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justforbooks · 5 months

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On Christmas Eve 1968, as commander of Apollo 8 – the first manned lunar orbital mission – Frank Borman, who has died aged 95, came out with words that, alongside Neil Armstrong’s “giant leap for mankind”, from Apollo 11 in 1969, and Jack Swigert and Jim Lovell’s “OK, Houston, we’ve had a problem”, from Apollo 13 in 1970, defined an era.

In that moment before the moon programme became mundane, when astronauts were prime time, Apollo 8’s broadcast ended with the crew – Bill Anders, Lovell and Borman – reading the story of Earth’s creation as written in the book of Genesis.

It was Borman’s conclusion, “Good night, good luck, a merry Christmas and God bless all of you, all of you on the good Earth”, that clinched it. For Gene Kranz, Nasa’s chief of flight control operations in Houston, the phrase was “literally magic. It made you prickly. You could feel the hair on your arms rising, and the emotion was just unbelievable.”

Thus, for some, the traumatic 1968 of the ongoing Vietnam war, the assassinations of Martin Luther King and Robert Kennedy, and the crushing of Czechoslovakia, had been transcended. From a distance – around 238,855 miles – it was still, apparently, the good Earth.

Around two years earlier, Nasa had been in crisis. On 27 January 1967, Gus Grissom, Ed White and Roger Chaffee had been incinerated on Apollo 1 during a test launch. Borman was appointed to the Nasa board which, that April, reported on the fire, slamming Nasa management and North American Aviation for its “ignorance, sloth and carelessness”.

Borman was then sent to North American’s plant in Downey, California – where drunkenness had been rife – to scrutinise command module redesign. “Borman set them straight,” wrote the second man on the moon, Buzz Aldrin, in Men from Earth (1989). “His shoot-from-the-hip management style – some called it bullying – worked.”

The Mercury programme had put astronauts in space. Gemini – to which Borman had been recruited in 1962 – had honed the business of Apollo: to fulfil President John F Kennedy’s goal of a manned moon landing by the end of the decade. In December 1965, Borman and Lovell had made their space debut with a record 14 days of orbit on Gemini 7, and also made a rendezvous with Gemini 6.

In the wake of the 1967 tragedy there were three unmanned Apollo launches, with mixed results. But in September 1968 the unmanned Soviet Zond 5’s orbit of the moon triggered alarm in the US. The Soviets had launched Sputnik, and the space age, in 1957. The first man in space, Yuri Gagarin, had orbited Earth in April 1961. That, along with the furore around the Bay of Pigs fiasco, had helped propel JFK into making his rash pledge in May 1961.

Seven years on, in autumn 1968, Nasa and the CIA were asking whether history was going to repeat itself. Would a Russian be first around the moon? That October, the Apollo 7 astronauts, Wally Schirra, Walter Cunningham and Donn Eisele, spent a successful, albeit cold-ridden and fractious, 10 days in orbit around the Earth. There were rows with ground control. None of those three would get another mission.

Nasa needed a breakthrough. Rather than the next planned Earth orbit, Apollo 8 was to be sent to the moon and, after the astronaut Jim McDivitt turned down the offer, Borman got the job. On 21 December, following a morale-boosting visit from the aviator Charles Lindbergh, Borman, Lovell and Anders blasted off.

Borman’s greatest fear, wrote Andrew Chaikin in A Man on the Moon (1994), was that the moon mission would be aborted and Apollo 8 would be confined to orbiting the Earth. It did not happen, but en route Borman was afflicted by vomiting and diarrhoea, the detrital consequences of which floated on, to be trapped by paper towels. The three men orbited the moon 10 times in 20 hours, descended to 69 miles above the rock’s surface, and were the first to witness the far side of what Borman called “a great expanse of nothing”.

It was on the fourth orbit that Borman spotted the Earth rising from behind the moon – an image that Anders captured on colour film and became known as Earthrise. “Oh my God! Look at the picture over there. Here’s the Earth coming up,” Borman is recorded shouting in a transcript.

Born in Gary, Indiana, Frank was the son of Edwin Borman, who ran an Oldsmobile dealership, and Marjorie (nee Pearce). The family moved to Tucson, Arizona, where his mother opened a boarding house, and Frank went to the local high school. He first flew as a teenager, in 1943. Seven years later he graduated from West Point Military Academy in New York state.

From 1950 Borman flew F-84 fighter-bombers with the US Air Force. A perforated ear drum denied him Korean war combat experience. In 1957 he gained a master’s in aeronautical engineering from the California Institute of Technology and became an assistant professor of thermodynamics and fluid mechanics at West Point.

Three years later he graduated from the Aerospace Research Pilot School at Edwards air force base in California. There, his aircraft included the controversial Mach 2 Lockheed F-104 Starfighter. It was in 1962 that, alongside Armstrong, Lovell and others, he became one of Nasa’s Gemini programme “New Nine”. Apollo 8 proved what had been evident to insiders for many years: that the US had won the space race. Borman, Anders and Lovell became Time magazine’s 1968 men of the year.

Having achieved the rank of colonel in the mid-1960s, Borman retired from the USAF and space flight and, after a sojourn at Harvard Business School, joined Eastern Air Lines. By 1975 he was Eastern’s CEO and a year later became chairman. But by the late 70s competition was intensifying, labour relations were deteriorating and Borman – never a diplomat – was in the firing line. He quit the company in 1986 when it was taken over by a corporate raider, and Eastern collapsed five years later.

He and his wife, Susan (nee Bugbee), whom he had married in 1950, moved to New Mexico, where he remained involved in business interests. They later settled in Billings, Montana, where he had a cattle ranch and rebuilt vintage aircraft. A supporter of Richard Nixon and both George Bushes, Borman was a man of brisk views. Among the many targets of his ire were the sound barrier-breaking pilot Chuck Yeager, the Democratic party presidential candidate Michael Dukakis and the scientist Carl Sagan.

He received many honours, including the Congressional Space Medal of Honor in 1978, and published his autobiography, Countdown, in 1988.

Susan died in 2021. His sons, Frederick and Edwin, four grandchildren and six great-grandchildren survive him.

🔔 Frank Frederick Borman II, astronaut, born 14 March 1928; died 7 November 2023

Daily inspiration. Discover more photos at Just for Books…?

#just for books #Frank Borman #in memoriam

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jezabatlovesbats · 2 years

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Headcanon Voices for Some of my Mario & Luigi OCs

Once again, don’t take this too seriously! It’s just how they sound in my head!

Opal- Me

Red- Bridget from Trolls (Zooey Deschanel)

Princess Harpy- Adora from She-Ra and the Princesses of Power (Aimee Carrero)

Jacklin- Bill Walter from Diary of a Wimpy Kid: Rodrick Rules (Fran Kranz)

Princess Dozelia- Apple White from Ever After High (Jonquil Goode)

Misty- Amethyst from Steven Universe (Michaela Dietz)

#Mario franchise #Mario & Luigi #my ocs #oc #ocs #headcanon voices #Opal von Mongoletto #Red Anrise #Princess Harpy #Jacklin Stemheight #Princess Dozelia #Misty Blagues

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byneddiedingo · 2 years

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Kurt Raab and Margit Carstensen in Satansbraten (Rainer Werner Fassbinder, 1976) Cast: Kurt Raab, Margit Carstensen, Helen Vita, Volker Spengler, Ingrid Caven, Y Sa Lo, Ulli Lommel, Armin Meier, Katherina Buchhammer, Vitus Zeplichal, Brigitte Mira, Hannes Kaetner, Heli Finkenzeller, Marquard Bohm, Christiane Maybach, Nino Korda, Adrian Hoven. Screenplay: Rainer Werner Fassbinder. Cinematography: Michael Ballhaus, Jürgen Jürges. Production design: Ulrike Bode, Kurt Raab. Film editing: Thea Eymèsz. Music: Peer Raben. Although it was written for the screen, Rainer Maria Fassbinder's Satansbraten (aka Satan's Brew) feels stagy. Its absurdist comedy evokes Beckett and Ionesco, and especially Antonin Artaud's Theatre of Cruelty, which Fassbinder more or less acknowledges by appending a quotation from Artaud as a kind of epigraph for the film. But it also harks back to Fassbinder's earliest films, the ones like Love Is Colder Than Death (1969) and Gods of the Plague (1970) that followed his involvement with the Anti-Theater in Munich. In a way it merges the often eccentric performance in those films with the florid style of Fassbinder's Douglas Sirk-inflected melodramas like The Marriage of Maria Braun (1979) and Veronika Voss (1982). The central character of Satansbraten, Walter Kranz (Kurt Raab), is a poet with writer's block who, while trying to work his way out of inertia, unconsciously (or not?) plagiarizes a poem by Stefan George, and when his theft is brought to his attention decides that he is the reincarnation of George. Among other things, this leads him to explorations of his sexuality -- George was gay. But mostly the film tracks Kranz's various involvements with women, including his wife, Luise (Helen Vita), who claims that he hasn't slept with her for 17 days, as well as Lisa (Ingrid Caven), the wife of his friend Rolf (Marquard Bohm); a sex worker (Y Sa Lo) whom he interviews; a wealthy patron, Irmgart von Witzleben (Katherina Buchhamer), who has an orgasm while signing a check for him and whom he then murders; and an adoring fan, Andrée (Margit Carstensen). Meanwhile, he is also dodging a detective (Ulli Lommel) investigating the murder of Irmgart while contending with his brother, Ernst (Volker Spengler), a mentally disordered man who is fascinated with the sex lives of houseflies. It's all very silly but watchable in a "what next?" way. Efforts have been made to explicate the film as a commentary on fascism -- George was enthusiastically courted by the Nazis for his visions of an emergent Germanic national culture, though he shrugged off their approaches -- but such exegeses are kind of wobbly.

#Satansbraten #Rainer Werner Fassbinder #Kurt Raab #Margit Carstensen

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dermontag · 2 years

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Gedenken zum Kriegsende Melnyk bei Kranzniederlegung in Berlin ausgebuht 08.05.2022, 18:19 Uhr Einige Menschen wollen am 8. Mai nicht inne halten und des Kriegsendes gedenken, sondern buhen lieber den ukrainischen Botschafter bei einer Kranzniederlegung aus. Insgesamt bleiben größere Konflikte jedoch aus. Innenministerin Faeser hatte ein konsequentes Vorgehen angekündigt. An vielen Orten in Deutschland haben Menschen am Sonntag dem Tag der Befreiung vom Nationalsozialismus und dem Ende des Zweiten Weltkrieges in Europa vor 77 Jahren gedacht. Allein in Berlin sollte es Dutzende Gedenkveranstaltungen und Kundgebungen geben. Angesichts des Krieges in der Ukraine ist die Polizei mit einem Großaufgebot im Einsatz, um mögliche Konflikte zu verhindern und pro-russische, kriegsverherrlichende Aktionen zu unterbinden. Bis zum frühen Nachmittag kam es zu keinen größeren Zwischenfällen. Innenministerin Nancy Faeser hatte zuvor ein konsequentes Vorgehen gegen die Verherrlichung des Ukraine-Kriegs angekündigt. "Ich bin der Polizei sehr dankbar, dass sie am 8. und 9. Mai mit sehr starken Kräften im Einsatz ist, um Aktionen zu verhindern, die den russischen Angriffskrieg und die russischen Kriegsverbrechen verherrlichen", sagte Faeser dem "Redaktionsnetzwerk Deutschland" (RND). In Berlin hatte die Polizei für 15 Gedenkorte Auflagen erlassen, unter anderem ein Verbot von russischen und ukrainischen Fahnen. Der ukrainische Botschafter Andrij Melnyk legte am Sowjetischen Ehrenmal im Berliner Tiergarten einen Kranz zum Gedenken an die ukrainischen Soldaten nieder, die im Zweiten Weltkrieg starben. Auch Veteranen und Mitglieder der ukrainischen Armee waren vor Ort, wo zahlreiche Kränze offizieller Stellen aufgestellt wurden, darunter einer des Bundespräsidialamtes. Einige Dutzend Menschen skandierten während des rund einstündigen Besuchs des Botschafters immer wieder "Melnyk raus". Andere Teilnehmende reagierten daraufhin mit ukrainischen Unterstützer-Sprechchören. Trotz des Verbots wurden in Berlin vereinzelt ukrainische oder rote Flaggen mit Sowjet-Bezug gezeigt. Laut Polizeiangaben schritten Beamte mehrfach ein, unter anderem beim Entrollen einer etwa 25 Meter langen Ukraine-Fahne. Ausgenommen von dem Verbot waren unter anderem Diplomatinnen und Diplomaten sowie Weltkriegsveteranen. Botschafter Melnyk, ukrainische Verbände und die Opposition im Abgeordnetenhaus hatten das Fahnenverbot zuvor mit deutlichen Worten kritisiert. Steinmeier sieht Frieden, Freiheit und Wohlstand in Gefahr Bundespräsident Frank-Walter Steinmeier bezeichnete den Krieg in der Ukraine als "Epochenbruch", der die Europäer zu schmerzhaften Einsichten zwinge. "Wir waren uns zu sicher, dass Frieden, Freiheit, Wohlstand selbstverständlich sind", sagte Steinmeier beim DGB-Bundeskongress in Berlin. "Dieser Krieg macht uns auf eine brutale Weise klar, dass wir unsere Demokratie schützen und verteidigen müssen." Eine Lehre des 8. Mai 1945 sei auch, dass sich die Europäer nicht noch einmal durch aggressiven Nationalismus und Völkerhass auseinandertreiben lassen dürften. "Nationalismus, Völkerhass und imperialer Wahn dürfen nicht die Zukunft Europas beherrschen. Das müssen wir verhindern." Mit einer Kranzniederlegung am Denkmal "Die Mutter" in Raben Steinfeld bei Schwerin erinnerte auch Mecklenburg-Vorpommerns Ministerpräsidentin Manuela Schwesig an das Ende des Zweiten Weltkriegs. "Der 8. Mai ist ein wichtiger Tag in der deutschen Geschichte", sagte sie laut Mitteilung. "Ein wirklich historischer Tag." In Köln wollten am Sonntagnachmittag tausende Menschen für Frieden auf die Straße gehen. Zu der Demonstration unter dem Motto "Solidarität mit der Ukraine" hat der Verein "Blau-Gelbes Kreuz" bis zu 10.000 Teilnehmer angemeldet. Schätzungsweise 1000 Menschen drückten ihre Unterstützung für Russland aus. Etwa 150 Motorradfahrer fuhren in einem Korso durch Kölner Außenbezirke. An einigen Motorrädern waren Sowjet-Fahnen montiert. Am Montag soll es weitere Gedenkveranstaltungen geben. Am 9. Mai feiert Russland traditionell den sowjetischen Sieg über Nazi-Deutschland.

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oranjeseliterature · 7 years

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#satansbraten #satan's brew #gay #funny #cinema #rainer werner fassbinder #fassbinder #kurt raab #walter kranz #stills #movie stills #bathroom #germany #german cinema #german

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whatareyoureallyafraidof · 7 years

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I’m not going to sugar-coat it... Apart from the acting, The Dark Tower was a huge, steaming pile of crap! Those who created it have forgotten the faces of their fathers! Don’t waste your time or money going to see it. You have been warned.

#The Dark Tower #The Gunslinger #Gunslinger #Gunslingers #Stephen King #Roland Deschain #Roland of Gilead #Jake Chambers #The Man in Black #Walter O'Dim #Idris Elba #Fran Kranz #Bud Koenemund

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tothemaxxx · 3 years

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My Favorite Films and Performances of 2020

“I wish I could’ve seen it on the big screen.”

It was a strange year, and even stranger year of movie watching. In 2020 I saw only one of my top films in a theater, which is crazy (like much else over these past months). But the experience of keeping up with the movies this year was a reminder that great filmmaking can transcend the specifics of the viewing experience. In your living room, in bed, projected onto the side of a garage, streaming on Twitch, broken up into multiple sittings, maybe even on your phone (desperate times)… if doesn’t matter as long as it connects with you. A great film has the power to soothe and transport, to alter your perspective, to re-wire your brain. So while I didn’t get on a single airplane last year, I definitely went places. And I’m grateful for these changes of scenery. For the time-travel as well; last year in my house, we found great comfort in revisiting a bunch of old favorites. It was also an opportunity to finally watch a number of those older films that had someone evaded us… a year of catching up, now or never. We were members of a weekly movie club for some months — that was cool. Another pleasant silver lining was the emergence of virtual film festivals, which have been a fantastic opportunity. I hope that they can continue in some form when this pandemic is in the rearview. Because, you know, getting to Park City is a real schlep. All this to say: like you, I’ll always remember 2020. In this truly crummy year, the movies really helped.

I’m including some of the film festival stuff that’s coming out a little later, because the boundaries between 2020 films and 2021 films feels blurry to me without proper theatrical releases.

TOP 5, loosely ranked. I love these deeply.

1. LOVERS ROCK, Steve McQueen

2. NOMADLAND, Chloe Zhao

3. ANOTHER ROUND, Thomas Vinterberg

4. TIME, Garrett Bradley

5. MARTIN EDEN, Pietro Marcello

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The rest of the Top 25, in alphabetical order. I loved these.

À L’ABORDAGE, Guillaume Brac

BACURAU, Kleber Mendonça Filho

COLOR OUT OF SPACE, Richard Stanley

THE FATHER, Florian Zeller

FIRST COW, Kelly Reichardt

I’M THINKING OF ENDING THINGS, Charlie Kaufman

JASPER MALL, Bradford Thomason and Brett Whitcomb

LUXOR, Zeina Durra

ALEX WHEATLE / EDUCATION / MANGROVE / RED, WHITE AND BLUE, Steve McQueen

THE NEST, Sean Durkin

NEVER RARELY SOMETIMES ALWAYS, Eliza Hittman

NEW ORDER, Michel Franco

THE PAINTER & THE THIEF, Benjamin Ree

THE PERSONAL HISTORY OF DAVID COPPERFIELD, Armando Iannucci

POSSESSOR, Brandon Cronenberg

PROMISING YOUNG WOMAN, Emerald Fennell

RELIC, Natalie Erika James

SAINT FRANCES, Alex Thompson

SOUND OF METAL, Darius Marder

THE TRUTH, Hirokazu Koreeda

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I also enjoyed (some more than others):

Apples, The Assistant, Babyteeth, Bad Education, Black Bear, Blow the Man Down, Borat Subsequent Moviefilm, Butt Boy, The Climb, Da 5 Bloods, Deerskin, Emma, The Father (Bulgaria), Greed, His House, The Hunt, I Used to Go Here, I'm No Longer Here, Impetigore, The Intruder, The Invisible Man, Kajillionaire, La Llorona, Let Them All Talk, Lost Girls, The Man Who Sold His Skin, Mank, Never Gonna Snow Again, News of the World, One Night in Miami, Palm Springs, Preparations to Be Together for an Unknown Period of Time, Rebecca, She Dies Tomorrow, Shirley, Slow Machine, Sorry We Missed You, Soul, Spree, Straight Up, A Sun, Swallow, Tenet, Tesla, Tommaso, The Traitor, The Trip to Greece, True History of the Kelly Gang, Uncle Frank, Under the Open Sky, The Vast of Night, Vitalina Varela, Wendy, The Whistlers, Wildland, Young Ahmed

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And these documentaries!

American Murder: The Family Next Door, The American Sector, Assassins, Beastie Boys Story, The Bee Gees: How Can You Mend a Broken Heart, Bloody Nose Empty Pockets, Boys State, Brainiac: Transmissions After Zero, Circus of Books, Class Action Park, Collective, Crip Camp, David Byrne's American Utopia, Dick Johnson is Dead, Fireball: Visitors From Darker Worlds, The Go-Go's, Gunda, Miss Americana, MLK/FBI, The Mole Agent, Mucho Mucho Amor: The Legend of Walter Mercado, My Psychedelic Love Story, Mystify: Michael Hutchence, Narrowsburg, On the Record, Other Music, Sisters with Transistors, Spaceship Earth, The Way I See It, Whirlybird

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And these shorts:

Bye Bye Body (which I edited), Fit Model, Friday Night Pizza for Daddy, Hard Cracked the Wind, The Human Voice, John Was Trying to Contact Aliens, Michael's Preference West, What Did Jack Do?, World of Tomorrow Episode Three: The Absent Destinations of David Prime

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My favorite performance of the year:

Frances McDormand as Fern in Nomadland

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Favorite ensembles:

À l’abordage, Another Round, Bad Education, Babyteeth, Bloody Nose Empty Pockets, Blow the Man Down, Emma, First Cow, Kajillionaire, Let Them All Talk, Lovers Rock, Mangrove, Mank, One Night in Miami, The Personal History of David Copperfield, Promising Young Woman, True History of the Kelly Gang

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More memorable (and in some cases under-discussed) performances:

Christopher Abbott as Colin Tate in Possessor and as Gabe in Black Bear

Idir Ben Addi as Ahmed in Young Ahmed

Riz Ahmed as Ruben Stone in Sound of Metal

Daniel Algrant as Kelvin Kranz in Let Them All Talk

Maria Bakalova as Tutar Sagdiyev in Borat Subsequent Moviefilm

Haley Bennett as Hunter Conrad in Swallow

John Boyega as Leroy Logan in Red, White and Blue

Rob Brydon as Rob Brydon in The Trip to Greece

Jessie Buckley as Young Woman in I’m Thinking of Ending Things

Nicolas Cage as Nathan Gardner in Color Out of Space

Salif Cissé as Chérif in À L’abordage

Sheyi Cole as Alex Wheatle in Alex Wheatle

Cleopatra Coleman as Trina in The Argument

Carrie Coon as Allison O’Hara in The Nest

Michael Angelo Covino as Mike in The Climb

Willem Dafoe as Tommaso in Tommaso

Charles Dance as William Randolph Hearst in Mank

Catherine Deneuve as Fabienne Dangeville in The Truth

Katie Findlay as Rory in Straight Up

Sidney Flanigan as Autumn in Never Rarely Sometimes Always

Johnny Flynn as George Knightley in Emma

Julia Garner as Jane in The Assistant

Robbie Gee as Simeon in Alex Wheatle

Chris Giarmo as himself in David Byrne’s American Utopia

Betty Gilpin as Crystal Creasey in The Hunt

Ethan Hawke as Hank in The Truth

Kris Hitchen as Ricky Turner in Sorry We Missed You

Anthony Hopkins as Anthony in The Father

Jonathan Jules as Dennis Isaacs in Alex Wheatle

Sandra Guldberg Kampp as Ida in Wildland

Joe Keery as Kurt Knuckle in Spree

Udo Kier as Michael in Bacurau

Orion Lee as King Lu in First Cow

Delroy Lindo as Paul in Da 5 Bloods

Peter Macdissi as Walid "Wally" Nadeem in Uncle Frank

Matthew Macfadyen as Wilcock in The Assistant

George MacKay as Ned Kelly in True History of the Kelly Gang

Yahya Mahayni as Sam Ali in The Man Who Sold His Skin

Luca Marinelli as Martin Eden in Martin Eden

Tuppence Middleton as Sara Mankiewicz in Mank

Mads Mikkelsen as Martin in Another Round

Wunmi Mosaku as Rial in His House

Elisabeth Moss as Cecilia Kass in The Invisible Man

Kelly O'Sullivan as Bridget in Saint Frances

Shaun Parkes as Frank Crichlow in Mangrove

Robert Pattinson as Neil in Tenet

Paul Raci as Joe in Sound of Metal

Kadeem Ramsay as Samson in Lovers Rock

Gayle Rankin as Marissa in The Climb

Tanya Reynolds as Mrs Augusta Elton in Emma

Tyler Rice as Detective Russell Fox in Butt Boy

Andrea Riseborough as Hana in Luxor

Cecilia Roth as Marta in The Intruder

William Sadler as the Grim Reaper in Bill & Ted Face the Music

Kenyah Sandy as Kingsley Smith in Education

Amarah-Jae St. Aubyn as Martha Trenton in Lovers Rock

David Strathairn as David in Nomadland

Michael Stuhlbarg as Stanley Edgar Hyman in Shirley

Swankie as Swankie in Nomadland

Tilda Swinton as Woman in The Human Voice

Kristin Scott Thomas as Mrs. Danvers in Rebecca

Steve Toussaint as Ken Logan in Red, White and Blue

Alec Utgoff as Zhenia in Never Gonna Snow Again

Jairaj Varsani as young David Copperfield in The Personal History of David Copperfield

Ben Whishaw as Uriah Heep in The Personal History of David Copperfield

Sharlene Whyte as Agnes Smith in Education

Letitia Wright as Altheia Jones-LeCointe in Mangrove

Ramona Edith Williams as Frances in Saint Frances

Kôji Yakusho as Masao Mikami in Under the Open Sky

Youn Yuh-jung as Soon-ja in Minari

Helena Zengel as Johanna Leonberger in News of the World

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Favorite pre-2020 films I saw for the first time in 2020:

Blood on the Moon, But I’m A Cheerleader, Crooklyn, Cure, Daughters of the Dust, The Death of Dick Long, Deep Cover, The Draughtsman's Contract, Eyes of Laura Mars, Give Me Liberty, Greener Grass, Hardcore, High Hopes, The Last Party, Long Day's Journey into Night, Maiden, One Day Pina Asked, Persona, Right Now Wrong Then, Right On!, The Seventh Victim, Slightly French, Synonyms, Tammy and the T-Rex, Variety, The Watermelon Woman... and a tip of the hat to Coppola's new The Godfather Part III recut, The Godfather, Coda: The Death of Michael Corleone

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bm-contemporary-art · 2 years

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Die Schwestern Veronal, Walter Kranz, 1995, Brooklyn Museum: Contemporary Art

Size: Sheet: 15 7/8 x 17 in. (40.3 x 43.2 cm) Image: 10 x 11 3/4 in. (25.4 x 29.8 cm) Medium: Etching

https://www.brooklynmuseum.org/opencollection/objects/159944

#walterkranz #museumarchive #brooklynmuseum #contemporaryart

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theorosblog-blog · 5 years

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Özdeşlik İlkesi

0. Girizgâh Çoğunlukla mantığın üç temel ilkesi olduğu kabul edilir. Bu ilkeler akıl ilkeleri olarak adlandırıldığı gibi zihin ilkeleri olarak da adlandırılmaktadır. Bunlar özdeşlik, çelişmezlik ve üçüncü halin imkânsızlığı ilkeleridir. Sonradan Leibniz tarafından dördünü bir ilke olarak yeter-sebep ilkesi eklenmekte ve bu ilkelerin sayısı dörde çıkmaktadır. İlkelerin varlık alanına uygulanmasında, yeter-sebep ilkesine bağlı olarak nedensellik (causality) ve amaçlılık (finality) ilkeleri ortaya çıkar.[1] Unutmamak gerekir ki yeter-sebep ilkesi bazı mantıkçılar tarafından mantığın ilkesi olarak kabul edilmez. Saydığımız ilkeler “genel geçer”dir ve sağduyu gerçekçiliğini kabul edenler için “zorunlu”dur. Genel geçer olma durumları her dönemde ve her coğrafyanın insanı için geçerliliklerini korumasında yatar. Zorunlu olma durumları ise saydığımız ilkeler çerçevesinde yapılan iletişimlerde ne denildiğinin tam olarak ortaya konulmasının sağlanması, aklın kendini ifade etmesi ve anlaşmaya imkân vermesi cihetindedir. i. Neliki Üzerine Bu ilke en basit haliyle “A, A’dır” şekilde ifade edilebilir. Peki “A, A’dır” önermesi ne anlama gelmektedir ya da bu önerme bize ne anlatmak istemektedir? Bu önerme bir şeyin ne ise olduğunu ifade eder yani her şey kendisinin aynısıdır. Bir akıl yürütme veya argüman ortaya koyulurken argümanda kullanılan terime verilen anlam ne ise argüman boyunca o terim aynı anlamda kullanılmalıdır. Eğer aynen kullanılmazsa akıl yürütmemiz tutarsız, yeni fikirler elde etmemiz zor ve anlaşmamız imkânsıza yakın olur. Özdeşlik ilkesi ilk bakışta basit görünen, hatta verimsiz bir ilke izlenimi uyandıran bir ilkedir. "A. A dır" önermesi, doğru düşünmek için aklın uyması gerekli ilk ilkedir. “Kalem, kalemdir”, “Kitap, kitaptır” önermeleri başta totolojik ifadeler gibi görünmelerine rağmen öyle değildirler. Aklın diğer ilkelere uyabilmesi de ancak bu ilkeye bağlı kalmakta mümkün olur; çünkü özdeşlik ilkesine uymayan bir akıl için çelişmezlik ve üçüncü halin imkansızlığı ilkeleri de bir anlam ifade etmez. Özdeşlik ilkesi muhtelif şekillerde dile getirilmektedir: 1-Bir şey neyse odur,2-Her şey kendisinin özdeşidir,3-Doğru olan her zaman doğrudur,4- Bir önerme aynı zamanda hem doğru hem de yanlış olamaz (ya doğrudur ya da yanlıştır),5-A, A'dır Özdeşlik ilkesini kavramak gerçekten önem arz etmektedir. Özdeşlik eşitlik ve benzerlik değildir. Nitekim Emiroğlu’nun ifade ettiği gibi; “Özdeşlik ne eşitlik ne de benzerliktir. Eşitlik, benzerliğin bir sınır halidir. Benzerlik ve eşitlik karşılaştırılan iki şey arasında olur. Oysa özdeş olan bir ve aynı şeydir.”[2] ii. Tarihselliği Üzerine Özdeşlik ilkesinin tarihselliği konusu ele alırken onun varlıkla olan ilişkisi de ele alınmalıdır. Bilindiği üzere Parmenides’e göre “Varlık vardır, var olmayan var değildir.”[3] Bu ifade özdeşlik ilkesinin sadece epistemik alanda kalmadığını ontolojik alana da uygulandığının bir göstergesi olarak ele alınabilir. Parmenides-Herakleitos arasındaki bu çatışma varlık hakkındaki düşüncemizin mahiyeti hakkında bizi düşündürürken aynı zamanda felsefe yapmanın imkânını da sorgulatmaktadır. Bilindiği gibi Parmenides’in bu totolojik ifadesi Harakleitos’a karşı bir savunmadır çünkü Herakleistos’ göre evrende sabit olan bir şey yoktur. Sabit gibi görünen her şey değişim halindedir, değişmeyen hiçbir şey yoktur. Ünlü “Bir nehirde iki kere yıkanılmaz”[4] sözü her şeyin bir değişme içinde olduğunun bir göstergesidir ve özdeşliklik ilkesinin kabul etmediğinin farklı bir ifadesi olarak ele alınabilir. Özdeşlik ilkesi incelendiğinde onun en erken kullanımlarından birini Platan’un ünlü Theaetetus diyalogunda ortaya çıktığı görülmektedir. Sokrates bu diyalogda “renkler”in ve “sesler”in iki farklı şey olduklarını ifade etmektedir: “Sokrates: Şimdi ses ve renk söz konusu olduğu zaman bunların iki tane olduklarını düşünüyorsun değil mi?Theaıtetos: Evet.Sokrates: Yine bu şeylerin birbirlerinden farklı şeyler olduklarını ancak kendileriyle aynı olduklarını kabul ediyorsun.Theaıtetos: Evet, bu düşüncedeyim.”[5] Aristoteles de çelişmezlik ilkesini açıklarken özdeşlik ilkesine temas etmektedir. Amacı özdeşlik ilkesini açıklamak olmasa da iki ilkenin birbiriyle yakından ilişkisi olması özdeşlik ilkesine değinmesini sağlamaktadır: “Şimdi birinci olarak hiç olmazsa şu apaçık bir doğrudur ki “olmak” veya “olmamak” sözcükleri belli bir şey ifade ederler. Dolayısıyla hiçbir şeyin hem “şöyle” olması, hem de “öyle-olmama”sı mümkün değildir. Sonra “insan”ın tek bir şey ifade ettiğini ve bu ifade ettiği şeyin “iki ayaklı hayvan” olduğunu farz edelim. (“İnsan”ın tek bir şey ifade ettiğini söylerken şunu kastediyorum: Eğer “insan” bir “x" anlamına geliyorsa ve yine eğer herhangi bir varlık insansa, bu “x”, insanın özü, “insan olma” anlamına gelecektir. Bu arada şunu da belirteyim ki aynı sözcüğe, sınırlı sayıda olmaları koşuluyla birçok anlam yüklenmesi, bu sözünü ettiğimiz durumda herhangi bir değişiklik meydana getirmez. Çünkü her tanımla ilgili olarak farklı bir sözcük kullanılabilir. Örneğin “insan”n bir değil, içlerinden biri “iki ayaklı hayvan” tanımının karşılığı olacak olan bir kaç anlamı olduğu söylenebilir. Sınırlı sayıda olmaları koşuluyla burada birçok başka tanım da olabilir. Çünkü bu tanımlardan her biri için bir sözcük kullanılması mümkündür. Ancak eğer bu sınırlar konulmaz ve sözcüğün sonsuz anlamları olduğu söylenirse, herhangi bir akıl yürütmenin mümkün olamayacağı açıktır. Çünkü tek bir şey ifade etmemek, hiçbir şey ifade etmemektir. Sözcüklerin hiçbir şey ifade etmemeleri durumunda da insanın gerek başka insanlarla, gerekse kendi kendisiyle her türlü düşünce alışverişi ortadan kalkar. Çünkü tek bir şeyi düşünmediğimiz takdirde düşünmemiz mümkün değildir. Eğer düşünmemiz mümkünse, o halde her şey için tek bir sözcük kullanılabilir).”[6] Özdeşlik ilkesinin varlığın bir ilkesi olup olamayacağı bir tartışma konusudur. Özdeşlik ilkesi, konuşma evrenimizin zeminini oluşturur. İnsanın iki şeyi birbirleriyle karşılaştırması sağlar. Eğer özdeşlik ilkesi kabul edilmezse varlığın değişip değişmediği dahi sorulamaz çünkü tüm dillerde kullanılan kelimelerin hem anlatan kişinin hem de anlatılan kişinin aklında karşılık buluyor oluşu özdeşlik ilkesinin kabulü sayesinde mümkündür. iii. Hülasa Özdeşlik ilkesi kendi başına yeterli bir ilke değildir. Düşünmenin diğer ilkeleri olan çelişmezlik ve üçüncü halin imkânsızlığı ilkeleri özdeşlik ilkesini tamamladığı gibi, özdeşlik ilkesi, çelişmezlik ve üçüncü halin imkânsızlığı ilkeleri için de temel oluşturmaktadır. Aklın, doğru düşünebilmesi için özdeşlik ilkesine ihtiyacı vardır. Yalnızca akıl yürütmemizin doğruluğu için değil günlük hayatta yapılan sohbetlerde ve her karşılıklı iletişimlerde özdeşlik ilkesine uyma zorunluluğu vardır. Bir insanla dilsel açıdan anlaşabilmek için olduğu gibi dilsel ol-a-mayan bir yolla anlaşabilmek içinde özdeşlik ilkesine gereksinim duyarız. Örneğin iki insan aynı dili konuşmasa bile bir araya geldiklerinde işaret diliyle ya da nesnelere işaret ederek anlaşabilirler. Yine benzer şekilde sandalyeye işaret ederken aslında müşterek bir sandalye terimimizin olduğunu anlaşılır. Ayrıca dikkat edilmesi gereken bir diğer önemli husus özdeşlik ilkesinin günlük hayattaki kullanımıdır. Toplumsal hayatta görülen fikir kavgalarının, ortaya çıkan uyuşmazlıkların ve tarafların maksatları iyi olmasına rağmen meydana gelen anlaşmazlıkların önemli nedenlerinden bir tanesi de özdeşlik ilkesine uyulmamasıdır; çünkü taraflar konuşurken kullandıkları kelimeler veya terimlere aynı anlam-lar-ı yüklemezlerse fikrî ihtilaflar ortaya çıkar. Kaynak: https://www.academia.edu/35471958/0.2_%C5%9Eey_Fikir_Dergisi [1] Necati Öner, “Mantığın Ana İlkeleri ve Bu İlkelerin Varlıkla Olan İlişkileri”, A.Ü. İlâhiyat Fakültesi Dergisi, (Ankara: 1969), C. XVII, s.285.[2] İbrahim Emiroğlu, Klasik Mantığa Giriş, (Ankara: Elis Yayınları, 2014), s. 16[3] Walter Kranz, Antik Felsefe, çev. Suad Y. Baydur, (İstanbul: Cinius-Sosyal Yayınları, 2009), s.89.[4] Herakleitos, Fragmanlar, çev. Cengiz Çakmak, (İstanbul: Alfa Yayınlar, 2014), s.221.[5] Platon, Theaitetos, çev. Furkan Akderin, (İstanbul: Say Yayınları, 2014), s.90.[6] Aristoteles, Metafizik, çev. Ahmet Arslan, (İstanbul: Sosyal Yayınları, 1996), s.203-204.

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bocadosdefilosofia · 3 months

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καὶ τὸ μὲν οὖν σαφὲς οὔτις ἀνὴρ ἴδεν οὐδέ τις ἔσται εἰδὼς ἀμφὶ θεῶν τε καὶ ἅσσα λέγω περὶ πάντων· εἰ γὰρ καὶ τὰ μάλιστα τύχοι τετελεσμένον εἰπών, αὐτὸς ὅμως οὐκ οἶδε· δόκος δ᾿ ἐπὶ πᾶσι τέτυκται.

Mas por lo que respecta a la verdad cierta, nadie la ha conocido, Ni la conocerá; ni acerca de los dioses Ni siquiera de todas las cosas de las que hablo. Y aunque por casualidad expresase La verdad perfecta, ni él mismo lo sabría; Pues todo no es sino una maraña de sospechas.

Jenófanes de Colofón

DK 21 B 34

Fr. 34, Sexto, Adv math. VII 49 y 110, cf. Plutarco, Aud, poet. 2, 17 E

TGO @bocadosdefilosofia

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mondscheinpartisan · 6 years

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Die Wiese schäumt von Blüten

Die Wiese schäumt von Blüten Der Wind singt drüber hin Den sonnenlichtdurchglühten Leib bad′ ich kühl darin.

Du freie Gottesschmiede, Du lohe Sonnenglut, Inbrünstiglich durchglühe Leib, Seele, Herz und Blut!

Ins Glühen unermessen Und Blühen eingewühlt Will ich den Tod vergessen, Der alle Erde kühlt.

Glüh′, Sonne, Sonne, glühe! Die Welt braucht soviel Glanz! Blüh′, Sommererde, blühe, Ach blühe Kranz bei Kranz!

Walter Flex

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dominionleathershop · 6 years

Text

Current Audio Book List - 05-17-2018

Here is my current book list...I actually spent some time taking it from Audible and putting it in a text file. I thought you might like it!

Yes...there is crappy politics and some erotic BDSM books. Don't Judge, you are on a BDSM Leatherworking Tumblr! :)

I do figure in the near future I might start putting some text along each of them like opinions, details or at least “Wikipedia links” to them so you can see what they are about.

British

Brave New World - Aldous Huxley Master and Commander - Patrick O'Brian

Technology

Social Engineering: The Art of Human Hacking - Christopher Hadnagy

History - Military

The Civil War: Volume I, Fort Sumter to Perryville (The Civil War: A Narrative Volume I) - Shelby Foote The Civil War: Volume II, Fredericksburg to Meridian (The Civil War: A Narrative Volume II) - Shelby Foote The Civil War: Volume III, Red River to Appomattox (The Civil War: A Narrative Volume III) - Shelby Foote Midway - Mitsuo Fuchida, Masatake Okumiya The Coldest Winder - David Halberstam The Second World War - Antony Beevor D-Day - Antony Beevor Operation Mincemeat - Ben Macintyre

History - Political

The Sleepwalkers - Christopher Clark Lone Star Rising - William C. Davis Game Change - John Heilemann, Mark Halperin Nullification - Thomas E. Woods Jr.

History - Company

Of Dice and Men - David M. Ewalt

History - Biographical

Steve Jobs - Walter Isaacson Failure is Not an Option - Gene Kranz Going Rogue - Sarah Palin Son of Bum - Wade Phillips, Vic Carucci

Humor

The Rules of Supervillainy (The Supervillainy Saga, Book 1) - C. T. Phipps The Games of Supervillainy (The Supervillainy Saga, Book 2) - C. T. Phipps The Secrets of Supervillainy (The Supervillainy Saga, Book 3) - C. T. Phipps Year Zero - Rob Reid

Fantasy - Contemporary

Hounded (Iron Druid Chronicles, Book 1) - Kevin Hearne Hexed (Iron Druid Chronicles, Book 2) - Kevin Hearne Hammered (Iron Druid Chronicles, Book 3) - Kevin Hearne Tricked (Iron Druid Chronicles, Book 4) - Kevin Hearne Trapped (Iron Druid Chronicles, Book 5) - Kevin Hearne Hunted (Iron Druid Chronicles, Book 6) - Kevin Hearne Shattered (Iron Druid Chronicles, Book 7) - Kevin Hearne Staked (Iron Druid Chronicles, Book 8) - Kevin Hearne Scourged (Iron Druid Chronicles, Book 9) - Kevin Hearne Left Behind (Left Behind Series, Book 1) - Tim LaHaye, Jerry Jenkins Tribulation Force (Left Behind Series, Book 2) - Tim LaHaye, Jerry Jenkins

Fantasy - Epic

Gardens of the Moon (Malazan Book of the Fallen, Book 1) - Steven Erikson Dragons of Autumn Twilight (Dragonlance Chronicles, Book 1) - Tracy Hickman, Margaret Weis Dragons of Winter Night (Dragonlance Chronicles, Book 2) - Tracy Hickman, Margaret Weis Dragons of Spring Dawning (Dragonlance Chronicles, Book 3) - Tracy Hickman, Margaret Weis AlterWorld (Play to Live, Book 1) - D. Rus The Name of the Wind (KingKiller Chronicles, Book 1) - Patrick Rothfuss The Wise Man's Fear (KingKiller Chronicles, Book 2) - Patrick Rothfuss Pawn of Prophecy (Belgariad, Book 1) - David Eddings Queen of Sorcery (Belgariad, Book 2) - David Eddings The First King Shannara (Sword of Shannara, Book 0) - Terry Brooks The Sword of Shannara (Sword of Shannara, Book 1) - Terry Brooks The Elfstones of Shannara (Sword of Shannara, Book 2) - Terry Brooks The Wishsong of Shannara (Sword of Shannara, Book 3) - Terry Brooks The Scions of Shannara (Heritage of Shannara, Book 1) - Terry Brooks Armageddon's Children (Genesis of Shannara, Book 1) - Terry Brooks The Elves of Cintra (Genesis of Shannara, Book 2) - Terry Brooks A Game of Thrones (Song of Ice and Fire, Book 1) - George R. R. Martin A Clash of Kings (Song of Ice and Fire, Book 2) - George R. R. Martin A Storm of Swords (Song of Ice and Fire, Book 3) - George R. R. Martin A Feast for Crows (Song of Ice and Fire, Book 4) - George R. R. Martin A Dance with Dragons (Song of Ice and Fire, Book 5) - George R. R. Martin A Knight of the Seven Kingdoms (Song of Ice and Fire) - George R. R. Martin

Mystery and Thrillers - Suspense

State of Fear - Michael Crichton One Second After - William R. Forstchen Invasion: Alaska (Invasion: America, Book 1) - Vaughn Heppner Zero Day (Jeff Aiken, Book 1) - Mark Russinovich Daemon (Daemon, Book 1) - Daniel Suarez Freedom (tm) (Daemon, Book 2) - Daniel Suarez

Mystery and Thrillers - Technothrillers

Influx - Daniel Suarez

Horror

Robopocalypse - Daniel H. Wilson

Mystery and Thrillers - Espionage

The Hunt for Red October (Jack Ryan, Book ) - Tom Clancy Red Rabbit (Jack Ryan, Book ) - Tom Clancy Patriot Games (Jack Ryan, Book ) - Tom Clancy The Cardinal of the Kremlin (Jack Ryan, Book ) - Tom Clancy Clear and Present Danger (Jack Ryan, Book ) - Tom Clancy The Sum of All Fears (Jack Ryan, Book ) - Tom Clancy Debt of Honor (Jack Ryan, Book ) - Tom Clancy Executive Orders (Jack Ryan, Book ) - Tom Clancy The Bear and the Dragon (Jack Ryan, Book ) - Tom Clancy The Teeth of the Tiger (Jack Ryan, Book ) - Tom Clancy Without Remorse (John Clark, Book 1) - Tom Clancy

Science Fiction - Classic

Foundation (Foundation, Book 1) - Isaac Asimov Foundation and Empire (Foundation, Book 2) - Isaac Asimov Second Foundation (Foundation, Book 3) - Isaac Asimov 2001 - Arthur C. Clarke The Moon Is a Harsh Mistress - Robert A. Heinlein Stranger in a Strange Land - Robert A. Heinlein Dune (Dune, Book 1) - Frank Hebert Ringworld - Larry Niven

Science Fiction - Contemporary

Plague of the Dead (Morningstar Strain, Book 1) - Z. A. Recht Thunder and Ashes (Morningstar Strain, Book 2) - Z. A. Recht Survivors (Morningstar Strain, Book 3) - Z. A. Recht, Thom Brannan Swarm (Star Force, Book 1) - B. V. Larson Extinction (Star Force, Book 2) - B. V. Larson Rebellion (Star Force, Book 3) - B. V. Larson Conquest (Star Force, Book 4) - B. V. Larson Battle Station (Star Force, Book 5) - B. V. Larson Empire (Star Force, Book 6) - B. V. Larson Annihilation (Star Force, Book 7) - B. V. Larson Storm Assault (Star Force, Book 8) - B. V. Larson A Mote in God's Eye - Larry Niven, Jerry Pournelle The Oncoming Storm (Angel in the Whirlwind, Book 1) - Christopher G. Nuttall Falcone Strike (Angel in the Whirlwind, Book 2) - Christopher G. Nuttall Mass Effect: Revelation (Book 1) - Drew Karpyshyn Mass Effect: Ascension (Book 2) - Drew Karpyshyn Mass Effect: Retribution (Book 3) - Drew Karpyshyn The Lost Starship (The Lost Starship, Book 1) - Vaughn Heppner Firestar (Firestar, Book 1) - Michael Flynn Pandora's Star (Commonwealth Saga, Book 1) - Peter F. Hamilton 1632 (Ring of Fire, Book 1) - Eric Flint 1633 (Ring of Fire, Book 2) - Eric Flint, David Weber 1634 (Ring of Fire, Book 3) - Eric Flint, David Weber Ender's Game - Orson Scott Card Armada - Ernest Cline Ready Player One - Ernest Cline Seeds of Earth (Humanity's Fire, Book 1) - Michael Cobley Omega Rising (Omega Force, Book 1) - Joshua Dalzelle Soldiers of Fortune (Omega Force, Book 2) - Joshua Dalzelle Savage Homecoming (Omega Force, Book 3) - Joshua Dalzelle Leviathan Wakes (The Expanse, Book 1) - James S. A. Corey The Hunger Games (Hunger Games, Book 1) - Suzanne Collins Catching Fire (Hunger Games, Book 2) - Suzanne Collins Mockingjay (Hunger Games, Book 3) - Suzanne Collins Dauntless (The Lost Fleet, Book 1) - Jack Campbell Fearless (The Lost Fleet, Book 2) - Jack Campbell Courageous (The Lost Fleet, Book 3) - Jack Campbell Valiant (The Lost Fleet, Book 4) - Jack Campbell Relentless (The Lost Fleet, Book 5) - Jack Campbell Victorious (The Lost Fleet, Book 6) - Jack Campbell Dreadnaught (The Lost Fleet: Beyond the Frontier, Book 1) - Jack Campbell Invincible (The Lost Fleet: Beyond the Frontier, Book 2) - Jack Campbell Guardian (The Lost Fleet: Beyond the Frontier, Book 3) - Jack Campbell Steadfast (The Lost Fleet: Beyond the Frontier, Book 4) - Jack Campbell Leviathan (The Lost Fleet: Beyond the Frontier, Book 5) - Jack Campbell Tarnished Knight (The Lost Stars, Book 1) - Jack Campbell Perilous Shield (The Lost Stars, Book 2) - Jack Campbell Imperfect Sword (The Lost Stars, Book 3) - Jack Campbell Shattered Spear (The Lost Stars, Book 4) - Jack Campbell On a Pale Horse (Incarnations of Immortality, Book 1) - Piers Anthony Bearing an Hourglass (Incarnations of Immortality, Book 2) - Piers Anthony With a Tangled Skein (Incarnations of Immortality, Book 3) - Piers Anthony Wielding a Red Sword (Incarnations of Immortality, Book 4) - Piers Anthony Being a Green Mother (Incarnations of Immortality, Book 5) - Piers Anthony For Love of Evil (Incarnations of Immortality, Book 6) - Piers Anthony And Eternity (Incarnations of Immortality, Book 7) - Piers Anthony Into the Storm (Deadly Shores, Book 1) - Taylor Anderson Crusade (Deadly Shores, Book 2) - Taylor Anderson Maelstrom (Deadly Shores, Book 3) - Taylor Anderson Distant Thunders (Deadly Shores, Book 4) - Taylor Anderson Rising Tides (Deadly Shores, Book 5) - Taylor Anderson Firestorm (Deadly Shores, Book 6) - Taylor Anderson Iron Gray Sea (Deadly Shores, Book 7) - Taylor Anderson Storm Surge (Deadly Shores, Book 8) - Taylor Anderson Deadly Shores (Deadly Shores, Book 9) - Taylor Anderson Home (The Traveler, Book 1) - Tom Abrahams Canyon (The Traveler, Book 2) - Tom Abrahams Wall (The Traveler, Book 3) - Tom Abrahams Aurora CV-01 (Frontiers Saga, Book 1) - Ryk Brown The Rings of Haven (Frontiers Saga, Book 2) - Ryk Brown The Legend of Corinair (Frontiers Saga, Book 3) - Ryk Brown Freedom's Dawn (Frontiers Saga, Book 4) - Ryk Brown Rise of the Corinari (Frontiers Saga, Book 5) - Ryk Brown Head of the Dragon (Frontiers Saga, Book 6) - Ryk Brown The Expanse (Frontiers Saga, Book 7) - Ryk Brown Celestia CV-02 (Frontiers Saga, Book 8) - Ryk Brown Resistance (Frontiers Saga, Book 9) - Ryk Brown Liberation (Frontiers Saga, Book 10) - Ryk Brown Born of the Ashes (Frontiers Saga, Book 11) - Ryk Brown Rise of the Alliance (Frontiers Saga, Book 12) - Ryk Brown A Show of Force (Frontiers Saga, Book 13) - Ryk Brown The Weak and the Innocent (Frontiers Saga, Book 14) - Ryk Brown That Which Other Men Cannot Do (Frontiers Saga, Book 15) - Ryk Brown Escalation (Frontiers Saga, Book 16) - Ryk Brown Rescue (Frontiers Saga, Book 17) - Ryk Brown Resurrection (Frontiers Saga, Book 18) - Ryk Brown Rebellion (Frontiers Saga, Book 19) - Ryk Brown Balance (Frontiers Saga, Book 20) - Ryk Brown For the Triumph of Evil (Frontiers Saga, Book 21) - Ryk Brown Who Takes No Risk (Frontiers Saga, Book 22) - Ryk Brown Local Custom (Liaden Universe, Book 1) - Sharon Lee, Steve Miller Star Wars: The Force Awakens - Alan Dean Foster Star Wars: Into the Void (Legends Dawn of the Jedi, Book 1) - Tim Lebbon Red Shirts - John Scalzi Old Man's War (Old Man's War, Book 1) - John Scalzi The Ghost Brigades (Old Man's War, Book 2) - John Scalzi The Last Colony (Old Man's War, Book 3) - John Scalzi Zoe's Tale (Old Man's War, Book 4) - John Scalzi The Human Division (Old Man's War, Book 5) - John Scalzi The End of All Things (Old Man's War, Book 6) - John Scalzi The Rookie (Galactic Football League, Book 1) - Scott Sigler The Starter (Galactic Football League, Book 2) - Scott Sigler The All-Pro (Galactic Football League, Book 3) - Scott Sigler The MVP (Galactic Football League, Book 4) - Scott Sigler The Champion (Galactic Football League, Book 5) - Scott Sigler Earth Strike (Star Carrier, Book 1) - Ian Douglas Center of Gravity (Star Carrier, Book 2) - Ian Douglas Singularity (Star Carrier, Book 3) - Ian Douglas Deep Space (Star Carrier, Book 4) - Ian Douglas Dark Matter (Star Carrier, Book 5) - Ian Douglas Arisen Omnibus Edition - Michael Stephen Fuchs, Glynn James Snow Crash - Neal Stephenson Dies the Fire (Emberverse, Book 1) - S. M. Stirling The Protector's War (Emberverse, Book 2) - S. M. Stirling A Meeting at Corvallis (Emberverse, Book 3) - S. M. Stirling The Sunrise Lands (Emberverse, Book 4) - S. M. Stirling Worldwar: In the Balance (Worldwar, Book 1) - Harry Turtledove Artemis - Andy Weir The Shadow of Saganami (Honor Harrington Saganami, Book 1) - David Weber Storm from the Shadows (Honor Harrington Saganami, Book 2) - David Weber Shadow of Freedom (Honor Harrington Saganami, Book 3) - David Weber Shadow of Victory (Honor Harrington Saganami, Book 4) - David Weber On Basilisk Station (Honor Harrington, Book 1) - David Weber The Honor of the Queen (Honor Harrington, Book 2) - David Weber The Short Victorious War (Honor Harrington, Book 3) - David Weber Field of Dishonor (Honor Harrington, Book 4) - David Weber Flag in Exile (Honor Harrington, Book 5) - David Weber Honor Among Enemies (Honor Harrington, Book 6) - David Weber In Enemy Hands (Honor Harrington, Book 7) - David Weber Echoes of Honor (Honor Harrington, Book 8) - David Weber Ashes of Victory (Honor Harrington, Book 9) - David Weber War of Honor (Honor Harrington, Book 10) - David Weber At All Costs (Honor Harrington, Book 11) - David Weber Mission of Honor (Honor Harrington, Book 12) - David Weber A Rising Thunder (Honor Harrington, Book 13) - David Weber

Erotic - BDSM

Club Shadowlands (Masters of the Shadowlands, Book 1) - Cherise Sinclair Dark Citadel (Masters of the Shadowlands, Book 2) - Cherise Sinclair Breaking Free (Masters of the Shadowlands, Book 3) - Cherise Sinclair Lean on Me (Masters of the Shadowlands, Book 4) - Cherise Sinclair Make Me, Sir (Masters of the Shadowlands, Book 5) - Cherise Sinclair To Command and Collar (Masters of the Shadowlands, Book 6) - Cherise Sinclair This Is Who I Am (Masters of the Shadowlands, Book 7) - Cherise Sinclair If Only (Masters of the Shadowlands, Book 8) - Cherise Sinclair Show Me, Baby (Masters of the Shadowlands, Book 9) - Cherise Sinclair Servicing the Target (Masters of the Shadowlands, Book 10) - Cherise Sinclair Protecting His Own (Masters of the Shadowlands, Book 11) - Cherise Sinclair Michief and the Masters (Masters of the Shadowlands, Book 12) - Cherise Sinclair

#book list

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gozel · 3 years

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https://kizilbayrak56.net/ana-sayfa/kizil-bayrak-yazilari/dunya/alman-kolluk-gucleri-icindeki-fasist-orgutlenmeler-3

Alman kolluk güçleri içindeki faşist örgütlenmeler - 3

D. Meriç

Kızıl Bayrak yazıları

Dünya

26 Aralık 2020

10:00

Irkçı-faşist örgütler devlet korumasında

Heike Kleffner ve Matthias Meisner editörlüğünde, 2019 yılında “Aşırı Güvenlik. Polis, Anayasayı Koruma Örgütü, Ordu ve Yargı İçerisindeki Aşırı Sağcılık” (Extreme Sicherheit. Rechtsextreme in Polizei, Verfassungsschutz, Bundeswehr und Justiz, Verlag Herder, Freiburg 2019) adı altında bir kitap yayınlandı. Kitap için Almanya’nın tanınmış 30’a yakın gazetecisi tarafından yargıya yansımış olan olaylar üzerine kaleme alınan 30 ayrı makalede, devlet aygıtları içerisinde yuvalanmış olan ırkçı faşist örgütlenmelere ilişkin çarpıcı belgeler yer alıyor.

Alman kolluk güçleri içindeki faşist örgütlenmeler / 2

Kitabın ilk bölümünde, Nasyonal Sosyalist Yeraltı (NSU) örgütünün ortaya çıkışından Kassel Şehri Belediye Başkanı Walter Lübcke’nin öldürülmesine kadar olan süreç anlatılmaktadır. Bu örgütün bizzat Thüringen ve Hessen eyaleti Anayasayı Koruma Örgütü tarafından nasıl yaratıldığına ilişkin çarpıcı bilgiler verilmektedir. 1990’larda başlayan bu süreç iki Almanya’nın birleşmesi dönemine kadar uzanmaktadır. Bizzat sermaye devleti eliyle Batı’dan özel olarak seçilmiş olarak ırkçı anti-komünist oldukları kesin olan kişilerin Doğu Almanya’daki yeni eyaletlerde bazı özel görevlerin başına atanması ile başlamıştır.

MDR redaktörü Axel Hemmerling kitapta yayınlanan makalesinde oldukça ilginç bilgilere yer vermektedir:

“NSU örgütü ile kurulan bağlantıların kökenleri, iki Almanya’nın birleşmesinden sonra yeni federal eyaletlerde oluşturulan Anayasa Koruma Örgütü ve Devlet Kriminal Polis Dairelerinin (LKA) kurulduğu 1990’ların başlarına dayanmaktadır. Bu kurumların başına atanacak olan kişilerde aranan en önemli özellikler, batıdan seçilmiş ve şiddetli komünizm karşıtı olmalarıydı. Thüringen’de yeni kurulan Anayasayı Koruma Örgütünün başına Helmut Roewer ve LKA’nın başına da yüksek düzey bir polis memuru olan Uwe Kranz atandı. Her ikisi de Batı Almanya’da yetiştirilmiş, aşırı sağcı düşüncelerini açıkça ifade etmekten çekinmeyen, polis ve gizli servislerde bir dizi üst düzey görevlerde bulunmuş kişilerdi.”

Makalede Roewer’ın, NSU’nun ortaya çıktığı Neonazi çevrelerin inşa edilmesinde önemli bir rol oynadığı belirtiliyor. “Kaynak” olarak kullandığı, finanse ettiği ve koruğu işbirlikçilerden Tino Brandt’ın (NSU’nun daha sonraki çekirdeğini oluşturanlardan Uwe Böhnhardt, Uwe Mundlos ve Beate Zschäpe’nin de içinden çıktığı) çok gizli olarak örgütlenmiş bir Neonazi organizasyonu olan Thuringian Homeland Security’nin başkanı olduğuna işaret ediliyor. Devamında zengin ve ayrıntılı olarak sunulan somut bilgiler, dün ve bugün kullanılan Neonazi çetelerin bizzat devlet güdümlü olduğunu açık bir şekilde gözler önüne seriyor.

Freie Presse Chemnitz gazetesi yazarlarından tarihçi Jens Eumann ise Hessen NSU davası soruşturmalarına dayanarak şu saptamada bulunuyor: “Devlet istihbarat örgütleri ile neo-nazi örgütler arasındaki ilişki sistematik olarak sürdürülmekte ve özel olarak korunmaktadır. Bunları kişisel hatalara bağlamak, münferit olaylar olarak lanse etmek gerçekle uyuşmamaktadır.”

Ordu, polis ve istihbarat örgütleri arasındaki bağlar

Kitabın ikinci bölümünde yer alan birçok makalede ordu ve polis bünyesindeki özel hareket timlerine yayılmış olan ırkçı faşist örgütlenmeler ve bunların istihbarat örgütleriyle olan düzenli ilişkilerini anlatıyor. Bunlardan en çarpıcı olanı Alman Silahlı Kuvvetleri subayı Franco A.’nın kurduğu ve yönettiği ırkçı faşist ağdır. Bir KSK subayı olan Franko A. Nisan 2017’de sahte bir kimlik ile ilticaya başvurduğu aşırı sağcı saldırılar planladığı için gözaltına alınmıştı. Suçlu olduğu belgelerle ispatlanmış olmasına rağmen yukarılardan gelen emirler sonucu hemen serbest bırakılmıştı. Franco A. faaliyetleri ortaya çıktığında, Fransız-Alman Tugayı’nın 291. Taburunda bir teğmendi. Askeriye içerisindeki ırkçı faşist çalışmaları defalarca ortaya çıkmasına rağmen üstleri tarafından sürekli olarak korundu. Franco A. KSK içerisinde kurduğu “prepper” isimli ırkçı faşist ağın yöneticisi olduğu ispatlanmış ve birçok insan hakkında ölüm listeleri hazırladığı kesinleşmiş olmasına rağmen mahkemeler tarafından serbest bırakıldı.

Bu ağın merkezi figürlerinden bir diğeri, 1985 yılında Halle’de doğan Özel Kuvvetler Komutanlığı’nın (KSK) yüksek rütbeli bir askeri olan André S.’dir. “Hannibal” adını kullanan bu yüksek rütbeli KSK subayı, kurduğu ırkçı sohbet grupları ağı ve UNITER e.V isimli dernek aracılığıyla Almanya’nın tamamının yanı sarı Avusturya ve İsviçre’ye kadar uzanan ırkçı bir ağa liderlik etmektedir. Ordu, polis ve özel güvenlik hizmetlerindeki seçkin birimlerin üyeleri için kendisini bir yardım organizasyonu olarak gizleyen UNITER derneği, kendi kurdukları komuta merkezinin kontrolünde askeri tatbikatlar yürütmektedir. Ayrıca André S. denilen bu ırkçı faşist subayın, Askeri İstihbarat Örgütü (MAD) ile de çok yakın ilişkileri ortaya çıkmıştır. Franco A. ile André S arasındaki ilişki kesilmeden sürdüğü ve birkaç kez şahsen görüştükleri saptanmıştır.

UNITER ayrıca NSU örgütü ile doğrudan bağlantılara sahiptir. André S birlikte UNITER'i kuran Ringo M., Baden-Württemberg eyaletinde Anayasayı Koruma Örgütünün bir çalışanıdır. 2015’de Anayasayı Koruma Örgütü’ne katılmadan önce, Böblingen şehrinde polis olarak Michèle Kiesewetter isimli polis ile birlikte çalışmışlardı. Ringo M.’nin birlikte çalıştığı ve yakinen tanıdığı bu polis memuru Nisan 2007’de Heilbronn’da NSU çetesi tarafından vurularak öldürülmüştü ve bu cinayetin sebebi hala sır olan kalmaktadır.

Tagesspiegel gazetesi muhabiri Robert Kiesel’in kitapta yayınlanan makalesinde şu olgulara işaret edilmektedir:

“Hannibal” adıyla anılan ırkçı ağın en bilinen kısmı “Nordkreuz” grubudur. Mecklenburg-Vorpommern eyaleti CDU’lu İçişleri Bakanlığı’nın sistematik olarak bu dosyayı kapatmasına karşı eyalet federal başsavcısı Lorenz Caffier Ağustos 2017’den bu yana bu gurubu soruşturmaktadır. “Nordkreuz” grubu yaklaşık 30 şüpheli üyeye sahiptir. Bunların arasında eski KSK üyesi elit askerler, Özel Harekat (SEK) ve Kriminal Daire (LKA) polisleri, savcılar ve hakimler bulunmaktadır. Bu guruba yönelik soruşturmalar kapsamında, şüphelilerde “X günü” geldiğinde yakalanıp önceden belirlenmiş askeri kışlalara götürülerek öldürülecek 25.000 kişilik listeler bulunmuştur. 2019 yılında basına yansıyan bilgilere göre bu gurubun üyeleri tarafından 200 adet ceset torbası ve sönmemiş kireç temin edilmiştir. İki yıldır devam soruşturmalar kapsamında, ana şüphelilerden birisi olan eski SEK üyesi Marko G.’nin evinde 2019 Haziran’ında yapılan aramalarda, 2012 yılından bu yana diğer üç SEK üyesi tarafından çalınan 10.000’den fazla mermi, Uzi marka makineli tüfek ve susturucusu yakalanmıştır.

Kitabın başka bir bölümünde bu ırkçı faşist ağlarla ilişkileri olan savcı ve hakimler anlatılmaktadır. Bunlardan biri Thüringen’de savcılık yapan ve daha öğrenciyken “Jura-Nazi” lakabıyla tanınan Martin Zschächner’dir. Bu savcı Almanya için Alternatif (AfD) lideri Bernd Höcke’yi protesto eden bir ilerici aydınlar gurubuna karşı çok ağır soruşturmalar yürütmesiyle ünlüdür. Bir diğeri ise faşist AfD milletvekili olan Dresdenli yargıç Jens Maier’dir. Bu yargıç Norveç’te bir gençlik kampında toplu katliam yapan, onlarca genci katleden Andres Breivik isimli caniyi masum ilan etmiş ve “çaresizlikten böyle bir eylemi gerçekleştirdi” diyebilecek kadar ırkçılıkta sınır tanımamıştır. Yine mültecileri işgalci, yabancıları ise asalaklar, devlet kasalarını soyanlar olarak adlandıran Freiburg savcısı Thomas Seitz’ın adı anılmaktadır. Bu ırkçı faşist bugün AfD milletvekili olarak parlamentoda oturmaktadır. Kitabın başka bir bölümünde ise devlet ile ırkçı faşist örgütler arasında var olan ilişkilere değinilmektedir. “Gri alanlar” olarak adlandırılan bu bölümde özellikle istihbarat örgütleri ile Neonazilerin sola karşı birlikte nasıl çalıştıklarını anlatan sayısız vaka ele alınıyor.

Sınıf egemenliği ve şiddet aracı olarak devlet

F. Engels, Ailenin, Özel Mülkiyetin ve Devletin Kökeni adlı eserinde devlet konusunda şunları söylemektedir: “Devlet, sınıf karşıtlıklarını frenleme gereksinmesinden doğduğuna, ama aynı zamanda, bu sınıfların çatışması ortamında doğduğuna göre, kural olarak en güçlü sınıfın, iktisadi bakımdan egemen olan ve bunun sayesinde, siyasal bakımdan da egemen sınıf durumuna gelen ve böylece ezilen sınıfı boyunduruk altında tutmak ve sömürmek için yeni araçlar kazanan sınıfın devletidir. İşte bundan ötürüdür ki antik devlet köle sahiplerinin devletiydi: tıpkı feodal devletin, serf ve angaryacı köylüleri boyunduruk altında tutmak için soyluların organı ve modern temsili devletinde, ücretli emeğin sermaye tarafından sömürülmesi aleti olması gibi.”

Dünyanın bütün emperyalist ülkelerinde olduğu gibi Alman sermaye devleti de içerde toplumsal mücadeleye, dışarıda ise emperyalist rakiplerine karşı sürdürülen işgalci kirli savaşlarda kullanılmak üzere her türden karanlık cinayet örgütlerine ihtiyaç duymaktadır. Bugün bu cinayet örgütlerinin çok sınırlı ölçülerde ortaya saçılan pislikleri bile Alman sermaye devletinin nasıl bir işleyişe ve bataklığa battığını, o çok övünülen burjuva demokrasisinin ikiyüzlülüğünü yeterli açıklıkta göstermektedir.

Ordu, polis ve istihbarat örgütleri aracılığıyla faaliyetlerini sürdüren bu karşı devrimci örgütlenmeler bizzat sermaye devletinin projeleridir. Onun tarafından kurulan bu çeteler cömertçe finanse edilmekte ve özenle korunmaktadır. Bugün artık burjuva basının bile saklayamadığı skandallar sermaye sözcülerini ikiyüzlü yalanlara ve göstermelik adımlar atmaya zorlamaktadır. Son dönemlerde en üst makamlarca yapılan açıklamalar bu faşist yapılanmaları ortadan kaldırmaya yönelik olmadığı gibi, onları daha da güçlendirmeyi, toplumsal tepkileri yatıştırmayı amaçlamaktadır.

Bu gerçeği Alman Savunma Bakanı A. Kramp-Karrenbauer’in gelişmelere ilişkin açıklamalarından ve alınan tedbirlerden görmek mümkündür. Bakan Kramp-Karrenbauer, SR3 radyo kanalına verdiği demeçte, özel kuvvetlere ihtiyacın her halükarda devam ettiğini, ancak “bu tür gizli faaliyetler yürüten birliklere özel bir güvenin mevcut olması gerektiğini” vurguladı. “Nasıl tedbirler alınacak” sorusuna Bakanın verdiği cevapta ise, özel harekat timi KSK’ye dört ay zaman verildiğini ve birliğin bu süre içerisinde kendisini temizlemesini beklediklerini belirtti. Bu açıklama ile suç işledikleri belgelerle açığa çıkmış ve sayıları yüzlerle ifade edilen ırkçı faşist askerlere yönelik bütün yasal soruşturma yolu kapatılmaktadır. Özenle korunan bu çeteler kuşkusuz sermaye devletinin kirli başka kurumlarında görevlerine devam edeceklerdir.

Hükümet ortağı ve Savunma Bakanlığı görevlisi SPD’li Eva Högl gelişmeler üzerine yaptığı açıklamada, “Ne Alman ordusu ne de KSK içerisinde iddia edildiği gibi aşırı sağcı örgütlenmeler yoktur ve ortaya çıkan vakalar ise münferit olaylardır. Hiç kimse bu münferit vakalar nedeniyle çok başarılı işler yapmış olan özel harekat timi KSK’yi töhmet altına sokamaz. Açığa çıkan bu münferit olaylar ise Askeri İstihbarat Örgütü (MAD) ve KSK’nin seçkin subayları tarafından soruşturulacaktır” demektedir. Yani yılardır KSK içerisindeki faşist örgütlenmeyle el ele çalışan askeri istihbarat elemanlarıyla, KSK içerisinde ırkçı-faşist örgütlenmeleri yaratan yüksek derecede subaylar, bu münferit olayları soruşturarak, suçluları yargıya teslim edecekler(!) Sermaye iktidarı temsilcilerinin yaptığı bu açıklamalar bile Alman kolluk güçleri içerisindeki faşist örgütlenmelerin nasıl korunup kollandığını göstermeye yetmektedir.

Kapitalist tekellerin elinde emekçilere karşı bir şiddet aracı olarak kullanılan sermaye devleti sömürü ve zulüm sistemi olan kapitalizmin ömrünü uzatmak için her yolu kullanacaktır. Tıpkı dün ve bugün olduğu gibi gelecekte de… Bu, kapitalist sitemin bekası için sermaye sınıfının bilinçli bir tercihidir ve o hiçbir şart altında bundan vazgeçmeyecektir. Kapitalistlerin diktatörlük aracı olan sermaye devletleri, onların beslemeleri olan bütün faşist örgütlenmeler yalnızca toplumsal bir devrimle ortadan kaldırılabilir. Onun dışındaki bir beklenti işçi ve emekçileri aldatmaktan başka bir işe yaramayacaktır.

0 notes

shirlleycoyle · 3 years

Text

John Deere Promised Farmers It Would Make Tractors Easy to Repair. It Lied.

In September 2018, a trade group that represents John Deere and a series of other tractor and agricultural equipment manufacturers made a promise intended to stave off increasing pressure from their customers and to prevent lawmakers from passing what they said would be onerous repair regulations. They vowed that, starting January 1, 2021, Deere and other tractor manufacturers would make repair tools, software, and diagnostics available to the masses.

This "statement of principles," as it was called at the time, was nominally designed to address concerns from farmers that their tractors were becoming increasingly unrepairable due to pervasive software-based locks that artificially prevented them from fixing their equipment. As Motherboard repeatedly reported at the time, farmers were being forced to go to "authorized" John Deere dealerships and service centers to perform otherwise simple repairs that they could no longer do because they were locked out of their equipment and needed special software to unlock it. To get around this, some farmers had begun hacking their tractors with cracked software from Ukraine.

A host of states were considering "right to repair" legislation that would have compelled Deere and other manufacturers to abandon these artificial software locks, to make repair tools and guides available to the general public, and to, broadly speaking, allow farmers to fix the tractors they owned.

Deere, the Association of Equipment Manufacturers (the lobbying group that represents Deere and several other large manufacturers), and the Equipment Dealers Association announced this "commitment" to farmers in order to prevent any of this legislation from passing; the thinking was that if manufacturers like Deere provided some of the things that right to repair legislation would have required, they could explain to lawmakers that these bills (which provided more consumer control) weren't actually necessary.

This was a big deal in the farm world. In California, The Far West Equipment Dealers Association (which represents authorized dealers in seven western states) signed a "Memorandum of Understanding" with the California Farm Bureau that enshrined this statement of principles, printed out a giant poster of it, and then displayed it in a signing ceremony and photo-op. It was seen as a grand compromise, and farmers were the winners.

California Farm Bureau Federation President Jamie Johansson, left, and Far West Equipment Dealers Association President and CEO Joani Woelfel, right, sign a “right to repair” agreement as Assembly Member Susan Talamantes Eggman, D-Stockton, watches. The memorandum of understanding says equipment dealers agree to provide manuals, service guides and other information needed to help farmers diagnose and fix machinery. Image:Dave Kranz

“This agreement says a lot about the relationship between dealers and their customers,” Far West Equipment Dealers Association president and CEO Joani Woelfel said in a 2018 press release. “It is especially important because whenever we can resolve issues that concern us without passing laws, everybody wins."

It is now three years later. The agreement is supposed to be in effect. No right to repair legislation has been passed. Deere, the dealers, and the manufacturers got what they wanted. And, yet, farmers are still struggling to get anything promised in the agreement.

"Right now, the situation is quite bad," Nathan Proctor, the campaign director of Right to Repair at U.S. PIRG, a nonprofit consumer advocate group working on right to repair issues, told Motherboard. "Three years ago, John Deere offered a half measure that was going to take three years to implement. It seemed like a stall tactic at the time. But there was some wait-and-see going on in the farm world. We’ve waited and now we see—it’s not just a half measure, it's Kabuki Theatre. You can't get it."

U.S. PIRG Right to Repair advocate Kevin O'Reilly published a report Thursday that claims dealers and manufacturers have not held up their end of the bargain, and that it is still extremely difficult, if not impossible, for farmers to get diagnostic software, tools, or parts from dealers as was promised. Posing as a customer, O'Reilly called 12 John Deere dealerships in six states: "Of those, 11 told me that they don't sell diagnostic software and the last one gave me an email of someone to ask for the tools. I sent an email two days ago and haven't heard anything back." Motherboard called nine dealerships in seven states and was told by representatives there that the things promised by manufacturers are not available. We tried three in California; two said no immediately, a third offered to help. "We don't sell those parts to the public," one said. "You have to be a licensed dealer, we're not allowed to sell them to anyone," another said.

Kerry Sheehan, iFixit's head of US policy, points out that currently, the "only John Deere repair tools we can find" are these children's toys.

David Ward, a spokesperson for the AEM, the manufacturers' lobbying and trade group that often represents John Deere, told Motherboard that "Equipment manufacturers support farmers right to repair their equipment. Comprehensive repair and diagnostic information is now available for the vast majority of the tractor and combine market through authorized dealers. While we do not track it, specific information on pricing varies based on manufacturer.” A follow-up email from Motherboard that asked if he could point to a single instance where this is actually the case, or a single manufacturer that explains to farmers where they can get this information or these tools, was unreturned.

John Deere did not respond to a request for comment. But John Deere customer support manager Aaron Vancil insisted at a meeting about right to repair with the Florida Farm Bureau last week that much of this information is readily available, according to a recording obtained by Motherboard.

“Many of these manufactures, ourselves included, we provide diagnostic tools, repair manuals, parts. Diagnostic and repair information for you, the producer has always been around, you've always had parts, you've always been able to get manuals, paper and such,” he said. “You have the right to repair your own equipment.”

The Equipment Dealers Association did not respond to a request for comment.

New sensors and software in tractors have led to this problem. For decades, many farmers did their own repairs. By-and-large, they can no longer do this: the proliferation of onboard computers and fancy equipment in newer models of tractors and combine harvesters has made it hard for farmers to repair the tools they need to keep the country fed.

“Farm equipment, much like all of the devices and gadgets in our lives, is increasingly driven by software,” the PIRG report said. “While this software has increased the efficiency of some tasks, it has also allowed manufacturers to take increasing control of the repair process.”

Like cars, farm equipment is increasingly controlled by an elaborate and complex web of computer sensors. When one of these sensors notices an error, no matter how small or serious, it puts the machine into “limp mode.” This allows farmers to move the machine slowly but not operate it fully. When the problem is diagnosed and repaired, the error code is cleared and the machine can keep working.

The problem is that farmers often don’t have access to the diagnostic software and repair tools they need to make the fix. According to U.S. PIRG, the John Deere S760 combine harvester has 125 different computer sensors in it. If those sensors start throwing an error code, the combine won’t run and the farmer doesn’t have immediate access to the tools they need to fix the problem.

"It doesn’t matter how industrious they are, what their planting window looks like, or if their tractor goes down right as weather threatens to destroy their crop—modern farming equipment is designed so that farmers need to call the dealership to repair their machines," O'Reilly said.

At a town hall meeting of the Montana Farmers Union on February 8, Farmers Union president Walter Sweitzer shared a personal story about how a broken tractor affected his farm. Last summer, he was having problems with his new tractor. He didn’t have the hardware and software he needed to figure out the error code and fix the tractor on his own so he had to send it back to his dealer for repair.

“It was a simple fix,” Sweiter said. “It was a fuel sensor, it only cost about $800 to actually do the fix. But when it was all said and done, when you paid for freight, when you paid for the hours that it was there, my bill was about $5,000….if I could have just bought that software, I could have known right away my problem and either fixed it or had the dealer come out with the part to fix it. When I shared my story, I heard from farmers all over the state that they’re having the same problem.”

“If we are making the tools available to empower farmers with the tools they need to service and repair equipment, why are R2R laws that cover farm equipment necessary at all?”

Sweitzer is one of the few people who in recent weeks has seemingly been able to at least get information about how to obtain the things promised by the manufacturers' commitment. A dealer near him wanted $8,000 for software, equipment, and training before it would give it to him.

"There’s farms where $8,000 is not that big of a deal, but this isn't being advertised and it's also not widely available," Proctor said. "This is example 1A of why repair monopolies are bad."

The problem with new machines is so bad that farmers are taking drastic action to repair their own equipment. Some have become hackers, using software and tools they’ve found online to diagnose and repair their equipment. Others are buying 40-year old tractors because they still function and they’re more repairable than new models.

As the problem has become more pronounced, legislators are trying to pass right-to-repair laws that would help farmers repair their own equipment. LC 1562 in Montana is one example, a simple piece of legislation that would make it easier for farmers to access the information they need to make repairs.

“What the bill does, overall, is give the owner the ability to purchase the diagnostic tools to make repairs themselves, saving time and money,” Katie Sullivan, a Missoula area state representative said during the town hall. “It supports farmers who don’t have the time to wait for mechanics or have the extra money to spend just to fix a small issue.”

It was the explicit intention of Deere, the manufacturers, and the dealers to kill the right to repair bills with their 2018 promise. At the time, Motherboard wrote that the agreement was a half measure, and that the California Farm Bureau sold out farmers by agreeing to it. Soon after that article was published, Michael O'Brien, a spokesperson with the AEM wrote to Motherboard to tell us they believed the article was unfair, and said, at length, that right to repair laws (specifically one that was being proposed in Nebraska) were now "unnecessary."

"What farm equipment manufacturers have agreed to do is to make available a comprehensive suite of electronic service tools that allow a dealer or independent repair providers who want to acquire those tools and training on how to use them to make repairs on farm equipment," O'Brien wrote. "We oppose any legislation that would provide access to source code for the reasons (safety and environmental compliance, and IP) we’ve discussed. We view the proposal in Nebraska–and the other states where different, though similar, right to repair laws have been proposed–as overly-broad and unnecessary in light of the tools being made available through the statement of principles."

"If we are making the tools available to empower farmers with the tools they need to service and repair equipment, why are R2R laws that cover farm equipment necessary at all?," he added. "It keeps coming back to this: If a farmer wants to repair the equipment, and we’re making available the tools to do so in a good-faith effort to address their code needs, then why do we need to pass these Right to Repair laws covering farm equipment?"

Deere has claimed that it can’t allow farmers access to the computer system at this level because it’s a security risk and might lead to farmers breaking federal law. “Sometimes, these modifications can be altered and now the machine is not functioning as it was intended,” Vancil said at a webinar about right to repair with the Florida Farm Bureau last week. “It also starts getting into some areas, if you're talking about emissions, that get into the area where you start having federal topics being introduced from an emissions standpoint.”

The problem is that no farmer is talking about hacking their tractor to bypass emission standards or steal John Deere’s source code. No pending right-to-repair legislation mentions source code or calls for farmers to be able to access farm equipment’s embedded software beyond what a dealership already has access to.

It would not be difficult for John Deere and other manufacturers to comply with a right to repair law, or, at the very least, to abide by its own promise. Europe has had some right to repair regulations which require "standardized access to repair and maintenance information (RMI) systems to provide repair and maintenance information for vehicles used in agriculture and forestry" since 2013, and manufacturers comply with those.

And so the solution in the United States seems like it's going to have to be the same. Not a promise from manufacturers and dealers, but legislation with the force of law.

"The best recourse is that states pass right to repair legislation given that Deere pitched this as a way to avoid or delay or defer states passing right to repair laws that would impact ag equipment," Sheehan said. "Well, you didn’t do what you promised you’d do. We’re back to legislating."

John Deere Promised Farmers It Would Make Tractors Easy to Repair. It Lied. syndicated from https://triviaqaweb.wordpress.com/feed/

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