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irispublishersmedicaljournals · 3 years

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Iris Publishers - Current Trends in Clinical & Medical Sciences (CTCMS)

Executive Functions: Definition; Contexts and Neuropsychological Profiles

Authored by Dott Giulio Perrotta

Definition and clinical context of executive functions

The term “executive functions” (E.F.) refers to a complex cognitive construct in the form of a system organized in functional modules of the mind; where a series of processes necessary to maintain an appropriate; organized and flexible planning mode are included. resolution (or problem solving); control and coordination; aimed at a purpose [1-3].

To simplify; the executive functions are those abilities that answer the question << Who is in charge? >> and concern mental processes aimed at the elaboration of adaptive cognitive-behavioral schemes; at the base of planning; decision making; working memory; corrective response to error feedback; predominant habits; mental flexibility.

This complex construct thus implies:

a. An ability to inhibit a response or to postpone it at a later and more appropriate time.

b. A strategic and flexible planning of behavioral sequences.

c. A mental representation of the task that includes both the relevant information encoded in the memory and the future objectives to be achieved.

There are several possible definitions; from a theoretical and organizational point of view [4]:

1) The executive functions represent a system of abilities that allows to create objectives; to preserve them in memory; to control the actions; to foresee the obstacles and to reach objectives (Stuss 1992).

2) Executive functions represent the set of abilities that allow the person to successfully implement independent; intentional and useful behaviors (Lezak 1993).

3) Executive functions are higher-order cognitive functions that make it possible to formulate objectives and plans; remember these plans over time; choose and start actions that allow us to reach those goals; monitor the behavior and adjust it so as to arrive at those goals (Aron 2008).

It therefore appears evident that the executive functions are not easy to define; since this term does not refer to a single capacity but rather to a set of different sub-processes necessary to perform a specific task. They are superior cortical functions responsible for the control and planning of behavior; they are processes that allow the person to plan and implement projects aimed at achieving a goal and are necessary because they guarantee the monitoring and modification of their behavior in case of need or they adapt it to new contextual situations.

They consist of six steps:

1) Analyzing the task.

2) Plan how to achieve the task.

3) Organize the steps needed to carry out the task in question.

4) Develop a timeline to complete the task.

5) Adjust or change steps; if necessary; to complete the task.

6) Complete the task in a timely manner.

They are therefore executive functions surely:

a) The inhibition; or the ability to focus attention on the relevant data ignoring the distractors and inhibiting inadequate or impulsive motor and emotional responses with respect to stimuli.

b) Flexibility; or the ability to move from one set of stimuli to another based on information from the context.

c) Planning; or the ability to formulate a general plan and organize actions in a hierarchical sequence of goals.

d) The working memory; or the ability to activate and maintain the plan and the work area at a mental level; to have a mental reference set on which to work mentally.

e) Attention; or the ability to maintain concentration on a given element.

f) Fluency; or the ability of divergent thinking and ability to generate new and different solutions with respect to a problem [5].

Although those most investigated for information on cognitive functioning are the basic functions of working memory [6] (or updating; the ability to maintain; update and process information in mind in time for the resolution of a task); of cognitive flexibility (or shifting; the ability to pass from one mental operation to another by controlling the mutual interference between the two actions) and inhibition (or inhibition; the ability to control automatic responses that interfere in achieving of a purpose); the executive domain does not end with the only cognitive processes listed above; but also involves mechanisms that play a part in the regulation of emotions; behavior and motivation.

A dichotomous distinction has been formulated in recent years between “Hot” executive functions and “Cool” executive functions [Zelazo 2004]:

a) The “Cool” executive functions represent those functions based on a complex; cognitive; controlled and slower processing; which are activated when the subject is dealing with abstract and decontextualized problems. The neurophysiological area used for these functions is the dorso-lateral prefrontal cortex [7].

b) The “Hot” executive functions are linked to an automatic and emotional processing of the stimuli; or a simple and rapid programming that intervenes in situations of stress; these functions are required in significant situations and involved in the regulation of emotion and motivation. The neurophysiological area used for these functions is the ventromedial prefrontal cortex [8].

The “Hot” executive functions and the “Cool” executive functions; according to this theoretical construct; work synchronously in order to guarantee an ideal functioning; but neuropsychological studies suggest a double dissociation between the two types of functions; documenting injuries on load Hot in the absence of problems against the Cool and the Cool in the absence of Hot.

The advances in the methodological field and in particular the conception of experimental tests with motor; linguistic and memory requirements; compatible with the level of competence of the child in early childhood; have allowed us to observe how the development of executive functions begins earlier; compared to what was previously assumed; this applies to both the Cool and the Hot ones. As far as the Cool is concerned; we have already seen how at 12 weeks the child is able to preserve the memory of the objective structure of an event in which he was the protagonist to reuse it in similar situations; from seven to eight months the first signs of working memory and inhibitory control begin to appear; regarding the Hot; some observations seem to suggest difficulties in the control of this executive domain in the first two years of life; although the processes of cortical development seem to affect these regions before those involved in the Cool: the child would indeed have difficulty in regulating the emotions and in postponing rewards/gratifications and presenting a way of relating to the self-centered world. Between the ages of three and five; the child succeeds in tasks that require maintaining information in the mind and at the same time the capacity for inhibition; between three and four years the ability to generate concepts develops; between four and five years the attentional control matures and there is an improvement in cognitive flexibility and in the ability to formulate strategies; at five years there is an increase in working memory and therefore in the ability to temporarily preserve and manipulate information online.

With preadolescence some executive skills reach maturity. Between seven and eight years and between nine and twelve years there is an increase in sensitivity to feedback in problem-solving; in the formulation of concepts and in the control of impulsiveness. At the age of seven; considerable progress has been reported in the speed of execution; in the ability to use the strategies; in the ability to maintain information in the mind and to work with it. Between the ages of eight and ten adult levels are reached in cognitive flexibility and at ten years the ability to maintain the set; the verification of hypotheses and impulse control is manifested; there is an improvement in the inhibitory control; in the vigilance and in the attention sustained between the eight and eleven years; period in which besides is assisted to an improvement in the performances tests that conjugate inhibitory competences and working memory; this last one suffers further efficiency improvements between nine and twelve years.

An improvement in the ability to understand emotions; intentions; beliefs and desires is noted in this period. Between thirteen and fifteen years there is an increase in memory strategies; in its efficiency; in time planning; in problem-solving and in the search for hypotheses. Furthermore; verbal fluency and the ability to plan complex motor sequences mature at the age of twelve. The changes of this period; both on the cognitive and the executive side; allow the person to cope with the new and growing demands that the physical and social environment put on him; experiencing a sense of independence; responsibility; and social awareness.

At fifteen years there is an improvement as regards attentional control and processing speed as well as maturation in inhibitory control. Between the ages of sixteen and nineteen; progress is made in working memory; problem-solving and strategic planning. From an executive point of view; Hot improves the ability to make decisions in the presence of rewards and losses. Between the ages of twenty and thirty; working memory; planning; problem-solving and the ability to implement targeted behaviors reach higher levels of functioning.

As regards the Hot Executive functions; the achievement of mature decision-making levels is achieved. With aging there is a gradual deterioration in some cognitive areas including the Executive Functions; although some changes are not evident before eighty years even though the brain degenerative process begins in the third decade of life. Between the ages of thirty and forty-nine; there is a decrease in information storage and temporal sequencing skills; the ability to formulate concepts; organization; planning and attentional shifting worsen between the fifty-three and sixty-four years. Starting from the age of sixty-five; memory difficulties are reported [9-11].

It is good to underline however that even today we think of the executive system and the attention system as separate entities: attention would act on sensory information and on internal representations while the executive system on behavior. If the attentional aspects allow the executive functions to mature; the executive system is seen as a form of attention directed towards oneself. Therefore, the development of E.F. involves a consolidation of intellectual cognitive abilities; learning and memories.

The Neural Correlates in Eating Disorders [12]

If neuroscience has been trying for decades to associate specific brain functions with specific brain areas; with the relative recent advent of functional neuroimaging and brain mapping; this commitment seems to have become dominant; however; the debate on the selective localization of complex faculties remains open; despite their historical location; identified in the so-called frontal lobe syndrome; even preceded the formulation of the construct (Galati; Tosoni; 2010); in fact; traditionally; they were classified as executive disorders those following damage in the prefrontal cortex.

Recent studies of neuroimage (Galati; Tosoni; 2010); carried out on healthy people through classical neuropsychological tests for the examination of E.F. reveal; however; also the activation of the posterior parietal cortex and of various subcortical centers; in addition to the areas of prefrontal cortex; whose functional subdivisions; however; still remain difficult to identify; due to its anatomy and its heterogeneous functionalities. In particular; the studies show that the frontal lobes are functionally connected with: the posterior parietal cortex; which appears to be involved in the reconfiguration of the responses and in the behavioral modifications (Sohn et al; 2000; Barber and Carter; 2005); the basal ganglia; the anterior cingulate; which seems particularly involved in situations of control of cognitive conflicts between environmental stimuli or behaviors and in the selection of agent responses in case of uncertainty (Carter and Van Veen; 2007; Rushworth and Beherens; 2008).

The scholars of the Executive Functions; therefore; remain cautious about their specific localization; preferring to believe that they are implemented in multiple distributed circuits; each of which includes connections with some portion of the prefrontal cortex (Galati; Tosoni; 2010; p. 36.). The same Luria (1962) who; on the basis of numerous clinical observations; first theorized the existence of a central control system for some higher order functions; such as planning; monitoring; self-regulation; involved more involvement interconnected cortical and subcortical areas: prefrontal cortex; cerebellum; some subcortical nuclei.

Therefore; the study on the functions performed by the prefrontal cortex remains open. It is believed that the executive functions are anatomically related to different areas of the prefrontal cortex; and to the associated cortico-subcortical circuits:

a) The dorso-lateral prefrontal area would be particularly involved in the abstraction and planning of actions.

b) The orbital-frontal area would be involved in the regulation of emotions and decision-making processes.

c) The anterior cingulate area (especially in the dorsal part) would be involved in the control of motivation and interfering stimuli.

The empirical evidences derived from the neuropsychological approach and from the neuroimaging show however that the executive functions connected to the orbito-frontal cortex mature early with respect to the executive functions connected to the dorso-lateral pre-frontal cortex [13]. An interesting review of 2006 takes in detail; albeit dated; the cognitive; affective and behavioral correlates of brain maturation that occurs during adolescence. This maturation; due to phenomena of myelination and synaptic pruning; is particularly accentuated in the prefrontal cortex; the main site of decision-making processes. If the executive functions and the decision-making processes are based on the functioning of prefrontal areas; which change considerably during adolescence; it can be hypothesized that the decision-making abilities of adolescents are still immature, and this may explain their risky behavior. This hypothesis is discussed; also, in relation to the onset of psychopathological disorders in this age group [14].

The Clinical and Strategic Approach in the Management of Executive Function Deficits [15]

Following an injury or dysfunction in the frontal lobes; due for example to a head injury; a degenerative pathology or a neoplasm; the patient can show the symptoms of what is called “frontal syndrome”. Frontal syndrome is a clinical picture characterized by cognitive deficits and / or behavioral; emotional and motor disorders.

Studies on adult patients with lesions in different areas of the prefrontal cortex show; in fact; partially different neuropsychological pictures:

1) Lesions in the anterior orbital part; in general; cause personality modifications and disinhibition.

2) The lesions in the orbito-frontal part; also because it is closer to the amygdala; to the hippocampus and to the hypothalamus; areas that mediate between internal states and environmental stimuli; generally present inattentive; impulsive behaviors; difficulty in problem solving and in taking of decisions; serious antisocial conduct.

3) Lesions in the medial part; including the anterior cingulate gyrus; cause poor motor control and difficulty in maintaining focused attention.

4) The laterals of the prefrontal cortex present action planning disorders; especially related to the management of mental representations useful for achieving a purpose and the difficulties related to written and spoken language are understood.

The lesions of the frontal cortex; caused by expansive processes of tumor; vascular or hypoxic origin; or cranial traumas or degenerative processes of the nervous system; therefore, lead to deficits in executive functions; in particular problems:

a) In planning and problem solving: the person has difficulty planning and executing a sequence of actions to reach a goal; but also in the planning of sequences of movements.

b) In cognitive flexibility: it has a rigid; non-flexible behavior and puts into effect perseverances; always giving the same answer or using the same strategy even when it proves inadequate.

c) In the working memory: the memory disorders that can be classified in the frontal amnesic syndrome are characterized by the inability to retain new information; greater distractibility and confabulations; difficulty in using memorization strategies; inability to know how to use the new acquired data; incapacity to memorize voluntarily.

d) In the inhibition of automatic behaviors not congruent with the situation: it is the case of the “environmental syndrome” or “dependence of use”: placed for example in front of objects that it is used to use; the person uses them without any invitation and without any reason (for example; a patient who in front of a bottle of water placed on the examiner’s desk; takes it and drinks it).

e) In decision-making: the difficulty of deciding in an advantageous way for oneself and of respecting social norms is understood (Bechara et al. 2000; Rolls; 2000). Patients with this disorder are more likely to make risky choices and develop; for example; a gambling addiction.

f) In the regulation of emotions and behavior: we can have a patient who shows a picture of disinhibited type symptoms characterized by euphoria; restlessness; sexual disinhibition; inappropriate social behavior; poor interest in others; uninhibited behavior; with little impulse control; easy irritability and aggressiveness; euphoria; emotional lability; or an apathetic type symptomatology with a “pseudo-depressed” personality; therefore with modifications characterized by indifference; apathy; decreased spontaneity; reduced sexual interest; reduced expression of emotions; decreased verbal productivity (including mutism); decreased motor behavior.

g) Low self-criticism and judgment: the person have a deficit in judging reality; especially when the situation is new or complex and a lack of critical attitude towards the actions carried out. It also shows difficulty in correcting its errors and inability to modify or schedule new behaviors.

In some syndromes then there are deficits in executive functions; such as in autism and dyslexia; Executive deficits have been detected in attention deficit / hyperactivity disorder (ADHD); schizophrenia and conduct disorder. It is thought that many mental disorders are associated with this type of deficit; although in every disorder it is likely to change the degree to which each component of executive functions is involved. Deficits related to executive functions can be manifested in behavioral symptoms such as: environmental dependence syndrome; with use behavior; that is; as soon as the subject notices an object that he is used to using in a certain way; he uses it; even if the context would require a inhibition of this behavior (eg the subject goes to the doctor and as soon as he notices the window opens it; without a precise reason); and imitation behaviors; that is; the subject spontaneously imitates the gestures of the person in front of him; hypoactivity; such as apathy or anhedonia (in which the person does not perform behaviors that would also give him gratification (such as activities related to food or affective activities); hyperactivity; ie distractibility; impulsiveness; disinhibition. In general; the behavior may appear disorganized [16].

Compared to the diagnosis; however; one must rely on a series of neuropsychological tests; including the Trail making test (versions A and B). The other tests that are most used for the evaluation of the executive functions are: the Tower of London that proves the ability of planning; problem solving and inhibition; the dimentional change card sort test; which is a task that evaluates flexibility; the matching familiar figure test that evaluates the use of visual search strategies; control of the impulse response and interference [17].

Conclusion

The E.F. they represent an important field of research and clinical work in the field of cognitive developmental neuropsychology. There are numerous attempts to summarize the common characteristics of the skills related to E.F.: the ability to inhibit overbearing responses and to organize behavior based on arbitrary rules [18]; the ability of the “central executive” to select the appropriate schemes of action from a repertoire activated by specific inputs [19].

The hypothesis of the multidimensionality of FEs [20-22] is increasingly accepted and several studies are highlighting the evolutionary trajectories of the different subdomains in the typical development; starting to outline a staged process with a complex hierarchical organization. In the clinical field the impairments of the E.F. they are related to numerous cognitive and behavioral difficulties: limited sustained attention; perseverative responses; impaired initiation of actions; poor use of feedback; difficulties in planning and organization; problems related to the storage and manipulation of mental representations. Furthermore; studies on the impairment of E.F. in neurodevelopmental disorders.

These include autism and DGS; in which the E.F. they appear to be pervasive in different domains; severe and pre-existing over time. Other developmental disorders seem to show a more specific profile; with the impairment of some subdomains: the A.H.D.; with the deficit in inhibition; represents one of the most studied cases. For other disorders the research results are more controversial. The differences in the profiles of the E.F. in these disorders they support the hypothesis of a fraction ability of E.F. in subdomains; at least partially independent. It should also be specified that the various subdomains have not been fully studied in all the disorders. Despite these limitations; at least partially specific “executive profiles” of various disorders are emerging [23].

A greater knowledge of these profiles and their evolutionary trajectories; combined with an attention to “ecological validity”; can allow us a greater understanding of the mental functioning of children with typical and atypical development; with potential relapses in the diagnostic and therapeutic-rehabilitative field [24- 26].

To read more about this article: https://irispublishers.com/ctcms/fulltext/executive-functions-definition-contexts-and-neuropsychological-profiles.ID.000507.php

Indexing List of Iris Publishers: https://medium.com/@irispublishers/what-is-the-indexing-list-of-iris-publishers-4ace353e4eee

Iris publishers google scholar citations: https://scholar.google.co.in/scholar?hl=en&as_sdt=0%2C5&q=irispublishers&btnG=

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existentialburden · 4 years

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all!! please talk about your ocs!!!!

:OOOO I WOULD GIVE MY LIFE FOR YOU.... (for real thank you I’m super out of it rn, assignments have me fucked up) this is goin under a read more because I am going to go OFF

who’s friends with who? what are the squad dynamics like?

okay so with my ocs let’s start with C9 in general! the entire session has a sort of tense vibe with everyone together but it’s the type where they all know if they need to they can rely on each other. it’s just the situation making them all volatile.

for squads Aila has her moirail squad with two of my pal’s ocs, Lyla and Kodi, and it’s just all comfort there. Lyla and Kodi make sure that Aila doesn’t go off and fume by herself when she’s pissed off, Kodi and Aila make sure Lyla’s not just staying in the depression hive that is her room, and Lyla and Aila make sure Kodi doesn’t hide away and sew for hours when he gets upset. it’s mostly a “get the fuck over here and socialize instead of dwelling on every bad thought” crew but sometimes it’s just about sitting in the same room as someone else. and sending memes to each other. she also considers Dukkel a friend, but that vibe is more of a “Dukkel is manipulative and Aila is too volatile to be effectively manipulated” sorta deal. they hang out though and genuinely enjoy each other’s company so I’m counting it. she’s also pals with Joel (not mine)- she does think she has a crush on him? but she’s always real unsure of these things. either way she likes being around him and he likes being around her. that vibe is “awkward but in a cute dorky way”. also friends with Hurlii (also not mine) but they’re... dating?? hate-dating??? they both refuse to pin that down but they sit under the stars and vent a little bit to each other and get out their emotions and it’s cute. I’ve written about them cuddling before it’s adorable. her and Louise swap memes sometimes so y’know what that’s a friendship too. and she talks to a group of horrorterrors who gossip about her sessionmates with her. Aila has a lot of connections because she’s the Session Leader and also she’s tiny so everyone goes “:O a baby....”. sort of the same way you let your little sibling hang out with you and your pals because they get so excited about it.

Hope is friends with a DIFFERENT pal’s oc, Kori. their vibe is also comfort and chillin. Kori reassures Hope that no, not being able to talk to people is not bad and people don’t hate you. Hope listens when Kori talks about timeline stuff and helps her take precautions to soothe her anxiety. they’re also the alchemiter squad figuring out how to make new objects all the time. they stick real close. Hope’s also pals with Kodi! Kodi actually mediates between her and Aila. Hope can cut loose a little around Kodi and ends up with a surprisingly carefree attitude around him. things are a LITTLE awkward between them but they’re buds. Kodi keeps her in check. (Hope’s also friends with Lyla, kind of? they’re hate-dating but they are so soft for each other.) she used to go play poker with some SBURB constructs but :( no more.

Fantra is moirails with Panda (just assume if they don’t end up with their own list they’re a pal’s oc okay) and they vibe. there’s a little more flirting than necessary in their friendship and they DEFINITELY cuddle. they’re actually really adorable. again, I don’t know if dating counts, but Fantra’s dating Lyla and they’re cute but still sort of figuring things out. Fantra gives Lyla all the attention she asks for and it’s adorable.

Dukkel is sort of friends with Aila but I already talked about that. she doesn’t have a lot of friends other than Ails, actually. it’s. kind of sad? but he doesn’t really go out of his way to befriend people. she has more connections, just not... positive ones.

NOT ALL OF THE ALPHAS ARE FLESHED OUT SO I SWEAR THEY HAVE MORE CONNECTIONS BUT

Mell is pals with Dott and they’re fucking chaotic. I adore them but oh jeez. Mell’s the Responsible One and she’s not responsible at all she just used to pick Dott up from parties and then hold her hostage to help redesign furbies. they’re great. actually, the entire alpha session is great because they’re all in a D&D group. Mell sometimes chats with Cole and thinks he’s alright but also a huge NERD and jokingly makes fun of him for it. Cole doesn’t mind because he is, in fact, a massive nerd. (also Mell ends up dating Lyla it’s a whole thing don’t worry about it they’re adorable)

outside of her session she’s friends with Orca in a sort of “hey this kid needs more friends. now they’re the designated little sibling of the squad” way. she teaches them cool new horrific crafts. Mell just can’t let them sit there when their two friends are busy smh come join in craft time and also here’s how to play D&D. it’s real nice!

Cole is dating Peri! they co-DM in oneshots and he fleshes out NPCs while she worldbuilds and it’s adorable. they’re soft and sweet and cuties. also chats with Mell as I said before!

ALTS: the session as a whole is messy. everything runs fine but it’s less a team and more a bunch of people forced to work together. they’re pretty good at doing things they don’t want to do, though, so gg.

Enny’s friends with Juli. Juli calls her out on her bullshit and Enny holds Juli accountable for her own messes. they’re more functional than they look. Enny is also friends with Kods (not Kodi. alt Kodi.) and they consider themselves siblings even if the specifics are a lil wild. they threaten each other but they don’t usually mean it. they care about each other. also they shared a creepypasta phase that tbh Enny never got over. she’s also kind of pals with Jess but in a “thank you for helping me keep these guys in check. in return I will not swear at you” kinda way and just. mutual understanding of being stubborn when it comes to working at things.

outside of just the alt C9 crew (and delving into SPACE PIRATE TERRITORY): Enny’s also pals with Cece (yet another pal’s OC! the only pal mentioned that technically doesn’t work on the Official C9 Stuff but whatever I love him so much. all of the ones mentioned “outside their session″ are his <3!!!!) even though they stopped hanging out as much. Cece taught her how to paint and have a decent hobby and Enny appreciates it every day. their friendship is dear to my heart. makes me feel nice. Enny is friends with Tate too! they roomed together on the spaceship and even though they aren’t too talkative with each other sometimes that isn’t necessary. also kinda pals with Jody? they don’t hang out too much but Enny secretly thinks she’s a friend. they’re the short Light player squad. too curious for their own good. it got kinda hard for them to talk to each other in person because of an incident but Enny still thinks she’s cool and nice. and there’s Echo! Echo’s her friend and therapist who taught her how to talk about her feeeeelings. which is VERY important. everyone say thank you Echo. Enny enjoys his company and y’know it’s sometimes (SOMETIMES) nice to be totally open. hard but nice. well. it’s complicated. but thank you Echo. .....ENNY IS ALSO PALS WITH [REDACTED]. in “canon” right now they’re “rivals to acquaintances” but they have pet names for each other so what is the truth. they’re very cryptic and trade information but that means Enny’s actually very honest with him so they’re. adorable. they care a lot about each other and try to help each other when they need it. it’s so cute. I’m soft for them. they’ve always had a certain level of respect for each other and I VIBE WITH THAT. love me some respect and comfort in this house. also they totally cuddle.

Deuuuux is friends with Juli. Juli may be blunt and harsh in her humor but Deux vibes with it. she knows she’s just being snarky for the sake of being snarky. they hang out and it’s all very cool and fun. also pals with Kods, but that’s a LITTLE more strained. they still hang from time to time but it’s hard for Deux to tell when he needs his space. also hate-dating Jess but no, actually, they end up being like “wait this is stupid I don’t think I actually hate anything about you. which makes this just dating. ...heck yeah.” Jess keeps tabs on Deux’s volatile mental state and Deux makes sure SHE’S doing okay. like hey take a break. you deserve good things too.

outside of the alt C9 crew Deux is close with Wynn! they have a more sibling bond than anything else. found family. added onto this because Deux actually has a real squad, holy shit, is Echo! Deux is the Official Captain, Wynn made the spaceship they’re on, and Echo is the ship advisor. Deux goes to them when she wants a second opinion on things, which is a lot of the time. Echo is constantly side-eyeing Deux’s depression. it’s hilarious and I love them A LOT. SO MUCH. Deux and Wynn are also the ship chefs, though Wynn more so than Deux. I choose to believe they work on recipes together but that’s just me. Deux is also friends with [REDACTED 2], even if it was shaky at first. they bond over their annoyance at [REDACTED]- and they both get the feeling of being overworked and then looking over at other people goofing off. like damn, a little help here please? they’re so tired. Deux is so tired. someone give her a break.

West! is not C9, technically, but they’re still mine so :P. West is best friends with Fern and they game together. they like to try and fuck up games with West posing hypothetical glitches and Fern pulling them off. also they just hang out and it’s all fun times with them. West is also kinda pals with Alex- sometimes they hang and Alex gave West his old glasses for them to pop out the lenses and wear so that was cool of him. they just vibe and Alex thinks it’s nice that West appreciates their humor.

outside of their session they’re friends with Ulfort and Hazel! they’re a squad. Ulfort is the Responsible One, Hazel is the Bad Influence, and West is the Impressionable Chaos Enabler. I love them all. they goof and have a good time but also worry about each other and that’s real sweet. also Enny and [REDACTED] but in a parental figure sort of way so I’m only including it here and not in Enny’s- also because it’s only in certain aus. also only in certain aus is their friendship with Orca. they bond over similar excitable traits and they started out a little rocky but they’re friends!

Hazeee is also best buds with Fern! sure Haze is crushing on Fern but that doesn’t mean they aren’t pals. they support each other emotionally and also they’re totally both furries. like Fern COULD show her fursona to West and they’d support her but it’s not their interest so they don’t really know how they’re supposed to react so Fern and Haze get the fun of a mutual interest. Haze is also pals with June- xe’s Haze’s right-hand. June helps advise Haze and proposes new ideas and also teases Haze for crushing on Fern. it’s all in good fun though.

Fern is just pals with West and Haze and they’re both her best friends. no she will not rank them. she shouldn’t have to.

outside of her session sheeee’s totally in love with Ulfort and Rita. interacting with Ulfort she’s likes to try and make him flustered a lil bit. with Rita she’s much more shy about it. it’s so cute. she thinks they’re both very very pretty. this is still only in certain aus because otherwise they don’t interact... ...unless? hmu my boyyyyy show me the canon we could have had/can have [eyes emoji]

June is best friends with Alex. they thrive off their differences but June enjoys getting to just have FUN with Alex and Alex loves having support from June. they hang ALL THE TIME. they support each other and tease each other and make sure they know where the lines are. June’s also pals with Haze as mentioned above!

outside of xir sesh June’s pals/something else ;) with Orca. but like. only in certain aus. they’re. how do I describe this without getting into the aus. uh. they’re cute as hell okay? Orca spoils June and June lightly teases Orca and they’re adorable. they care about each other so so much.

Alex is besties with June and pals with West. yes he plays favorites :P.

Theo and Fate are best friends and found-family twins and they’re chaotic as a duo. Fate describes emotions to Theo and Theo describes colors to Fate and that’s adorable but Fate’s encouraging Theo to make horrorterror deals and Theo’s like what if I abused my god tier powers instead and it’s CHAOS. I love them so much. no one else they’re all they’ve got babey!

Luca is dating Elli and Julius (who are also dating) and they’re a squad all on their own. Elli and Julius are weebs and Luca makes fun of them for it but he’s the one dating them so rip. Luca loves them both so much but him and Elli have more of a “childhood friends” vibe (because they are) and Luca and Julius have a “flirt vs one very pretty boy” vibe (because that’s exactly what’s going on these aren’t vibes these are just what’s happening). they’re all ADORABLE. none of them have any other friends but specifically Luca doesn’t because he’s mine and he’s lonely. rip.

Orca is pals with/dating June as mentioned above! and pals with West! and friends with Mell!

I’m not gonna get too into the SBURB 2 ELECTRIC BOOGALOO squad because the friendships aren’t entirely fleshed out but Pistol and Spike are friends and Spike’s totally crushing on Pistol and it’s cute. they’re cute. I rest my case.

I’M GONNA DO THE REST OF THE QUESTIONS IN A REBLOG BECAUSE DEAR GOD.

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usagi-zakura · 5 years

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Today on Adventurer’s League

My Party is insane and Dott became Rogue One.

We were back to the Storm King’s Thunder campaign after summer break which means I’m once again playing Dott the kobold ranger and her pet dog/wolf/horse Ttod.

We also got some new players joining the table, a new DM (he was a player last time) and really the only returning party member aside from Dott was a thiefling bard.

We also got a human bard, a human paladin and a tabaxi cleric.

The session started with a bar fight we weren’t technically involved in... between a drunk human and a halfling barkeep who was trying to defend his rare ancient artefacts from the human... but the human ended up crushing one of them.

As the halfling was mourning the loss of his artefact the (very chaotic neutral) tabaxi just decided to wander over and do what cats do best... knock all the remaining artefacts of the shelf.

The halfling got mad (naturally) so he attacked the cat, she proceeded to basically murder him.

Would you believe this wasn’t even the craziest thing that happened this evening? Cuz it wasn’t... not by a long shot.

As the rest of the party tried to talk to the human Dott was robbing the bar of its alcohol and the tabaxi was looking for food (Dott found her a half-eaten hot dog and the thiefling found a piece of mouldy bread. which the tabaxi gladly ate.)

We didn’t find out much from the human other than the fact that he was a hoarder, so we pretty much just left him to deal with the dead halfling (the thiefling may have convinced him it was his fault) and went outside.

The streets were deserted, and we soon found out why as a sobbing giant carrying a pig passed on by.

We learned from the villagers (after the giant left) that the giant passed by daily looking for food, and would try to eat any villager she came across as well, so we decided to go check it out. The paladin also wanted to see if she could cheer the giant up, maybe then she would stop attacking the villagers.

We found the giant’s home and predictably she attacked us thinking we were food, so I cast Fog Cloud on her.

... This is a fog cloud. Its part of my dice-box (actually a double deck-box for MGT).

The thiefling bard actually managed to sneak in to the Giant’s house and played her a song that seemed to calm her down, at least she was calm enough now that the paladin could ask her what was wrong.

Turns out the giant’s husband had been kidnapped and left her no food (this was her main motivation apparently). As the rest of the party were talking the thiefling stole the giant’s stuff... Among the stuff was a robe filled with pockets of useful things. We’ll come back to this later.

We (well mostly the paladin) decided to help the giant find her lost husband so we followed her to a nearby river where she almost drowned for no good reason and half the party ended up on the other side...also for no good reason. (I belive it was the tabaxi who figured we had to cross the river somehow, even though she hated water she was one of the ones who ended up on the other side.)

While this was going on the thiefling started pulling random stuff out of the pockets of her robe, including a window and a portable ram.

We decided to set up camp near the river...well two camps technically since two of the party members were on the other side.

We all took a long rest, most of the party inside a Leomund’s tiny hut (both bards summoned one each on each side of the river) and the giant and the thiefling bard’s horse slept outside because they didn’t fit inside.

The next morning...the hungry giant killed and ate the thiefling’s horse. This was extra upsetting for her since she also recently lost her pet chicken PTSD as the party’s previous cleric decided to fry it and Ttod ate it.

Then a fire giant showed up and attacked “our” giant, demanding to get what she was carrying in her backpack.

Dott, Ttod and the thiefling fled to the other side of the river while the paladin tried to defend our giant friend. The rest of the party did help as much as they could from the other side (well besides the tabaxi and the thiefling... they didn’t care much for the giant anyway) but sadly she still died... sadly for the paladin. No one else seemed to care.

Dott was honestly more curious about what was inside the backpack so she snuck inside and found a variety of things, including a rocking chair (which she put in her bag of holding because why not) and a large chunk of adamantite...

Sadly the adamantite was too big for the bag of holding and we weren’t able to move it... The thiefling then tried to steal from the paladin but failed. (I swear she’s a bard not a rogue..)

Then the thiefling started pulling stuff out of her robe’s pockets again and pulled out a rowboat (which we used to give the giant a viking burial) a portable hole (that she almost threw at the paladin before she knew what it was) and a brand new horse!

She kept calling it a dog though, probably because Dott calls her wolf dog or horse interchangeably. (She doesn’t know the difference and thinks because she can ride Ttod he’s a horse.)

SO with our “quest-giver” dead we just abounded that mission and decided to head north to search for the missing Storm Giant King... You know...the main quest we’d been pretty much ignoring this whole time. (To be fair Dott was the only one of this party who was present when we GOT that mission...and she thinks a wolf is a horse, do you expect her to remember what her quests are?)

Finally back on track however we leveled up to level 7 and Dott (likely influenced by the morally ambiguous party) got a level in rogue. This is something I’ve been planning for quite a while, it honestly just makes sense for her. I want to get at least 3 levels of rogue, giving her cunning action (she already has a tendency to just run when things get though... that’s probably why she’s the only one remaining from the original party) 2d6 sneak attack and a new subclass, in which I planned to get Scout for the skirmisher feature. (Making her even better at just staying out of battle... that being said she can do mad damage if she wants to, she already has a +8 to all damage rolls involving giants and that’s basically all we ever fight so y’know :p )

#dnd #dungeons and dragons #dott #ttod #adventurers league

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cometcrystal · 5 years

Text

monster high questionaire by @cryptoriascollectiblog!

1) Introduce yourself and tell us how long you’ve been collecting Monster High dolls!

im dott and ive been into mh since 2015 or thereabouts

2) How many MH dolls do you have?

roughly 150 something??? idk the exact number FDSJLKFS

3) Is Monster High your favorite doll line? Why or why not?

it absolutely is because i love the characters and the outfits. its the autism

4) Who’s your favorite MH ghoul?

cleo but yall know this

5) Favorite Manster?

deuce but yall also know this

6) Do you own any dolls of your favorite ghoul and/or manster? How many?

yep i own almost every cleo doll, and every deuce doll! im only missing a few cleos and i have every deuce

7) Do you own any playsets? If so which one(s)? If not, is there a reason?

only one i own is astranova’s floaty one. i just dont have the space for em

8) Of the original main ghouls (including Ghoulia, Spectra and Abbey) which is your favorite? Got any dolls of them?

cleo and see above. but if i have to pick someone different, my fav is lagoona... i love her so much... ive got some dolls of hers but i was never as into her outfits sadly. i just love her character a lot

9) Favorite character with only one doll release?

i love porter and posea both to pieces. AND VANDALA

10) Character with too many dolls (in your opinion?)

draculaura but doesnt everyone think that. also amanita didn’t need a second doll. shes only got 2 dolls and thats still too many NFDSLKFSDDSKL especially if theyre gonna put her in a 2 pack with one of the people she left for dead

11) Any character you would’ve liked to see in a doll line that didn’t make it? (i.e. Lagoona in Sweet Screams or Draculaura in Power Ghouls, etc)

LITERALLY ANYONE in sweet screams. sweet screams is SUCH a good line. but you know what woulda been great? is a power ghouls cleo. or a collector’s edition cleo that’s the same grade as collector’s lala. cause i loooove the one we got but also i think a white linen dress would be awesome too. a 2 pack with collector’s deuce maybe

12) Any ideas you would’ve liked to see in a doll line?

i remember coming up w an idea for a series of couples 2 packs based around decades, like 20s cleuce, 70s twyleen, etc i woulda loved to see that but thats completely wish fulfillment

13) Is there a “grail” MH doll for you? If so do you own it?

my grail was ihf cleo but i got her so at the moment? i haven’t rly got a grail mh doll. maybe gloom and bloom jina

14) Thoughts on the cancelled Ever After High crossover?

SO FUCKING HAPPY IT DIDN’T HAPPEN!!! it would have been bad. baaaad

15) Thoughts on the 2016 reboot faces?

most of em were pretty cute! i liked cleo’s! though they looked a bit wonky sometimes. and i dont like how they made clawdeen look more “white”

16) Thoughts on the 2016 “Monster Family” line?

horrid idea. horrid execution. the only good thing that came out of it was 1. my headcanon that fangelica is elissabat’s sister, not lala’s and 2. lux and pharrah are cleo’s cousins on her mom’s side. also sandy de nile does not fucking exist

17) How bout the SDCC exclusives? What was your favorite? Do you own any?

i think my fav is the deadfast ghoulia but i dont own her! i do own ghostbusters frankie tho and she’s a peach. OH AND I ALSO WANT HEXICIAH SO BAD

178) How about Amazon exclusives?

no clue what all the amazon exclusives were so im just going with collector’s lala cause i love her a lot anyway

19) Favorite Frankie Stein doll?

sweet screams or home ick. or haunt the casbah

20) Favorite Draculaura doll?

probably i heart shoes.....its so cyoot

21) Favorite Clawdeen Wolf doll?

school’s out, scaris, and haunt the casbah. haunt the casbah is just a good line ok.

22) Favorite Cleo de Nile doll?

DONT DO THIS TO ME!!! but boo york + gloom and bloom. and collector’s. and scaris

23) Favorite Lagoona Blue doll?

ghouls night out DEF

24) Favorite Ghoulia Yelps doll?

deadfast sdcc!! or dotd

25) Favorite Spectra Vondergeist doll?

hmmm honestly you can’t beat her sig look

26) Favorite Abbey Bombinable doll?

art class i love the simplicity

27) Favorite Venus McFlytrapp doll?

i heart fashion...god what a look

28) Favorite Rochelle Goyle doll?

haunted. ethereal bitch

29) Favorite Operetta doll?

i heart accessories cause thats SO rockabilly and i stan the ponytail

30) Favorite Toralei Stripe doll?

her sig look def

31) Favorite Jinafire Long doll?

gloom and bloom :pensive:

32) Favorite Skelita Calaveras doll?

hmmm i’d say art class! i love pink on her and her hair looks great

33) Favorite Howleen Wolf doll?

her sig look obv

34) Favorite Twyla Bogeyman doll?

her haunted doll is SO good

35) What do you do with your dolls? (Display them, take photos of them, etc)

display them...hold them... give em lil kisses on their heads

36) Is Monster High the only doll line you collect? Why or why not?

no but it’s the primary one! again its the autism

37) Do you still collect Monster High dolls? (i.e. scour the internet and/or secondhand stores?)

i dont really buy as many anymore since i got almost all the ones i wanted! but ill still look for them just to know theyre still around

38) There’s a lot of new Monster doll/toy lines out now: thoughts if any?

only one i can think of is super monsters (idk if thats the name) and once upon a zombie. toys are more Blind Bags now and less Monsters so please direct me towards the monsters

39) And finally, what’s your favorite thing about Monster High? Can be past or present!

honestly its the lore?? and the characters? mh would have still been my special interest if it was only a tv show/movie series, the dolls were just a bonus

#monster high

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whatdoesshedotothem · 3 years

Text

1839 Sept[embe]r Sat[urday] 14

4 40/..

at 8 33/.. alight[e]d at [Helingfor] Högfors to br[eak]f[a]st –

boil[e]d milk and good br[ea]d and butt[e]r – ver[y] nice h[ou]se to sleep at – the

beaut[iful] cascade (3 falls) of the riv[e]r Kymen [Kymijoki] full in

our view as we sit at br[eak]f[a]st – 45ft. of fall? or mo[re]?

the lit[tle] unpaint[e]d hamlet, the red mill, the lightish oak stain[e]d

timbers and arches of the good wood br[idge] acr[oss] the str[ea]m just ab[ov]e

the falls – the unpaint[e]d mill, and lit[tle] grey (i.e. unpaint[e]d)

cot[tage] or 2 on this side, w[i]th the pine forest at the back –

altogeth[e]r a beaut[iful] bit of scen[er]y – A- [Ann] h[a]d been sketch[in]g it –

off at 10 57/.. fr[om] Högfors where we b[ou]ght a rye cake

fear[in]g we might fare worse – they h[a]d no mo[re] (w[oul]d

n[o]t sell) whi[te] br[ea]d or rusks – a trav[elle]r told me we

might well sleep at Urpula or Sackjarvi b[u]t

n[o]t at Risalaks – Scotch fir for[e]st ag[ai]n and bould[e]rs

all the latt[e]r n[o]t granite – obs[erve] one broken open

a mass of granite smallish gravel (at 11 1/4)

and the soil here a coarse sand or fine granite gravel

r[oa]d d[itt]o – all the soil on the hillside here of this

gravel cov[ere]d w[i]th boulders and sprink[le]d ov[e]r w[i]th S[cotch] firs –

it is all al[on]g here that so m[u]ch naked (mossy) rock

is seen – and now 11 22/.. at a lit[tle] dist[an]ce is the long line of

unpaint[e]d cot[tage]s form[in]g the vil[lage] of Högfors? our r[oa]d

ver[y] wind[in]g – good r[oa]d – a lit[tle] str[ea]m also right

now at 11 22/.. for a min[ute]s – here, and ev[er]ywhere in [fjord]

Finland rude (light) one horse ploughs – Forest all al[on]g

and so[me] enorm[ou]s bould[e]rs – at 12 1/4 the fjord (right, near) and

and [crossed word] Fredericksham in sight – go along the

riv[e]r like one of the fjord till 12 23/.. at the head of it, and

turn r[ou]nd right and cross by bridge ov[e]r anoth[e]r arm of the

fjord, and now straight to F- [Fredericksham] ov[e]r the bouldery foresty

SH:7/ML/TR/14/0003

Sept[embe]r Sat[urday] 14

com[mo]n alder, and juniper bushes – cranberry – heather and brackens – green – warty

pasturage am[on]g the bould[e]r and bushes – now at 12 1/2 pass

thro’ lit[tle] hamlet – at 12 33/.. aft[e]r pass[e]d thro’ the desert[e]d outwalks

ent[e]r the gate of the town, and at 12 38/.. at the Station at the oppos[i]te

end – n[o]t a sold[ie]r at the guardh[ou]se at the gate – four pass[e]d us in

the town – a good cupola green-topp[e]d ch[ur]ch tow[e]r and good white ch[ur]ch, and whi[te

]

wash[e]d good hot[e]l de ville w[i]th pea green topp[e]d cupola tow[e]r –

and a brick r[ou]nd build[in]g w[i]th green roof[e]d dome – and so[me] good look[in]g

h[ou]se b[u]t the town seems dull and desert[e]d tho’ the drums of sold[ie]rs

have just struck up their enliv[enin]g s[ou]nds – good, wood log h[ou]se

stat[io]n – off at 12 47/.. – yellow, a prevail[in]g col[ou]r here –

good barracks and exercis[in]g gr[ou]nd n[ea]r the gate going out of the

town, and sold[ie]r like sold[ie]rs [crossed] drill there – barracks

handso[me] build[in]g – yel[low] w[i]th whi[te] Cor[inthia]n col[our]s and wind[ow] frames

and dark col[oure]d roof (dark[e]r than dark lead col[ou]r) – the

water stretches a lit[tle] on this side, and pass thro’ suburb of

low unpaint[e]d cot[tage]s – now at 1 7/.. fjord n[ea]r (right)

consid[era]ble exp[anse] of wat[e]r shut in by forest to the waters edge – rock and bouldery

and thinly wood[e]d (left) – and birch lashes am[on]g the juniper –

r[oa]d sandy as bef[ore] – till 1 20/.. alongside or near this wat[e]r –

and now am[on]g hilly mossy thinly wood[e]d rocks w[i]th

anoth[e]r peep of the beaut[iful] islandy fjord – and a log cot[tage]

on by the wayside – oth[e]r peeps at the fjord aft[er]w[ar]ds – Grönvik

at 2 1/4 – Grönvik to Pytterlax 17 1/2 v[ersts]

to Wiburg 94 1/2 to Fredericshamn [Frederikshavn] 16 2/6

Helsingborg 187 1/6

St. P- [Petersburg] 230 5/6

Lone h[ou]se – new one – n[o]t qui[te] finish[e]d –

will be ver[y] good – many good outbuild[in]gs

the fjord at a lit[tle] dist[an]ce in front – forest all r[ou]nd –

Sept[embe]r Sat[urday] 14

sev[era]l carts (lit[tle] low waggons) at the stat[io]n and met

sev[era]l w[i]th a large tonneau (hold[in]g sev[era]l Eng[lish] hogsteads?)

cov[ere]d ov[e]r w[i]th matt[in]g 1 in each lit[tle] waggon – spirits I suppo[se]

off ag[ai]n at 2 1/2 – sa[me] sort of hilly rock, thinly wood,

(thin young forest) as last stage – coarse sandy r[oa]d b[u]t good –

a few pitches all today b[u]t noth[in]g to frighten anybody –

one may say, road hilly – here 2 55/.. the gravel

of the soil looks like [?] chalky gravel – the rocks

where bare ha[ve] been stripp[e]d of the moss to build

w[i]th etc. at 3 10/.. a lit[tle] unpaint[e]d hamlet –

still big boulders here and there – and anoth[e]r snow plough

or 2 – sa[me] sort of count[r]y and r[oa]d as last stage or two –

at 3 20/.. n[ea]r the fjord ag[ai]n (right) and a few cot[tage]s or barns

scatt[ere]d ab[ou]t and corn f[iel]ds as alw[a]ys n[ea]r the huts and in 5 min[ute]s

(3 25/..) an unpaint[e]d hamlet the lit[tle] farms (as the

lit[tle] hamlets alw[a]ys are) – oats out in lit[tle] round

cocks, and potato tops n[o]t yet cut here – black and whi[te]

and red and whi[te] lit[tle] cattle – this stage rath[e]r mo[re] hilly or pitchy

than the last – flock of sheep – these and all we ha[ve] seen

in Finland look as if n[o]t ver[y] long s[in]ce Shorn – 3 50/..

r[oa]d sandy – at 4 Emerge fr[om] the forest – plain – fjord

some lit[tle] dist[an]ce right and vil[lage] n[ea]r it at 4 among the unpaint[e]d cot[tage]s, and 7 or 8 red roof[e]d goodish

houses (to the left) form a good look[in]g vil[lage] – at the

Stat[io]n at 4 5/.. Pytterlax – good 1 story line of bulk

barrack nearly oppos[i]te to it – the stat[io]n h[ou]se neat b[u]t small

Log house w[i]th red roof – large boulders

ly[in]g in front of the h[ou]se on the green – and snow plough – red and dark green

granite bolders [boulders] – went in – alw[a]ys

nice clean beds – might ha[ve] slept

there ver[y] well –

Gronvik [Grönvik] 17 1/2

Urpala [Uppsala] 15 4/6

SH:7/ML/TR/14/0004

Sept[embe]r Sat[urday] 14

Good whitish br[ea]d here – off at 4 21/.. – hardy

out of the lit[tle] vil[lage] bef[ore] we reent[e]r young S. [Scotch] fir forest

ag[ai]n – rocky and bouldery as bef[ore] – fr[om] top of hill (steepish pitch)

at 4 27/.. look[in]g d[o]wn extens[ive] open wood[e]d plain – hamlets

and cot[tage]s (unpaint[e]d) – and lit[tle] dist[ance] right fjord and

red-roof[e]d vil[lage] on the fjord .:. goodish vil[lage] or lit[tle] town

pass ov[e]r br[idge] ov[e]r nar[row] str[ea]m (at 4 28/..) and thro’ one of the

hamlets (ver[y] pict[uresque]) col[ou]r of the weath[ere]d (unpaint[e]d)

h[ou]ses hardly differ[in]g fr[om] that one of the Gr[ea]t boulders ly[in]g all

ar[ou]nd – bits of pasturage among them and the young S. [Scotch] fir and junipers

and lit[tle] patches (fenc[e]d off) of corn – just now and

last stage sev[era]l y[ar]ds of the road lay ov[e]r the bare granite rock

and as we just now gallop[e]d d[o]wn the smooth slipp[er]y

look[in]g I marvell[e]d at our gett[in]g d[o]wn so ver[y] well –

at 4 55/.. aft[e]r mo[re] morels of rock-r[oa]d, anoth[e]r

look-d[o]wn up[on] extens[ive] plain dott[e]d ov[e]r w[i]th hamlets and barn,

green rye and fields, and stocks of corn and big boulders as bef[ore] b[u]t bet[ter] clear[e]d? and

just now we pass so[me] Stolpe-beds and the roofs beg[a]n to

overhang a yard or 2 at the ends – diffic[ul]t to tell

the unpaint[e]d roofs fr[om] the boulders in the dist[an]ce – the dist[an]ce

all r[ou]nd shut in by forest – the potat[oe] tops here tied

in lit[tle] sheaves or bundles and hung over the fences today

now at 5 ag[ai]n a lit[tle] drizzl[in]g of r[ai]n and enter forest ag[ai]n –

this up and d[o]wn hill and Sale foresty breaky dri[ve] ver[y] pict[uresque]

and pret[ty] – now at 5 20/.. anoth[e]r lesser plain in view

left ov[e]r one lon[g] birch forest mixed w[i]th Scotch fir ver[y] young

8 or 90 yards [?] – and now mo[re] than now at 5 25/..

anoth[e]r wide plain (left) as bef[ore] – an unpaint[e]d

Roofs beg[a]n to ov[er]-hang.

Sept[embe]r Sat[urday] 14

left n[ea]r and a lit[tle] red roof[e]d vil[lage] mo[re] dist[an]t already[y]

mo[re] populat[io]n today than bef[ore] s[in]ce Åbo? we pass

scatt[ere]d unpaint[e]d vil[lage] at 5 1/2 – pict[uresque] [?] and big bould[e]rs

interspers[e]d am[on]g the lit[tle] cot[tage]s pass wood br[idge] ov[e]r lit[tle] river and at 5 1/2 alight at our

neat good lit[tle] stat[io]n – nice rooms – soon settled for

the night – at Urpala [Uppsala] they are Russ[ian] can[no]t speak hardly a word of

Swedish or Germ[an] so that we are all alike – no! one of

the wom[e]n can sp[ea]k a few w[or]ds of Germ[a]n – nice open airy

situat[io]n – wat[e]r n[o]t good s[in]ce our land[in]g in Finland

exc[ep]t A- [Ann] th[in]ks at Nyby – A- [Ann] made tea in our lit[tle] boil[e]r –

John (winter) fried us 1/2 doz[e]n eggs – the people furnish[e]d us

cream (we h[a]d our own br[ea]d and butt[e]r) and in ab[ou]t 3/4

h[ou]r we sat down to a ver[y] comf[orta]ble meal – and sat long

ov[e]r it – we h[a]d 1/2 a roll br[ou]ght fr[om] Stockholm beco[me] ver[y] hard

b[u]t good – we h[a]d rusks fr[om] differ[en]t places d[itt]o morsels of

whi[te] br[oa]d and Lond[on] bisc[ui]ts so that the fine-rye cake we

b[ou]ght this morn[in]g w[a]s n[o]t want[e]d – we ha[ve] latterly

br[ou]ght away butt[e]r in our lit[tle]-Götheborg [Gothenburg] wood butter-box

and charg[e]d it pro re natâ when n[o]t eaten q.g. this

morn[in]g, we left our Nyby butter and took br[ou]ght the

Högfors’ butter – we ha[ve] als[o] our still unfinish[e]d pot

of preserv[e]d lemon fr[om] ho[me] and red currant jelly fr[om]

Stockholm, and Mr. Behrens’ (pron[ounce]d Bairnes) comfits that he

ga[ve] us at part[in]g – strong and warm of orange peel or

essence of mint – In fact, we do ver[y] well – Rain and

thunder and light[nin]g bet[ween] aft[e]r 7 and 8 for 1/2 h[ou]r – h[a]d Grotza

ab[ou]t 7 1/2 – aft[er]w[ar]ds A- [Ann] and I at our books – she at the antiq[uitie]s

(Lardner) of Greek and Rome and I at my Swedish Russ[ia]n Gram[ma]r

and writ[in]g the last 20 lines – yest[erday] and today (in the carr[ia]ge)

look[in]g ab[ou]t me, or writ[in]g, or dozing a lit[tle] or read[in]g

Handb[oo]k or look[in]g int[o] Russ[ia]n gram[ma]r – I ha[ve] alm[o]st mast[ere]d

the letters –

Wat[e]r n[o]t good

Urpala [Uppsala]

Russ[ia]n spok[e]n

SH:7/ML/TR/14/0005

Sept[embe]r Sat[urday] 14

Last night at Aborrforg [Åbo?] 1st ti[me] of find[in]g

our room comf[ortabl]y warm[e]d – tonight, too, we f[ou]nd

the stove in the hall (the large mid[dle] room int[o] w[hi]ch

all the others open) burn[in]g and our rooms ver[y] comf[orta]ble

sure sign we are in Russia – the morn[in]gs and ev[enin]gs

are begin[nin]g to be mo[re] than cool – sat look[in]g ov[e]r

Swed[ish] Russ[ian] gram[ma]r till now 10 10/.. p.m. at w[hi]ch h[ou]r

F[ahrenheit] 59 1/2° - R[ai]n in the night – fine b[u]t dullish morn[in]g

a lit[tle] drizzl[in]g r[ai]n just bef[ore] and at the mom[en]t of arriv[in]g

at Högfors – aft[er]w[ar]ds fair b[u]t cold and a good deal of

cold wind till drizzl[in]g r[ai]n ab[ou]t 5 p.m. and heavy

r[ai]n thund[e]r and vivid light[nin]g bet[ween] 7 and 8 p.m. I d[i]d n[o]t

hear the thund[e]r b[u]t saw 3 or 4 flashes of light[nin]g –

Do n[o]t hear it rain[in]g now at 10 1/4 p.m.

stoves light[e]d

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freenewstoday · 3 years

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New Post has been published on https://freenews.today/2020/11/30/trump-into-last-16-of-uk-championship/

Trump into last 16 of UK Championship

Trump won the UK Championship in 2011

Dates: 23 November to 6 December Venue: Marshall Arena, Milton Keynes Coverage: Watch live on BBC TV, BBC iPlayer, BBC Red Button, BBC Sport website and BBC Sport app from Saturday, 28 November.

World number one Judd Trump made light work of China’s Liang Wenbo in a 6-1 victory to reach the last 16 of the UK Championship in Milton Keynes.

Trump was not at his fluent best until the match-clinching frame when he was on for the third maximum 147 of this year’s event but broke down on 89.

He faces Wales’ Mark Williams or fellow Englishman Ricky Walden next.

Australia’s Neil Robertson defeated China’s Li Hang 6-2 but Stuart Bingham was stunned 6-2 by Graeme Dott.

Bingham’s loss means the current Masters champion, world champion Ronnie O’Sullivan and defending UK champion Ding Junhui have all suffered early exits from the tournament.

Scotland’s John Higgins, a three-time winner of the event, saw off Welshman Jak Jones 6-2, while Barry Hawkins also progressed with a 6-3 win over Robert Milkins.

Trump ‘disappointed’ not to make 147

Bristol potter Trump, 31, has been the form player this season, winning two ranking titles and beaten finalist in another, continuing the superb performances that allowed him to claim a record six ranking titles last term.

Trump was beaten by Liang at this stage of the competition five years ago in a collapse which he described as “embarrassing”, but there was no repeat on this occasion.

“It was a bit of a struggle at times but the main thing is to get through and go again for the next game,” said Trump, who won the UK title for the only time in 2011.

“It is nice to keep winning even when you are not at your best. It is nice to not play too great and get through.

“I am due a run [in the event]. The standard is so high and I keep winning the tournaments before so it is difficult to keep your form up.”

Trump missed the 12th black when on for a 147, which would have been the third in this tournament after maximums from Bingham and Kyren Wilson.

“I am disappointed not to make it but I took my eye off the black,” Trump said. “I was feeling good up until that point and it was careless.

“It is not about the money, it would have been special to make the 147 on a big event on the BBC.”

Trump’s ‘attitude’ impresses – analysis

Six-time world champion Steve Davis on BBC Two:

“Trump’s attitude in the game has been great recently. I am a big fan of how he has produced a different standard and changed his style but still kept the good stuff he can play.

“It is all about his attitude. It would be easy to say ‘I am due a bad game, I am worn out’ and come out with excuses but he is applying himself very well at the moment.”

1997 world champion Ken Doherty:

“If you are playing well, the matches cannot come quick enough. You have to keep that roll going and you have to reinvent ways of keeping that hunger. Trump seems to have done that very well.

“He is still producing some great snooker but he is disappointed at missing out on a 147 and he had a good chance to do it.

“The match looks one sided on paper but Liang let slip a couple of frames and it could have been much closer.”

Source

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lunarmuses · 7 years

Text

these are my temptation thoughts as of now and as a disclaimer I've been watching the feeds religiously for the past week so I've first hand watched almost every conversation. 1. Dom Scenario: Dom won the temptation and blind sides everyone in the house tomorrow. Cody comes back in as the curse after winning battle back Why I'm skeptical: if Dom won the temptation and uses it this means there wouldn't be a 4th player in the battle back like CBS said there would be, there would be an additional number in the house and the past two weeks would have literally meant nothing. Also if Dom didn't win like she's claiming, then this obviously isn't possible. 2. Jess Scenario: Jessica won the temptation and decides to not use it this week because she's already been promised that she is safe. (Would explain why she was asking about votes after DOTT) Dom is evicted and the Battle Back winner comes back into the house as the curse. Jess pt 2: Jessica won the temptation and after her talk tonight with Dom she uses it, making sure not only she stays safe but also Dom so that when Cody comes back into the house they can work together to get rid of Paul and his numbers. Let me note that in her conversation tonight with Dom, Jessica never confirmed or denied that she got the temptation she only talked about the potential of Cody coming back which is the curse if he wins Battle Back. Also just the way she was looking at Dom during their convo, and at Paul while he was sleeping on her way back to bed made me think something was brewing in her mind. Although I'm also skeptical about this for some of the same reasons I listed under Dom's scenarios. 3. Kevin scenario: The casual favorite, number one on jokers, could have easily won the temptation. Kevin is SUPER sneaky and very good at lying. No one would suspect he got it, and he would accept it no matter what the curse because Kevin knows the more shit he stirs up under the rug, the longer he stays off the radar. Many people might argue that he'd tell Paul or Jason but I honesty think Kevin is smart enough to keep this under wraps. No one wants the target of being able to stop an eviction on their back. If Jess or Dom aren't one of the winners, there's no doubt in my mind it's Kevin.

#bb19 #big brother #big brother 19

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puns-and-fics-has-moved · 7 years

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Life, Liberty, and the Pursuit of Hamilton

Part 6/6

<<Previous

Pairing: jamilton (hamilton x jefferson)

Premise: modern law school au – Thomas works at the law library where Alex spends all his time.

Tags: @overrealityy @empyrealsakaki @gum-and-chips @catsmlg @supernatural–obsessed

Word Count: 2200 (i honestly don’t know how i keep getting even numbers)

Warnings: mentions of depressive behaviour, swearing

Dedicated to: @a-dott-ham @gone-with-the-wifi @haleythehomiedoughsquad (and everyone already tagged) thank you for reading <3

a/n: i’m actually really sad that this fic is over. i’m sorry it was so short… if you want me to write more things, please send me ideas!! love you all <3

Thomas waited in anticipation all Sunday. He routinely picked up his phone just to make sure he hadn’t missed a text from Alex – but he never had. It was radio silence. Trying not to feel too heartbroken, he distracted himself by watching TV and doing some reading for his classes. His mind would always find a way to wander back to Alex or to James… both people bringing him pain, but for different reasons.

He was staying over at his friend Aaron’s place until he could find somewhere new to live. He hated it there. While they were technically friends, Aaron annoyed the hell out of him. He was extremely anal about keeping his place spotless and had an annoying habit of hovering around where he wasn’t wanted. One thing that was good about him, though, was that he remained neutral – as he did with most things – about the situation between Thomas and James.

When Monday rolled around, Thomas was extremely excited to start his shift at the library, knowing that he would get to see Alex. His silence worried him immensely (had he and John really broken up? Was Alex regretting their kiss?) but Thomas hoped that seeing him in person would clear everything up.

Thomas arrived 20 minutes early to his shift; circulation. He wished he was shelving, then he could find Alex wherever he was working and they could talk. But he’d told him about the shift, he would hopefully come up to the desk.

He waited. The hours ticked by excruciatingly slowly, with no sign of Alexander. Feeling trapped at the counter, Thomas felt tears burn his eyes, but they didn’t spill. He collected himself and continued to wait. People slowly filtered out of the library as it neared closing time, but there was no sign of Alex.

When it was a quarter to 12, and the girl on shelving, Eliza, returned to inform him that the library was empty, Thomas punched the desk in frustration.

“Are you okay?” Eliza asked, touching Thomas on the arm.

Thomas glanced up at her, ashamed. “Yeah, sorry… I just was waiting for someone and he didn’t come.”

“Alexander?” she asked.

“…Yeah. How d’you –?”

“He always hangs around wherever you are. I’d never seen him out of a study room until last week, when he met you.”

A small smile tugged at Thomas’ mouth. “Yeah, well… he didn’t show up today.”

Eliza smiled sympathetically, rubbing his arm.

“Hey, how illegal is it to use someone’s library account to find out where they live?” Thomas asked suddenly.

Eliza grinned and laughed. “Very. But I won’t tell.”

Thomas smiled back. “Thanks.”

He quickly entered Alexander’s name in the circulation computer and found the address associated with his student card. He quickly jotted it down and stood up, but then realized that he still needed to finish his shift.

“I’ll close up. You go find him,” Eliza said with a kind smile.

“Thank you!” Thomas said, running out from behind the counter.

“Good luck!” she called as he left, and he waved back in gratitude.

Thomas walked briskly down the street, glancing intermittently at the map on his phone and the road ahead of him to find his way to Alex’s house. It was only about a 15-minute walk from the library – and it was a beautiful old apartment building. He couldn’t begin to imagine how expensive the place must have been.

Thomas buzzed Alex’s room, but there was no reply. He buzzed again, and still nothing. Several minutes went by before someone came up to the door to enter herself. Thomas stopped her before she could open the door.

“Hi, I’m so sorry, but my friend is in there and I think he might be sick or in trouble or something, because I haven’t heard from him and I really should have by now…” having looked previously incredulous, the woman’s face softened when she saw tears of worry begin to sparkle in Thomas’ eyes.

“…Could you please let me in?”

“Yeah, okay. Who are you seeing?”

“Alexander Hamilton… he’s on the third floor?”

“Yeah, I know him – he lives right above me,” she smiled. She looked Thomas up and down. She was clearly doing the math; she’d heard fighting a few days before and hadn’t seen his boyfriend since. Could this be the trade-in?

“Thank you so much,” Thomas said as she let herself and him into the building.

“I hope he’s okay,” she smiled as Thomas took off up the stairs, yelling “Thank you!” behind him while he ran.

He quickly reached the third floor and found Alex’s door. He rose his fist to knock, but stopped himself. Clearly Alex hadn’t wanted to talk to him, maybe he should just leave.

Thomas’ heart hurt at the thought of Alex not wanting to be with him. He would rather face the problem head-on, however, so he rose his hand again to knock.

I love you.

But you’re a shitty person.

I love you.

But you’re a shitty person.

The words echoed over and over in Alex’s head all day. John was gone. He had just up and left. The thought brought tears to his eyes.

In the euphoria of his kiss with Thomas, he had barely considered the fact that John wouldn’t be a part of his life anymore. It just seemed unthinkable.

They’d met three years previously and fallen madly in love. Things had moved fast. It seemed pretty clear that they were meant to be, but last year it had gone sour. Alex had gotten busier and had started to feel the weight of commitment. Wanting more time to himself, he’d broken it off with John. Immediately after, however, he’d felt devastated. The realization that John was gone had racked him with emotional pain. He started skipping classes and laying in his bed all day. Normally he prided himself on needing next to no sleep, but all of a sudden, he was sleeping half the day away, unable to get up. After two weeks of this behaviour, he’d had enough, and he went to John and begged for him back. They’d talked everything through, and their relationship went back to normal; better than ever.

Just a month ago, though, Alex had started to feel restless in their relationship. He loved John, but found himself bored and tired. And then, when he’d met Thomas, it was like excitement had come back into his life. All common-sense seemed to leave him when he was in his presence; he was completely intoxicating.

But now, with John gone, all the self-loathing emotions came rolling back in, once again knocking him flat. How could he have felt restless? John was sweet and patient and warm… But he had fucked it up. He’d kissed some other guy – how could he have been so stupid?

Saturday crawled by in a horrible melting pot of these dark thoughts. When Sunday came, Alexander couldn’t get out of bed, still trapped in his depression.

I love you.

But you’re a shitty person.

In the afternoon, John came to pick up his things. Alex was laying in bed when he came in.

“Hi,” John said, standing awkwardly in the doorway. The memory of their last, angry words to each other hung heavily in the air.

“Hi,” Alexander replied, sitting up in bed and trying to make himself look like less of a mess.

John grabbed the suitcases he had already packed and the belongings he wanted to take with him in silence. Alexander got up to help him, keeping his eyes trained on John. He looked devastated. He had pulled himself together a little, but Alex could see that he’d been crying and that he hadn’t eaten – he had that dull look in his eyes he always got when he was hungry.

“John?” Alexander said tentatively as his ex-boyfriend finished gathering his things.

John looked up at the sound of Alex’s voice, its sound was like a stab-wound in his heart. “Yes?”

“Please eat.”

At this, John’s eyes filled with tears, and he threw himself into Alexander’s arms. Alex hugged him back tightly, kissing the side of his head.

“I’m gonna miss you,” John sobbed into Alex’s shoulder.

“I’m gonna miss you too.” Alex replied. “But you’ll be great at The Post.”

“I hope you’re happy with Thomas,” John said, pulling away from his ex-boyfriend and wiping his eyes. “And I’ll try to eat.”

This exchange looped itself around and around in Alex’s head for the rest of Sunday and all through Monday. He knew after John left that he didn’t want him back as a boyfriend, but he would miss him immensely, and his heart ached at the mere thought of him.

He couldn’t bring himself to go to his morning class, or the library. When 8 pm rolled around, he knew Thomas would be starting his shift. He seriously considered going to the library to see him, but he looked so gross and dishevelled and he still felt so miserable that he decided against it. He could have texted him, but Alex decided he would do it in the morning; after a shower and some coffee, when his head was on straight.

He fell asleep on the couch around midnight, watching a TV show. He was roused slightly when he heard the buzzer on his door go off. He decided to ignore it… the only person he would want to talk to right now was Thomas, but he didn’t know where Alex lived so it couldn’t have been him.

A few minutes later the buzzer went off again. Alex shoved a pillow over his head to block out the noise. It was probably Herc or Laf trying to coax him out of the apartment. He didn’t want to leave, though.

He drifted back off to sleep, but was rudely awoken by someone knocking on his door a few minutes later. Groaning, he rolled himself off the couch. He looked briefly in the mirror and wrinkled his nose. Normally he prided himself on being presentably dishevelled (he wore nice clothes and was clean, but was always tired and usually in need of a shave), but now he was dirty and in his rattiest pair of pyjamas.

He ran his fingers through his greasy hair and opened the door. His mouth popped open when he saw Thomas standing there, looking completely distraught.

Alex’s face coloured, wishing more than ever that he had showered that day or at least put on some proper clothes.

“Thank God you’re okay!” Thomas cried, wrapping Alex in a hug. “I was so worried!”

In his wallowing, Alex had completely forgotten how Thomas would’ve felt. He’d had to go through his own shit with James, and he had no idea what had happened between him and John… Feeling terrible for abandoning Thomas, Alex broke down and started crying into the taller man’s shoulder.

“Jesus!” Thomas exclaimed as he took on all of Alex’s weight, the shoulder of his jacket beginning to soak through. He wrapped Alexander tighter into his arms, raising a hand to stroke the shorter man’s dark hair. “Are you okay?”

Alex pulled his face away from Thomas’ shoulder, trying in vain to dry his tears.

Thomas took Alex’s hand and led him to the couch. Sitting down, Alex hiccupped morosely. This was foreign to Thomas… for most of their friendship, it had all been teasing and fun, but suddenly it had become serious. Expecting to be deterred, Thomas actually found himself relaxing. He had never been good at handling the heavy and the light stuff, but now, comforting Alex seemed like second nature.

“What’s wrong?” Thomas asked.

Alex took a deep breath and unloaded. “John and I broke up, and I really want to be with you, but I’m feeling really sad right now and seeing you made me really happy, but I totally abandoned you – I didn’t even send you a fucking text! And I’m so, so sorry… I’m such a shitty person.”

Thomas’ brow furrowed. He brought Alex in for a hug.

“You’re not a shitty person,” he said, kissing the other man’s head. “I’m just glad you’re okay.”

“What happened with James?”

“I’m moving out. I’ve been living with our friend, Aaron.”

“Wait, Aaron Burr?” Alexander said, sitting up.

“Yeah,” Thomas nodded, reaching up to stroke Alex’s hair again.

“I hate that guy! He’s always so annoying – and he’s in so many of my classes! I can’t seem to escape –” Alex started to ramble, seemingly distracted from his sadness.

A smile lit up Thomas’ face and he interrupted Alex’s rant with a kiss. It was firm but tender, and they each relaxed into one another, their lips melding perfectly.

After pulling apart, Alex looked up at Thomas, a dazed look on his face, his lips parted. “What was that for?” he asked.

“I hate him too,” Thomas laughed. Then Alex started laughing and the two of them couldn’t get quit for at least two minutes.

Finally, clutching his side, the last of their giggles subsiding, Alex said, “I like you.”

“I’ll take it,” Thomas replied, kissing Alex again, the two of them falling back onto the couch, finally happy.

#jamilton #jamilton fanfic #hamilton fanfic #hamiltrash #hamilton #alexander hamilton #thomas jefferson #jefferson #hamilton x jefferson #jefferson x hamilton #thank you #ily

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charlyoddsox · 7 years

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I'd say be thankful that you have the friends you do on here... I'm sorry that your IRL friends are mocking you for something like that, but we are here to support you, no matter what. We truly love and care for you. Stay safe, Charly, and take care of yourself

Tthanks raven i love you but thhry..hfhf..theyre not in the wring they told me.. They snapped and then i had a panic attack and one of them is talkingg to me trying to get my side ofbthe story of what haopened but she keeps interjefting and. Acvusing me of shit. And lauren who snapped at me isntt even talking too me im terrrified shes mad at me bc shes told me before i annoy her fornlittle things. And she says bad stuff to us abiut peiple she doesntt like and i dott want to be one of those people i dontt want her to talk abiutt me behind my back

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existentialburden · 4 years

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Who are your OC’s closest relatives?Who is/are your OC’s closest friend(s)?Who are the people your OC surrounds him/herself with?Who are the people your OC dislikes/hates?If your OC has a soulmate, who is it?Why does your OC and his/her soulmate work so well together?What are some things your OC admires about his/her soulmate?How did your OC and his/her soulmate meet?What is your OC’s level of education?Did your OC participate in extracurricular activities, and if so, what were they?

who are your OC’s closest relatives?

Enny and Kods are closest with each other, Aila and Kodi are closest with each other by default bcause everyone else is dead, Hope WAS closest with her mom, Deux would have technically been closest with her mom but... only by default so I choose to believe Wynn counts as a family member more, Fantra and Dukkel only had their lusii, West was closest with their grandpa, Fern was closest with her sister, Haze was closest with Haze’s dad, June was closest with xir mom, Alex was closest with their uncle, Theo and Fate consider themselves siblings and so they’re closest with each other, Orca’s closest with their dad Mike(!!!), Luca was closest with his cousin, and Enzo was closest with his brother.

who is/are your OC’s closest friend(s)?

I feel like Kods still counts as Enny’s closest friend, though officially Juli was her best friend. she ended up bonding with Cece, then Tate, and Nuad is definitely an important friend. Aila was super close with Kori, but now her best friends are Lyla and Kodi. and her horrorterror pals (specifically Thysnpall). Hope’s closest friend was Kodi, but things got a little weird with everything going on and Hope’s fights with Aila, so Kori’s his best friend now. she stole her fair and square. Deux’s best friends are Echo and Wynn :) and [REDACTED 2] Yüur’s a close pal too, eventually. Fantra’s closest pal is Pandra. Dukkel mostly keeps out of social interaction, but considers Aila a friend and that’s really the closest she has. West was closest with Fern, and then Ulfort and Hazel, but Fern snuck her way back in there. Fern’s closest with West and Haze, and then Ulfort jumped in there too. kind of. they’re dating. Haze is closest with Fern, and June comes in second. June’s closest with Alex and Orca, but Haze is a pal. Alex is closest with June, and likes to hang with West too. Theo and Fate have each other and that’s all they need. fight them. Orca’s closest with June but sort of fell into the Alpha Friendgroup with Mell and Dott being bad influences. Luca’s closest with Elli and Julius because there’s nobody else around but they’re also all dating so :). Enzo’s closest with Ryze. and only Ryze. he has no other friends.

who are the people your OC surrounds themself with?

Enny has. bad taste. look for the edgiest fuckers in the room and she’s with them smh. but also the relentlessly friendly ones. peer pressured into friendships. Aila takes who she can get ngl. Hope also takes whoever puts up with her but she likes people who make sense, usually. people who will explain things. Deux finds the tired squad and whoops that’s her group now. everyone in her group is exhausted and Gets It. Fantra finds the people who take jokes well and who will give her attention. people she doesn’t really have to restrain herself around. Dukkel ends up around people who are slightly naive because everyone else goes :/. West is just desperate for human contact so whoever vibes with that is in the group. but their original squad? all gamers. Fern... just has people sort of be introduced to her. she really meets people through mutual friends and trusts her friends’ judgement. Haze ends up hanging around people who can see the bigger picture and are willing to look at the details through that lens. it’s just what happens. June hangs around people with some sort of influence. xe can’t help it. it’s just really nice to be in those circles sometimes. Alex ends up around impulsive people. nobody knows how this keeps happening but it checks out. Theo and Fate ONLY HAVE EACH OTHER buuuut they tend to vibe with outcasts. mostly because people find them a little weird. Orca hangs with people who make an effort to hang with them which makes them a key target for the extroverts. enthusiasm is key in this household. Luca doesn’t really have much of an option for who to hang with but it’s generally people who Get how he thinks. also people who don’t take a lot of shit. Enzo... Enzo is just here man. he vibes. ends up gravitating to the weirdos and people who won’t make fun of him. which means Ryze.

who are the people your OC dislikes/hates?

Enny hates Hill. so much. she also hates Aila. and her dad. and maybe herself. Aila hates Hope and Hates Hurlii, maybe? <3<???? and DEFINITELY herself. Hope hates Aila and has mixed feelings on Lyla. also hates Enny. harbors a little bit of self-hatred too. Deux hates herself lmao but also does NOT vibe with Nuad. fuck that dude. she’s just SCARED of Cece. Fantra Hates Dukkel and Dukkel Hates Fantra. West and Haze hate each other. Fern wouldn’t say she HATES anyone but she is not a fan of June. June doesn’t LIKE Fern but doesn’t entirely dislike her either. hates Ennuad though. Alex is side-eying Haze every day. Theo doesn’t hate anyone specific and neither does Fate, but Fate has a deep hatred for certain aspects of SBURB. Orca HATES Ennuad SO MUCH. and fuck Orie, too. Luca hates himself and that’s about it. Enzo also hates himself but lowkey. and he hates his old sessionmates. fuck them.

if your OC has a soulmate, who is it?

no soulmates here!

what is your OC’s level of education?

all of them except Fantra, Dukkel, Orca, Theo, and Fate have around a middle school education. SBURB and all. Orca has never gone to school, ever, and neither have Fantra or Dukkel. Theo and Fate cut off around 6th grade, probably. look. I don’t have all the details. take it up with them-

did your OC participate in extracurricular activities, and if so, what were they?

Aila did book club for about a week. that’s... really it. Enny pretty much did anything she could that didn’t require a fee. which was not much. she joined theater with Kell and did that mock trial thing. Hope did gymnastics out of school, and would have done robotics if it had been available :(. Deux did jack shit. West did debate club. Fern did tennis. Haze also did debate club. that was a fucking disaster for everyone who had to watch West and Haze argue. this is why they aren’t friends. June did jack shit. Alex did jack shit. Theo did jack shit and Fate did basketball for like, a year before deciding it wasn’t her thing. Orca didn’t go to school. Luca has never done anything in his life. Enzo did a LOT of things that he then decided weren’t his deal- softball, soccer, volleyball, book club, theater... he’s bad at commitment.

#ask #egby says shit #my ocs #AAAAA TY ANON!!!!!!!!!!!!!#I'm so sorry this sat in my askbox forever I'm lazy

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guns-and-squips · 7 years

Text

Life, Liberty, and the Pursuit of Hamilton

Part 6/6

<<Previous

Pairing: jamilton (hamilton x jefferson)

Premise: modern law school au – Thomas works at the law library where Alex spends all his time.

Tags: @overrealityy @empyrealsakaki @gum-and-chips @catsmlg @supernatural–obsessed

Word Count: 2200 (i honestly don’t know how i keep getting even numbers)

Warnings: mentions of depressive behaviour, swearing

Dedicated to: @a-dott-ham @gone-with-the-wifi @haleythehomiedoughsquad (and everyone already tagged) thank you for reading <3

a/n: i’m actually really sad that this fic is over. i’m sorry it was so short… if you want me to write more things, please send me ideas!! love you all <3

When it was a quarter to 12, and the girl on shelving, Eliza, returned to inform him that the library was empty, Thomas punched the desk in frustration.

“Are you okay?” Eliza asked, touching Thomas on the arm.

Thomas glanced up at her, ashamed. “Yeah, sorry… I just was waiting for someone and he didn’t come.”

“Alexander?” she asked.

“…Yeah. How d’you –?”

“He always hangs around wherever you are. I’d never seen him out of a study room until last week, when he met you.”

A small smile tugged at Thomas’ mouth. “Yeah, well… he didn’t show up today.”

Eliza smiled sympathetically, rubbing his arm.

“Hey, how illegal is it to use someone’s library account to find out where they live?” Thomas asked suddenly.

Eliza grinned and laughed. “Very. But I won’t tell.”

Thomas smiled back. “Thanks.”

“I’ll close up. You go find him,” Eliza said with a kind smile.

“Thank you!” Thomas said, running out from behind the counter.

“Good luck!” she called as he left, and he waved back in gratitude.

“…Could you please let me in?”

“Yeah, okay. Who are you seeing?”

“Alexander Hamilton… he’s on the third floor?”

“Thank you so much,” Thomas said as she let herself and him into the building.

“I hope he’s okay,” she smiled as Thomas took off up the stairs, yelling “Thank you!” behind him while he ran.

He quickly reached the third floor and found Alex’s door. He rose his fist to knock, but stopped himself. Clearly Alex hadn’t wanted to talk to him, maybe he should just leave.

Thomas’ heart hurt at the thought of Alex not wanting to be with him. He would rather face the problem head-on, however, so he rose his hand again to knock.

I love you.

But you’re a shitty person.

I love you.

But you’re a shitty person.

The words echoed over and over in Alex’s head all day. John was gone. He had just up and left. The thought brought tears to his eyes.

In the euphoria of his kiss with Thomas, he had barely considered the fact that John wouldn’t be a part of his life anymore. It just seemed unthinkable.

Saturday crawled by in a horrible melting pot of these dark thoughts. When Sunday came, Alexander couldn’t get out of bed, still trapped in his depression.

I love you.

But you’re a shitty person.

In the afternoon, John came to pick up his things. Alex was laying in bed when he came in.

“Hi,” John said, standing awkwardly in the doorway. The memory of their last, angry words to each other hung heavily in the air.

“Hi,” Alexander replied, sitting up in bed and trying to make himself look like less of a mess.

“John?” Alexander said tentatively as his ex-boyfriend finished gathering his things.

John looked up at the sound of Alex’s voice, its sound was like a stab-wound in his heart. “Yes?”

“Please eat.”

At this, John’s eyes filled with tears, and he threw himself into Alexander’s arms. Alex hugged him back tightly, kissing the side of his head.

“I’m gonna miss you,” John sobbed into Alex’s shoulder.

“I’m gonna miss you too.” Alex replied. “But you’ll be great at The Post.”

“I hope you’re happy with Thomas,” John said, pulling away from his ex-boyfriend and wiping his eyes. “And I’ll try to eat.”

He ran his fingers through his greasy hair and opened the door. His mouth popped open when he saw Thomas standing there, looking completely distraught.

Alex’s face coloured, wishing more than ever that he had showered that day or at least put on some proper clothes.

“Thank God you’re okay!” Thomas cried, wrapping Alex in a hug. “I was so worried!”

Alex pulled his face away from Thomas’ shoulder, trying in vain to dry his tears.

“What’s wrong?” Thomas asked.

Thomas’ brow furrowed. He brought Alex in for a hug.

“You’re not a shitty person,” he said, kissing the other man’s head. “I’m just glad you’re okay.”

“What happened with James?”

“I’m moving out. I’ve been living with our friend, Aaron.”

“Wait, Aaron Burr?” Alexander said, sitting up.

“Yeah,” Thomas nodded, reaching up to stroke Alex’s hair again.

“I hate that guy! He’s always so annoying – and he’s in so many of my classes! I can’t seem to escape –” Alex started to ramble, seemingly distracted from his sadness.

A smile lit up Thomas’ face and he interrupted Alex’s rant with a kiss. It was firm but tender, and they each relaxed into one another, their lips melding perfectly.

After pulling apart, Alex looked up at Thomas, a dazed look on his face, his lips parted. “What was that for?” he asked.

“I hate him too,” Thomas laughed. Then Alex started laughing and the two of them couldn’t get quit for at least two minutes.

Finally, clutching his side, the last of their giggles subsiding, Alex said, “I like you.”

“I’ll take it,” Thomas replied, kissing Alex again, the two of them falling back onto the couch, finally happy.

#alexander hamilton #hamilton #hamilton fanfic #hamilton x jefferson #hamiltrash #ILY #jamilton #jamilton fanfic #jefferson #jefferson x hamilton #THANK YOU #thomas jefferson

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juniperpublishers-ctcmi-blog · 5 years

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Transmitted Drug Resistance in Hiv-1 Non-B Subtypes Newly Diagnosed Patient: Case Report-Juniper Publishers

Abstract

Antiretroviral therapy has a very high efficacy and has substantially changed patients’ quality of life, although it does need an equally-high adherence. The widespread use of antiretroviral therapy has significantly reduced the risk of HIV. However, at the same time it has resulted in an increase in HIV-drug resistance, which can be transmitted to newly-infected individuals, thus compromising the efficacy of combination regimens and potentially leading to the their failure. In Europe the overall prevalence of transmitted HIV-drug resistance was 8.3% in 2008-2010 and it is considered rather uncommon in non-B subtypes. In this study we report a case of drug-resistance transmission in a patient with HIV inter recombinant form infection. The transmission occurred heterosexually in a couple of immigrants without stay permit. Phylogenetic analysis was performed. Our report underlines how, even if not very high, the prevalence of HIV primary drug resistance is essential to perform the resistance test, at least of the pol gene in all new HIV diagnoses. Even in countries with high income and almost total-free diagnosis and treatment, some patient settings are at risk of developing drug-resistant strains. More studies are needed for the proper evaluation of transmitted HIVDR in non-B subtypes of HIV.

Keywords: HIV drug resistance transmission; Transmitted HIVDR; CRFs

Introduction

Antiretroviral therapy (ART) has a very high efficacy and has substantially changed the quality of life of patients but needs an equally-high adherence [1]. The widespread use and increased coverage of ART has significantly reduced the risk of HIV transmission and decreased HIV-related morbidity and mortality [2]. At the same time, however, the greater availability of ART globally has determined and continues to determine the increase in resistant strains even in treatment-naive patients. The transmission of HIV drug-resistant strains has gradually become a concern because it has the potential to compromise the efficacy of combination ART regimens and may lead to the failure in first-line ART [3]. Patients who acquire or are primarily infected with HIV-1 drug-resistant viruses have fewer treatment options and are at increased risk of morbidity and mortality, particularly in developing countries where choices for ART are limited [4,5]. For this reason, the international organizations and guidelines of many countries recommend performing the pol gene-resistance test in all newly-diagnosed cases of HIV infection, despite being an expensive test and not available in the Pediatric centers [6-8].

Poor adherence is the main cause of drug resistance [9]. In high-income countries and ones in which the health system guarantees all expenses related to the diagnosis and treatment of HIV infection (such as Italy), adherence is lower in some categories of patients: immigrants (especially those without a regular residence permit), adolescents, patients with mental illness or addictions, patients with a lower cultural level [10,11]. The prevalence of transmitted HIV drug resistance (HIVDR) is highest in developed countries, estimated between 8.4% and 22.7% [12-18]. In a most recent European publication, where Italian data were included, a prevalence of TDR was of around 8% was estimated [19] and in any case until 2012 this was closely associated with HIV-1 subtype B infection [20,21]. The most frequent indicators of TDR were nucleoside reverse-transcriptase inhibitors (NRTIs) mutations (4.5%), followed by non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors (NNRTIs) mutations (2.9%) and protease inhibitors (PIs) mutations (2.0%). Although TDR was highest for NRTIs, the impact of baseline drug-resistance patterns on susceptibility was largest for NNRTIs [20].

In this report we describe a case of primary transmission of drug resistance, occurred in a heterosexual couple of immigrants, lived in our country without a regular stay permit. The circulating recombinant form 02_AG (CRF02_AG) was involved. More precisely the strain was identified as an A1, G, CRF02_AG inter recombinant form, that grouped into CRF02_AG (when phylogenetic analysis was performed). According to the data present in the literature, non-B clades are less efficient in HIVDR and CRF02_AG is the least implicated subtype [20].

Methods

Genotyping of the predominant HIV population was performed with the Viroseq HIV Genotyping Kit (Applied Biosystems, Foster City, CA), and the HIV Genotyping System SoftwareTM was used for data analysis. Nucleotide sequences of the pol gene were submitted to the Sequence Analysis Program of the Stanford HIV RT and Protease Sequence Database [21] which furnishes a computer assisted interpretation of mutational profiles. The sequences were then analyzed for phylogenetic relationships. BioEdit [22] was used to align query sequences (D.A. and G.N.) with pure subtype and circulating recombinant form (CRF) reference sequences obtained from the Los Alamos database [23]. The subtype assignment of the non-clade B strains was confirmed by a bootstrapped phylogenetic analysis using SEQBOOT with 1,000 replicates, followed by the DNAdist (with Kimura 2-parameter method and a transition/transversion ratio of 2.0), Neighbor and Consense programs contained in PHYLIP (PHYLogeny Inference package) [24,25]. The strains were subsequently analyzed by Simplot software (version 2.5) [26] by boot scanning application to identify the subtypes involved in the recombination and their breakpoints. The phyogenetic relationships were visualized by application called Tree View [27].

Case Report

The case of a 32-year-old man coming from Guinea (D.A.). In October 2013 the patient had a HIV-1 infection diagnosis at a different Hospital in Apulia. He manifested generalized tonic-clonic seizures followed by an altered state of consciousness. The MRI brain scan was consistent with Toxoplasma gondii brain abscesses and a treatment with pyrimethamine and sulfadiazine was started. Also, daily efavirenz, emtricitabine and tenofovir therapy was begun, but the patient in the same data self-resigned and was lost to follow-up. The genotypic analyses of viral sequence had not been made. In January 2014 the patient manifested an altered state of consciousness and a left-side hemiparesis and he was admitted to the Bari Infectious Diseases Clinic in. The brain MRI confirmed multiple brain abscesses surrounded by a perilesional edema. The CD4+ count was 49 cells/mm3 and the HIV-1 plasma viral load was 1,950,000 copies/ml (RT-PCR). An anti-toxoplasma therapy was resumed.

Genotypic-resistance testing on plasma and phylogenetic analysis by neighbour-joining (NJ) trees and boot-scanning software was performed. Phylogenetic analyses showed that the patients were infected with a complex recombinant form that involved clade A1, G and CRF02_AG. The breakpoints however were different respect on the and the other known A/G interrecombinant forms (Figures 1 & 2). Primary-resistance mutations associated with NRTIs and NNRTIs were reported (Figure 3a). PIs primary resistance were absent. A new ART regimen was started with boosted lopinavir/emtricitabine/tenofovir and one month later CD4+ cells were 105/mm3 and HIV-1 plasma viral load was 3195 copies/ml. A follow-up MRI brain scan at the end of 6 weeks of treatment confirmed complete edema resolution. An improvement of patient’s clinical condition was reported too. Moreover, the patient’s partner from Georgia was tested and she was diagnosed with HIV-1 infection too. She was a naïve advanced subject; her CD4 count was 120 cells/mm3 and HIV-1 plasma viral load was 98,000 copies/ml. The resistance profile showed the presence of three mutations responsible for drug-resistance to NNRTIs (also present in the partner): V90I, A98G, Y181C. The M184V mutation responsible for resistance to NRTIs was not transmitted (Figure 3b). Phylogenetic analyses revealed that the patient’s partner was infected with the same recombinant form (Figure 3) never described in Georgian patients.

Discussion

Our case report leads us to make different considerations. First of all, the primary transmission of resistance, although not common in high-income countries, can be a dangerous event, especially in those patients who have less access to the health system. Even in countries like Italy, where access to the diagnosis and treatment of infectious diseases, chronic diseases and maternal and child health is free and universally- guaranteed by law (even to those who do not have a regular permit to stay) there are particular settings of patients who can, for various reasons, have difficulty using health services. That is to say, indigent, elderly people with addictions, along with immigrants are our most vulnerable categories of people in our society. As far as HIV infection is concerned, we would above all like to point out repeatedly that among migrants there is a greater number of diagnoses in late stages of the disease, a faster progression of the disease, a lower percentage of retention in care, but also a lower perception of being taken care of by the health system. Moreover, our cases are original because they occurred in a clade considered not to be very involved in the transmission of drug resistance. Larger-scale studies should be conducted on the implications of the subtype on drug resistance transduction. It is possible that this varies from clade to clade and therefore it is important to study each one individually. It is more than probable that with the increase in non-B subtypes and CFRs in high-income countries that have been reported for years in all of Europe, even cases of resistance transmitted in non-B subtypes will increase. Lastly, it is further confirmed that the genotypic test is fundamental before starting ART therapy.

Acknowledgment

We would just like to dott. James Hart’s proof-reading and translation checking.

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