#Sinhala Script

[languagexs]

Exploring the Richness of Sinhala: Sinhalese Language of Sri Lanka

Unveiling the Captivating World of the Sinhala Language The Sinhalese language is a linguistic gem with deep roots in Sri Lanka’s vibrant culture and history. With its melodious tones and ancient origins, this Indo-Aryan language has fascinated linguists and culture enthusiasts alike. This article explores the fascinating intricacies of the Sinhala language, exploring its development, its…

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#accessibility #Colloquial Sinhalese #Cultural Significance #Indo-Aryan Language #Language Access #Language Evolution #Language Services #Language Shift #LanguageXS #Linguistic Diversity #Literary Sinhala #Pali Influence #Sanskrit Influence #Sinhala Alphabet #Sinhala Interpretation #Sinhala Language #Sinhala Script #Sinhala Translation #Sinhalese Speakers #SOV Word Order #Sri Lanka Heritage #Sri Lankan Culture #Subject-Object-Verb #Syllabic Script #Vedda Language

[tibli]

i know everybody loves the sinhala script bc of that little amogus looking guy, but genuinely like most of the characters look like little creatures i love it

#language #sinhala #several of them remind me of curled up cats #or cat faces #overall its just a very cute looking script #but im partial to scripts that have a sort of built in artistry to them

[bracketsoffear]

Codex Seraphinianus (Luigi Serafini) "The Codex is an encyclopedia in manuscript with copious hand-drawn, colored-pencil illustrations of bizarre and fantastical flora, fauna, anatomies, fashions, and foods. It has been compared to the still undeciphered Voynich manuscript, the story "Tlön, Uqbar, Orbis Tertius" by Jorge Luis Borges, and the artwork of M. C. Escher and Hieronymus Bosch. The illustrations are often surreal parodies of things in the real world, such as a bleeding fruit, a plant that grows into roughly the shape of a chair and is subsequently made into one, and a copulating couple who metamorphose into an alligator. Others depict odd, apparently senseless machines, often with delicate appearances and bound by tiny filaments. Some illustrations are recognizable as maps or human faces, while others (especially in the "physics" chapter) are mostly or totally abstract. Nearly all of the illustrations are brightly coloured and highly detailed. The false writing system appears modeled on Western writing systems, with left-to-right writing in rows and an alphabet with uppercase and lowercase letters, some of which double as numerals. Some letters appear only at the beginning or end of words, similar to Semitic writing systems. The curvilinear letters are rope- or thread-like, with loops and even knots, and are somewhat reminiscent of Sinhala script. In a talk at the Oxford University Society of Bibliophiles […] Serafini stated that there is no meaning behind the Codex's script, which is asemic; that his experience in writing it was similar to automatic writing; and that what he wanted his alphabet to convey was the sensation children feel with books they cannot yet understand, although they see that the writing makes sense for adults. Take a look for yourself"

Voynich Manuscript (Unknown) "Many call the fifteenth-century codex, commonly known as the “Voynich Manuscript,” the world’s most mysterious book. Written in an unknown script by an unknown author, the manuscript has no clearer purpose now than when it was rediscovered in 1912 by rare books dealer Wilfrid Voynich. It's a strange code describing alchemical formulae and unknown life forms, and no one understands it. It's a mystery waiting for you to lose yourself in its pages, as Voynich himself was lost. There's an episode of Mystery Files about it!"

#spiral poll #the spiral #poll #the magnus archives #leitner tournament #Codex Seraphinianus #Luigi Serafini #Voynich Manuscript

[covenawhite66]

1. Ge’ez Script

Ge’ez language is now generally only used as a liturgical language for Ethiopian Orthodox Church. Ge’ez script is used in Amharic, Tigrinya, Bilen, etc.

The Ge’ez script is an alphasyllabic writing system. The syllabary today has 26 consonantal letters with several forms vowel are diacritic marks fused to the letter.

2. Quipu

Incan Empire quipus were recording devices made from string. They were used to record mainly numerical data, such as taxes, census numbers, and calendrical information

These data were recorded onto the string in a series of knots of different types, each denoting different numbers.

3. Tengwar

J.R.R Tolkien writing systems created by J.R.R Tolkien an avid linguist who added his expertise in the field to his creative works of fiction.

One of several writing systems for the languages used in Middle Earth.

4. Rongorongo

Found on Rapa Nui AKA Easter Island. Rongorongo is a series of glyphs about which we know virtually nothing.

5. Sinhala Script

Used by the Sri Lankans to write the Sinhalese language, as well as the holy languages of Pali and Sanskrit, the Sinhala script is easily one of the most beautiful scripts in the world. It is used by the 16 million Sinhala speakers of Sri Lanka.

The Sinhala script is a syllabary and is written from left to right.

6. Classical Mongolian Script

This writing system enjoyed prominence throughout Mongolia for over 700 years until it was supplanted by the Cyrillic script, a result of being within the Soviet sphere of influence.

Invented by a Uyghur scribe by the name of Tata-Tongoone. Classical Mongolian of the few systems to be written vertically and left to right instead of right to left.

7. Nüshu

Used in Jiangyong County in Hunan Province in Southern China. Because of strict laws of patriarchal Confucianism that forbade women from doing many things.Women invented a writing system that they could claim as their own and as a way of rebelling against the patriarchal system

Nüshu was born and was used for writing personal diaries and letters between close female friends. It has 600 to 700 symbols represent a phonetic syllable.

#language #history #linguistics #writing script #list #international #geez #quipu #Mongolian #sinhalese #conlang #rongorongo script

[mx-poth]

Glyphs in scripts/languages that represent "nya" /ɲa/ Ge'ez: ኛ Brahmic: 𑀜 Burmese: ည Grantha: 𑌞 Gujarati: ઞ Devanagari: ञ Kannada: ಞ Hangul: 냐 Lao: ຍັ Malayalam: ഞ Thaana: ޏަ Oriya: ଞ Punjabi & Sindhi (gurmukhi): ਞ Sindhi (perso-arabic): ڃَ Sindhi (khudabadi): 𑋅 Sinhala: ඦ Tamil: ஞ Telugu: ఞ Tibetan: ཉ

#nya #linguistics #writing systems #please feel free to add more to the list if you know any

[lokuhapuarachchi]

Sinhala and International Mother Language Day

International Mother Language Day, observed annually on 21 February, celebrates linguistic and cultural diversity while promoting the preservation and promotion of mother tongues worldwide. This day, proclaimed by UNESCO in 1999 and commemorated since 2000, serves as a reminder of the sacrifices made to protect native languages, notably the Bengali language movement in Bangladesh on 21 February 1952.

The significance of International Mother Language Day lies in its recognition of the importance of linguistic diversity and multilingualism. It honors those who fought for their mother tongues, highlighting the Bengali movement's impact on Sri Lanka's political landscape.

The introduction of the Sinhala Only Act (Official Language Act No. 33 of 1956) on 5 June 1956 replaced English with Sinhala as Sri Lanka's sole official language. Spearheaded by Prime Minister S.W.R.D. Bandaranaike, this policy aimed to promote Sinhala and assert Sinhala cultural dominance. However, it marginalized the Tamil-speaking minority, contributing to ethnic tensions and the Sri Lankan Civil War.

While globalization challenges narrow socio-political attitudes like "Sinhala only," it does not diminish the imperative to preserve mother tongues. UNESCO's list of endangered languages underscores the importance of safeguarding linguistic diversity, including Sinhala.

Sinhala, spoken by approximately 16 million worldwide, holds deep cultural and historical significance. Its evolution, influenced by various factors, has yielded a rich literary tradition. The Sinhala script, comprising 58 basic letters, represents consonant-vowel combinations, with additional diacritics altering pronunciation.

Education in one's mother tongue, such as Sinhala, fosters effective learning and cultural preservation. Language also plays a pivotal role in communication, identity formation, and access to opportunities. Promoting multilingualism and linguistic tolerance enhances cultural exchange and mutual understanding.

Efforts to save Sinhala require collective action, including language education, bilingualism promotion, cultural festivals, media support, community engagement, and digital initiatives. Advocacy for language rights and documentation of linguistic heritage are essential steps toward preserving Sinhala for future generations.

By embracing these strategies, individuals and communities can ensure the vitality and relevance of the Sinhala language in Sri Lanka and beyond.

story by / Anuruddha Lokuhapuarachchi

#Anuruddha Lokuhapuarachchi #Sinhala #Language Day

[cocteautwinslyrics]

do you have any geoguessr tips by any chance ..... i've always wanted to try and get better at it but it feels very daunting 🧍..............................

honestly literally you only get better through practice unfortunately so i heard theres a free version (another website, i forgot what its called, probably look up 'geoguessr free version') but other than that its best to learn the indicators on signs. for language, work out the signifiers of each language. stuff like letters they use more than in others of the same script (e.g. ъ in bulgarian is used far more often than in other slavic languages) is really useful in europe especially where scripts don't vary as much. after that look out for top-level domain names. .za (south africa) is one that catches people out. but yeah scripts is paramount, especially in southern and southeast asia, learning to tell apart your gujurati and your sinhala is really important. in spanish speaking countries im still finding my footing but you get differences based on currency symbols at petrol stations for example and also from the landscape (you can tell costa rica apart from patagonia). theres probably more stuff like what font and colour they use on the road signs (like how singapore has a distinctive font) but unfortunately the best way to learn is to keep doing them to pick up a Vibe for each country/region first before starting on some rainbolt shit. actually thinking about it you can just go onto google maps and drop in random countries/cities to feel out what is indicative of that area vs. others that are in the same region/speak the same language

#very long winded answer but hope this helps😭

[orangesrotting]

IT WOULD BE SO NICE IF I COULD FOCUS FULLY ON MANDARIN THO LMAOOO i Will become fluent one day. anyway though what r languages you know/would like to learn?? love u love talking to you!!!!

IF U CAN U SHOULD FOCUS ON MANDARIN!!! rooting for u ily. i think i listed a lot of them in the previous ask but this is a more complete list (of every language that has ever struck my fancy: sindhi, punjabi, balochi, bengali, urdu (i can speak it bc hindi and urdu are spoken basically the same but the script is so hard!), gujurati, marathi, tamil, malayalam, telugu, kannada, nepali, sinhala, korean (i can read the script!), japanese, mandarin, cantonese, thai, khmer, french, italian, spanish (i want to learn how to speak it fast i think it's so cool how spanish speakers speak it so so fast

#asks #ink #i have been doing linguistics oly questions for fun. i am such a nerd <3 but i love languages sooo much. it's such a miracle

[mainsps]

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You can set the default language for the app, and in certain configurations, it’s possible to download languages in order to have access to them offline. There’s a censor option that makes the app safe for children. You can set Google Translate to output via speech in addition or instead of text. The phrasebook can be a great resource while travelling. There’s also a conversation mode for two-way instant translation, a handwriting mode that lets you draw characters and a phrasebook that lets you favorite and save translations. This is quite useful for signage when walking or driving.

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[languageramblings]

This is a pretty cool comparison of the scripts used in a number of Indo-Aryan languages! 

Source: The Indo-Aryan Languages (George Cardona and Dhanesh Jain, 2003)

#my notes #indo-aryan languages #scripts #writing systems #hindi #bengali #gujarati #oriya #sinhala

[loveletter2you]

general language learning resources

dictionaries:

wordreference - has spanish, french, italian, portuguese, catalan, german, swedish, dutch, russian, polish, romanian, czech, greek, turkish, chinese, japanese, korean, & arabic

reverso translation - has arabic, chinese, dutch, french, german, hebrew, italian, japanese, polish, portuguese, romanian, russian, spanish & turkish

bab.la - has spanish, arabic, chinese, czech, danish, dutch, finnish, french, german, greek, hindi, hungarian, indonesian, italian, japanese, korean, norwegian, polish, portuguese, romanian, russian, swedish, swahili, thai, turkish, vietnamese, & esperanto

digital dictionaries of south asia - has dictionaries for assamese, baluchi, bengali, divehi, hindi, kashmiri, khowar, lushai, malayalam, marathi, nepali, oriya, pali, panjabi, pashto, persian, prakrit, rajasthani, sanskrit, sindhi, sinhala, tamil, telugu & urdu

resources for learning words in context:

reverso context  - has arabic, chinese (in beta), dutch, french, german, hebrew, italian, japanese, polish, portuguese, romanian, russian, spanish & turkish (in beta)

linguee - has german, spanish, portuguese, french, italian, russian, japanese, chinese, polish, dutch, swedish, danish, finnish, greek, czech, romanian, hungarian, slovak, bulgarian, slovene, lithuanian, latvian, maltese, & estonian

for learning different writing systems

omniglot - an encyclopedia with literally any language you could think of including ancient languages

scripts - an app for learning other writing systems with a limited amount for free (you can do 5 minutes a day for free) - has the ASL alphabet, Russian cyrillic, devanagari, Japanese kana, Chinese hanzi, & Korean hangul

Wikipedia is also helpful for learning different writing systems honestly!

pronunciation

forvo - a pronunciation dictionary with MANY languages (literally an underrated resource i use it all the time)

a really helpful video by luca lampariello with tips on how to get better pronunciation in any language

ipachart.com - an interactive chart with almost every sound!! literally such an amazing resource for learning the IPA (however does not include tones)

another interactive IPA chart (this one does have tones) 

language tutoring

italki - there’s many websites for language tutoring but i think italki has the most languages (i have a referral link & if you use it we can both get $10 toward tutoring lol) - they say they support 130 languages!

there’s also preply and verbling which are also good but there aren’t as many options for languages - preply has 27 and verbling has 43

(obviously these are not free but if you have the money i think tutoring is a great way to learn a language!)

getting corrections/input from native speakers

hellotalk - an app for language exchanges with native speakers & they also have functions where you can put up a piece of writing and ask for corrections - honestly this app is great

tandem - language exchange app but unlike hellotalk you can choose multiple languages (although i think hellotalk is a little bit better)

LangCorrect - supports 170 languages!

HiNative - supports 113 languages!

Lang-8 - supports 90 languages!

verb conjugation

verbix - supports a ton of languages

Reverso conjugation - only has english, french, spanish, german, italian, portuguese, hebrew russian, arabic, & japanese

apps

duolingo - obviously everybody knows about duolingo but i’m still going to put it here - i will say i think duolingo is a lot more useful for languages that use the latin alphabet than languages with another writing system however they do have a lot of languages and add more all the time - currently they have 19 languages but you can see what languages they’re going to add on the incubator

memrise - great for vocab! personally i prefer the app to the desktop website

drops - you can only do 5 minutes a day for free but i still recommend it because it’s fun and has 42 languages! 

LingoDeer - specifically geared towards asian languages - includes korean, japanese, chinese & vietnamese (as well as spanish, french, german, portuguese and russian), however only a limited amount is available for free

busuu - has arabic, chinese, french, german, italian, japanese, polish, portuguese, spanish, russian, spanish, & turkish, 

Mondly - has 33 languages including spanish, french, german, italian, russian, japanese, korean, chinese, turkish, arabic, persian, hebrew, portuguese (both brazilian & european), catalan, latin, dutch, swedish, norwegian, danish, finnish, latvian, lithuanian, greek, romanian, afrikaans, croatian, polish, bulgarian, czech, slovak, hungarian, ukrainian, vietnamese, hindi, bengali, urdu, indonesian, tagalog & thai

misc

a video by the polyglot Lýdia Machová about how different polyglots learn languages - this video is great especially if you don’t know where to start in terms of self study

LangFocus - a youtube channel of this guy who talks about different languages which is always a good place to start to understand how a specific language works also his videos are fun

Polyglot: How I Learn Languages by Kató Lomb - this book is great and available online completely for free! 

Fluent Forever by Gabriel Wyner (on pdfdrive) - another great book about language learning

Anki - a flashcard app (free on desktop for any system & free on android mobile - not free on ios mobile) that specifically uses spaced repetition to help you learn vocabulary, it’s got a slightly ugly design but it’s beloved by many language learners & is honestly so helpful

YouTube - literally utilize youtube it is so good.

Easy Languages - a youtube channel with several languages (basically they go around asking people on the street stuff so the language in the videos is really natural) & they also have breakaway channels for german, french, spanish, polish, italian, greek, turkish, russian, catalan & english

there’s also the LanguagePod101 youtube channels (e.g. FrenchPod101, JapanesePod101, HebrewPod101) which are super great for listening practice & language lessons as well as learning writing systems!

#language resources #this took me literally hours omg. #also if people have things to add feel free!

[southasianlanguages]

Resource List for Learning Sinhala

Hello! Do you want to learn Sinhala but don't know where to start? Then I've got the perfect resource list for you and you can find its link below! Let me know if you have any suggestions to improve it. Here is what the resource list contains;

"Handmade" resources on certain grammar concepts for easy understanding.

Resources on learning the script.

Websites to practice reading the script.

Documents to enhance your vocabulary.

Notes on Colloquial Language.

Music playlists

List of podcasts/audiobooks And a compiled + organized list of websites you can use to get hold of grammar!

#langauge learning #language #language resources #discord server #langblr #desiblr #studyblr #south asia #south asians #culture #desi #sri lanka #sinhala #sinhalese #colombo #sri lanka crisis #asia #jaffna

[transgenderer]

List of games that Buddha would not play:

The Buddhist games list is a list of games that Gautama Buddha is reputed to have said that he would not play and that his disciples should likewise not play, because he believed them to be a 'cause for negligence'

Games on boards with 8 or 10 rows. This is thought to refer to ashtapada and dasapada respectively, but later Sinhala commentaries refer to these boards also being used with games involving dice.[2]

The same games played on imaginary boards. Akasam astapadam was an ashtapada variant played with no board, literally "astapadam played in the sky". A correspondent in the American Chess Bulletin identifies this as likely the earliest literary mention of a blindfold chess variant.[5]

Games of marking diagrams on the floor such that the player can only walk on certain places. This is described in the Vinaya Pitaka as "having drawn a circle with various lines on the ground, there they play avoiding the line to be avoided". Rhys Davids suggests that it may refer to parihāra-patham, a form of hop-scotch.

Games where players either remove pieces from a pile or add pieces to it, with the loser being the one who causes the heap to shake (similar to the modern game pick-up sticks).

Games of throwing dice.

"Dipping the hand with the fingers stretched out in lac, or red dye, or flour-water, and striking the wet hand on the ground or on a wall, calling out 'What shall it be?' and showing the form required—elephants, horses, &c."

Ball games.

Blowing through a pat-kulal, a toy pipe made of leaves.

Ploughing with a toy plough.

Playing with toy windmills made from palm leaves.

Playing with toy measures made from palm leaves.

Playing with toy carts.

Playing with toy bows.

Guessing at letters traced with the finger in the air or on a friend's back. (letters in the Brahmi script)

Guessing a friend's thoughts.

Imitating deformities.

[gwendolynlerman]

Languages of the world

Sinhala (ස���ංහල)

Basic facts

Number of native speakers: 17 million

Official language: Sri Lanka

Language of diaspora: Australia, Canada, India, Malaysia, New Zealand, Singapore, United Arab Emirates, United Kingdom, United States

Script: Sinhala, 60 letters

Grammatical cases: 8

Linguistic typology: fusional, SOV

Language family: Indo-European, Indo-Iranian, Indo-Aryan, Southern Zone, Insular Indic

Number of dialects: 4

History

9th century - earliest surviving literature

3rd century-7th century - Proto-Sinhala

7th century-12th century - Medieval Sinhala

>12th century - Modern SInhala

Writing system and pronunciation

These are the letters that make up the script: අ ආ ඇ ඈ ඉ ඊ උ ඌ ඍ ඎ ඏ ඖ එ ඒ ඓ ඔ ඕ ඖ අං අඃ ක ඛ ග ඝ ඞ ඟ ච ඡ ජ ඣ ඤ ඦ ට ඨ ඩ ඪ ණ ඬ ත ථ ද ධ න ඳ ප ඵ බ භ ම ඹ ය ර ල ව ශ ෂ ස හ ළ ෆ.

Stress occurs either on a long or heavy penultimate or ante-penultimate syllable.

Grammar

Nouns have two numbers (singular and plural) and eight cases (nominative, genitive, dative, accusative, instrumental, locative, ablative, and vocative).

Demonstrative pronouns feature a four-way distinction: close to the speaker, close to the addressee, close to a third person who is present, and close to a third person who is not present.

Verbs are conjugated for tense, mood, aspect, and voice. Active, causative, and involitive verbs are distinguished.

Dialects

There are four dialects: Uva Province, southern, up-country, and Sabaragamu. They differ in phonology, morphology, and lexicon.

Sinhala also has a diglossia situation in which the literary and the spoken language substantially differ from each other.

#langblr #sinhala #lingblr

[aswiya]

Isdhoo Lōmāfānu is the oldest copper-plate book to have been discovered in the Maldives to date. The book was written in AD 1194 in the Evēla form of the Divehi akuru, during the reign of Siri Fennaadheettha Mahaa Radun (Dhinei Kalaminja).

Lōmāfānu (or loamaafaanu) are Maldivian texts in the form of copper plates on which inscriptions have been added. Many new Maldivian historical texts are found only in lōmāfānu form. The Divehi script used on the plates was named "Evela Akuru" by H. C. P. Bell, who claimed that it resembled medieval Sinhala script.

According to the Isdhoo Lōmāfānu, monks from monasteries of the southern atoll of Haddhunmathi were brought to Malé and beheaded.

#Isdhoo Lōmāfānu #Isdhoo #Lōmāfānu #loamaafaanu #Maldives #history #evela #Evēla #languages #Divehi #Dhivehi #Siri Fennaadheettha Mahaa Radun #Dhinei Kalaminja #ASIA

[ayearinlanguage]

A Year In Language, Day 365: A Year In Language Here it is, the final post, only 42 days after the actual end of the year in what experts call a "Chanukkah Miracle". I have loved this project and am sorry to see it end. Reviewing my earlier posts have really shown me how far I've come and how much I've learned about writing these. I hope y'all have enjoyed them, and I thank, from the bottom of my heart, everyone who has encouraged me and engaged with me about them. You have made this truly worthwhile. I long wondered what I would do for this final post, and I think I have come to a fitting end. Here I will give a brief tour of our world of languages, and finally a salute to the languages themselves as a list of all of them and their names for themselves. Thanks again, here we go: The start of the written word begins in either Egypt or Sumeria, some 5,000 years ago. In Sumeria this begins with Sumerian, a language isolate with no sisters or daughters. It gifted its Cuneiform writing system to later empires, notably the Akkadians. Akkadians and Ancient Egyptians both belong to the great Afro-Asiatic family which covers the Arabian Peninsula and North Africa. Its largest branch is Semitic, whose unique triliteral root systems include languages living, dead, and revived, like Hebrew, Amharic (Ethiopian) and the expansive Arabic family. Another branch, the Berber languages, are still spoken throughout Northern Africa and the oft forgotten Cushitic languages of Africa's Horn. South, across the Sahara, is home to the Niger-Congo family. A thin band running from west to east compromises most branches of this family, with the vast majority of Africa being dominated by the Bantu languages, notable for their expansive prefixed gender systems. Swahili, Bambara, Zulu, and more compromise this family. In southernmost Africa the Khoisan language area, not a genetic family but a geographic one, make use of the highly distinctive click consonants. If we roam back north, across the Mediterranean, we encounter Indo-European territory. As the name implies this family dominates Europe and extends across the Caucasus into Iran and India. Once Celtic languages, like Gaulish, dominated Western Europe, but the rise of the Roman Empire and their Italic language forced the Celts straight off the continent into Ireland and Britain. In their place, Latin has grown into a whole family of Romance languages. The Germanic languages, once isolated and monolithic in Northern Europe, have expanded to every border of the North Sea, including Britain where they again displaced native Celts, pushing some, like the Bretons, back into France. Slavs as well were once a monolith, but spread at the end of Roman dominion to cover the Eastern edge of Europe. If we cross the Caucasus, a strange hotspot of linguistic diversity, we find the largest family, Indo-Iranian. The sister languages of Avestan and Sanskrit largely founded the Iranian and Indo-Aryan branches respectively. The Indo-Aryan languages have distinctively developed alongside the unrelated Dravidian languages of South India. At the edges of Slavic and Iranian territory we find the enormous and underrepresented Turkic family, which extends from Anatolia, across central Asia, and across Siberia. These languages interact with Indo-European, Mongolic, and Sino-Tibetan languages, a true blend of Eurasian culture. East of the Turkic and Ino-Aryan languages the Sino-Tibetan family rises. Notable for isolating grammar, these languages range from the Tibetan steppe to the eastern edge of the continent, and include the many forms of Chinese. This cultural giant has in turn influenced nearby unrelated families, including the isolates Japanese and Korean, as well as the Southeastern Austroasiatic (Vietnames) and Kra-Dai (Thai, Lao). Moving on to the east and south we encounter Bantu's rival for largest family: Austronesian. These languages originate in Taiwan, and spread across the maritime countries of the Pacific, and even Madagascar. This does not include the enigmatic Pacific giant: Australia. Almost all the languages there belong to one family: Pama-Nyungan, which is quite unlike any other in the world. Here we need to backtrack a bit, into Siberia. As the Turkic languages give out, the Tungusic, Ainu, and other native Siberian languages arise, and eventually themselves give way as Russia reaches across to the New World. Here, we first see the Eskimo-Aleut languages, which cover the norther edge of America much as the Uralic languages cover the north of Eurasia (See, I didn't forget them). As we move southward down the America's the languages are stacked, north to south primarily, a pattern that some linguists attribute to waves of human migrations into the continent from the north. Dominating Western Canada is the Na-Dene family, whose primary branch is Athabaskan. To the East is Algic territory, primarily Algonquian. Iroquoian nestles around the great lakes, and Salishan is the preeminent family of the Pacific Northwest. From the Mid-West and down through Mexico is the Uto-Aztecan family, giving way to Mayan and Oto-Manguean families as it the land reaches to South America. Here, the Amazon is another diverse hotspot, full of many isolates. The Tupi language once dominated and united the region, and the Taino languages edged up from the east to cover the Caribbean. On the western edge of the continent Quechua still thrives, as it has since it was spread by the Inca, overshadowing the still thriving Mapudungan (Mapuche). There are of course, so many other languages, and aspects of these languages I have not touched, but I hope this has served as a brief overview of the linguistic layout of our world. Here, now, is the language salute. I have aspired to give the English name for each language, it's endonym (self given name) and family. The Endonym will be given in the most relevant script (except where unicode fails us) with a Latin transliteration. In cases where the English name and endonym line up, they are condensed. In cases where multiple regional variations apply, I attempted to choose the largest or most prominent name. Some script may have been altered by formating, such as the normally vertical Mongolic script or stacked Egyptian Hieroglyphs. Conlangs do not have branches, and have their creator and publish date. Extinct languages are labelled as such, and I have marked ancestral languages extinct even if their descendants persist (like Old English or Latin). Sumerian - 𒅴𒂠(EME.G̃IR) – Isolate (Extinct) Finnish – Suomi – Uralic (Finnic) Irish Gaelic – Gaeilge – Indo-European (Celtic, Goidelic) Mandarin - 官话/官話 (Guānhuà) – Sino-Tibetan (Sinitic) Cherokee - ᏣᎳᎩ ᎦᏬᏂᎯᏍᏗ (Tsalagi Gawonihisdi) - Iroquoian Tamil - தமிழ் (Tamil) - Dravidian Swahili – Kiswahili – Niger-Congo (Bantu) Czech – Čeština – Indo-European (Slavic, West Slavic) Turkish – Türkçe – Turkic (Oghuz) Elvish – Quenya – Conlang (J.R.R. Tolkien, 1954) Hawaiian - ʻŌlelo Hawaiʻi – Austronesian (Polynesian) Basque – Euskara - Isolate Mongolian - ᠮᠣᠩᠭᠣᠯ ᠬᠡᠯᠡ/монгол хэл (Mongol Khel) - Mongolic Amharic - አማርኛ (Amarəñña) – Afro-Asiatic (Semitic) AAVE – English – Indo-European (Germanic, West Germanic) Dutch – Nederlands – Indo-European (Germanic, West Germanic) Romansh – Rumantsch – Indo European (Romance) Guugu Yimithirr – Pama Nyungan Nheengatu - Tupian Sindhi - سنڌي‎/सिन्धी (Sindhi) – Indo-European (Indo-Iranian, Indo-Aryan) Aymara – Aymar Aru - Aymaran Kabardian – Къэбэрдейбзэ (Qabardejbza) – Northwest Caucasian Romanian - Limba Română – Indo-European (Romance) Luganda – Niger-Congo (Bantu) Pitjantjatjara – Pama-Nyungan Hindi –हिन्दी (Hindī) – Indo-European (Indo-Iranian, Indo-Aryan) Mozarabic – لتن (Latino) – Indo-European (Romance, Extinct) Hittite – 𒉈𒅆𒇷 (Nešili) – Indo-European (Anatolian, Extinct) Yoruba - Èdè Yorùbá – Niger-Congo (Volta-Niger) Nauruan - Dorerin Naoero – Austronesian (Micronesian) Pali - पालि (Pāli) – Indo-European (Indo-Iranian, Indo-Aryan, Liturgical) Proto-Germanic - *þiudiskaz – Indo-European (Germanic, Reconstructed) Sinhalese - සිංහල (Sinhala) – Indo-European (Indo-Iranian, Indo-Aryan) Kabyle – Taqbaylit – Afro-Asiatic (Berber) Māori - Te Reo Māori – Austronesian (Polynesian) Cree – ᓀᐦᐃᔭᐍᐏᐣ (Nēhiyawēwin) – Algic (Algonquian) Kashubian - Kaszëbsczi Jãzëk – Indo-European (Slavic, West Slavic) Madurese - Basa Mathura – Austronesian Persian – فارسی (Fārsi) – Indo-European (Indo-Iranian, Iranian) Cajun French (Louisiana French) - Français Louisianais – Indo-European (Romance) Cajun French (Louisiana Creole) – Kréyol – Creole (French-Based) Moksha - Mокшень Kяль (Mokšen̓ Käl̓) – Uralic (Mordvinic) Serbo-Croatian – Cрпскохрватски (srpskohrvatski) – Indo-European (Slavic, South Slavic) Lithuanian - Lietuvių Kalba – Indo-European (Baltic) Wolof – Niger-Congo (Senegambian) Komi - Коми Кыв (Komi Kyv) – Uralic (Permic) Old English – Ænglisc – Germanic (West Germanic, Extinct) Cebuano – Bisaya – Austronesian (Philippine) British Sign Language – N/A - BANZSL Estonian – Eesti Keel – Uralic (Finnic) Sanskrit – संस्कृतम् (Saṃskṛtam) – Indo-European (Indo-Aryan, Liturgical) Marathi - मराठी (Marāṭhī) – Indo-Iranian (Indo-Aryan) Elamite – 𒁹𒄬𒆷𒁶𒋾 (Haltamti, name of the nation) – Isolate (Extinct) Korean –한국어(Hangugeo) - Koreanic Welsh – Cymraeg – Indo-European (Celtic, Brittonic) Bulgarian – Български (Bălgarski) – Indo-European (Slavic, South Slavic) Tlingit – Lingít – Na-Dene Hiligaynon – Ilongo – Austronesian (Philippine) Ewe - Èʋegbe – Niger-Congo (Volta-Congo, Gbe) Warlpiri – Pama-Nyungan Volapük – Conlang (Johann Martin Schleyer, 1879) Shelta – De Gammon – Indo-European (Cant, English-Based) Krio – Creole (English-Based) Santali - ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲᱤ(Santali) – Austroasiatic (Munda) Proto-Slavic - *Slověninъ - Indo-European (Balto-Slavic, Reconstructed) Hungarian – Magyar Nyelv – Uralic (Ugric) Tocharian – Unknown – Indo-European (Extinct) Cornish – Kernowek – Indo-European (Celtic, Brittonic, Revived) Papiamento – Creole (Portuguese-Based) Tuareg - ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵌⴰⵆ(Tamajaq) – Afro-Asiatic (Berber) Nez Perce - Niimi'ipuutímt – Plateau Penutian Urdu - اُردُو‬ (Urdū) – Indo-European (Indo-Iranian, Indo-Aryan) Danish – Dansk – Indo-European (Germanic, North Germanic) Greek – Eλληνικά (Elliniká) – Indo-European (Hellenic) Bengali – বাংলা (Bangla) – Indo-European (Indo-Iranian, Indo-Aryan) Palawa Kani – Reconstructed/Conlang Oromo - Afaan Oromoo – Afro-Asiatic (Cushitic) Lezgi - Лезги Чӏал (Lezgi Č'al) – Northeast Caucasian Maltese – Malti – Afro-Asiatic (Semitic) Sami – Sámegiella – Uralic (Sami) Saanich – SENĆOŦEN - Salishan American Sign Language – N/A - Francosign Proto-Indo-European – Unknown – Indo-European (Reconstructed) Mixtec - Dzaha Dzavui (Classical) – Oto-Manguean Dothraki – Lekh Dothraki – Conlang (David J. Peterson, 2011) Gothic – 𐌲𐌿𐍄𐌹𐍃𐌺 (Gutisk) - Indo-European (Germanic, East Germanic, Extinct) Odia - ଓଡ଼ିଆ (Oṛiā) – Indo-European (Indo-Iranian, Indo-Aryan) Ojibwe – Anishinaabemowin – Algic (Algonquian) Kam – Gaeml – Kra-Dai Latvian - Latviešu Valoda – Indo-European (Baltic) Chuvash - Чӑвашла (Căvašla) – Turkic (Oghur) Daur - Mongolic Samoan - Gagana Faʻa Sāmoa – Austronesian (Polynesian) Shona – chiShona – Niger-Congo (Bantu) Burushaski - بروشسکی‬ (Burū́šaskī) - Isolate Mazahua – Jñatjo – Oto-Manguean Bugis – ᨅᨔ ᨕᨘᨁᨗ (Basa Ugi) - Austronesian English – Indo-European (Germanic, West Germanic) Italian – Italiano – Indo-European (Romance) Afrikaans – Indo-European (Germanic, West Germanic) Kabiye – Niger-Congo Hunnic – Unknown - Unknown Evenki - Эвэды̄ Турэ̄н (Ēvēdȳ Turēn) - Tungusic Marshallese - Kajin M̧ajeļ – Austronesian (Micronesian) Hebrew - עברית‬ (Ivrit) – Afro-Asiatic (Semitic, Revived) Polish – Polski – Indo-European (Slavic, West Slavic) Hiri Motu - Austronesian Klallam - Nəxʷsƛ̓ay̓əmúcən – Salishan (Extinct as first language) Sandawe – Sandaweeki - Isolate Scots – Indo-European (Germanic, West Germanic) Proto-Austronesian – Unknown – Austronesian (Reconstructed) Punjabi – ਪੰਜਾਬੀ/پنجابی‬ (Pãṉjābī) – Indo-European (Indo-Iranian, Indo-Aryan) Low German – Plattdütsch – Indo-European (Germanic, West Germanic) Guarani - Avañe'ẽ - Tupian Kashmiri – कॉशुर/كأشُر (Kọ̄šur) – Indo-European (Indo-Iranian, Indo-Aryan) Norwegian – Norsk – Indo-European (Germanic, North Germanic) Lingua Franca – Sabir – Pidgin (Romance-Based, Extinct) Pictish – Unknown – Indo-European (Celtic, Brittonic, Extinct) Tetum - Lian Tetun - Austronesian Plains Sign Language – N/A - Isolate Khanty - Xанты Ясаң (Hantĩ Jasaň) – Uralic (Ugric) Tigrinya - ትግርኛ (Tigriññā) – Afro-Asiatic (Semitic) Georgian - ქართული ენა (Kartuli Ena) - Kartvelian Seri - Cmiique Iitom - Isolate Armenian – Հայերեն (Hayeren) – Indo-European (Armenian) Azerbaijani - Azərbaycan Dili – Turkic (Oghuz) Hausa - Harshen Hausa – Afro-Asiatic (Chadic) Chechen - Hохчийн Mотт (Noxçiyn Mott) – Northeast Caucasian Enga – Trans-New Guinea Dzongkha - རྫོང་ཁ་ (Dzongkha) – Sino-Tibetan (Tibetic) Tongan - Lea Faka-Tonga – Austronesian (Polynesian) Nunggubuyu – Macro-Gunwinyguan Swedish – Svenska – Indo-European (Germanic, North Germanic) Manchu - ᠮᠠᠨᠵᡠᡤᡳᠰᡠᠨ(Manju Gisun) - Tungusic Appalachian English – English – Indo-European (Germanic, West Germanic) Portuguese – Português – Indo-European (Romance) Tagalog – Austronesian (Philippine) Russian - Pусский Язык (Russkiy Yazyk) – Indo-European (Slavic, East Slavic) Sango - Yângâ Tî Sängö – Creole (Ngbandi-Based) Sardinian – Sardu – Indo-European (Romance) Icelandic – Íslenska – Indo-European (Germanic, North Germanic) Occitan – Lenga d’Òc – Indo-European (Romance) Dyirbal – Pama-Nyungan Greenlandic – Kalaallisut – Eskimo-Aleut (Inuit) Tariana - Arawakan Oneida - Onʌyotaʔa:ka - Iroquoian Luxembourgish – Lëtzebuergesch – Indo-European (Germanic, West Germanic) Lushootseed - Dxʷləšúcid – Salishan (Extinct as first language) Slovenian - Slovenski Jezik – Indo-European (Slavic, South Slavic) Malagasy - Austronesian West Frisian – Frysk – Indo-European (Germanic, West Germanic) Lingala – Lingála – Niger-Congo (Bantu) Kirundi – Ikirundi – Niger-Congo (Bantu, Rwanda-Rundi) Cantonese - 廣東話(Gwóngdūng Wá) – Sino-Tibetan (Sinitic, Yue) Maldivian - ދިވެހި, (Dhivehi) – Indo-European (Indo-Iranian, Indo-Aryan) Somali - Af-Soomaali – Afro-Asiatic (Cushitic) Belarusian - Беларуская Mова (Biełaruskaja Mova) – Indo-European (Slavic, East Slavic) Manx – Gaelg – Indo-European (Celtic, Goidelic, Extinct as first language) Vai - ꕙꔤ (Vai) – Niger-Congo (Mande) Chichewa – Niger-Congo (Bantu) Palauan - A Tekoi Er A Belau - Austronesian A-Hmao – Hmong-Mien Kiribati - Taetae Ni Kiribati – Austronesian (Micronesian) Ossetian - Ирон Ӕвзаг (Iron Ӕvzag) – Indo-European (Indo-Iranian, Iranian) Sesotho – Niger-Congo (Bantu) Dogri – डोगरी/ڈوگرى (Ḍogrī) – Indo-European (Indo-Iranian, Indo-Aryan) Mon - ဘာသာ မန် (Bhāsā Men) - Austroasiatic Xhosa – isiXhosa – Niger-Congo (Bantu, Nguni) Syriac – ܣܘܪܝܬ (Sūreṯ) – Afro-Asiatic (Semitic) Wu - 吴语 (Wu Nyu) – Sino-Tibetan (Sinitic, Wu) Bactrian – Αριαο (Aryao) – Indo-European (Indo-Iranian, Iranian, Extinct) Ancient Egyptian – 𓂋𓏤𓈖𓆩𓅓𓏏𓊖 (r n km.t) – Afro-Asiatic (Egyptian) Bai - Baip‧Ngvp‧Zix – Sino-Tibetan Kinyarwanda – Niger-Congo (Bantu, Rwanda-Rundi) Esperanto – Conlang (L.L. Zamenhof, 1887) Quechua – Runa Simi - Quechuan Faroese - Føroyskt Mál – Indo-European (Germanic, North Germanic) Bislama – Creole (English-Based) Naxi – Sino-Tibetan Albanian – Shqip – Indo-European (Albanian) Swiss German – Schwiizerdütsch – Indo-European (Germanic, West Germanic) Nuosu - ꆈꌠꉙ (Nuosuhxop) – Sino-Tibetan (Lolo-Burmese) Kaingang – Kanhgág - Macro-Gê Chiquitano – Besïro - Isolate Lojban - La .lojban. – Conlang (Logical Language Group, 1997) Singlish – Creole (English-Based) Nuu-chah-nulth - Wakashan Tamazight - ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ (Tamazight) – Afro-Asiatic (Berber) Chipewyan – Dënesųłiné – Na-Dene (Athabaskan) Romani - Romani Čhib – Indo-European (Indo-Iranian, Indo-Aryan) Okinawan -沖縄口/ウチナーグチ (Uchinaaguchi) - Japonic Indonesian – Bahasa Indonesia - Austronesian Rohingya - رُاَࣺينڠَ/Ruáingga - Indo-European (Indo-Iranian, Indo-Aryan) Pashto – پښتو (Pax̌tō) – Indo-European (Indo-Iranian, Iranian) Chagatai – جغتای (Jağatāy) – Turkic (Karluk, Extinct) Latin - Lingua Latīna – Indo-European (Italic, Extinct) Phrygian – Unknown – Indo-European Fula – Niger-Congo (Senegambian) !Kung – Kx’a Jeju –제주어(Jejueo) - Koreanic Etruscan – Unknown – Isolate (Extinct) Tatar - Tатар Tеле (Tatar Tele) – Turkic (Kipchak) Khazakh – Qazaq Tili – Turkic (Kipchak) Malay – Bahasa Melayu - Austronesian Mohawk - Kanien’kéha - Iroquoian Vietnamese - Tiếng Việt - Austroasiatic Aramaic – ܐܪܡܝܐ/ארמיא (Arāmāyā) – Afro-Asiatic (Semitic, Extinct) Old Prussian – Unknown – Indo-European (Baltic) Swazi – siSwati – Niger-Congo (Bantu, Nguni) Shilha - ⵜⴰⵛⵍⵃⵉⵢⵜ(Tashelhiyt) – Afro-Asiatic (Berber) Tajik - Tоҷикӣ (Tojikī) – Indo-European (Indo-Iranian, Iranian) Taino – Arawakan (Extinct) Chinook Jargon – Chinuk Wawa (Pidgin, Wakashan-Based, Revived) Silbo Gomero – Indo-European (Romance) Bavarian – Boarisch – Indo-European (Germanic, West Germanic) Nahuatl – Uto-Aztecan Tok Pisin – Creole (English-Based) Catalan – Català – Indo-European (Romance) Nepali – नेपाली (Nēpālī) - Indo-European (Indo-Iranian, Indo-Aryan) French - Le Français – Indo-European (Romance) Bambara – Bamanankan – Niger-Congo (Mande) Arabic - العَرَبِيَّة‎ (Al-ʻArabiyyah) – Afro-Asiatic (Semitic) Domari - Dōmʋārī/دٛومَرِي – Indo-European (Indo-Iranian, Indo-Aryan) Caddo - Hasí:nay - Caddoan Ladino – איספאנייול (Español) – Indo-European (Romance) Fijian - Na Vosa Vakaviti – Austronesian (Oceanic) Mapudungun - Araucanian Bashkir - Башҡорт Tеле (Başqort Tele) – Turkic (Kipchak) Nobiin – Nòbíín - Nubian Igbo - Ásụ̀sụ̀ Ị̀gbò – Niger-Congo (Volta-Niger) German – Deutsch – Indo-European (Germanic, West Germanic) Kurdish – کوردی (Kurdî) – Indo-European (Indo-Iranian, Iranian) Balinese - Bhāṣa Bali - Austronesian Coptic - ϯⲙⲉⲧⲣⲉⲙⲛ̀ⲭⲏⲙⲓ (ti.met.rem.ən.khēmi) – Afro-Asiatic (Egyptian, Liturgical) Amis – Pangcah – Austronesian (East Formosan) Tulu - ತುಳು ಭಾಷೆ (Tulu Bāse) - Dravidian Hokkien -闽南话 (Bân-lâm-ōe) – Sino-Tibetan (Sinitic, Min) Spanish – Español – Indo-European (Romance) Avar - Авар Mацӏ (Awar Macʼ) – Northeast Caucasian Ilocano - Pagsasao nga Ilokano – Austronesian (Philippine) Uyghur - ئۇيغۇر تىلى (Uyghur Tili) – Turkic (Karluk) Tarahumara - Ralámuli Ra'ícha – Uto-Aztecan Gujarati - ગુજરાતી (Gujarātī) – Indo-European, Indo-Iranian, Indo-Aryan) Chamorro - Finu' Chamoru - Austronesian Old Church Slavonic - ⰔⰎⰑⰂⰡⰐⰠⰔⰍⰟ ⰧⰈⰟⰊⰍⰟ/Cловѣ́ньскъ Ѩꙁꙑ́къ (Slověnĭskŭ Językŭ) – Indo-European (Slavic, Liturgical) Mi'kmaq – Míkmawísimk – Algic (Algonquian) Hopi – Hopílavayi – Uto-Aztecan Toki Pona – Conlang (Sonja Lang, 2001) Telugu – తెలుగు (Telugu) - Dravidian Breton – Brezhoneg – Indo-European (Celtic, Brittonic) Zapotec – Diidxazá – Oto-Manguean Macedonian – Mакедонски (Makedonski) – Indo-European (Slavic, South Slavic) Gaulish – Unknown – Indo-European (Extinct) Beja – Bidhaawyeet – Afro-Asiatic (Cushitic) Nyanga – Kinyanga – Niger-Congo (Bantu) Laotian - ພາສາລາວ (Phasa Lao) – Kra-Dai Phoenician - 𐤌𐤉𐤍𐤏𐤍𐤊 𐤌𐤉𐤓𐤁𐤃‬ (Dabarīm Kanaʿanīm) – Afro-Asiatic (Semitic, Extinct) Kongo – Kikongo – Niger-Congo (Bantu) Yiddish – ייִדיש (Yidish) – Indo-European (Germanic, West Germanic) Quebecois – Indo-European (Romance) Kannada – ಕನ್ನಡ (Kannaḍa) – Dravidian Wampanoag – Wôpanâôtuwâôk – Algic (Algonquian) Rapa Nui - Vananga Rapa Nui – Austronesian (Polynesian) Eskayan – Eskayano – Austronesian (Philippine, Cant, Cebuano-Based) Navajo - Diné Bizaad – Na-Dene (Athabaskan) Tahitian - Reo Tahiti – Austronesian (Polynesian) Ainu - アイヌ・イタㇰ (Aynu=itak) - Isolate Sundanese – Basa Sunda - Austronesian Saraiki - سرائیکی‬ (Sarā'īkī) – Indo-European (Indo-Iranian, Indo-Aryan) Knaanic – Indo-European (Slavic, West Slavic) Nicarauguan Sign Language – N/A - Isolate Balochi - بلۏچی‎ (Balòči) – Indo-European (Indo-Iranian, Iranian) Láadan – Conlang (Suzette Haden Elgin, 1982) Khmer - ភាសាខ្មែរ (Phiəsaa Khmae) - Austroasiatic Lardil & Damin – Leerdil/Demiin - Tangkic Hmong - Lus Hmoob – Hmong-Mien Uilta - Tungusic Malayalam - മലയാളം (Malayāḷam) - Dravidian Pirahã – Xapaitíiso - Mura Sioux – Lakȟótiyapi/Dakhótiyapi - Siouan Old Chinese - 漢語 (*Hnaːns Ŋaʔ) – Sino-Tibetan (Sinitic, Extinct) Scots Gaelic – Gàidhlig – Indo-European (Celtic, Goidelic) Thai - ภาษาไทย (Phasa Thai) – Kra-Dai Rotokas – North Bougainville Klingon - tlhIngan Hol – Conlang (Marc Okrand, 1984) Zuni - Shiwi'ma - Isolate Akkadian - 𒀝𒅗𒁺𒌑 (Akkadû) – Afro-Asiatic (Semitic, Extinct) Pennsylvania Dutch - Pennsilfaanisch Deitsch – Indo-European (Germanic, West Germanic) Udmurt - Удмурт Кыл (Udmurt Kyl) – Uralic (Permic) Tibetan - བོད་སྐད་ (Bod skad) – Sino-Tibetan (Tibetic) Zulu – isiZulu – Niger-Congo (Bantu) Buryat - Буряад Xэлэн (Buryaad Xelen) - Mongolic Inuktitut - ᐃᓄᒃᑎᑐᑦ (Inuktitut) – Eskimo-Aleut (Inuit) Turkmen – Türkmençe/Түркменче – Turkic (Oghuz) Assamese – অসমীয়া (Ôxômiya) – Indo-European (Indo-Iranian, Indo-Aryan) Avestan – Unknown – Indo-European (Indo-Iranian, Iranian, Liturgical) Uzbek - Oʻzbekcha/Ўзбекча – Turkic (Karluk) Burmese – မြန်မာဘာသာ (Mranmabhasa) – Sino-Tibetan (Lolo-Burmese) Yup'ik – Yugtun – Eskimo-Aleut (Yupik) Ithkuil – Iţkûil – Conlang (John Quijada, 2004) Javanese - ꦧꦱꦗꦮ (Basa Jawa) - Austronesian Nenets - Hенэцяʼ Bада‎

#A Year in Language #ayil #languages #linguistics #day 365