#but it took a considerable amount of resourcefulness and/or privilege to achieve that in the first place

[britneyshakespeare]

they cut off my tags on that thoreau post. i wrote like much more of a rant and tumblr didnt even tell me they were cuttin it before i pressed post

#listen. i would've been more concise if you made me #tales from diana #i get so passionate on the topic of pre-nineteenth-century female writers and their systemic exclusion from the literary canon #it drives me up a wall i could truly talk forever and ever about all of these misconceptions #lately the one that gets under my skin is 'look at these (well-remembered) female writers who wrote under a pen name' #my god especially if it's a MALE (or gender-neutral) pen name #first of all. the brontes did not have 'male' pen names. the gender of the bells was not known or presumed #but the assumption is that these ppl were trying to hide their gender rather than many ppl chose not to disclose their identity #bc they didnt want their identity to be known. #also many many many women chose unambiguously feminine pen names. ephelia or astrea or laura or lesbia #(yes very often aping latin/classical conventions) #or what jane austen published her work under initially? A Lady #that's not someone trying to avoid being judged as a woman but someone trying not to be known personally in the world. understandably #and many many early novelists were women. the novel was not a respected art form AT ALL in its early years #so it wasn't that controversial that many of the biggest novelists were women. #as the novel grew in perceived sophistication and respectability. the feminine aspect of its identity waned away slowly #and now the generations of aphra behns and eliza haywoods and fanny burneys and ann radcliffes are forgotten entirely #bc no one cared to preserve it!! THAT is the part of the systemic misogyny #not that zero women ever wrote or published anything. far from it #but it took a considerable amount of resourcefulness and/or privilege to achieve that in the first place #and even with that being accomplished. people did not value it enough to preserve it for future generations #we would not have shakespeare like we do without the first folio. that's a very significant historical fact in his legacy. #we'd have maybe a dozen or so plays. not 38. #but even today you do not go into a bookstore and find the complete works (or even plays) of aphra behn anywhere. #or susanna centlivre or mary pix or hannah cowley #how many people do you know who recognize those names? let alone how many people do you know who have READ their works? #very few. and they are not easy to fucking find anywhere either! #and often unless they've been selected in a series like oxford's world classics (god bless oxford's world classics btw!!!) #you won't find them except from very select sellers and often very expensively #many such early women novelists and playwrights have works so rare you cannot find them duplicated on public access sources

[hongjoongtrasher]

Goodbye Baby Goodbye ch.2

GENRE: Angst , smut, fluff

PAIRING: office worker!seonghwa x female reader, ceo!hongjoong x female reader, established relationship, lovers to ennemies.

OTHER: little brother!jongho, best friend!yunho, colleague!yeosang, roommate!san, office worker!mingi, manager!wooyoung.

WARNING: cheating, betrayal, manipulations, protected sex (BE SAFE KIDDOS)

Masterlist - Previous chapter

Synopsis:

It all began when your now 4 year-old boyfriend Seonghwa had an invitation to his entreprise’s party. Surprised to hear you could tag along, you met Kim Hongjoong, the CEO and close friend of Seonghwa. Rumored to be a playboy, the rich boss of your boyfriend is determined to add you to his conquests.

Indeed, Seonghwa wasn’t lying when he was saying KQ Enterprise was like an empire. You’ve never been there, and yet you were here, standing in front of the gigantic building, right after your boyfriend came to pick you up.

The preps for this evening have been like a war. Fortunately, San helped you a lot. He was a good adviser for your makeup and hairstyle. Since you had received such an expensive dress from your boyfriend’s boss, you couldn’t let the rest being down. Of course, when you called Seonghwa in a intense panic, talking about the dress you got from Mr. Kim, he didn’t seem surprised.

« Oh, actually I talked to him about the dress code, and he figured out you may be hadn’t an outfit for this occasion. But I swear I didn’t ask anything from him. »

You were still bewildered after his explanation, because it didn’t explain how he got your name and address. But Seonghwa only said:

« Mr. Kim is a man full of resources Y/N. He’s the CEO at the head of an empire, so it’s not really surprising he’d found your personal informations. But don’t worry, he won’t do anything armful to you. »

Still, you weren’t really happy with the fact your boyfriend’s CEO could find your personal infos so easily.

« Y/N…Just accept this gift. I’m sure he didn’t want to upset you, just pleasing you, in a certain way. »

« Fine, I won’t talk about it from now on » you grumbled into your phone. « But I don’t want any of those things in the future. »

And the D-day came. San had left you right after you were done, his own boyfriend came to pick him up as well. It was the first time you were meeting Wooyoung. He seemed to be a nice guy and you had this sort of feeling of knowing him for a long time even though it was the first time you were meeting. While San was still in the bathroom, Wooyoung explained to you his position in KQ Enterprise. He was the team manager of the economic team whereas Seonghwa was a manager into the CEO personal team. You were impressed by how high they were into this enterprise but Wooyoung smirked and mischievously answered:

« Because KQ Ent is mainly composed of young people. The Boss is privileging youth over oldies who will soon retire. »

San soon came to see you both, signalling his boyfriend he was ready. Wooyoung smiled at the other male who was really handsome tonight. You didn’t know San could be this hot in this all black tuxedo and hair pulled back. You were so used to see him in sweat pants and shirts with messy hair. Such a loss for the women population you had thought at this moment.

« Weeeell, I’m ready, so we’ll go ahead Y/N, see you there ! ~ » said San with a large smile which made a weird difference from his look.

You nodded and waved to the boys. Only five minutes after, Seonghwa knocked at your door. You came to open the door, trying not to step on the expensive shiny dress you were wearing. When you opened the door, you had found a subjugated Seonghwa, his mouth opened as soon as his eyes landed on your elegant figure. But he was so handsome as well. Wearing a dark blue tuxedo with a white shirt, a silky pocket tissue on his perfect blazer. His dark hair were neatly styled by some wax, and you could smell his cologne from here. You felt so lucky at this moment to have him as your boyfriend.

« You’re gorgeous » he only whispered after a moment, which made you blush.

« T-Thanks. San helped me to..mh be prepared » you mumbled back shyly, not used to wear expensive stuffs.

« You ready ? » he asked softly.

« I just have to grab some things and put my shoes and we’re good to go. »

You wearing heels was a thing to watch. Fortunately, the most suitable pair you had was almost brand new. You had bought them with your first pay check from your part time job, but soon gave up when you tried to keep them more than a whole day. You also had a classic white blazer and a small pouch that Seonghwa had gifted to you for your second couple anniversary.

« Hwa…What should I do ? I’m so nervous » you shakily said when he came to you after parking his car.

You felt his hand falling on your back as he made sure you were facing him. His eyes searched for yours as he said firmly and yet so sweetly:

« Everything’s gonna be alright Y/N. I’ll be by your side. »

His other hand gently stroke your cheek as you nodded, trying to repress your anxiety. Seonghwa took your hand to pass it around his arm. And then, you both entered the giant building where security guards were controlling the entry. They didn’t ask your name but bowed their head at your boyfriend, letting you pass easily while shouting : « Good evening sir ! »

For a second you thought being in a drama, it felt so unreal that you almost lost your nervousness. Seonghwa leaded you calmly to the reception hall, where you could already hear people chatting and the classy jazz music in the background.

« Oh my God » you repeated to yourself, squeezing Seonghwa’s arm tightly to which he responded by squeezing your hand with his free one.

The huge hall was crowded with a lot of people, most of them were employees here. You just kinda followed Seonghwa, politely greeting people he was saying « Good evening » etc. You glanced around you furtively, small standing tables were on display for everyone to get some appetizer even waiters were going through the crowd with silver trays with champagne glasses. You got one from Seonghwa. You weren’t usually drinking, or more you weren’t a good drinker, but you were feeling like drinking right now to forget your tension. As Seonghwa was talking to another manager, suddenly everything stopped and most of the others’ eyes were all directed in one direction.

A rather small man had entered the huge hall, platinum hair pulled back but with a sharp glance arrived. Even if you were at the other side of the room, you could feel his obvious charisma as he made his way through the mike stand near the small pair of musicians. You noticed his dark winey red tuxedo, perfectly fitting his body. You almost shivered when Seonghwa leaned to your ear to whisper: « It’s CEO Kim. »

Kim Hongjoong, the brilliant CEO of KQ Enterprise. He was known to be really young to be the owner of such a company, but his youth wasn’t a hurdle to rule over his company with an iron handle. The hall had gone completely silent, waiting for the host of this party to talk. He cleared his throat before offering a smug smile to the assembly, his eyes scanning the large hall.

« Ladies and Gentlemen, welcome to the annual party of KQ Enterprise. Tonight, is the night where we are celebrating our achievement for the past goals we were keeping in sight. I am well aware that I maybe asked for a considerable amount of efforts during those past months, but this is thanks to your hard work, perseverance and audacity that we can proudly announce that KQ Enterprise will add the brand new branch in the US market… »

A salvation of applauses erupted in the huge hall, Seonghwa clapping enthusiastically. You were a bit confused but followed the move, fairly impressed by his speech. But he wasn’t done yet.

« As you also know, I may be the CEO, but everything wouldn’t be possible without my dear sister, Hyewon - once again people applauded towards a young woman who was standing at the corner of the stage, humbly bowing her head at her brother’s words- who always find the good words to guide me. I received a lot of praises from you all tonight, but I am not the only one to be thanked tonight. You all deserve to be thanked for your hard work, and be proud to belong to our enterprise. Thank you »

A standing ovation exploded as the blonde exited the stage, bowing slightly to some people who were still applauding him.

Seonghwa looked so proud at the moment that you turned to him to congratulate him as well. « You’re amazing, I’m proud of you » you said as he chuckled in shyness. « I’m not that amazing, I’m just doing my work »

Soon the classic music returned and people began to chat between each other’s again. You gazed to the next standing table to see San with Wooyoung, champagne glass in one hand. Your roommate noticed you and made sure to lift his glass to you, which you imitated for him. After a moment, you began to think this party wasn’t so bad, until you heard the same voice earlier from the mike addressing to your boyfriend.

« Seonghwa, you came ! »

You turned quickly to see that CEO Kim was here, giving your boyfriend a brotherly embrace, his hand tapping his back as Seonghwa looked slightly surprised but soon gained his composure again. You felt your body froze suddenly.

« Congratulations, Mr. Kim » he said genuinely happy for his boss.

« I told you already to call me Hongjoong » said the blonde with a wide smile, showing his white teeth.

Then his dark eyes soon switched to your persona. You quickly bowed to your boyfriend’s boss, feeling his gaze scanning your whole body.

« You must be Y/N…I’m glad to see the dress I’ve sent you fit you so well. Not to say, you’re beautiful »

You straighten up to mumble awkward words, but the blonde took your hand to do a hand kiss, making your heart flutter.

« I…It’s nice to meet you Mr. Kim, and you shouldn’t have for the dress » you quickly said in a choked voice, making him laugh.

« It’s nothing, it was my pleasure. I hope you will keep it. »

His eyes fixed yours, making you drown into their intensity, as he softly let your hand goes. You heard your boyfriend’s greeting someone else who was no one but Hongjoong’s sister. Seeing her close, you could tell she was gorgeous. Beauty was running into the family genes you thought as your gaze hadn’t left Hongjoong’s figure.

« Hyewon, this is Seonghwa, my manager into my team, and his girlfriend, Y/N »

Hyewon smiled at Seonghwa, bowing her head slightly and to you as well.

« It’s nice to meet you. I heard a lot from my brother about you Seonghwa. »

You looked at your boyfriend who seemed fluttered by her. You had no doubt about your boyfriend’s work, and you felt proud for him. But you soon felt like about to faint, not really knowing how to follow the conversation. Unless you excused you politely to join San’s table.

« Hey, how is it going Cinderella ? » he asked you teasingly.

« Stop it » you groaned lowly once you were next to him. « Wooyoung ? »

« Went to the bathroom » answered your friend, taking a sip to his glass. « You met him right ? »

San was indeed talking about Hongjoong, and you nodded, also taking a sip of your golden liquid.

« Yeah…He…He seems nice but, he has such an aura…so charismatic » you told San openly.

« No wonder, have you heard his speech earlier ? He probably is our age, but act like a king » San chuckled before Wooyoung came back.

« Everything’s good for you Y/N ? » asked your roommate’s boyfriend, probably worried not to see Seonghwa by your side.

You nodded in confirmation as you nudged your chin behind you where Hongjoong was still talking to your boyfriend with her sister.

« He’s incredible right ? » asked Wooyoung enthusiastically.

« Yes, indeed, he’s a genius in a sense » you hummed.

« Thank you »

You gasped when you heard again Hongjoong’s voice behind your back, making you turn quickly to face him. You’ve turned so fast that you almost stripped on your dress, Hongjoong carefully stretched his arm to hold you back if you were falling. But fortunately you didn’t.

« Wow, be careful, I didn’t mean to scare you. I apologize. »

« No no, it’s fine, I’m the one who should apologize haha » you nervously croaked back, making him slightly smirk.

Wooyoung and San bowed to the impromptu visitor. Hongjoong greeted them back but it was obvious he wanted to talk to you alone, so Wooyoung gently dragged your boyfriend away, pretexting the appetizer were better at another table. Once you were alone with Hongjoong, you didn’t dare to look at him in the eyes, to shy to do it as you could feel his piercing gaze on you.

« Are you enjoying your night ? » he asked softly, his hand gently turning a darker liquid on a glass.

« Yes, absolutely, it’s…wonderful. » you answered, trying to appear as calm as you wanted.

« I’m glad you like it. I don’t like sort of …formal gathering, but Hyewon says it’s important for the employees and she’s right. »

His eyes hadn’t left you from the beginning of this conversation.

« Seonghwa is lucky to have you by his side » he commented, making you surprised to ear this from him.

After all, he was the CEO, the almighty here. He could have any woman he wanted, anything could be his in a flash. But seeing one of his close friend having such a cute girlfriend like you made him slightly jealous. Cute and beautiful. He was subjugated by your beauty as soon as his eyes landed on you.

« I’m the one who is more lucky to have him » you explained in a shy smug smile. « He is very capable in every thing. »

« Indeed…I agree » hummed Hongjoong, finally departing his eyes from you to see his sister still talking with your boyfriend.

The night went well, since Seonghwa came to find you not a long after with San and Wooyoung, Hongjoong already had left since he had more people to talk with. You were somehow in a daze. Talking to Hongjoong kind of relieved your stress but at the same time left a deep impression on you.

« Are you alright baby ? » whispered Seonghwa to your ear since your cheeks were bright red.

« I’m fine ! »

« It’s because she’s drinking her fourth glass of champagne ~ » teased San while you gave him a deathly glare.

Seonghwa frowned at your roommate’s words.

« Y/N, you know you cannot handle alcohol very well »

He wasn’t angry or anything, just worried about your current state. Actually you weren’t that drunk, just enough to be dizzy and mostly feeling the urge to go to the bathroom. You just smirked and said:

« Let me go to the bathroom, and I’ll be back. »

« We should go after. » softly said Seonghwa before watching you leave the hall.

It would be a lie to say you were walking straight, or at least in your head you were. But while you were gone into the hallway, you went to the bathroom to relief yourself and also try to refresh your face. Once you were done, you came out from the bathroom, expecting to see people, but no one was here. The silent corridor made you uncomfortable so you decided to go back to your boyfriend until you heard footsteps coming right at you. You froze when you saw Hongjoong in front of you. He looked a bit tired, but his elegant face was still expressing the same charisma as earlier. He looked up to see you and a slight smirk appeared on his face.

« Oh…isn’t it Y/N ? Are you alright ? » he asked politely.

« I…I’m doing fine, thank you sir. » you answered quietly, the ambient silence making the conversation awkward since there wasn’t music as before or people to break it.

He arched a brow at your answer as he took a step closer, now facing you. He was so close that you could smell his cologne. Suddenly, you wanted to leave right now, your heart pounding hard into your chest.

« Really ? You look a bit red. Did you drink a lot ? » his voice was soft, but somehow different.

« I maybe had too much champagne » you chuckled nervously, trying to avoid his gaze.

He didn’t answer, instead his gaze was gauging your face. God, you were so pretty. It would be difficult to deny he tried to see you each time he was near you, but he couldn’t due to others circumstances. He really like how you look gorgeous into this dress he had bought for you.

« You’re gorgeous …You know that ? »

His remarks make you gulp, your eyes slightly looking up to see his, still fixed on you, his hands in his pocket.

« T-Thank you. I’m really grateful for the dress you’ve gifted me.»

He took a moment of silence before the corner of his lips went up.

« Are you ? Well, will you do me a favour ? » he asked, still contemplating your gorgeous, so tempted to do a dangerous move.

You were kind of puzzled. A favour ? What possibly could you do for a man who had almost everything ? You slowly nodded, unsure of what you just agreed to do if you could.

« Just stay still » he said faintly.

It happened very fast. Even before you could realise, Hongjoong had you pinned on the wall nearby, his lips crashed on yours for a heated kiss. In shock, you didn’t react fast as one of his hand groped your thigh firmly. Your body was frozen, but your brain soon snapped, making you push the man who was kissing you.

« S..Stop ! What do you think you are doing right now ?! » you yelled, panting as if you’d just ran a marathon.

Your boyfriend’s boss just kissed you while he clearly knew who your boyfriend was. Astonishment soon left place for anger. Hongjoong dark eyes glanced at you with a devilish tint. You felt like a pray, caged by the predator who could eat you in a second and you hated that feeling.

« Somehow, I couldn’t help it. I wanted to kiss you as soon as I saw you. » he explained in a nonchalant tone. « Of course I know, you have Seonghwa and everything, but…You must have heard about it. I love women, and when I want something, I get it. »

His words made you shiver in horror. What kind of man could do this without any guilt ?? It was enough for you, that a neat and loud sound of a slap echoed in the empty hallway.

« You’re crazy. » you just muttered after you faced Hongjoong’s, head turned on his right as he just got slapped.

Without any words, you hurried to join your boyfriend, horrified by what happen. But you also realised you couldn’t say anything to him. You could, but it wouldn’t be a good option for him. You knew how close they were, but knowing this, he would surely fight against his boss and be fired within the next days. That’s why you decided to take the best normal face you could have and found Seonghwa at the entrance of the hall.

« Are you alright Y/N ? I almost thought something happened. » Seonghwa asked in a worried tone.

« N…No everything’s alright. I just…took time in the bathroom, sorry. » you muttered, lowering your head. You couldn’t watch him in the eyes at this moment.

Seonghwa looked also puzzled, noticing your cheeks were abnormally red. He thought it was because of the alcohol so he didn’t try to ask for more.

« Let’s go home. » he said, his hand gently pushing you by the back towards the exit.

You nodded maybe too fast, but at least he wasn’t suspicious of anything.

« What about San ? » you asked while you exited the place to your relief.

« Wooyoung drove him home too. He was quite…tipsy. » said Seonghwa next to you.

You appreciated the fresh air brushing your face, happy to head your roommate would be here once you would be home.

The trip back to your home happened in silence, your head dropped on the head back of your seat, just watching the lights and neon passing by your eyes.

« So…Did you like it ? » asked suddenly Seonghwa, making your heart dropped in a second.

« W-What ? »

« The party » he said, his eyes on the road.

« Oh…It was alright I guess…But I don’t think I would go again » you muttered, the reason was pretty clear for you but your boyfriend could think another reason.

« Sorry, I know it made you uncomfortable. Next time I won’t force you to go. »

« No it’s alright, it was fine…It’s just that …it’s a different world to me » you forced a smile for him, your hand gently pressing his shoulder.

Soon, you arrived in front of your building. Seonghwa made sure to get you safely to your door.

« Thank you for tonight » he said lowly, maybe because it was late and didn’t want to wake anyone asleep. « You did well, I’m proud of you »

His praise made you smiled genuinely while you tried to erase the flash of Hongjoong kissing you.

« I’m glad…Thank you for tonight. »

Seonghwa’s warm hands gently cupped your face, pulling you to him for a sweet kiss. This time you were relaxed, because it was him. Because his lips were the only ones which had rights to kiss you and no one else. But why your head kept sending you back to Hongjoong’s lips feeling ?

taglist: (don't hesitate to ask to be tagged) @ateezbabysitters

Also don't hesitate to comment and share :)

#ateez angst #ateez fanfic #ateez fluff #ateez smut #ateez series #hongjoong scenario #seonghwa angst #hongjoong angst #hongjoong fluff #hongjoong imagines #hongjoong smut #seonghwa fluff

[lsesu]

End of Year Review: David Gordon, Community & Welfare Officer (2019-20)

As I reflect on my last 12 months as your Community and Welfare Officer, a few things stick out. I think about the people I have met, the multi-faceted and extraordinary work that students do, and the opportunity I have had to make change at LSE.

As a sabbatical officer, everything I do must be in the interests of LSE students, and I have tried to instil that in all of my work, with varying degrees of success. One area I have worked on most is mental health at LSE, through partnering with the school, running events, and also being critical of LSE. LSE has a long way to go in constructing a truly supportive environment around mental health, from the classroom to the counselling service. This last year, I followed in my predecessor Faye's footsteps by lobbying for increased mental health professionals in the counselling service. Off the back of SU lobbying and LSE taking mental health increasingly seriously, they have hired four new full time members of staff – two counsellors and two mental health advisors. This increase in staff resource is virtually unheard of, and represents a great step forward, but is by no means the final step - LSE has a long way to go.

Some of my most popular work this year has been the creation of Wind Down Wednesday, which sought to provide students with a relaxing event every Wednesday to focus on themselves and disconnect from the business of an LSE schedule. Some stand out events were the collaborations with the Visual Arts Society, ginger bread house decorating, and of course bringing hedgehogs to campus with over 200 people queuing to play with them.

My biggest project around student welfare has been trying to create and implement a support map, a set of webpages that present all of the support available to LSE students in one place with an interactive and user friendly design. We conducted focus groups and surveyed over 250 students, with exceedingly positive feedback. We are so close to getting the map implemented by the LSE, but I will have to wait a few more weeks to find out for sure. If the support map is implemented, it will be my proudest achievement.

Another area of work I have taken on is trying to improve the SU's process for dealing with motions passed at Union General Meetings. Previously there was no formal process for acting on a motion, but I have set up a process whereby once a motion is passed it is presented to the SU Executive Committee who are ultimately responsible for delivering the aims of the motion. I have also had the pleasure of working with student campaigners on the Sexual Violence and Harassment motion that was passed, including Laura Goddard my fantastic successor. In response to that motion I have worked closely with the school to ensure that the single point of disclosure principle is at the heart of its strategy, along with hiring a member of staff to support students directly. As a result I co-chair the LSE's Task and Finish group on Sexual Violence and Harassment - the purpose of which is to see through the objectives listed in the SU motion. We have made some tremendous ground so far.

I can't really talk about my year as an SU Officer without mentioning LSE's committee and working group structure. There are so many meetings. So many. From Academic Board, where big decisions have been made, including the decisions this year to offer resits to all UG students and to Taught PG students, to Welcome Steering Group, which is at the fore of LSE's sense of belonging and community, all the way to SU Liaison Group, where we meet with LSE's top people and discuss the big issues affecting students. Navigating all of these committees and meeting groups has been challenging, but also allowed myself and fellow officers a chance to sit at LSE's tables and scrutinise their policies and procedures in ways that would otherwise not have been possible.

And what have the last three months of my term been like? Exhausting. As the realities of COVID-19 and the persistent Lockdown from regular life set in, the dynamics of my role changed massively. With fellow officers, I have had to focus majorly on the Trustee role that makes me one of LSESU's company and charity directors, sitting on the Board as a member and as Chair of the Audit and Risk committee. We have had to set a budget for the new academic year, dealing with huge amounts of uncertainty and risk. We also took the decision to put around half of our staff on furlough, something that has seriously helped us to stay financially afloat. All the while, we have been fighting with the school over their priorities and consideration of students - calling for a more sympathetic and demonstrably compassionate approach.

It would be remiss not to mention my fellow sabbatical officers, Jack, Martha, Anooshka and Zulum. Martha and Zulum were both in their second years as sabbatical officers. They led by example, and from them I gained the confidence to be critical, and to use my voice as an elected representative to have impact. They both made me a better officer. Jack and Anooshka have been great colleagues too. All of us were new to the role, bringing different perspectives and enthusiasm for serving students of LSE. I learnt a great deal from them too, and I am proud to call all of these people my friends, I look up to them all, and am very excited to see what they get up to.

It truly has been an honour and privilege to serve as your Community and Welfare Officer for this last year, and I am over the moon to continue in the SU as your General Secretary for the next 12 months. There are big challenges ahead, but also opportunities, and I am looking forward to everything that the next year will bring.

Thank you,

David Gordon, Community & Welfare Officer (2019-20)

[wangsacademicsidefanblog]

Cooking with Fannibals: Paratext, Textual Poaching and Hannibal fandom

In the current television environment, the perception of television contents for fans is not confined to the specific scene of the show. Owing to varieties of activities, it gradually reshaped and formed into a virtual community where fans could express their ideas, communicate with different members and even make contributions to.  Sandvoss (2005) notes that ‘the study of fans and fandoms has formed one of the most proliferating areas of media and cultural studies in recent decades’. Due to the remarkably growing of fandom, fans participate with TV producers and showrunners more and more often by utilizing social media as platforms. They tend to be more creative and active by writing fan-fictions, producing parody, fan-act and creating memes, gifs. According to a report by Macklem (2013), it points out that two thirds of producers will take fan’s ideas into consideration, but only 9% have taken these suggestions into the show. On the other hand, Jenkins (1992) also states ‘fans lack direct access to the means of commercial cultural production and have only the most limited resources with which to influence the entertainment industry’s decisions.’ It is true to a certain extent that creators of show have aware of the importance of interacting with their fans. While others consider producers are still dominant to the show and decide where the show’s major direction is head to. Hence, this essay focuses on whether fandom has the power to influence the show. If so, to that extent? Firstly, a case study from NBC’s Hannibal will be described. Subsequently, two concepts named paratext and textual poaching which relate to the case study will be discussed. Moreover, a critical analysis of the case study will be given by applying the two core concepts as tools. To conclude, since the conflict between fans and producers is almost in every media fandom, reflection around whether it can find a balance between these two will be considered.

Pearson (2010) suggested that “the digital revolution has had a profound impact upon fandom, particularly as it blurs the lines between producers and consumers, creates relationships between powerful corporations and individual fans”. It could be considered that the 2013 TV show Hannibal is a perfect example to present the relationship between producers and fandom. The story of Hannibal Lecter was introduced in 1981 thriller novel Red Dragon by Thomas Harris, and developed in the following 3 books Silence of the Lamb (1988), Hannibal (1999) and Hannibal Rising (2006). This series of suspense novels attracted movie maker’s attention then turned into 5 movies which are Manhunter (1986), Silence of the Lambs (1991), Hannibal (2001), Red Dragon(2002) and Hannibal Rising (2007). It is generally recognized that the movie silence of the lamb has culturally, historically and aesthetically significance and won Academy Awards in Best Picture, Best Actor, Best Actress, Best Director, and Adapted Screenplay. While after a long period of time there was no adaptations of the Hannibal Lecter franchise due to the critics about the subsequent movies until in 2013 the American broadcast network NBC considered to ask Bryan Fuller to make a television series in order to reinterpret the Hannibal universe. The show tells a story about a FBI special agent Will Graham and a forensic psychiatrist Hannibal Lecter which set up before the Red Dragon events, took on new, unexplored adventures and referring to the original books at the same time (Andersen, 2016).  The show has gain huge popularity among internet fandoms within two months and seems to reach the same enthusiasm which reserved for three current TV shows Supernatural, Doctor Who and Sherlock. It is evident that the success of the show not only rely on the elaborate production by the staff of the show, but also the way that creators interact with fans proactively. Therefore, paratext and textual poaching are two aspects to look into the relationship between producers and fans.

Paratext has been examined since 20th century and now is widespread in media industry. There are many different definitions of paratext, for example, Genette (2001) suggests an explanation for Paratext that it is materials such as author’s name, preface, the title, introduction, illustrations or even audience which accompany the text in a published work. It also indicates that it is “more than a boundary or a sealed border, the paratext is, rather, a threshold." It is reasonable believed that paratext could not stand on its own, but became a significant element in a triangular relationship between Text, Audience and Industry. In addition, Gray (2010) mentions that the theory of ‘The Big Three of media practice’ and as well points out that “Industry and audiences create vast amounts of paratexts. Audience also consume vast amounts of paratexts.” Next, during the history of participatory culture, it is interesting to see that the producers and fans were in a state of conflict. Backing to the 18th century, media sees “readers” as passive consumers who need to be informed by the “producers” of knowledge and communications media. De Certeau (1984) comments that “this legend is necessary for the system that distinguishes and privileges ‘producers’, in contrast with those who do not produce.” In addition, Jenkins (1992) further asserts that “fans must beg with the networks to keep their favorite shows on the air, must lobby producers to provide desired plot developments or protect the integrity of favourite characters. Within the cultural economy, fans are peasants, not proprietors”. For example, under the public pressure, Arthur Conan Doyle was forced to write The Adventure of the Empty House in order to bring Sherlock Holmes back to life. It is generally agreed that the fans were too obsessed to this character to let the character go, then strongly requested the author to continue his writing about this genius detective. When the digital age comes, due to the rapid development of internet, fans seem to be more interactive with shows than in the past and even negotiated with showrunners. Fans are capable of reinventing media text by making fan films, parody, memes, gifs, writing fan fictions on tumblr and tweets as characters. Nevertheless, several initial studies seemed to against this concept. Recently, fans request more and more often and seems to take control of where the direction of the show is about to go, therefore, TV Writers and showrunners increasingly ‘mute’ the fans. For instance, House of Cards issues an entire season all at once, when the first episode out in the air the last is finished in advance. The showrunner Beau Willimon says despite the fact that he engages with fans online frequently, he hardly reads the increasingly ubiquitous recaps or articles on social media, he wishes it is a process of exploration (Grant, 2014). In this situation, a new approach of delivering story has emerged and gradually take power back to producers’ hands. Furthermore, although the show has successfully renewed for three seasons, NBC confirmed that it will no longer pick up fourth season of the series based on the Thomas Harris novels. As a result, fans were not satisfied about the decision, they ‘slam over’ the network but it seems that the ending is destined. Hence, where does the power lie, audience or producer?

Besides, there are several cases that producers and fans achieved a balance or even cooperated each other and receive mutual benefit. The controversy TV series which present how producers deal with the relationship between showrunners and fandom is NBC’s Hannibal. Differ from other shows, staff of Hannibal including producers and actors all have created strong connections with fandom. Bryan Fuller, as the creator of the show, has a personal Twitter account where he tweets and retweets all things relevant to Hannibal. For example, he often posts behind the scenes photos, sketches or concept design from the set.

Furthermore, Bryan often retweets fans about their fan-art, text and photo. From the perspective of paratext, it is actually a significant way to show their fans that producers are paying attention to fan’s works and contributions to the show. On the other hand, it is also an encouragement to the fans that the showrunners approved and appreciated the participation of the fandom. What is more, Bryan responds to almost every fan tweets regardless of whether the question is important, entertaining or not. As a matter of fact, by the participation and presence of Bryan on twitter. It seems that he creates a proximity to the fandom, in other words bond to his fans personally. 

Also, it could advertise the show due to the fact that his actively participation with fandom potentially motivate fans themselves to be more engaged with the show. Then, social media could help to bring up the popularity and raise the curiosity of people who haven’t seen it. Apart from twitter, Hannibal is quite stand out from other fandoms, which it has an official Tumblr site to present the show in a different way. It allows fans to create longer texts including quotes from the show, GIF sets and behind scene photos. Although, it may seem lack of direct contact between producers and fans, “the heavy reblogging of fan-produced content creates a back-and-forth sharing of information” (Segal, 2014).

In fact, this show has a special symbol—flower crown. It first appears on the characters on the show that Photoshops by fans. It seems quite irony due to the fact that the tone of the show is dark and serious. And the Hannibal fandom took it a bit further, it can be seen that the fans, even the producers were wearing the flower crown which made by fans themselves on the comic con as well as on panels. Answering an audience Q-A while putting on a flower may appear incomprehensible to most of people, but it also symbolic of how well the Hannibal producers are treating their fandom and value their input(Baker-Whitelaw,2013).

Secondly, shipping is an important element within a fandom. Fans often tweets, making fan art and video about the ship “Hannigram” (Hannibal Lecter/ Will Graham). Fuller, as an openly gay man, didn’t try to deny the implies of the ‘ship’ but to face it and respond to fans. Even more impressively, Fuller and one of the main actors Hugh Dancy fielded the question about ‘slash fan fiction’ with much more understanding than many showrunners who have been attending Comic Cons for a long time. When one of the fans asked about the meaning of the relationship of ‘Hannigram’ pairing, Fuller comments “it brings up an interesting question about ‘what is love’. And love between two characters doesn’t necessarily have to be sexual to still be love. It can still be valid; it can still be powerful” (Segal,2014). Unlike Sherlock, one of the popular shows which taken over the internet, the creator Steven Moffat seems often spoke of his antipathy towards the pairing of ‘Johnlock’ (Sherlock Holmes/ John Watson). The writer seems to have resented the fan’s contribution, and even spent the first episode of forth season that pictured an image of a group of obsessed followers, such as nerd and overweighed woman sit around and investigate how Sherlock managed to survive in the end of season two in order to mocking online shipping phenomenon. However, the executive producer of Fox’s Sleepy Hollow, Mark Goffman seems to struggle with whether he should cater to fans and give them some Easter eggs for them to talk about or just keep the show progress rather than ‘bring one of the character back to life’ just because fans like the character(Segal,2014).

Lastly, it is known that food is the essential part of the show. Therefore, a most unique and surprising production Feeding Hannibal: A Connoisseur’s Cookbookhas made by Janice Poon, the cook of the show itself. It is a collection of easy-to follow recipes inspired by the show and created by its food stylist. It not only has recipes but also the origin illustrations of the food, behind the scene photos of stars and crew on the set of Hannibal. It could be observed that paratext from industry and audience offers a physical connection to the show. As a result, it seems not very surprising that the fans were respond positively and post pictures or tweet about it. On the amazon site, there is 94% of reviews have 5 stars, customers comment the book “a must own for fans of the show and people who like cooking something a bit unique and stylish” (Borders, 2016).  

Then, textual poaching is another approach that fans engage with the show. Rayner (2008) argues that audiences are not passive consumers but instead active interpreters. The result can be presented in three fields. The first one is memes, GIF sets and fan-arts which posted on Tumblr.  For instance, as it shows below, one of the fan-arts remix Hannibal and Adventure Time, and the two main characters were portrayed similar to the animation of Adventure Time.

When the Hannibal fandom took over social media, people make memes about this appearance. Using facial expressions of celebrities to match the text which created a dramatic communication with other people. Likewise, when fans began to worry about whether the show has the possibility to be cancelled, since this genre of television show seems rarely to be renewed for second season. A large quantities of memes were emerged on the internet, showing their anxieties about the decision of NBC and express their feelings to the TV network that they would like to see more stories about the character. 

Next, fan videos were made on YouTube as soon as the show started. For example, the series of crack videos (2013) edited scenes from Hannibal with other famous shows quotes, conversations or songs which are quite hilarious. Not only the crack videos bring happiness to the fandom, but also some quality parodies stand out of these fan videos.

For instance, a parody called ‘If Hannibal were a bad chef’ (2015) made by professional production team CollegeHumor. It teases about the food presentation scenes and characters reactions about it by replace the elegant meal into obvious human organs or body parts. Accordingly, this video got more than 1000,000 viewers and 26,000 likes. The amount of positive reviews informs us whether it is a good or bad production.

Branston (2010) mentions that paratexts give audiences expectations about what they are going to be seeing and then frame their experiences in consuming that film or show. Since sometimes audience find out that in some scenes when Hannibal almost loudly implied cannibalism to Jack Crawford the head of Behavioral Science Unit at the FBI but he still couldn’t ‘figure it out’. Moreover, Reynolds, a folk singer made a fan song Become the Beast (2015) which inspired by NBC’s Hannibal in order to “explores the close, complex ‘bromance’ Hannibal has with Will Graham and Will’s descent into Hannibal’s dark world” says by Reynolds. The lyrics is actually a true portrayal of the relationship between Will and Hannibal. For instance, some sentences “Does it terrify you or do you feel alive?" “We are the lions, in a world of lambs” is perfectly the spirit of NBC's Hannibal.

However, at the beginning of 20th century, when the book about Hannibal first showed up, the only way that author connects to his reader was paper material, people tend to write letters for author as communication. As the time passes, movies that based on the novel provides much more paratext among audience, text and industry. For example, trailers were announced to audience in order to give them a glance of how the movie is about. It gives the audience basically what the story is about, where could they watch and who to watch them with.

 Reflection

Although I get touch with foreign movies in a young age, China’s domestic features and politics didn’t quite allow audience to think individually and participate with the showrunners. It treated us as ‘mass audience’ and I hardly have any chance to engage with media texts, let alone make contributions to the show itself. In my country, fans were portrayed as a group of young teenagers who obsesses with fine-looking appearance actors and concentrate on digging out any information about the actors. My engagement with the Hannibal TV show, along with other concepts such as participatory culture and paratext, while growing up gave me impressions of what western media system works with audience and further established the problem between producers and fandom. Yet, this extent of communication seems difficult for my country to accomplish within a short period of time.  Personally, even while engaging with texts such as Hannibal, I was able to point out things I knew will seems not be able to do especially when I get older. I did not been participate in the media text that I was passionate about and not figure out early enough the way producers respond to fans could potentially motivated them to engage with show more creative and active, or even affect the atmosphere around the show. Through my study of media and research for this essay, I have come to understand the importance of practice of paratext and textual poaching and have made a conscious effort to reshape my perception towards to media text, especially begin to reassess the relationship between individual fans and showrunners, because I understand that the success of a show is when quality social media fans and producers converge.

 Conclusion

Even though the rapid development of fandom or the rejection that producers won’t let fans control where the show is head to, the power stills not simply lie on either side audience or author. Hannibal is one of the texts that transformed the concept of cannibalism into food appreciation and psychological thriller which more appealing to more audience thus engaging its fans. These textual poaching cannot be easily recognized as benefit or useless, since some of them have quality content and entertainment at the same time. As a matter of fact, whether it is a contribution or a teaser for the show, it appears to be what showrunners would like to see, people engaging with the show, advertising it on different platforms and eventually would raise the viewers and popularity. Therefore, they could even gain mutual benefit from the project. However, with its addressing of genre and social issues such as the sensitive concept of cannibalism, sexuality and the influence on children, it not only spread information to its audience but also influence people’s outlook who watched the show. Overall, it seems hard for showrunners to find a balance between pleasure the fans and will not make the show deviate from the original script. It largely requires a talent and open-minded creator who understands what’s fans desire but also have ideas about their own show, and the quality fandom which positively engaging with it. Hence, the power of decision didn’t centralize in producers’ hands or fandoms, on the contrary, they cooperate and complete each other. Although Hannibal make a good example about how fandom could actually live peacefully with showrunners, the conflict between two of them is still intense in recent years, it may need time for them to adjust and try to find a way to get along with each other.

Reference:

Andersen, M., 2016. Hannibal's Tasty Paradox. [online] 16:9 filmtidsskrift. Available from: http://www.16-9.dk/2016/01/hannibals-tasty-paradox/ [Accessed 19 Apr. 2017].

Anon, 2013. Hannibal Crackvid #1. [video] Available from: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=7Lwr4X4_DCY [Accessed 10 Mar. 2017].

Anon, 2015. If Hannibal Were A Bad Chef. [video] Available from: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=OkGjLch1L2g [Accessed 20 Mar. 2017].

Borders, M., 2016. FEEDING HANNIBAL: A CONNOISSEUR’S COOKBOOK Review. [online] Birth.Movies.Death. Available from: http://birthmoviesdeath.com/2016/10/18/feeding-hannibal-a-connoisseurs-cookbook-review [Accessed 14 May 2017].

Bourdaa, M., 2016. Contemporary participative TV audiences: Identity, authorship and advertising practices between fandom. Master. University of Bordeaux Montaigne, France.

Branston, G. and Stafford, R., 2010. The media student's book. 5th ed. London: Routledge, pp.382-388.

Genette, G., 2001. Paratexts. 1st ed. Cambridge [u.a.]: Cambridge Univ. Press, p.1.

 Grant, D., 2014. TV Writers and Showrunners Increasingly ‘Mute’ the Fans. [online] Observer. Available from: http://observer.com/2014/11/tv-writers-and-showrunners-increasingly-mute-the-fans/ [Accessed 5 Apr. 2017].

Jenkins, H., 1992. Textual poachers: Television Fandom and Participatory Culture.London: Routledge.

Kresnicka, S., 2016. Why Understanding Fans is the New Superpower (Guest Column). [online] Variety. Available from: http://variety.com/2016/tv/columns/understanding-fans-superpower-troika-1201743513/ [Accessed 31 Mar. 2017].

Lang, N. and Covucci, D., 2013. "Hannibal" showrunners cater to fandom at Comic-Con | The Daily Dot. [online] The Daily Dot. Available from: https://www.dailydot.com/parsec/fandom/hannibal-comic-con-flower-crown-slash/ [Accessed 30 Apr. 2017].

Macklem, L., 2013. We’re on This Road Together: The Changing Fan/ Producer Relationship in Television as Demonstrated by Supernatural. Master. The University of Western Ontario.

McCracken, A., 2015. Branding Hannibal: When Quality TV Viewers and Social Media Fans Converge. [Blog] Antenna Responses to Media and Culture. Available from: http://blog.commarts.wisc.edu/2015/08/24/branding-hannibal-when-quality-tv-viewers-and-social-media-fans-converge/ [Accessed 22 Apr. 2017].

 Reynolds, K., 2015. Become the Beast - A Hannibal Fan Song. [online] Available from: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=xmVzeriU5m0 [Accessed 2 Apr. 2017].

 Sandvoss, C., 2005. One-Dimensional Fan: Toward an Aesthetic of Fan Texts. American Behavioral Scientist, 48 (7), 822-839.

 Segal, J., 2014. Hannibal Fandom. [online] Fannibals: TV Fandom & Paratexts. Available from: https://jessicasegalfnms.wordpress.com/hannibal-fandom/ [Accessed 25 Apr. 2017].

 Wall, P. and Rayner, P., 2008. AS Media Studies. 3rd ed. London:Routledge, pp.145-148.

 Williams, J., 2015. RESEARCHING DIGITAL FANDOM. [Blog] FANDOM, SUB-CULTURES AND CULT MEDIA STUDIES. Available from: https://jackpressfandom.wordpress.com/ [Accessed 5 Apr. 2017].

 Williams, R., 2015. Cooking with Hannibal: Food, Fandom & Participation | In Media Res. [online] Mediacommons.futureofthebook.org. Available from: http://mediacommons.futureofthebook.org/imr/2015/09/23/cooking-hannibal-food-fandom-participation [Accessed 7 Apr. 2017].

#hannibal #hannigram #bryan fuller #paratext #textualpoaching #fandom

[geograph-hitje]

Essay: Why does environmental ethics matter?

Essay written for ‘Environmental Ethics’ course I took at Adelaide Uni during semester 1, 2018.

The Lorax. 

Introduction

Principles of environmental ethics constitute the foundations of the greatest religious and spiritual disciplines in history. A deliberation of “human relationships with the nonhuman environment” (as Palmer et al. define environmental ethics, p. 420, 2014) is especially palpable in the teachings of Buddhism, with variations of the concept found in the works of Christian thinkers (Pignatti 2013) as well as in countless indigenous belief systems worldwide. Environmental ethics will be further defined here as an ethos which aims to a) attempt to fully understand and be aware of how individual organisms are embedded in their own environment, and b) give serious consideration to this when thinking about actions likely to affect a particular organism or ecosystem (Benson 2000). 

The following argument will demonstrate why environmental ethics is of importance at present. The most privileged and powerful people in the modern world frequently find environmental issues challenging to care about due to natural psychological tendencies (Burkeman 2016). These issues are very often ethical in nature (Palmer et al. 2014). Therefore, exploration and adoption of environmental ethics (by both decision-makers and communities) can enable decision making processes to produce ambitious strategies which are likely to be supported and implemented. Specifically, the ability of the biocentric approach to provide motivation for biodiversity conservation is aiding in the redistribution of water allocations for the benefit of the Coorong in South Australia. Furthermore, the incorporation of environmental ethics into development issues can facilitate the articulation of a sustainable future and thus the development of a viable model of sustainable development. This latter argument is discussed with reference to ongoing deforestation in the Greater Mekong.

 A Biocentric Approach with reference to Biodiversity Conservation

There is an abundance of written affirmations of the necessity to conserve biodiversity and use biodiverse places wisely, e.g. in the case of the Coorong, through the Ramsar Convention on Wetlands and subsequent state legislation (Gale 2011). Despite this, an ethical tension arises when we try to prioritise the competing interests of human communities and wildlife- especially in times of resource scarcity. A biocentric environmental ethics can provide an additional source of motivation for humans to plan and act in the interest of biodiversity.

The Coorong and Murray Mouth in South Australia. In recent decades, over-allocation of water in the MDB has caused the wetland system to endure an unprecedented reduction in freshwater inflows -  the wetland has recently been labelled “in crisis”.

A core aspect of biocentrism can be derived through Albert Schweitzer’s environmental ethics standpoint. Schweitzer articulated that the basis of respecting all forms of life lies within understanding the universal ‘will-to-live’. Fundamentally, the theologian claimed that all being is founded upon an infinite life-force (the ‘will-to-live’), and that reverence for life requires being “possessed” (Schweitzer 1925, quoted in Pignatti 2013), i.e. enraptured by, and dedicated to this. An immanent will-to-live implies a lack of distinction between humans and their environment, such that loss of biodiversity carries the same importance as loss of part of oneself (Pignatti 2013). This philosophical situation of humanity and its environment as indistinguishable is not only again mirrored in nature, but also a holistic way of justifying biodiversity conservation.

There is evidence that a biocentric outlook has, at least implicitly, contributed to recently heightened pressure upon authorities to deliver increases in environmental flows to the Coorong, as set out in the Murray-Darling Basin (MDB) Authority’s Basin Plan. In recent decades, over-allocation of water in the MDB has caused the wetland system to endure an unprecedented reduction in freshwater inflows (Gale 2011). This shortage has impaired the area’s function as a major migratory bird and water fowl habitat to such an extent that the wetland has been labelled “in crisis” (Kingsford et al. 2011). The 2012 Basin Plan included an environmental water strategy to improve conditions of the wetlands and rivers. Nonetheless, Basin Plan implementation thus far has exposed its insufficient attention to habitat protection (Nancarrow & McCarthy 2018). In response, signatories to the Murray-Darling Declaration (signed 5 February 2018) have formulated a strategy for how the plan must change in order to fulfil the ecological protection-based objectives of the Water Act (2007) (Bjornlund et al. 2018). The declaration indicates that the signatories value themselves or Australians as equally in need of water as the Coorong wildlife. Accordingly, they have interpreted facts about current management to make a prescriptive statement regarding what must be changed and how, so that action may align with their environmental ethics.

It must be noted that the MDB Declaration signatories are all academic specialists in ecology, economics, etc. Biocentrism may also matter as a tool for enabling the relatively inexpert Australian population to see the worth in supporting such declarations. Involving quintessentially biocentric principles, Buddhism reasons that reality is subject to a law of continuous change. Put differently, the Buddhist idea of Karma teaches that each individual state is described “through the conditions that have led to its accomplishment” (Pignatti 2013). This idea anticipates the scientifically proven notion of self-organisation found in ecosystems (Camazine et al. 2003). Therefore, environmental ethics matters as it can render the astoundingly complex natural world conceptually accessible to the public, and thus assist it to become better appreciated. Locals along the Coorong are already concerned about its ecological future (Nancarrow & McCarthy 2018). Somehow educating the wider Australian people to ethically consider and appreciate the Coorong may not only improve their health and wellbeing (Cafaro 2011), but accrue the widespread support needed to realise plans essential to preventing exacerbation of the Coorong ecological crisis.  

Environmental Ethics & Economic Growth in a Sustainable Development context

Explicit contemplation of environmental ethics allows decision-makers to extend their thinking beyond traditional development considerations, e.g. financial viability, so as to better articulate and work towards sustainability. Economic development activities are often of an ethical quality. However, environmental ethics values are typically less obvious or less agreed upon than economic factors (Johansson-Stenman 1998) and therefore more likely to be overlooked.

For instance, ongoing deforestation in the Greater Mekong is attributable to activities which are either aiding the surrounding countries’ economic growth or occurring as a consequence of it. These activities include the spread of agriculture, spiralling population growth and the building of large-scale infrastructure projects such as dams (Drollette 2013). The region stands at an ethical crossroads as authorities choose between a) allowing present deforestation rates to continue for the sake of short-term economic gain or b) taking advantage of the large amounts of forest that remain by choosing to develop sustainably and in turn preserve biodiversity (Drollette 2013). If environmental ethics is explicitly incorporated into decisions regarding the mode of development to be adopted going forward, the issue of it being overlooked will be minimised. In this case environmental ethics could include notions which value nature through articulating the ideal role of the economy. Philosophy contains a rich tradition of non-materialistic theories of a meaningful life, considering the optimal role of economics, and showing how these two efforts are related (Cafaro 2011). Aristotle claimed that economic consumption has clear limits: we not only require sufficient material resources to live well, but also the temperance to use those resources prudently (Cafaro 2011). Henry David Thoreau presented a more environmentally focussed example in Walden. He saw the gaining of material wealth after a minimum standard of living is achieved as futile, and upheld that living in harmony with nature gives one a satisfying sense of meaning (Thoreau 1971).

Forests of the Greater Mekong. ‘Forest loss is projected to be between 15 million and 30 million hectares by 2030.’

The viewing by governments of the global economy and human development on these terms would highlight sustainable development as a viable way forward, as sustainable development principles are compatible with such environmental ethics. This justification will increase attention toward sustainable development, necessitating it to be better articulated. Its translation into reality will also be more seriously deliberated. An ecosystem’s intrinsic, natural resource and ecosystem service values (e.g. The Greater Mekong contains an enormous number of species, many undiscovered, and acts as significant carbon sink (Hübler 2017)) would innately be emphasised through this process.  

Conclusion

Environmental ethics matters as philosophical deductions of the discipline can contribute to solving environmental issues in genuine ways. The biocentric claim that there is a lack of distinction between humanity and nature leads to the conclusion that humanity is not superior to nature. This understanding promotes biodiversity conservation, as demonstrated through the Murray-Darling Declaration. Signatories of the declaration do not value the livelihood of farmers over the health of the Coorong. They likely view the health of the wetland and other MDB ecosystems as important not only due to the intrinsic value of the ecosystems, but also due to the benefit ecosystem health can bring to MDB communities. Additionally, the teaching of an environmental ethics idea similar to Karma could aid in engaging the Australian public to more strongly support biodiversity conservation. The explicit consideration of environmental ethics in an economic and social development context has the potential to ensure that progressive alternatives to the status quo are not overlooked. Many developing countries face environmental ethics crossroads analogous to that observed in the Greater Mekong. Environmental ethics that involve refence to socio-economic matters can justify sustainable development implementation in these countries. As a result of increased validation, sustainable development will be better articulated and real action toward its realisation will be more likely to occur. Hence, it is hoped that environmental ethics will receive increased attention soon. The ethical orientations mentioned here have often been hastily deemed inappropriate for application to the global economy and development, or underrepresented in systems which govern these processes. Ultimately, it is up to environmental philosophers to speak up and ensure environmental ethics will achieve its potential as a tool for change.   

Reference List

Benson, J., 2000. Environmental  Ethics: An Introduction with Readings. London: Routledge.

Bjornlund,  H. et al., 2018. The Murray-Darling  Declaration, The Murray-Darling Declaration, viewed 25 March 2018, <https://murraydeclaration.org/>  

Burkeman, O., 2016. Who cares? New Philosopher, Issue  14, pp. 21-22. viewed 25 March 2018, <http://www.newphilosopher.com/articles/who-cares/>  

Cafaro,  P., 2011. Taming Growth and Articulating a Sustainable Future: The Way  Forward for Environmental Ethics. Ethics  and the Environment, 16(1), pp. 1-24.  

Camazine,  S., et al., 2003. Self-organization in  Biological Systems. Princeton: Princeton University Press.

Drollette,  D., 2013. A Plague of Deforestation Sweeps Across Southeast Asia. Yale Environment 360. viewed 25 March  2018, <https://e360.yale.edu/features/a_plague_of_deforestation_sweeps_across_southeast_asia>  

Gale, M., 2011. Understanding the Social Risks Associated  with the Environmental Degradation of the Coorong and Lower Lakes. International  Journal of Interdisciplinary Social Sciences, 6(2), pp. 227-237. viewed  25 March 2018, <http://web.b.ebscohost.com.proxy.library.adelaide.edu.au/ehost/pdfviewer/pdfviewer?vid=2&sid=8979f47e-2288-4f65-b2c9-391c4c752d50%40sessionmgr103>

Hübler, M., 2017. How to curb poverty-related deforestation? Applied Economics Letters, 24(6), pp.  374-380. viewed 25 March 2018, <https://www-tandfonline-com.proxy.library.adelaide.edu.au/doi/abs/10.1080/13504851.2016.1194959>

Johansson-Stenman,  O., 1998. The Importance of Ethics in Environmental Economics with a Focus on  Existence Values. Environmental and  Resource Economics, 11(3-4), pp. 429-442. viewed 25 March 2018, <https://link-springer-com.proxy.library.adelaide.edu.au/article/10.1023/A%3A1008239427421>

Kingsford, R. et al., 2011. A Ramsar wetland in crisis –  the Coorong, Lower Lakes and Murray Mouth, Australia. Marine and  Freshwater Research, 62(3), pp. 225-265. viewed 25 March 2018, <http://www.publish.csiro.au.proxy.library.adelaide.edu.au/mf/MF09315>

Nancarrow, T. & McCarthy, M., 2018. 'Coorong  communities rally behind Basin Plan as Productivity Commission announces  Murray inquiry'. ABC News Rural.  viewed 25 March 2018, <http://www.abc.net.au/news/rural/2018-03-08/coorong-rallies-support-for-basin-plan/9524498>

Palmer, C., McShane, K. & Sandler, R., 2014.  Environmental Ethics. Annual Review of Environment and Resources, Volume  39, pp. 419-442.

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Ahead of the governmental election, the following is actually the very first of three responses and concerns regarding what the Catholic Congregation shows concerning political elections. Instead of focusing on straight market portion, proponents of the mergings argued that impressive industries are actually typically denoted by disturbances which investment in development is actually an essential indicator from competitors (Manne ). An examination of the general amount of innovation need to include certainly not merely the extra economic climates of scale as well as extent from the joined organizations, yet likewise innovations helped make through even more agile, less risk-averse biotech providers as well as smaller sized companies, who developments the larger organizations can easily incentivize with licensing or even M&A (Shepherd ). In fact, enhanced performance produced through economic situations of scale as well as extent may create funds accessible to resource development outside of the large firms (Shepherd ).

I thought I would discover all kind of base residents-- you understand, cars that should possess been committed to the scrap heap years back. But the extensive and hugely complicated regulatory scheme under which drugs are actually controlled has given other possibilities for governing legerdemain along with likely anticompetitive impact, too. The DOJ Antitrust Segmentation as well as the FTC have recognized that markets can certainly not appropriately be actually defined solely on zesty papers. Issue Advice proffered that the Compensation needs to locate a Part 5 infraction because, although the perform did certainly not violate the character of the Robinson-Patman Action, this violated the feeling from the Action. With respect to the 2nd achievable course for the Halliburton Courthouse-- overturning Essential in its own whole and calling for personalized evidence from real dependence-- proponents focus on that the private right from activity to enforce Part 10( b) and also Rule 10b-5 is actually judicially created.

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We have severed ourselves from our Christian roots, the all-natural establishments of family and community and also the typical law heritage that commonly and also typically provide to relieve and also limit government. But with the secularization of society, lots of not know the best ways to ask The lord to satisfy their daily necessities also as they use their God-given skills, and instead look to federal government privilege plans as a brand-new sort of divine superintendence-- rarely divine. The FCC has additionally delivered a selection from social enforcement actions from exclusive parties that could certainly not fairly have actually understood that they were actually breaking a legal rule as defined by the FCC, thus breaching guidelines of clarity, predictability, and also identical treatment in police. Mini, the British brand name developed atop the suggestion of English fashionability, has been unbelievably design mindful ever since BMW took this back from the midsts from English fascism.

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This isn't really a condemnation of the FTC's committed staff. The explanation for this need, which may sound harsh and harsh to non-antitrusters, is actually straightforward: Organisation perform that hurts rivals without decreasing overall market result carries out not generally leave market outcome the same; somewhat, that usually enriches market result and therefore advantages individuals. Rather the contrary, thus threatened has actually been the peace of mind in the conventional concentration-price concepts from horizontal merging evaluation that the antitrust agencies' 2010 Horizontal Merging Standards are actually predicated in large part upon the thought that present day merging review looks at shares to be a uncertain predictor from reasonable effects !! A Document from the Doctor General cites the performance from the fact initiative at avoiding young people cigarette usage, while fact and also our study and also neighborhood plans take objective at using menthol and also various other cigarette tastes meant to attract young people. To puts it simply, as opposed to imagining the present discussions around Area 2 as an attack through non-interventionists, there is actually a far more engaging scenario that this is actually the interventionists attempting to deflect" off whatever implied political bargain exists relative to competitors policy. These innovations are actually of course safeguarded by Internet Protocol rights consisting of licenses, plant range liberties, hallmarks, trade secrets, and geographic signs. I have actually long since lost hope on the concept that this's possible to have a truly unbiased testimonial of an auto-- or even everything else, for that concern. False: the ever bigger, politically encouraged, and also unavoidably unproductive SEC war insider trading display that significant administration is actually not just hard, that is just about inconceivable. Moreover, through setting up even more plainly the extensive regulatory regimen controling possible generic entrants' accessibility to controlled substances, the costs would certainly, given the holding in Trinko, most likely create application from antitrust rules listed here considerably less probably.