Jim-Crowing me, because I am Black. “I never built any street cars or railroads. The white man built them for his own convenience. And if I don’t want to ride where he’s willing to let me ride then I’d better walk. All invited White and Colored, Men and Women Native and Foreigner. Admission Free” Exactly One Thousand Seats MEETINGS UNDER AUSPICES OF THE FRIENDS OF NEGRO FREEDOM.

We Know Marcus Garvey Was a Tool and a Traitor WAS HE ALSO THE WHITE MAN’S SPY?

Randolph and Owens are joined by William Pickens and Detroit preacher Robert Bagnall in their “Garvey Must Go” campaign, Bagnall launches personal attack on Garvey.

August 1 The 3rd Annual UNIA International Convention opens.

August 2 Garvey asks convention to impeach J.D. Gibson and A.F. Johnson for dishonesty.

The convention elects delegates to represent UNIA at the League of Nations.

August 6 Pickens attacks Garvey at a Friends of Negro Freedom meeting.

on the floor above the UNIA Publishing and Printing House.  August 6 Prof. William Pickens, Field Secretary of N. A. A. C. P. Subject: WHAT TO DO WHEN NEGRO LEADERS LEAGUE WITH NEGRO LYNCHERS.

August 7 Ras Tafari sends delegation to the League of Nations in Geneva with a letter.

Impeachment trail of Adrian F. Johnson. August 11 BOI reports that G.E. Stewart and Fred A. Toote will resign. August 13: A. PHILIP RANDOLPH, Candidate for N. Y. Secretary of State Subject: THE ONLY WAY TO REDEEM AFRICA  August 15 At business meeting of BSL, line is revealed as insolvent and plans for subsidiary company passed. August 20th: ROBERT W. BAGNALL, Director of Branches for N. A. A. C. P. Subject: THE MADNESS OF MARCUS GARVEY. August 23 UNIA trail against Eason begins. August 27: CHANDLER OWEN, Co-Editor of the MESSENGER. Subject: A PRACTICAL PROGRAM FOR NEGROES EVERYWHERE.  GARVEY’S STATEMENT AT NEW ORLEANS “This is a white man’s country. He found it, he conquered it, and we can’t blame him if he wants to keep it. I am not vexed with the white man of the south for Jim-Crowing me, because I am Black. “I never built any street cars or railroads. The white man built them for his own convenience. And if I don’t want to ride where he’s willing to let me ride then I’d better walk. All invited White and Colored, Men and Women Native and Foreigner. Admission Free” Exactly One Thousand Seats MEETINGS UNDER AUSPICES OF THE FRIENDS OF NEGRO FREEDOM. August Trinidadian pilot Hubert Fauntleroy Julian dubbed the Black Eagle of Harlem by H. Allen Smith because of his parachute jumps, flys biplane over UNIA parade and becomes head of the organization’s new Aeronautical Department. September 5 Randolph at 2305 7th Avenue receives package calls the police bomb squad open package containing a severed human hand from the Ku Klux Klan.

September 11 UNIA League of Nations delegates arrive in Geneva. October 1 Garvey speaks in Pittsburgh. November 9th Esau Ramus previously janitor at UNIA Philadelphia branch travels to New Orleans meets the branches secretary William Phillips and moves into the home of Jamaican longshore man and Chief of UNIA police Dyer Fred Constantine. 

November 30 UNIA delegates sent to the League of Nations return to New York.

December 26 Garvey’s case is postponed. 1923 January 1 Reverend Eason visits Baptist Church, St John 1st Street, New Orleans where after the is shot in the back and forehead.  January 4 Eason dies from wounds.

January 5 William Shakespare and Fred Dyer are arrested for Eason’s murder.

January 12 Garvey has Elie Garcia arrested for petty larceny.

January 15 Owen and send letter of complaint against Garvey to Attorney General Harry M. Daugherty.

January 23 J.W. Jones Confidential Informant 800 is assigned by the BOI to investigate Eason’s murder.

February 5 Garvey requests postponement of his case from January 2 until February 5.

February 21 Esau Ramus is arrested in Detroit in connection with Eason’s murder.

Philosophy and Opinions of Marcus Garvey by Amy Jaques Garvey 1923 Chapter 3 The Image of God If the white man has the idea of a white God, let him worship his God as he desires. If the yellow man’s God is of his race let him worship his God as he sees fit. We, as Negroes, have found a new ideal. Whilst our God has no color, yet it is human to see everything through one’s own spectacles, and since the white people have seen their God through white spectacles, we have only now started out (late though it be) to see our God through our own spectacles. The God of Isaac and the God of Jacob let Him exist for the race that believes in the God of Isaac and the God of Jacob. We Negroes believe in the God of Ethiopia, the everlasting God — God the Father, God the Son and God the Holy Ghost, the One God of all ages. That is the God in whom we believe, but we shall worship Him through the spectacles of Ethiopia.

February 25 Garvey speaks in Chicago.

March 4 Garcia is convicted of larceny.

March 22 Shakespeare and Dyer are found guilty of manslaughter in Eason’s killing.

March Domingo in letter to the Messenger

April 2 William Shakespeare and Fred Dyer charged with Easons murder 18 to 20 year sentences.

April 29 Garvey speaks in Buffalo. 

May 3 Garvey speaks in Pittsburgh.

May 14 Garvey files writ to have Judge Julian Mack dismissed from his case because of Mack’s affiliation with the NAACP. 

May 18 Government’s case consolidates both indictments Garvey’s trail for mail fraud begins.

May 18 Garvey is tried for mail fraud, New York Southern district court Zionist Judge Julian Mack, Garvey dismisses his Attorney Cornelius Mc Dougald who advises him to plead guilty, the fails to produce any evidence other than an empty envelope. Attorney Maxwell Mattuck askes the jurors Gentlemen will you let the Tiger loose.

Howell quits the merchant marines. Claude McKay travels to Kremlin, Russia.

June 15 Garvey makes his final address at his trail.

June 16 Shakespeare and Dyer loose the appeal of their case.

June 18 passes the guilty verdict on Garvey, he responds by calling the Judge and District Attorney Damned dirty jews.

June 21 Garvey is sentenced to 5 years in jail for mail fraud.

June 23 Garvey is sentenced to five years at Tombs Jail/Manhattan detention center and fined $1, 000.

June 25 Garvey’s appeal for bail is rejected by Judge Henry Wade Rogers.

June 27 Garvey discharges UNIA officers E. L. Gaines, Rodolph Smith, G. O. Marke and Davis.

Ferris resigns from Negero World but is listed on master head until September.

July 6 Pro Garvey petition is delivered to the Attorney General in Washington D. C. July 15 Vernal J. Williams resigns as UNIA attorney.

July 17 U.S. government oppose Garvey’s bail requests.

August 5 The New York World publishes Garvey’s autobiographical article also published in the September issue of Current History.

August 7 Garvey appoints Maurice Nagler to take over as the UNIAS attorney.

August 12 Reverend Ethelred Brown writes anti Garvey sermon.

August 19-26 Montreal UNIA division holds its convention meeting.

August 27-29 Washington D.C. UNIA division holds its convention meeting.

August 29-31 New York local UNIA division hold its three day convention meeting.

September 10 Garvey is given bail after spending 3 months at Tombs Prison for the sum of $15, 000 raised in campaign by Amy Jacques. 

September 13 The New York local UNIA division hold a mass meeting to welcome back Garvey to Liberty Hall.

Bishop Alexander McGuire the first black archdeacon of the Protestant Episcopal Church ‘We have reasons to believe that his enforced solitude has clarified his vision’ ‘Moses came back to Israel with new Revelation’ ‘Negro everywhere will be the beneficiaries of the new ideas he has gained during his vacation’.

September 25 Immigration Department begins preparing deportation case against Garvey.

September Garvey’s essay the Negro’s Greatest Enemy is published in Current History magazine.

October 2 Garvey delivers An Appeal tot he Soul of White America in Youngstown, Ohio.

October 5 Garvey speaks in St. Louis.

October 23 Garvey is in Oakland, Califonia on a speaking tour.

October 31-November 2 Garvey and Jacques visit Tuskegee Institute.

November 1 Garvey addresses students and faculty at Tuskegee Institute.

November 6 Garvey makes a small contribution of $50 to Tuskegee Institute.

November 26 Garvey speaks at Philadelphia’s Salem Baptist Church.

Du Bois is sent as Envoy Extraordinary to Liberia by President Calvin Coolidge.

November Mckay and Max Eastman editor of the Liberator attend the 4th Congress of the Communist International in Petrograd, Mc Kay along with his fellow early leading member of the Communist International (Comintern) Otto Huiswould address its Cominter. 

Davis seated at the front was the leader for the UNIA 1923 delegation to Liberia of which also included Princeton educated Sir Robert Poston and the UNIA new attorney Milton Van Lowe. December 11 UNIA delegation departs for Liberia via Lisbon, Portugal on the Cunard vessel S. S. Britannia. December Mc Kay meets German novelist Arthur Holitscher and German communist Clara Zetkin, International Group China, Russian, Jew, Negro, Russian Gentile, Bulgarian, Hindu, American Mulatto, Algerian, Japanese, Armenian, Korean, and white American as well as Grigory Zinoviev and Nikolai Bukharin and writes and publishes his Negry v Amerike in Russian which isn’t published in English until the year. 

Earnest Alfred Wallace Budge sometime scholar at Christ College Cambridge University and Keeper of Egyptian and Assyrian antiquities in the British Museum publishes his first edition of the Book of the Glory of Kings/Kebra Negast.

1902 Budge makes his first excavations at the city of Meroe the capital of the Kingdom of Kush.

1905 Budge makes more excavations at Meroe.

1907 Budge publishes the record of his excavations at Meroe in his book "The Egyptian Sudan, Its History and Monuments."

1877 Professor W. Wright of Cambridge University in his Catalogue of the Ethiopic Manuscripts, publishes a description of the manuscript of the Kebra Negast from Oriental 818 and Oriental 819 in the British Museum, these taken from the Magdala fortress after the expedition stormed it on 1868 April 13 Easter Monday, in which event the Emperor Tewodros committed suicide with a pistol delivered to him by as a gift from Queen Victoria.

Wright judging from the list of kings in Oriental 818, fok.46B, ending witg Yekweno Amlak who died in 1344, concludes that the manuscript was written in the 14th century.

According to colophon from Codices of the manuscripts in Oxford, London and Paris, the original version was written in Coptic then translated into Arabic and again to Ethiopic.

The Ethiopic version was translated from the Arabic version, which had been translated from Coptic, and that the Arabic version was translated by Abu L Izz and Abu L Faraj, in the "year of mercy" 409, during the reign of Gabra Maskal (Amda Seyon I) being between 1314 and 1344, when George was Patriarch of Alexandria. The Solomonic dynasty ruled until Delna'ad was dethroned and Mara Takla Haymanot, the 1st of 11 Zague kings who ruled for 354 years from 914 to 1268 with their capital at Axum.

1773 Bruce visits Paris, France where he presents 1 of 3 copies of the Book of Enoch to King Louis XV for the French National Library.

On some occasion 2 copies made by he himself (Bruce 93 or Liber Axumea and Bruce 87) were were also given to the Bodleian Library.

1790 James Bruce publishes Volume 3 of his "Travels to discover the source of the Nile" including a the first description of the contents of the Kebra Negast written in any European language.

1770 February 14 Bruce arrives in Gondar.

October Bruce after recovering from malaria travels to discover the source of the nile Gish Abay the source of the Lesser Abay Paez reach site 1618.

November 14 Bruce reaches the Gish Abay the source of the Lesser Abay.

1500-1515 P. N. Godinho publishes.

1520 October 19 King Manuel I of Portual sends an embassy to King David II of Ethiopia under Don Roderigo De Limo with Francisco Alvares as chaplain arrive at the port of Massawa.

Queen Eleni had sent Mateus Matthew of Armenia as an ambassador to the King of Portugal and the Pope in Rome. Mateus arrived in Portugal via Goa.

1520 Alvares publishes his "Prester John of the Indies" in which accounts of Queen Eleni and King David II are given. Up until this time there was no other known source of the Kebra Negast.

Queen Eleni died whilst Alvares was in Ethiopia.

Queen Eleni was the widow of Emperor Zara Yacob and was made Queen Mother by Zara Yacobs son Emperor Baeda Maryam I, she was also chief regent for the under age Lebna Dengel, a grandchild of Zara Yacob, by his second son Emperor Na'od, Eleni also later made Dengel King with him taking the name of David II.

1441 Before all of this Ethiopian ambassadors of Emperor Zara Yacob at Council of Florence were perplexed when the dignitaries there referred to their monarch as Prester John.

1517 Dawit II otherwise known as Wanag Segad ambushes and kills Emir Mahfuz of the Somali Adal Sultanate. The Portuguese attack and burn Zeila.

1531 October 2 Dawit II and his army are defeated by the Imam Ahmad ibn Ibrahim al-Ghazi of the Adal Sultanate and his troops at the Battle of Amba Sel.

1621 January 16 A stone church on the land granted north of Lake Tana, on the peninsula of Gorgora, to Paez by Emperor Susenyos I is dedicated.

Paez publishes his "Historia da Ethiopia".

Almeida author of "Historia de Etiopia a Alta ou Abassia" Pedro Paez author of the two volume Historia da Ethiopia Baltazar Tellez 1660 English translation in 1710.

1623 October 16 Jesuit priest Manuel de Almeida delayed at the port of Dhofar for 5 months from the May 18 finally departs for Suakin and reaches Suakin on December 4.

Almeida was sent as an ambassador to Emperor Susenyos of Ethiopia.

November 28 Almeida leaves Bassein for Suakin.

January Almeida reaches Diu and recieves pass from Pasha to pass through Ottoman Empire territory, then, from Massawa to Fremona via Debarwa, where he meets Ras Keba Krestos the governor of Tigray.

January 1624 Almeida reaches the Catholic base. Almeida's brother Apollinaire also went to Ethiopia as a missionary and was stoned to death in Tigre.

F. Balthazar Tellez publishes using Almeida's as well as those of Alfonzo Mendez, Jeronina Lobo and Father Pays.

1682 Job Ludolf's Historia AEthiopia is published by Frankfort, in it he refers to Tellez's Historia general de Ethiopia Alta out Preste Joaa.

1870 Francis Praetorius publishes a Latin translation of chapters to of the Kebra Negast from the manuscript at Berlin (Orient 395) as well as from Orient 818 and 819 in the British Museum by Wright, thus Praetorius's edition became the most clear.

1843 Lepsius who had gotten Orient 395, from Domingo Lords, sends it to Konigliche Bibliothek.

1872 August 10 Prince Kasa (later King John IV) writes to Earl Granville "And now again I have another thing to explain to you: that there is a Picture called Ourata Rezoo, which is a picture of our Lord and Saviour Jesus Christ, and was found with many books at Magdala by the English. This picture King Theodora took for Gondar to Magdala, and it is now in England; all around the picture is gold, and the midst of it is coloured.

Again there is a book called Kivera Negust, which contains the law of the whole country of Ethiopia, and the names of the Shums (Chiefs), churches, and provinces are in this book. I pray you will find out who has got this book, and send it to me, for in my country my people will not obey my orders without it.

1872 December 14 The Kebra Negast requested of by Prince Kasa is sent to him after a copy of his letter is sent to the British Museum.

M. Hughes Le Roux, a French envoy from the President of the French Republic to the Emperor Menelik II goes to Addis Alem, Ethiopia where the Emperor is staying, to ask him if he can see this manuscript and so that the Emperor may also approve him to make a French translation, the Emperor gives him the following reply

"I am of opinion that a people does not defend itself only with its weapons, but with its books. The one you are talking about is the pride of this Kingdom. From me, the Emperor, to the poorest soldier who walks in the roads, all Ethiopians will be happy that this book is translated into the French language and brought to the attention of the friends we have in the world. Thus we will see clearly what ties we have with the people of God, what treasures have been entrusted to our care. We will understand better why the help of God has never failed us against the enemies who attacked us."

The Emperor orders for this manuscript to be brought from Addis Ababa where it was being kept, a few days later Le Roux is handed the manuscript noted on the last folio "This volume was returned to the King of Ethiopia by order of the trustees of the British Museum, 1872 Dec 14. J. Winter Jones, Principal Librarian.

Le Roux says "There was no longer any doubt: the book I held in my hands was this version of the story of the Queen of Sheba and Solomon, whom Negus and Priests of Ethiopia consider to be the most authentic of all circulating in European libraries and in Abyssinian monasteries. It was the book that Theodoros had hidden under his pillow, the night he committed suicide, the one that the English soldiers had brought to London, that an ambassador gave to the Emperor John, that this same Jean leafed in his tent, the morning of the day when he fell under the scimitars of the Mandists, the one whom the monks had stolen." Le Roux and a friend of his translate several chapters which he later publishes.

1909 Dr. C. Bezold edition of the Kebra Negast is published by the Bavarian Academy.

This translation was made from the oldest known codex of the Kebra Negast.

1924 January 17 Garvey addresses students and faculty at Howard University in Washington D. C.

February 2 The Negro World add 2 sections, 1 in French and the other edited by Jacques devoted to interests of women Jacques also become assistant editor of the Negro World.

February 11th UNIA delegation meets with President of Liberia who agrees to have 3, 000 immigrants settle on land in Cavalla, Sin, Grand Bassa and Cape Mount.  March 16 Poston fever lobar pneumonia dies on board SS President Grant.

The UNIA hold a mass meeting at Madison Square Garden.

March 31 Garvey writes to President C.D.B. King.

April 16 H. H. Ras Tafari accompanied by the following princes and nobles: Ras Haylu Takla Haymonot, Ras Seyum Mangasha, Dejazmatch Nadaw Abba Wallo, Dejazmatch Gassasa Walda Hanna, Dejazmatch Gabra Sellasse Barya Gaber, Dejazmatch Mullugeta Yegazu, Dejazmatch Hayla Sellasse, Ledj Makonnen Endalkatchaw, Dejazmatch Wand Bawassan Kassa and Ato Sahle Tsadalu leave Addis Ababa for Djibouti.

April 19 UNIA to send material and artisan, technicians, carpenter, builder and mechanical engineer to Liberia.  April 20 We embarked on the Messageries Maritimes Company’s boat ‘Porthos’ and travelled to the Suez Canal.

As we reached the Suez Canal, an envoy of H.M. King Faud arrived and transmitted to us the King’s greeting. The Patriarch Abuna Qerillos sent Abuna Yohannes, who became the Patriarch later on, and gave us his blessing.

When we reached Kantara, we traveled to Jerusalem on the special train which H.M. King Faud had arranged for us. At Jerusalem the British High Commissioner, Sir Hebert Samuel, and the bishops of the various churches came to the railway station and did us the honour of welcoming us. 

As by the chance of good fortune the festival of the Resurrection (Easter) was approaching, we thanked God for granting us to see the light of the Easter festival. Afterwards, as we toured Jerusalem and its districts, we visited and kissed all the holy places, including Bethlehem where our Lord was born, Nazareth where he grew up, the Jordon in which he was baptized, Cana of Galilee where he did miracles, the Sea of Tiberias wheer he taught, and the neighbouring Capernaum, Beth Saida, Magdala, as well as Hebron where Abraham, Isaac, and Jacob are buried. Although a beginning had been made in discussing the affairs of our sanctuary at Jerusalem with our Coptioc fathers in faith, the matter had remained unresolved, and therefore we informed the Coptic Archbishop at Jerusalem, Abuna Timotewos, in writing that he should persist on pondering on our proposals, for we had suggested that we should conclude the matter, after friendly discussion, upon our return from Europe. He wrote to us the following reply: ‘I have already made known your intentions to the Coptic community.’

Afterwards, as we had heard that the Greeks possessed an area of many chambers in Golgotha, we requested the Greek Orthodox Patriarch in Jerusalmen, Abuna Demyanos, through the intermediacy of Dr. Zervos, the Greek Consul Generalat Addis Ababa, that he should give one room to the Ethiopian monks as a patrimony for the celebration of holy mass. When he replied that they would give one room as patrimony in the Monastery of Abraham, we said that we on our part would assign a benefice to the Greek monastery in Ethiopia; after reaching agreement and accord on the proposal, we signed the following written convention.

But as it was not God’s will, this treaty never came into force.

Seay 24 trained nurses to Belize Town as volunteers parenting teaching, sanitation, midwifery services. May 1 Ras Tafari and the Ethiopian officials arrive in Cairo by train and are received by H. M. King Fuad at his palace.

May 2 the Patriarch, Abuna Qerillos, informed us of his intention to hold mass and prayers in our honour in the church of St. Mark and we went to the church. The patriarch suffering from the wariness of old age, was seated on his throne by the alter and gave us his blessing. As the churches of Egypt and Ethiopia were in a relationship of mother and child and because the patriarch had for long had the desire and intention of coming to Ethiopia to see his children in faith, he spoke at length of his sadness at his continued inability to come on account of the distance, while at the same time revealing the fulfillment of his desire and thought at seeing, with his own eyes, our arrival at Cairo today.

Afterwards, while we were in the church, the patriarch entered the reception hall for guests at one side We having brought him, in order to honour our father in faith, a golden crown and golden cross, a golden staff, a silk tunic embroidered with gold, and a cape. He was, therefore, waiting for us wearing the crown and cape, holding the golden cross in his right hand and the golden staff in his left; he was thinking to please us, although because of his age and wariness he was not really capable; as we entered the hall from the church he attempted to receive us standing, but he was not able to do so. Although we were pleased in our heart a seeing His Holiness in this dignity, we felt much grief at thinking of his old age and wariness.

The following are the sights which we visited during our stay at Cairo and which have remained memorable to us: the pyramids and the Sphinx, the great museum of antiquities, the great schools and hospitals of the government and of the Copts, the old church of early times, the antiquities of Luxor and the tomb of Tutankhamen which had been discovered at excavations near by, as well as great mosques and the famous Islamic college called Al-Azhar. Subsequently, when we saw four students from Ethiopia, we were pleased as their teacher said that they would return to Ethiopia within two years upon conclusion of their studies. From Cairo we went to Alexandria and paid homage at the tomb of St. Mark; We then saw the school at which they are teaching more than 4, 000 boys and which had been instituted, near the church, by Abuna Yohannes, the deputy Archbishop of the See of St. Mark. After this we visited Victoria College which had been built at a place called Ramleh near Alexandria and where some boys from Ethiopia were studying. The headmaster of the school, Mr. Reed, was like a father particularly to the boys from Ethiopia, and we heard of his gentle treatment and of his teaching; and among the boys there we met Sirak Heruy. Our heart was touched with joy when we saw them face to face. The son of Ras Mullugeta, Asrata, and a boy called Gabra Madhen Awwaqa had come with us in order to study at this school, and we handed them over into the headmasters care and trust.

May 9 We embarked on a boat called 'Cordillere', and when the ship began its journey a farewell salute was fired by cannon.

May 14 when we had passed Corsica and came within view of the great fortifications at Toulon, a warship came to receive us. Fron there until we approached Marseilles, many aeroplanes were hovering in the air. As five warships passed on the right and left of our ship, they fired their guns.

As we disembarked from the ship, the Prefect of the district of Marseilles and the Mayor of the city, together with many officials, received us. Among these we were very pleased to see and to meet M. Lagarde who, since the days of my father H.H. Makonnen, had been the friend of Ethiopia and ourselves and had formerly been France's Envoy Extraordinary and Minister Plenipotentiary in Ethiopia.

After we rested a little in the Marseilles government buildings, the officers of the warships came and took us to sea once more in order to show us the warships. Thus we saw the strength of the construction and the size of the guns and then returned greatly impressed.

May 16 Evening we departed by train for Paris.

May 17 10.30 a.m. when we reached Paris, the new President of the Republic, H.E.M. Miller and, and Prime Minister, M. Poincare, all the

As the official visit ended and we were staying in the specially arranged accommodation, important Frenchmen, who had been friends of the Ethiopian government and in particular of H.H. my father as well as of myself, began to arrive and to pay us visits. After this we requested an appointment with the Prime Minister, M. Poincare, in order to discuss amicably several matters; and on the appointed day we went to the Foreign Ministry.

What we had intended to discuss was that the French should give us a free gateway to the sea at Jibuti, and prior to our departure from Addis Ababa, as we informed the French Minster that this was a matter we particularly wished to discuss, some hope had been given to us; consequently, if they agreed to do this, they should let us know what it was the French government wished to have in exchange for this from us.

Secondly, the treaty of friendship between the Ethiopian and French governments, referred to as the Klobukowski treaty, and in particular the judical matters laid down in paragraph 7, were extremely irksome to us and, without abrogating the treaty, the two governments, while maintaining its usefulness, might cause a few improvements to be effected.

When we informed M. Poincare of these our intentions, he gave us his word that he would present our plan to Parliament and that they would think about it in the most friendly possible manner.

Howell applies for U.S. citizenship. May 19 Du Bois and Professor Wendell Phillips Dabney finally come face to face with Garvey for the first time at the elevator in Sheraton Hotel, Cincinnati. May 22 Evening We departed from Paris to Brussels, Belgium.

At the railway station, King Albert, together with his ministers and army officers, did us the honour of an unforgettable welcome.

It was in a wing of the main palace building in which H.M. lived that quarters had been prepared for us; we went there and rested a little. Afterwards he introduced to us H.M. Queen Elizabeth and Prince Leopold, his crown prince who later on became king, and his daughter, Princess Marie Jose.

At a banquet His Majesty assured us of his complete desire that the firm friendship between the Belgian and Ethiopian governments should in future continue to grow.

Of the things we saw at Brussels and other provinces during our stay in the country, the following remain vividly in our memory: The Brussels Municipality, horse racing, the Bank of Brussels, the Congo Museum, crop improvement and cattle breeding stations, Waterloo where Napoleon was defeated, the city of Ghent and its match factory, the city of Liege and its munitions factory, the city of Antwerp, the city of Mauragr, we also saw coal mines and other similar industrial establishments.

From Brussels to Luxembourg

The Grand Duchess Charlotte of Luxenbourg, when she heard of King Albert’s invitation to us to visit Brussels (still before our departure from Addis Ababa) informed us through the Belgian Mnister at Addis Ababa, M. Gerard, that we should visit her country during our journey, as Luxembourg was very near to Belgium. We had therefore, accepted her invitation and now proceeded from Brussels to Luxembourg. At the railway station the Grand Duchess husband, Duke Felix, received us with a large guard of honour and after that took us to the palace. But it so happened that on the day we reached Luxembourg the Grand Duchess gave birth to a son; she therefore informed us by letter of her regret at being unable to sit next to us at the luncheon party. We told Prince Felix that it would remain in our heart as a remembrance of joy that on the day of our arrival in Luxembourg the Grand-Duchess should give birth to a male child.

The Prince assured us repeatedly if his pleasure at our visit to Luxembourg, and after taking our leave of the Grand-Duchess by message, we returned to Brussels.

May 31 As our official visit to Brussels was completed, we took our leave of the King and Queen and returned to Paris.

May Du Bois writes editorial calling Garvey “lunatic or traitor.”

June 4 UNIA hold a meeting to see off mining engineer Wallace Strange to Liberia. June 6 We departed from the Paris and reached Amsterdam by way of Brussels and after seeing the Dutch cities of Rotterdam and Hague. As our train stopped for about 3 hours in Amsterdam, we made a tour of the city by inspection by car. From there we traveled through the whole night and at dawn

June 7 we reached the German harbour-city of Hamburg; after touring the town for about an hour we set out for Sweden. After crossing the water called North Sea which lies between Germany and Sweden.

June 8 Pentecost 9 a.m. we arrived in Stockholm.

When we reached Stockholm, H.M. King Gustaf Adolph V had not yet returned from his country home where he had gone for vacation. We therefore put up at the Grand Hotel Royal.

On this day was Pentecost, and, therefore, the Archbishop of Uppsala, Nathan Soderblom, sent an envoy and told us: 'Because of the feast of Paraclete (Pentecost) we shall be holding prayers and a sermon towards evening and we beg that it may be your wish to attend.' We departed from Stockholm.

3 p.m. we departed from Stockholm.

4 p.m. and reached at Uppsala. The provincial governor and the Archbishop received us at the station. Up to the time when the prayers and sermon began we inspected the University of Uppsala and the Library. In the Library we were very pleased to see some Ge’ez and Amharic books.

When the hour of the prayers and the sermon came, we went to the church., The Archbishop, being at an elevated place, read the appropriate extracts for Pentecost from the Bible and gave a long sermon. After this he spoke about Ethiopia as follows.

When he had finished speaking at length, my heart was touched with joy at his truly inspiring address, and I therefore replied as follows. When I had finished speaking, all the people assembled there, beginning with the Archbishop, expressed to us their heartfelt pleasure.

We subsequently returned to Stockholm. Since our visit to Stockholm was private and not official, we had not had any thought of meeting the King. But as soon as the King heard of our arrival at Stockholm, he sent a message that it would give him pleasure if we could meet now that we had come to Stockholm. We accepted his unofficial invitation and went to the seaside palace called Tullgarn. The King, together with his courtiers, was awaiting us standing by the gate of the palace, and we met with warm affection and friendship. ‘When we had rested a little in the great hall, a festive luncheon was served. After lunch we remained talking about the means by which the friendship between the two governments might progressively develop and by which the peoples of the two realms might get much closer to each other. 

5 p.m. Towards evening we returned to Stockholm. Of what we saw at Stockholnm and surroundings the following recollections remain in our heart: the new telephone exchange with 80,000 lines, the iron industry, schools, hospitals, and Uppsala University library.

June 13 we set out from Stockholm, crossed the North Sea, and when we reached the Germany city of Hamburg, we disembarked from the train and toured the city by car for about 3 hours.

June 14 we reentered Paris.

June 16 we left Paris.

June 18 we reached Rome.The King of Italy H.M. Victor Emmanuel and the leader of the government, Signor Mussolini, with a guard of army officers, received us with honour at the railway station, thus causing much pleasure. It was in the Quirinale, previously the Pope's palace, in which His Majesty lived that accommodation had been prepared for us; and we proceeded there.

When we appeared together with the King standing on the upper balcony to salute the people, all the crowd assembled on the square began shouting with one voice joyfully:'Long live Italy! Long live Ethiopia! Long live H.H. Crown Prince Tafari!' (When they think of this today, how extraordinary must this appear to them?!).

At the banquet at H.M. the King of Italy delivered the following speech. I then delivered the following speech.

We Ethiopians consider the speech of the king of a great country to be like a pledge given under oath, and the words spoken by H.M. the King of Italy (as cited here above) seemed to us to augur a stable peace and amity betweren the two governments; and said it did not appear to us a matter of deceit.

June 19 We paid a visit to the leader of the government, Signor Mussolini, having requested an appointment to discuss, in a friendly manner, a number of matters. The subject which we planned to discuss was concerned with the amicable granting to Ethiopia of a gateway to the northern parts of the country from the port of Assab which had originally been under Ethiopian rule and was now an Italian colony.

After we had met at the appointed hour, I said to him that it would give us pleasure if he were willing to discuss the amicable cession to us by the Italian government of part of the port of Assab as a free zone.

After Signor Mussolini had listened attentively to this request, he said that he was willing to discuss the matter and that, after conversations with the Director of Political Affairs, Contarini, the latter would let me know the answer. Contarini having been summoned immediately, we were introduced to each other.

After we had meetings and lengthy discussions with Contarini, he told me that he would report to Signor Mussolini everything that we had spoken about and that the reply would reach me tomorrow by the hands of Conte Colli; we then parted.

June 20 Conte Colli, the Italian Envoy Extraordinary and Minister Plenipotentiary in Ethiopia, came and submitted to us a draft treaty, explaining that this was his government's proposal concerning my request as regards the port of Assab. The following is the text of the draft treaty.

After we had studied the treaty, we became convinced ofg the need to inform the Council upon our return to Addis Ababa; we therefore told Conte Colli to inform Signor Mussolini of this our intention. But for a variety of reasons the draft treaty never came into force.

June 21 We had been given an appointment to visit the Pope of Rome, Pius XI, and at the appointed hour we met at the Vatican Palace. The Pope spoke expressingly his pleasure at the fact that Catholic missions were now residing in Ethiopia in peace and security and that religious freedom was now permitted in Ethiopia, contrary to earlier practice. When we came to take leave of eachother, he pronounced a prayer: ‘May God bless the land of Ethiopia, its kings and its people.’

When we emerged from there, we entered the church of St. Peter and paid homage at the sepilchre; after we had seen the beauty of the church, we went to inspect the near-by monastery of St. Stephen which had been given to the Ethiopian monks. From the earliest times Ethiopian monks possessed a strong desire to see and to pay homage at Our Lord’s sepulchre at Golgotha and the sepulchre of St. Peter and St. Paul at Rome; but when they came to Rome from Ethiopia, they had difficulty in finding lodgings, and it is said that when the Pope who reigned in 1464 saw their plight he have them this monastery saying: ‘This monastery of St. Stephen shall be a resting place for Ethiopian monks.’

As we toured every corner of the church in this monastery, we saw the hwen stones on which the names of the seven Ethiopian monks had been incised. When we were seated in one of the rooms in the monastery, the seven Ethiopians who had come here to study approached and expressed their joy to us by referring to the antiquity of Ethiopia and the strength of her Kings and by rendering thanks to us.

The following are some of the recollections that have remained in our heart of what we saw at Rome and the provinces during our stay there: Quirinale Palace, the mausoleum of the kings, the motor cycle races, the Rome Municipality, the Vatican and the church of St. Peter, the convent of St. Stephen where the Ethiopian boys are studying, the church of St. Paul and St. John, the church of Our Lady Mary and of Jesus, the place of the ancient Caesars, the theatre in which the ancient Caesars made Christians fight with wild beasts and slaves fight each other, the Victor Emmanuel II Monument, the military parade at Centocelle, the Rome museums, the cannon firing at Bracciano, the military hospital called Celio, the ships at Spezia, the city of Turin, the Fiat car factory, and the royal mausoleum at Turin.

July 2 When the days of the official visit were over, we thanked H.M. King AVictor Emmanuel for the friendly reception he had arranged for us, took our leave, and returned to Paris.

July 4 Julian to make transatlantic flight from New York to Liberia via Atlantic city, New Jersey and the West Indies. Purchases seaplane christened Ethiopia I, crashes into Flushing Bay after one of the planes pontoons comes off.

July 7 We set out from Paris and traveled to London. When we reached Calais, we boarded a British ship; and as we began the journey two warships, bedecked with the Ethiopian and British flags sailed to the right and left of our boat. Having crossed the sea we reached Dover and a twenty-one gun salute was fired.

From Dover we traveled by train, and when we reached Victoria Railway Station London the son of His Majesty King George (now himself king but at the time styled Duke of York), together with many officers and guards of honor, bade us a distinguished welcome in the name of his father. From there we went to the residence which had been prepared for us in a house called ‘Albert Gate’ near Hyde Park and Knightsbridge.

July 8 so H.H. the Duke of York informed us, was to be the audience granted by His Majesty King George; and at the appointed hour we went to the meeting.

‘Ras Tafari, Prince Regent of Ethiopia (Emperor Haile Selassie) with the Duke of York (later King George VI) on a visit to London’, 1924. From Our King & Queen and the Royal Princesses. [Odhams Press Ltd., London, 1937]

King George V and Ras Tafari at St Albert Gate after the visit of the Regent of Abyssinian to Buckingham in London, UK. (Photo by KEYSTONE-FRANCE / Gamma-Rapho via Getty Images)

July 10 Liberia Consul General in US press release stated that anyone from the UNIA in the US would not be allowed to land in the republic of Liberia the Liberian Consuls in the US instructed not to permit them visas.

meets Archbishop of Canterbury, King George who returns to him a crown of Emperor Tewodros II and honorary degree of Doctor of Law by the Vice Chancellor of Cambridge University.

July 12 as the official visit ended, We went to Buckingham Palace and took leave of H.M. the King and H.M. the Queen. During the farewell visit H.M. King George made the following speech:

'Your Highness has given me great pleasure by your visit to England to develop and strengthen the friendship of our two governments. Hence, so that you may have a constant memorial of your visit to London and of your meeting with us, we are returning to you the crown of Emperor Theodore which the commander of the British army at the time of the Magdala campaign had brought back.'

Although the capture of Theodore's crown and its removal to England in no way affected Ethiopia's independence, yet the have it said 'this crown was the crown of an Ethiopian Emperor' and to have it appear in a foreign country did not please me. Hence H.M. King George's gracious permission that the crown of Emperor Theodore now be returned to Ethiopia was, I was convinced, a great mark of friendship; and since I felt very pleased, I expressed to the king my profoundly sincere gratitude.

July 18 We departed from London at 10 a.m. in the morning to visit Cambridge University. Before coming to London, while in Rome, the Vice Chancellor had asked us in writing to be gracious enough to visit the University. After we had reached London, he informed us of his proposal through the Foreign Office, and we, therefore, went to carry out the engagement.

After all the professors of the University had given us a respectful welcome, the University's Vice Chancellor approached and said: 'Your Highness! As we have heard of your initiative and perseverance on leading your country Ethiopia on wisdom and knowledge, we bestow upon you the honorary degree of Doctor of Law." he then gave me the appropriate robes.

Immediately afterwards they arranged a great luncheon banquet. At the banquet the Vice Chancellor, Dr. E. C. Pearce, made the following speech:

'Your Highness!

The poet Homer says the Ethiopians are blameless. Herodotus says the Ethiopian s are long lived because they do not drink wine at all.

It is a fact that the Ethiopians refused to pay tribute to Cambyses and to the Persian king(s). Subsequently, they turned back victoriously all who came to take their country by force. Who does not know that the Queen of Sheba, having herd of Solomon's fame, came by camel bearing spices, gold, and gems to try the king with riddles? Who does not know that she returned to her country to be the mother of all kings? Who does not remember, as the centuries unfolded, their descent from David? Who does not know of their being of the family of Queen Candace? All this proves the establishment of their Christianity over the whole world and their possession of an ancient faith over a long history.

A Man at Christ's College in Cambridge University has, in recent years, revealed to the English people the literature and law books of Ethiopia.

Today there is amongst us Tafari Makonnen, Ethiopia's Crown Prince. He follows in the footsteps of his ancestors and possesses knowledge exceeding that of orientals and Egyptians. He explores ancient and modern knowledge. He has studied all the ancient Christian traditions. He endeavors to acquire modern science. H.H. Tafari Makonnen is the first Ethiopian Crown Prince who has gone up in an aeroplane.

He has caused the books of John Chrysostom and of Mar Yeshaq to be translated from Ge'ez into Amharic and had them printed in his own press. These books can be found in Cambridge University Library. Furthermore, he has built a school for the children of Ethiopia.' He ended by saying: 'We therefore make known to all of youbhere Ethiopia's great Crown Prince and Regent, H. H. Tafari Makonnen, the hope of Ethiopia, who is descended from ancient kings.' Wallace Strange Monrovia arrested and deported equipment auctioned Chief Justice J. J. Dossen of Liberia President ports refuse entry. Liberia give preference to the Firestone Rubber Plantation Company, 1 million acres of land 5 to 10 cents per acre. August 1 The 4th International Convention of the Negro Peoples of the World is opened.  Garvey is accompanied in the rear seat of his shiny 1920 Pierce Arrow Limousine by the Rev. R Van Richards at convention Opening Parade in Harlem, NY. His Secret Service (aka Knights of the Roundtable) run alongside the President-General’s parade vehicle. Mr. Garvey is also flanked in the rear by a banner reading Parent Body Division. (Negro World August 16, 1924, p.10)

Uniformed Universal African Motor Corp March up 7th Ave in Harlem, NY during the opening parade of the UNIA sponsored 4th International Convention of the Negro Peoples of the World.

Executive Council Reviews parade From observation deck and Universal African Royal Guard Parade Drill in Harlem, NY. President Joseph A Craigen Contingent of the Detroit Division #125 in the opening day parade of the convention leads the march with his Red, Black and Green Flag draped over his shoulder. Dinner at Third Royal Court Reception of the UNIA at Liberty Hall, NY (Negro World August 30,1924, p.10)

August 15 From Marseilles we embarked on a small ship called 'Amboise'. August 19 we reached the Greek harbour town of Piraeus, they received us with great honour aeroplanes hovering in the air, and in the sea warships firing their guns. When, proceeding from there, we reached the town of Phaleron, the Greek Prime Minister, H.E. Monsieur Sophoulis, with ministers and army commanders, bade us welcome. From there we travelled by train to Anthens. At the railway station the President of the Republic, H.E. Admiral Condouriotes, together with the country's dignitaries and foreign diplomats, received us. We immediately went to the principal church at Athens where Archbishop Chrysostomos pronounced a prayer of blessing, and after that we proceeded to the palace where lodgings had been prepared for us.

At the banquet in the evening, the President, Admiral Condouriotes, spoke of the friendship which had remained steadfast for a very long time between bthe two countries as well as of the closely knit history of the two peoples.

We on our part told him that from time immemorial Anthens had been the source of wisdom and knowledge, that we had discovered and read in our history of the goodness of the Greek people, and we declared our intention henceforth to render assistance to all Greeks living in Ethiopia.

On the next day we visited Acropolis, the ancient sanctuary of gods and idols. When we returned from there, we went to see the Academy and various museums.

James Van Der Zee photographs the convention.  Van Der Zee photographs Garvey with Marke and Prince KojoTovalou-Houénou of Dahomey. 

August 18 addresses the convention.

The Dahomean proto nationalist KojoTovalou-Houénou declared at the same convention that “your association, Mr. President … is the Zionism of the Black Race.”^ Les Continents, 15 October 1924. August 19 they showed us various displays of gymnastics at a place called the stadium as well as several kinds of military parades. Towards evening we went to see Athens University, and the head of the University, Monsieur Dimetri Papapouleas, standing at an elevated place, made the following.

We were pleased to hear these words of friendship gleaned from ancient and expressed our profound gratitude; we then returned to the palace.

August 20 We went to visit, together with Archbishop Chrysostomos and with other scholars very knowledgeable in history, the Areopagus where St. Paul instructed the Athenians. The place is in the vicinity of this locality, citing the Acts of the Apostles.

We had, of course, frequently read in history books of Athens as the fount of wisdom and learning and now we were glad to see it with our own eyes.

Of all the things we had seen at Athens, the following are the main memories we have retained in our heart: The temples of gods and idols of the Acropolis, the Areopagus, the Academy and various museums, the Library, the University, the gymnastics displays and the military parade at the Stadium, the theatre of Herodes Atticus by the ruins of the Acropolis, and the fireworks projected into the air, by the seashore at Phaleron, spread out in the sky in the shape of the Ethiopian flag.

Garvey Black Cross Navigation and Trading Company. 

September 2 Garvey denounces Liberian government’s exclusion of the UNIA in Liberty Hall speech.

September 20 Garvey eulogizes Liberian Supreme Court Justice J. J. Dossen.

Garvey embarks on organizational tour to promote sale of Black Cross Navigation and Trading Company stock travels to Detroit, Raleigh, North Carolina, Denver and Ogden, Utah.

October 18 Brief for Garvey, plaintiff in error Marcus Garvey v. United States, filed in U.S. Circuit Court of Appeals, Second Circuit.

October 20 Black Cross Navigation and Trading Company purchase the 5, 000 ton ‘General G.W. Goethals’.

October 26 Garvey claims Universal Negro Political Union meeting at Liberty Hall.

New York politicians speak at Universal Negro Political Union meeting at Liberty Hall.

Universal Negro Political Union endorses candidates for November 1924 elections.

November 2 S.S.General G.W. Goethals unofficially rechristened S.S. Booker T Washington, New York harbor.

November 16 Garvey explains why UNIA leadership abandoned radio program in Liberty Hall speech.

December 10 Reply brief for the U.S. defendant in error Marcus Garvey v. United States, filed in U.S. Circuit Court of Appeals, Second Circuit.

December 15 Reply breif for Garvey, plaintiff in error Marcus Garvey v. U.S. filed in U.S. Circuit Court of Appeals, Second Circuit. 1925 January 3 The Black Cross Navigation and Trading Company place Big Negro Excursion advertisement in the Negro World announcing the sailing of the S.S. Booker T. Washington to Central America, the West Indies, Panama, and the South of the United States.

January 10 The Black Cross Navigation and Trading Company completes purchase of S.S. Goethals.

January 18 The S.S. Goethals leaves New York for the Caribbean travelling via Philadelphia and Norfolk, Virginia.

January 25 Myra Howell arrives in New York. February 3  S.S. Goethals  arrives in Havana, Cuba.

Garvey’s appeal denied by the U.S. Circuit Court of Appeals, Second Circuit. February 4 Judge Augustus Hand issues bench warrant for Garvey’s arrest. February 5 Garvey is arrested at 125th Street train station, New York returning from Detroit via Albany, New York.

February 6 Garvey arraigned signs writ of certiorari to be presented to U.S. Supreme Court.

February 7 Garvey appoints Jacques secretary treasurer of the Marcus Garvey Freedom and Protection Fund. Garvey Manhattan House of Detention Tombs Prison and taken to Atlanta in federal custody. February 8 Garvey leaves court with handcuffed to a deputy, Marshal Hecht and taken into custody to begin serving his sentence at the Atlanta Federal Penitentiary.

February 10  The S.S. Goethals arrives in Kingston, Jamaica.

February 14 Garvey appoint William Sherrilll, Clifford Bourne and G. Emonei Carter as committee of management to administer the UNIA and ACL in his absence.

March 13 The S.S. Goethals arrives in Colon, Panama.

March 16 Garvey submits writ of certiorari petition to U.S. Supreme Court.

March 23 U.S. Supreme Court denies Garvey’s petition.

April 7 Pardon attorney informs Jacques that her informal request for executive clemency for Garvey is premature.

April 15 Capt, Charles V. Vaughan is appointed new master of the  S.S. Goethals.

April 23 Central Executive Committee, Workers (Communist) Party of America issues declaration protesting imprisonment of Garvey and calls for his release.

April 25  The S.S. Goethals leaves Port Antonio, Jamaica for the U.S.

April 28 Sherrill and other members of the Marcus Garvey Pardon Delegation submit a petition for Garvey’s release to President Calvin Coolidge  through U.S. Attorney General John Sargent.

May 1 Garvey appoints Sherrill acting UNIA president general and cancels annual UNIA international convention and asks each local division to hold its hold convention.

May 4 Attorney General informs Sen. Smith W. Brookhart that any application for executive clemency submitted by Garvey will receive appropriate consideration.

May 6-8 arrives The S.S. Goethals arrives in Jacksonville, Florida.

May 14 Ku Klux Klan board the S.S. Goethals and threaten passengers and crew the crew members on the shore are driven into a swamp.

May 19 Malcolm Little is born in Omaha, Nebraska to Grenada born Louise Helen Little and Earl Little a Baptist Lay preacher, both members of Garvey’s UNIA, Malcolm’s mother was the secretary and branch reporter.

May 31 The S.S. Goethals returns to the port in New York City.

May William Sherril the acting President General visits Garvey.

June 2 Garvey begins extended correspondence with Earnest S. Cox founder of the White America Society and member of the Anglo Saxon Clubs, Virginia. June 6 Garvey editorial is printed in the Negro World, as a front-page editorial; written in Atlanta Federal Penitentiary. Original headlines omitted. Creed reprinted in slightly revised form, under the title “African Fundamentalism,” as a UNIA poster, sold by mail order through the Negro World by Amy Jacques Garvey in the same year. Fellow Men of the Negro Race, Greeting: The time has come for the Negro to forget and cast behind him his hero worship and adoration of other races, and to start out immediately, to create and emulate heroes of his own. We must canonize our own saints, create our own martyrs, and elevate to positions of fame and honor black men and women who have made their distinct contributions to our racial history. Sojourner Truth is worthy of the place of sainthood alongside of Joan of Arc; Crispus Attucks and George William Gordon are entitled to the halo of martyrdom with no less glory than that of the martyrs of any other race. Toussaint L'Ouverture’s brilliancy as a soldier and statesman outshone that of a Cromwell, Napoleon and Washington; hence, he is entitled to the highest place as a hero among men. Africa has produced countless numbers of men and women, in war and in peace, whose lustre and bravery outshine that of any other people. Then why not see good and perfection in ourselves?

June 13 Garvey submits first official application for executive clemency to President Coolidge.

June 15 and 18 Du Bois’s The Star of Ethiopia is performed at Hollywood Bowl. 

June 17 Pardon attorney replies to petitions containing thousands of signatures by accepting Garvey’s application and refers application to U.S. Attorney for New York Emory R. Buckner and Solicitor for the Post Office Department E. M. Blessing for recommendations.

June 26 Immigration and Naturalization Service, U.S. Department of Labor issues warrant for deportation of Garvey after hearing is held in Atalanta Federal Penitentiary.

June 27 In response to public concern over Garvey’s health the prison doctor reports that Garvey is in good physical condition.

John Powell president of the Anglo Saxon Clubs of America visits Garvey in Atlanta and reports Garvey’s supprt for lobbying effort on behalf of passage of anti miscegenation legislation.

July 8 U.S. Attorney for New York recommends that Garvey’s application for clemency be denied.

July 14 U.S. Post Office Inspector F. E. Shea recommends that Garvey’s application for clemency be denied.

Earnest S. Cox addresses meeting of the Richmond, Virginia UNIA division and hails Garvey as the ablest leader the Negro race has produced.

July 18 Norfolk Journal and Guide criticizes alliance between Garvey and Anglo Saxon Clubs leaders.

July 26 Ashwood requests that President Coolidge release Garvey so that she can collect alimony payment from him.

August 3 Pardon Attorney’s Office requests that U.S. Attorney for New York obtain recommendation of trial Jude Julian W. Mack regarding Garvey’s application for clemency.

August 8 Garvey praises Earnest S. Cox’s book White America stating that it honestly represents white American viewpoint.

August 14 Garvey repudiates Negro World editorial critical of Cox and Powell and reprimands staff for publishing it.

August 15 UNIA divisions hold local convention.

September 16-18 Garvey requests permission from attorney general to travel to New York City to straighten out UNIA financial affairs permission is denied.

September 18 Pardon attorney informs Garvey that in view of adverse recommendation received by Department of Justice, his application for clemency is not entitled to be submitted to the President.

October 15 Sherrill convenes meeting in New York of Committee of Presidents from largest UNIA division.

October 28 Committee of Presidents visits Garvey in Atlanta declares lack of confidence in current parent body administration and suggests election of new slate of officers.

John Powell addresses UNIA meeting at Liberty Hall in New York.

November 2 American Negro Labor Congress publishes demand for Garvey’s release.

December 17 Speaker of the House of Representatives Nicholas Longworth asks attorney general for details of the charge against Garvey and his eligibility for parole.

December 19 Garvey’s attorney George Gordon Battle confers with pardon attorney.

December 22 Attorney general tells Speaker of the House that he has decided to keep open Garvey;s application pending a further hearing of the case.

December 23 Pardon attorney at the direction of the attorney general writes Speaker of the House states that Garvey’s application for clemency is still under consideration and transmits attorney general’s request to discuss the matter with Speaker before making final decision.

December 26 Garvey submits second application for clemency and states that he will accept deportation of allowed 2 weeks to arrange his affairs.

December 29 Pardon attorney informs Sen. L. D. Tyson that Garvey’s application for clemency is under careful consideration.

December 30 Attorney general writes to Speaker of the House informing him that Garvey’s application is under careful consideration.

The Second volume of Philosophy and Opinions of Marcus Garvey edited by Jacques is published in New York.

Earnest S. Cox dedicates pamphlet Let My People Go to Garvey advocates racial separation and African repatriation for blacks.

Randolph becomes President of the Brotherhood of Sleeping Car Porters labor union for workers of the Pullman Company.  1926 January 6 Pardon attorney requests U.S. attorney for New York to wire his recommendation and that of Jude Mack regarding Garvey’s application

January 8 U.S. attorney for New York wires pardon attorney that Judge Mack replies that he cannot recommend commutation of Garvey’s sentence before 2 years imprisonment is served and that Trail Attorney Maxwell S. Mattuck altogether opposes any commutation.

January 21 Davis 4th assistant president general visits Garvey in Atlanta. Garvey helps prepare her testimony on behalf of the UNIA in upcoming Isaiah Morter estate trail in Belize, British Honduras. 

January 27 Attorney general submits Garvey’s petition for executive clemency to President Coolidge advises against approval.

January 30 Garvey instructs Negro World managing editor Norton G. Thomas to denounce leadership of Sherrill and George Weston power struggle ensues between UNIA faction loyal to Garvey and faction led by Weston in New York.

The UNIA office building at 52 West 135th Street New York is sold for back taxes.

Du Bois visits the Soviet Union in Russia. 

February 8-18 Isiah Morter case tried by British Honduras Supreme Court.

February 19 Garvey sends telegram to Negro World dismissing Sherril and Weston which is published on the cover of the issue.

February 20 Garvey announces holding of emergency UNIA convention in Detroit and also announces new slate of officers to oppose the leadership of Sherrill and Weston.

February 23 Amy Jacques Garvey discusses Garvey’s case with attorney general in Washington D.C.

March 1 Jacques appeals to British Ambassador Esme Howard for assistance in securing Garvey’s release.

March 8 New York based UNIA officers accuse Jacques of creating dissension between American and West Indian members and officers and of trying to seize control of the UNIA.

March 13 Garvey affirms his wife’s loyalty and devotion to the UNIA and calls on supporters to protect her name.

March 14 Emergency UNIA convention convenes in Detroit.

March 15 Prepared statement from Garvey is read to convention delegates which states that Sherrill, Weston and G. O. Marke, deputy supreme potentate are leaders of a conspiracy aimed at defeating the plans and purposes of the UNIA and levels specific charges of maladministration and disloyalty against Sherrill.

March 16 Jacques addresses convention.

March 20 New slate of officers loyal to Garvey are elected at convention Fred A Toote becomes new UNIA acting president general.

March 22 British Honduran Supreme Court rules against UNIA in Morter case on grounds that organisation exists for illegal purposes, namely, the redemption of Africa from colonial ruler.

March 29 S.S. Goethals is sold at a public auction in New York for one quarter of the price that it was purchased for.

April 3 Cyril Briggs black Communist leader and former anti Garvey crusader defends Garvey and blames the UNIA officers for mismanagement of UNIA affairs and loss of the S.S. Goethals.

April 8 Garvey’s lawyers hire a private detective Hebert S Boulin who find Ashwood in bed with a man.

April 9 Chicago Defender reads Detectives Surprise Pair in Bed.

April 23 The UNIA executive council members meet with pardon attorney in Washington D.C. to plead Garvey’s case.

May 11 Garvey is charged with insolence and reprimanded.

Earnest S. Cox publishes The South’s Part in Mongrelizing the Nation with Garvey declaring it a masterpiece.

July 24 The UNIA purchase Smallwood-Corey Institute in Claremont, Virginia and rename it Liberty University.

August 1-15 New York local UNIA division holds convention at Liberty Hall, New York denounces Garvey and officers elected in Detroit, elects rival slate of national officers headed by Weston as president general.

August 11 Pardon Attorney’s Office informs Battle that reopening Garvey’s case is not currently warranted.

August 15-30 UNIA divisions loyal to Garvey hold local conventions.

September 8 Parole board denies Garvey’s application.

September 12 Liberty University opens for fall session.

September 16 Weston challenges Garvey’s authority over UNIA affairs, secures court order against Garvey and UNI parent body administration elected in Detroit, enjoining them from holding meeting or collecting funds in the name of the UNIA, Incorporated.

October New York Supreme Court rules in UNIA, Incorporated v. Marcus Garvey that the New York division has no jurisdiction over Liberty University or the collection of funds un the name of the UNIA, Incorporated and awards joint use of Liberty Hall to the New York division and UNIA parent body.

November Weston place $32, 000 mortgage on Liberty Hall to settle court claims for back salaries of UNIA officials.

December 15 Ashwood case against Garvey Missouri divorce Harrison letters from Ashwood.

9 members of the jury that convicted Garvey in mail fraud trial sign affidavit recommending commutation of Garvey’s sentence.

The Littles move to Milwaukee, Wisconsin.  1927 January Garvey resubmits application for executive clemency, accompanied by affidavit jurors.

February 25 Attorney general holds a short interview with Armin Kohn, Garvey’s attorney, Jacques and other UNIA leaders.

Garvey appeals to President Coolidge

Garvey write The White man’s Game, His Vanity Fair John Bunyan Pilgrims Progress.

March 22 Garvey is isolated for contraband food.

March 24 Garvey’s lawyers submit additional brief in support of application for clemency.

April 7 Garvey is admitted to prison infirmary with influenza and bronchitis.

April 17 Garvey is returned from infirmary to cleaning.

May 15 Detroit UNIA division hold a mass rally in support of Garvey’s release.

May 16 Prison physician reports that Garvey suffers from chronic bronchial condition.

June 8 Earl Little, Malcolm X’s Dad appeals to President Coolidge for Garvey’s release.

June 21 Prophet George Hurley founder of Universal Hagar Spiritual Church appeals to President Coolidge to commute Garvey’s sentence.

July 23 Garvey appoints E. B. Knox of Chicago as his personal representive at upcoming convention of New York UNIA division.

July 31 Garvey instructs Norton G. Thomas to publish notices of Toote’s resignation and Knox’s new status as Garvey’s personal representive in Negro World.

August 1 New York local UNIA division  convenes local convention in New York.

August 6 Toote resigns office effective August 15 pledges ongoing loyalty to Garvey.

August 31 NAACP organiser William Pickens calls for Garvey’s release in letter to New Republic describes Garvey as a visionary not a criminal.

November Garvey released and boards in New Orleans to be deported to Jamaica where he arrives at Orrett’s Wharf in Kingston.

September 14 Liberty Hall is foreclosed and auctioned.

September 15 Garvey orders reincorporation of Liberty University in order to remove Toote from its board of trustees.

September 20 Garvey issues instruction to deny permission to Laura Adorkor Kofey to collect funds for an African colonization program.

October 14 Garvey threatens Toote with arres for fraud if he does not deliver Liberty University deed to new trustees Toote travels to Claremont, Virginia to deliver deed.

October 20 Knox informs Garvey that attempts to have Toote arrested for grand larceny have been futile as police refuse to make arrest.

November 1 Pardon attorney informs Armin Kohn that he intends to present Garvey’s case to the attorney general along with his recommendation that commutation be granted.

November 12 Attorney general recommends to President Coolidge that Garvey’s sentence be commuted to expire at once.

November 14 Department of Labor reports that no stay of 1925 deportation warrant will be granted.

November 18 President Coolidge commutes Garvey’s sentence.

December 2 Garvey delivers his farewell address from the deck of S.S. Saramacca to his followers who crowd the dock in the rain to hear him and is deported from the U.S.

December 7 Garvey changes ships at Cristobal, Panama Canal Zone.

December 11 Knox speaks as Garvey’s personal representive at UNIA meeting in New York and gives an account of Garvey’s last days in the U.S.

Garvey address’s ‘overflow crowd’ at Ward Theatre in Kingston.

December 12 Garvey begins speaking tour of rural parishes of Jamaica.

December 15 Garvey purchases house on Lady Musgrave Road and calls it Somali Court.

December 17 Garvey informs Jacques of his plans to sail to Central America.

December 18 Garvey recalls the history of his career in the U.S. in Ward Theatre speech.

Noble Drew Ali founder of the Moorish Holy Temple of Science proclaims Garvey as forerunner to his own coming as a prophet of the Nation of Islam.

December 20 Garvey informs Secretary of State Frank Billings Kellogg of travel plans requiring him to pass through the Panama Canal Zone on his trip to Central America.

December 26 Jacques arrives in Kingston from New York.

Garvey 76 Kings Street Kingston and speaks at Ward Theatre as well as Edelweiss Park. 1928 January 21 Garvey publishes notice in Negro World revoking charter of Jacksonville UNIA division No. 286, punishing division for sponsoring Kofey.

February 3 Garvey publishes notice in Negro World denouncing Kofey as a fraud and advocating her arrest.

February 11 Garvey expels leading members of Miami UNIA division from UNIA for ninety nine years as punishment for their support of Kofey.

February 24 Supreme Court of British Honduras ruling in Morter’s estate case is reversed on appeal estate is granted to UNIA, inc. of New York.

March 8 Kofey is assassinated  at pulpit during meeting in Miami riot ensues her alleged assailant, African Legion member Maxwell Cook is beaten to death by enraged audience.

Garvey loyalists Claude Green, president, Miami UNIA division and James B. Nimmo, colonel Miami African Legion are arrested for Kofey’s murder.

March 20 Florida newspaper implicates Garvey in Kofey assassination.

March 21 Knox leaves New York to join Garvey in Jamaica.

March 24 Green and Nimmo indicted by grand jury for murder of Kofey.

April 7 J. A. Craigen answers charges by Florida newspaper Kofey not an African princess and Garvey is not responsible for her death.

April 12 Kingston UNIA division holds a farewell meeting for Knox, who is returning to New York and Garvey who is leaving for England.

April 14 Marcus, Amy and Hazel Escridge sail to England from Kingston on the S.S. Green Briar.

April 29 Garvey and his entourage arrive in Liverpool and travel to London where he spends two days at Cecil hotel and then rents a private house at 57 Castletown Road, West Kensington for four months establishing it as the temporary European HQ of UNIA.

May 12 Garvey summons Knox to join him in England.

June 2 T. Thomas Fortune editor of Negro World dies in Philadelphia.

June 6 Garvey makes landmark speech on colonialism and rights of Africans at the Royal Albert Hall introduced by Charles Garnett English League of Universal Brotherhood and Nature Races Association.

June 19 Knox returns from New York from England.

July 2 Surveillance report on Garvey’s speech at Parsons Green, England is filed with U.S. Department of State and Bureau of Investigation via U.S. Embassy in London.

July 12 Nimmo and Green are acquitted on all charges in connection with the murder of Kofey.

Garvey travels to Paris.

Garvey visits Brussels.

Garvey visits Berlin praises German efficiency.

August 11 Garvey returns to London.

Kofey’s body having laid in state at various funeral parlors in Florida for 5 months is buried in Duvsl cemetery Jacksonville.

September 2 Garvey delivers speech at Century Theatre in London.

September 3 Garvey travels to Paris. 

September 11 Negro World publishes Garvey editorial condemning work of Harlem Renaissance writers as “a damnable libel against the Negro”

Garvey travels to Geneva, Switzerland to present renewal of UNIA petition to the League of Nations.

Garvey writes writes to the Secretary General of the League of Nations Eric Drummond from the Victoria Hotel in Geneva.

October 6 Garvey Paris speaks at Club du Faubourg 1, 5000 white men, French men, women, Americans and 70 Negroes, Prix Goncourt winner Rene Maran and visits Louvre and Notre Dame.

October 7 The Ras Tafari Makonnen Crown Prince, hier to the throne and Regent Plenipotentiary is crowned King/Negus by Empress Zawditu.

October 8 Garvey writes final Negro World editorial from London prior to his departure from Europe.

October 9 Garvey and Jacques leave England for Canada.

October 20 Garvey and Jacques endorse Democratic party president nominee Alfred Smith.

Garvey and Jacques arrive in Quebec.

Garvey and Jacques travel to Montreal aboard S.S. Empress of Scotland.

November 1 Montreal Gazette reports Garvey’s arrest by immigration officials Garvey is ordered not to speak publicly while in Canada and to leave the country after 1 week.

November 2 Garvey travels to Toronto for a meeting with UNIA officials to discuss the future of the organisation plans to hold international convention in Canada are relinquished and Kingston chosen as an alternative site.

November 7 Garvey sails for Kingston.

British consul general, New York informs Governor of Jamaica that Garvey has been deported from Canada and is returning to Jamaica.

November 8 The Secretary of State Frank Billins Kellogg receives report of Garvey’s activities in Canada.

November 10 Ashwood sails from New York to Kingston in order to pursue legal suit against Garvey and claims Garvey never secured a legitimate divorce from her before marrying Jacques.

November 23 Garvey and Jacques return to Kingston

December 10 Ceremonies are held to celebrate the opening of the new UNIA HQ at Edelweiss Park at 67 Slipe Road, Cross Roads in the parish of St. Andrew.

December 13 Negro World announces Garvey’s plan to publish a daily newspaper in Kingston to be called Blackman and also calls for funds to help support the new enterprise.

Seay along with four other Black Cross Nurses complete midwife training at Belize hospital. Howell opens tea room in Harlem.