Ever heard of antibiotics not working anymore? That's the threat of superbugs! These are bacteria that have evolved to resist the drugs designed to kill them. Read through to know more. 💊🦠
Personal pronouns and conjugating verbs in the present tense
The personal pronouns are:
أَنَا - I
أَنْتَ - you (masculine)
أَنْتِ - you (feminine)
أَنْتُمَا - you two
هُوَ - he
هِيَ - she
هُمَا - the two of them, they both
نَحْنُ - we
أَنْتُمْ - you (masculine, more than two)
أَنْتُنَّ - you (feminine, more than two)
هُمْ - they (masculine)
هُنَّ - they (feminine)
The present tense in Arabic is called the imperfect tense. It expresses an incomplete, continuous or habitual action or on-going state. The imperfect case has three moods: indicative, subjunctive and jussive. I'm only going to cover the indicative mood, which is the basic mood of the verb.
The imperfect tense is formed by adding prefixes and suffixes to the verbal stem. The prefixes and suffixes are as follows:
I: ʾalif + stem + -u
You (masculine): ta + stem + -u
You (feminine): ta + stem + -iina
You two: ta + stem + -aani
He: ya + stem + -u
She: ta + stem + -u
The two of them (masculine): ya + stem + -aani
The two of them (feminine): ta + stem + -aani
We: na + stem + -u
You (masculine, more than two): ta + stem + -uuni
You (feminine, more than two): ta + stem + -ni
They (masculine): ya + stem + -uuna
They (feminine): ya + stem + -na
I’m going to use كَتَبَ (to write) as an example.
أَكْتُبُ - I write
تَكْتُبُ - you (masculine) write
تَكْتُبِينَ - you (feminine) write
تَكْتُبَانِ - you two write
يَكْتُبُ - he writes
تَكْتُبُ - she writes
يَكْتُبَانِ - the two of them (masculine) write
تَكْتُبَانِ - the two of them (feminine) write
نَكْتُبُ - we write
تَكْتُبُونَ - you (masculine, more than two) write
تَكْتُبْنَ - you (feminine, more than two) write
يَكْتُبُونَ - they (masculine) write
يَكْتُبْنَ - they (feminine) write
كَتَبَ is a sound verb. Sound verbs have no associated irregularities in their constructions. Some other common sound verbs include شَرِبَ (to drink), دَرَسَ (to study), سَكَنَ (to live, to reside), فَهِمَ (to understand) and جَلَسَ (to sit).
Other notes:
• There is no need to include a separate subject pronoun with a verb, because the person can be told by the verb conjugation.
• You make the sentence negative by adding لَا directly before the verb.
• You can form the future tense by adding سَوْفَ or سَـ before the verb.
• You can add the particle قَدْ before verb to express possibility (may, might, perhaps).
• The normal word order in verbal sentences is VSO.
Sources:
• Arabic: An Essential Grammar
• Arabic Verbs & Essentials of Grammar
• Practice Makes Perfect: Arabic Verb Tenses
• Wikipedia: Arabic verbs
• Wiktionary: كتب
Hebrew is so wisely built, it has families of words connected in meaning, root letters constructing the words distributing them into families, and structures of verbs for different actions.
Want an example?
ga-'nav is Thief and Stole in singular masculine
leeg-'nov is To steal
le-heet-ga-'nev is To Sneak Up On Someone
g-ne-'nah is Theft
le-hag-'neev is to Sneak Someone/Something In
Cool, right?
👷♀️ Hebrew is like a well built architectural marvel.
In the final module of Practically Speaking Hebrew you learn how to make sense of verbs, how they work, and how to DIY them 💪
Verbs such as учить говорить смотреть similarly to 1st conjugation verbs end with -ть. However unlike in 1st conjugation verbs, ть is proceeded by и or е. The present tense stem is therefore created by removing the -ить or -еть ending.
я говорю мы говорим ты говоришь вы говорите он/она/оно говорит они говорят
After letters к, г, х, ж, ш, щ, ч, ц write у and а instead of ю and я.
я учу мы учим ты учишь вы учите он/она/оно учит они учрат
Once again I have changed everything <3 Here are the simple past, present, and future tenses:
Past:
1st Pers Sing: -ɪg
2nd Pers Sing Informal: -ɪv
3rd Pers Sing Informal: -ɪl
3rd Pers Sing Formal: -ivə
1st Pers Plural: -tigə
2nd Pers Plural Informal: -ɾiv
2nd Pers Plural Formal + Sing Formal: -ʃiɾə
3rd Pers Plural: -ilə
Present:
1st Pers Sing: -ɾə
2nd Pers Sing Informal: -ɾav
3rd Pers Sing Informal: -eɾə
3rd Pers Sing Formal: -tə
1st Pers Plural: -ɛt
2nd Pers Plural Informal: -ɾav
2nd Pers Plural Formal + Sing Formal: -ɾak
3rd Pers Plural: -ɾatə
Future:
1st Pers Sing: -go
2nd Pers Sing Informal: -uvo
3rd Pers Sing Informal: -oɾ
3rd Pers Sing Formal: -oʃ
1st Pers Plural: -otə
2nd Pers Plural Informal: -vo
2nd Pers Plural Formal + Sing Formal: -okə
3rd Pers Plural: -uɾə
In addition to simple past, present, and future, Goblin has a far past and a far future that are marked with auxiliary words, not conjugations. The auxiliary word for far future is hagə (coming from hagtaɾ, or “someday”) and the auxiliary word for far past is glaʃ (meaning once as in “once upon a time”). These words either go at the start of the sentence (for more poetic uses) or directly before the conjugated verb (for casual speech).